Are Hallucinations Due to an Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Influences on the Brain?
Identifieur interne : 002311 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002310; suivant : 002312Are Hallucinations Due to an Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Influences on the Brain?
Auteurs : Renaud Jardri [France] ; Kenneth Hugdahl [Norvège] ; Matthew Hughes [Australie] ; Jérôme Brunelin [France] ; Flavie Waters [Australie] ; Ben Alderson-Day [Royaume-Uni] ; Dave Smailes [Royaume-Uni] ; Philipp Sterzer [Allemagne] ; Philip R. Corlett [États-Unis] ; Pantelis Leptourgos [France] ; Martin Debbané [Royaume-Uni] ; Arnaud Cachia [France] ; Sophie Denève [France]Source :
- Schizophrenia bulletin [ 1745-1701 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- métabolisme : Encéphale, Hallucinations.
- physiologie : Inhibition nerveuse.
- physiopathologie : Encéphale, Hallucinations.
- étiologie : Hallucinations.
- Humains.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- etiology : Hallucinations.
- metabolism : Brain, Hallucinations.
- physiology : Neural Inhibition.
- physiopathology : Brain, Hallucinations.
- Humans.
Abstract
This review from the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research intends to question the pertinence of the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis as a model for hallucinations. A large number of studies suggest that subtle impairments of the E/I balance are involved in neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. Emerging evidence also points to a role of the E/I balance in maintaining stable perceptual representations, suggesting it may be a plausible model for hallucinations. In support, hallucinations have been linked to inhibitory deficits as shown with impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plasticity, reductions in gamma-frequency oscillations, hyperactivity in sensory cortices, and cognitive inhibition deficits. However, the mechanisms by which E/I dysfunctions at the cellular level might relate to clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits remain unclear. Given recent data advances in the field of clinical neuroscience, it is now possible to conduct a synthesis of available data specifically related to hallucinations. These findings are integrated with the latest computational frameworks of hallucinations, and recommendations for future research are provided.
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw075
PubMed: 27261492
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, France, Norvège, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Berlin, Connecticut, Grand Londres, Hauts-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Rhône-Alpes, Île-de-France
- Berlin, Genève, Lille, Londres, Lyon, Paris
- Université de Genève
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Corlett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leptourgos, Pantelis" sort="Leptourgos, Pantelis" uniqKey="Leptourgos P" first="Pantelis" last="Leptourgos">Pantelis Leptourgos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Debbane, Martin" sort="Debbane, Martin" uniqKey="Debbane M" first="Martin" last="Debbané">Martin Debbané</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cachia, Arnaud" sort="Cachia, Arnaud" uniqKey="Cachia A" first="Arnaud" last="Cachia">Arnaud Cachia</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, UMR 8240, CNRS & Université Paris-Descartes (Sorbonne-Paris-Cité), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, UMR 8240, CNRS & Université Paris-Descartes (Sorbonne-Paris-Cité), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deneve, Sophie" sort="Deneve, Sophie" uniqKey="Deneve S" first="Sophie" last="Denève">Sophie Denève</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27261492</idno><idno type="pmid">27261492</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/schbul/sbw075</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001917</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001917</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001894</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001894</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001894</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001894</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Are Hallucinations Due to an Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Influences on the Brain?</title><author><name sortKey="Jardri, Renaud" sort="Jardri, Renaud" uniqKey="Jardri R" first="Renaud" last="Jardri">Renaud Jardri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Univ Lille, CNRS UMR 9193, SCALab (psyCHIC Team) & CHU Lille, Psychiatry Department (CURE), Lille, France; renaud.jardri@chru-lille.fr.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Univ Lille, CNRS UMR 9193, SCALab (psyCHIC Team) & CHU Lille, Psychiatry Department (CURE), Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hugdahl, Kenneth" sort="Hugdahl, Kenneth" uniqKey="Hugdahl K" first="Kenneth" last="Hugdahl">Kenneth Hugdahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Department of Radiology, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Department of Radiology, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, Matthew" sort="Hughes, Matthew" uniqKey="Hughes M" first="Matthew" last="Hughes">Matthew Hughes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Brain & Psychological Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Brain & Psychological Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brunelin, Jerome" sort="Brunelin, Jerome" uniqKey="Brunelin J" first="Jérôme" last="Brunelin">Jérôme Brunelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028 & CNRS 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (ΨR2 Team), Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, France;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028 & CNRS 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (ΨR2 Team), Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, Flavie" sort="Waters, Flavie" uniqKey="Waters F" first="Flavie" last="Waters">Flavie Waters</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, and Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Health Campus, North Metropolitan Area Health Service Mental Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, and Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Health Campus, North Metropolitan Area Health Service Mental Health, Perth, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Western Australia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alderson Day, Ben" sort="Alderson Day, Ben" uniqKey="Alderson Day B" first="Ben" last="Alderson-Day">Ben Alderson-Day</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durham</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smailes, Dave" sort="Smailes, Dave" uniqKey="Smailes D" first="Dave" last="Smailes">Dave Smailes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leeds</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sterzer, Philipp" sort="Sterzer, Philipp" uniqKey="Sterzer P" first="Philipp" last="Sterzer">Philipp Sterzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corlett, Philip R" sort="Corlett, Philip R" uniqKey="Corlett P" first="Philip R" last="Corlett">Philip R. Corlett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leptourgos, Pantelis" sort="Leptourgos, Pantelis" uniqKey="Leptourgos P" first="Pantelis" last="Leptourgos">Pantelis Leptourgos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Debbane, Martin" sort="Debbane, Martin" uniqKey="Debbane M" first="Martin" last="Debbané">Martin Debbané</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region><settlement type="city">Genève</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Genève</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cachia, Arnaud" sort="Cachia, Arnaud" uniqKey="Cachia A" first="Arnaud" last="Cachia">Arnaud Cachia</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, UMR 8240, CNRS & Université Paris-Descartes (Sorbonne-Paris-Cité), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, UMR 8240, CNRS & Université Paris-Descartes (Sorbonne-Paris-Cité), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deneve, Sophie" sort="Deneve, Sophie" uniqKey="Deneve S" first="Sophie" last="Denève">Sophie Denève</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Schizophrenia bulletin</title><idno type="eISSN">1745-1701</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Brain (metabolism)</term><term>Brain (physiopathology)</term><term>Hallucinations (etiology)</term><term>Hallucinations (metabolism)</term><term>Hallucinations (physiopathology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Neural Inhibition (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Encéphale (métabolisme)</term><term>Encéphale (physiopathologie)</term><term>Hallucinations (métabolisme)</term><term>Hallucinations (physiopathologie)</term><term>Hallucinations (étiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Inhibition nerveuse (physiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Brain</term><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Encéphale</term><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Inhibition nerveuse</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Neural Inhibition</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Encéphale</term><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Brain</term><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hallucinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Humains</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This review from the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research intends to question the pertinence of the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis as a model for hallucinations. A large number of studies suggest that subtle impairments of the E/I balance are involved in neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. Emerging evidence also points to a role of the E/I balance in maintaining stable perceptual representations, suggesting it may be a plausible model for hallucinations. In support, hallucinations have been linked to inhibitory deficits as shown with impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plasticity, reductions in gamma-frequency oscillations, hyperactivity in sensory cortices, and cognitive inhibition deficits. However, the mechanisms by which E/I dysfunctions at the cellular level might relate to clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits remain unclear. Given recent data advances in the field of clinical neuroscience, it is now possible to conduct a synthesis of available data specifically related to hallucinations. These findings are integrated with the latest computational frameworks of hallucinations, and recommendations for future research are provided.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27261492</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1745-1701</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>42</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Sep</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Schizophrenia bulletin</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Schizophr Bull</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Are Hallucinations Due to an Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Influences on the Brain?</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1124-34</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/schbul/sbw075</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>This review from the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research intends to question the pertinence of the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis as a model for hallucinations. A large number of studies suggest that subtle impairments of the E/I balance are involved in neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. Emerging evidence also points to a role of the E/I balance in maintaining stable perceptual representations, suggesting it may be a plausible model for hallucinations. In support, hallucinations have been linked to inhibitory deficits as shown with impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plasticity, reductions in gamma-frequency oscillations, hyperactivity in sensory cortices, and cognitive inhibition deficits. However, the mechanisms by which E/I dysfunctions at the cellular level might relate to clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits remain unclear. Given recent data advances in the field of clinical neuroscience, it is now possible to conduct a synthesis of available data specifically related to hallucinations. These findings are integrated with the latest computational frameworks of hallucinations, and recommendations for future research are provided.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jardri</LastName><ForeName>Renaud</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Univ Lille, CNRS UMR 9193, SCALab (psyCHIC Team) & CHU Lille, Psychiatry Department (CURE), Lille, France; renaud.jardri@chru-lille.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hugdahl</LastName><ForeName>Kenneth</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen; Department of Radiology, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hughes</LastName><ForeName>Matthew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brain & Psychological Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brunelin</LastName><ForeName>Jérôme</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028 & CNRS 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (ΨR2 Team), Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Lyon, France;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Waters</LastName><ForeName>Flavie</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, and Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Health Campus, North Metropolitan Area Health Service Mental Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alderson-Day</LastName><ForeName>Ben</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smailes</LastName><ForeName>Dave</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sterzer</LastName><ForeName>Philipp</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Corlett</LastName><ForeName>Philip R</ForeName><Initials>PR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leptourgos</LastName><ForeName>Pantelis</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Debbané</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cachia</LastName><ForeName>Arnaud</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, UMR 8240, CNRS & Université Paris-Descartes (Sorbonne-Paris-Cité), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Denève</LastName><ForeName>Sophie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Group for Neural Theory, INSERM U960, Institute of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Schizophr Bull</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0236760</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0586-7614</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Schizophr Res. 2013 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):3361-9</RefSource><PMID Version="1">21872614</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>J Neurosci. 2014 Jun 11;34(24):8072-82</RefSource><PMID Version="1">24920613</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Psychol Med. 2012 Jun;42(6):1283-91</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22011378</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001921" MajorTopicYN="N">Brain</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006212" MajorTopicYN="N">Hallucinations</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009433" MajorTopicYN="N">Neural Inhibition</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4988749 [Available on 09/01/17]</OtherID><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Bayesian</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">GABA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">NMDA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">glutamate</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hallucination</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">inhibition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">oscillation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">sensory gating</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27261492</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">sbw075</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/schbul/sbw075</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4988749</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Connecticut</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hauts-de-France</li><li>Nord-Pas-de-Calais</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Berlin</li><li>Genève</li><li>Lille</li><li>Londres</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Genève</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Hauts-de-France"><name sortKey="Jardri, Renaud" sort="Jardri, Renaud" uniqKey="Jardri R" first="Renaud" last="Jardri">Renaud Jardri</name></region><name sortKey="Brunelin, Jerome" sort="Brunelin, Jerome" uniqKey="Brunelin J" first="Jérôme" last="Brunelin">Jérôme Brunelin</name><name sortKey="Cachia, Arnaud" sort="Cachia, Arnaud" uniqKey="Cachia A" first="Arnaud" last="Cachia">Arnaud Cachia</name><name sortKey="Deneve, Sophie" sort="Deneve, Sophie" uniqKey="Deneve S" first="Sophie" last="Denève">Sophie Denève</name><name sortKey="Leptourgos, Pantelis" sort="Leptourgos, Pantelis" uniqKey="Leptourgos P" first="Pantelis" last="Leptourgos">Pantelis Leptourgos</name></country><country name="Norvège"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hugdahl, Kenneth" sort="Hugdahl, Kenneth" uniqKey="Hugdahl K" first="Kenneth" last="Hugdahl">Kenneth Hugdahl</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hughes, Matthew" sort="Hughes, Matthew" uniqKey="Hughes M" first="Matthew" last="Hughes">Matthew Hughes</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Waters, Flavie" sort="Waters, Flavie" uniqKey="Waters F" first="Flavie" last="Waters">Flavie Waters</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alderson Day, Ben" sort="Alderson Day, Ben" uniqKey="Alderson Day B" first="Ben" last="Alderson-Day">Ben Alderson-Day</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Debbane, Martin" sort="Debbane, Martin" uniqKey="Debbane M" first="Martin" last="Debbané">Martin Debbané</name><name sortKey="Smailes, Dave" sort="Smailes, Dave" uniqKey="Smailes D" first="Dave" last="Smailes">Dave Smailes</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Sterzer, Philipp" sort="Sterzer, Philipp" uniqKey="Sterzer P" first="Philipp" last="Sterzer">Philipp Sterzer</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Connecticut"><name sortKey="Corlett, Philip R" sort="Corlett, Philip R" uniqKey="Corlett P" first="Philip R" last="Corlett">Philip R. 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