Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology.
Identifieur interne : 003403 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 003402; suivant : 003404Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology.
Auteurs : Daniel H. Nussey [Royaume-Uni] ; Duncan Baird [Royaume-Uni] ; Emma Barrett [Royaume-Uni] ; Winnie Boner [Royaume-Uni] ; Jennifer Fairlie [Royaume-Uni] ; Neil Gemmell [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Nils Hartmann [Allemagne] ; Thorsten Horn [Allemagne] ; Mark Haussmann [États-Unis] ; Mats Olsson [Australie] ; Chris Turbill [Australie] ; Simon Verhulst ; Sandrine Zahn [France] ; Pat Monaghan [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Methods in ecology and evolution [ 2041-210X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary ecology suggests adult telomere length (TL) may reflect past physiological stress and predict subsequent morbidity and mortality, independent of chronological age.Several different methods have been developed to measure TL, each offering its own technical challenges. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of each method for researchers, with a particular focus on issues that are likely to face ecologists and evolutionary biologists collecting samples in the field or in organisms that may never have been studied in this context before.We discuss the key issues to consider and wherever possible try to provide current consensus view regarding best practice with regard to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and storage, and the five main methods currently available to measure TL.Decisions regarding which tissues to sample, how to store them, how to extract DNA, and which TL measurement method to use cannot be prescribed, and are dependent on the biological question addressed and the constraints imposed by the study system. What is essential for future studies of telomere dynamics in evolution and ecology is that researchers publish full details of their methods and the quality control thresholds they employ.
DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.12161
PubMed: 25834722
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, Nouvelle-Zélande, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- District de Cologne, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
- Cologne
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Nussey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EH9 3JT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baird, Duncan" sort="Baird, Duncan" uniqKey="Baird D" first="Duncan" last="Baird">Duncan Baird</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CF14 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first="Daniel H" last="Nussey">Daniel H. Nussey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EH9 3JT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baird, Duncan" sort="Baird, Duncan" uniqKey="Baird D" first="Duncan" last="Baird">Duncan Baird</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>CF14 4XN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Emma" sort="Barrett, Emma" uniqKey="Barrett E" first="Emma" last="Barrett">Emma Barrett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7TJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boner, Winnie" sort="Boner, Winnie" uniqKey="Boner W" first="Winnie" last="Boner">Winnie Boner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>G12 8QQ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fairlie, Jennifer" sort="Fairlie, Jennifer" uniqKey="Fairlie J" first="Jennifer" last="Fairlie">Jennifer Fairlie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EH9 3JT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gemmell, Neil" sort="Gemmell, Neil" uniqKey="Gemmell N" first="Neil" last="Gemmell">Neil Gemmell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago Dunedin, 9054</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>9054</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Nils" sort="Hartmann, Nils" uniqKey="Hartmann N" first="Nils" last="Hartmann">Nils Hartmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Molecular Genetics Group Jena, 07745, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Molecular Genetics Group Jena, 07745</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07745</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horn, Thorsten" sort="Horn, Thorsten" uniqKey="Horn T" first="Thorsten" last="Horn">Thorsten Horn</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne Cologne, 50674, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne Cologne, 50674</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haussmann, Mark" sort="Haussmann, Mark" uniqKey="Haussmann M" first="Mark" last="Haussmann">Mark Haussmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA, 17837</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>17837</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olsson, Mats" sort="Olsson, Mats" uniqKey="Olsson M" first="Mats" last="Olsson">Mats Olsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, 2006</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>2006</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turbill, Chris" sort="Turbill, Chris" uniqKey="Turbill C" first="Chris" last="Turbill">Chris Turbill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney Richmond, NSW, 2753</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>2753</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhulst, Simon" sort="Verhulst, Simon" uniqKey="Verhulst S" first="Simon" last="Verhulst">Simon Verhulst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Groningen Groningen, 9747 AG, Holland.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Holland</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zahn, Sandrine" sort="Zahn, Sandrine" uniqKey="Zahn S" first="Sandrine" last="Zahn">Sandrine Zahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Huber Curien, CNRS UMR7178 Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France ; University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Cedex, F-67081, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Huber Curien, CNRS UMR7178 Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France ; University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Cedex, F-67081</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>67081</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>67081</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monaghan, Pat" sort="Monaghan, Pat" uniqKey="Monaghan P" first="Pat" last="Monaghan">Pat Monaghan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>G12 8QQ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Methods in ecology and evolution</title><idno type="ISSN">2041-210X</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary ecology suggests adult telomere length (TL) may reflect past physiological stress and predict subsequent morbidity and mortality, independent of chronological age.Several different methods have been developed to measure TL, each offering its own technical challenges. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of each method for researchers, with a particular focus on issues that are likely to face ecologists and evolutionary biologists collecting samples in the field or in organisms that may never have been studied in this context before.We discuss the key issues to consider and wherever possible try to provide current consensus view regarding best practice with regard to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and storage, and the five main methods currently available to measure TL.Decisions regarding which tissues to sample, how to store them, how to extract DNA, and which TL measurement method to use cannot be prescribed, and are dependent on the biological question addressed and the constraints imposed by the study system. What is essential for future studies of telomere dynamics in evolution and ecology is that researchers publish full details of their methods and the quality control thresholds they employ.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25834722</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2041-210X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>5</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Methods in ecology and evolution</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Methods Ecol Evol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>299-310</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary ecology suggests adult telomere length (TL) may reflect past physiological stress and predict subsequent morbidity and mortality, independent of chronological age.Several different methods have been developed to measure TL, each offering its own technical challenges. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of each method for researchers, with a particular focus on issues that are likely to face ecologists and evolutionary biologists collecting samples in the field or in organisms that may never have been studied in this context before.We discuss the key issues to consider and wherever possible try to provide current consensus view regarding best practice with regard to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and storage, and the five main methods currently available to measure TL.Decisions regarding which tissues to sample, how to store them, how to extract DNA, and which TL measurement method to use cannot be prescribed, and are dependent on the biological question addressed and the constraints imposed by the study system. What is essential for future studies of telomere dynamics in evolution and ecology is that researchers publish full details of their methods and the quality control thresholds they employ.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nussey</LastName><ForeName>Daniel H</ForeName><Initials>DH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baird</LastName><ForeName>Duncan</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barrett</LastName><ForeName>Emma</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boner</LastName><ForeName>Winnie</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fairlie</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gemmell</LastName><ForeName>Neil</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hartmann</LastName><ForeName>Nils</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Molecular Genetics Group Jena, 07745, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Horn</LastName><ForeName>Thorsten</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne Cologne, 50674, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haussmann</LastName><ForeName>Mark</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Olsson</LastName><ForeName>Mats</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Turbill</LastName><ForeName>Chris</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Verhulst</LastName><ForeName>Simon</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Groningen Groningen, 9747 AG, Holland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zahn</LastName><ForeName>Sandrine</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Huber Curien, CNRS UMR7178 Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France ; University of Strasbourg Strasbourg Cedex, F-67081, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Monaghan</LastName><ForeName>Pat</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>BB/H021868/1</GrantID><Agency>Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Methods Ecol Evol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101539246</NlmUniqueID></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Cell Stem Cell. 2010 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PubStatus="received"><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25834722</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/2041-210X.12161</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4375921</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
</PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li></region><settlement><li>Cologne</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Verhulst, Simon" sort="Verhulst, Simon" uniqKey="Verhulst S" first="Simon" last="Verhulst">Simon Verhulst</name></noCountry><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nussey, Daniel H" sort="Nussey, Daniel H" uniqKey="Nussey D" first="Daniel H" last="Nussey">Daniel H. Nussey</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Baird, Duncan" sort="Baird, Duncan" uniqKey="Baird D" first="Duncan" last="Baird">Duncan Baird</name><name sortKey="Barrett, Emma" sort="Barrett, Emma" uniqKey="Barrett E" first="Emma" last="Barrett">Emma Barrett</name><name sortKey="Boner, Winnie" sort="Boner, Winnie" uniqKey="Boner W" first="Winnie" last="Boner">Winnie Boner</name><name sortKey="Fairlie, Jennifer" sort="Fairlie, Jennifer" uniqKey="Fairlie J" first="Jennifer" last="Fairlie">Jennifer Fairlie</name><name sortKey="Monaghan, Pat" sort="Monaghan, Pat" uniqKey="Monaghan P" first="Pat" last="Monaghan">Pat Monaghan</name></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gemmell, Neil" sort="Gemmell, Neil" uniqKey="Gemmell N" first="Neil" last="Gemmell">Neil Gemmell</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hartmann, Nils" sort="Hartmann, Nils" uniqKey="Hartmann N" first="Nils" last="Hartmann">Nils Hartmann</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Horn, Thorsten" sort="Horn, Thorsten" uniqKey="Horn T" first="Thorsten" last="Horn">Thorsten Horn</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Haussmann, Mark" sort="Haussmann, Mark" uniqKey="Haussmann M" first="Mark" last="Haussmann">Mark Haussmann</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Olsson, Mats" sort="Olsson, Mats" uniqKey="Olsson M" first="Mats" last="Olsson">Mats Olsson</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Turbill, Chris" sort="Turbill, Chris" uniqKey="Turbill C" first="Chris" last="Turbill">Chris Turbill</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zahn, Sandrine" sort="Zahn, Sandrine" uniqKey="Zahn S" first="Sandrine" last="Zahn">Sandrine Zahn</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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