Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview.
Identifieur interne : 001A64 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001A63; suivant : 001A65Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview.
Auteurs : R. Feistel [Allemagne] ; R. Wielgosz [France] ; S A Bell [Royaume-Uni] ; M F Cam Es [Portugal] ; J R Cooper [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Dexter [Australie] ; A G Dickson [États-Unis] ; P. Fisicaro [France] ; A H Harvey [États-Unis] ; M. Heinonen [Finlande] ; O. Hellmuth [Allemagne] ; H-J Kretzschmar [Allemagne] ; J W Lovell-Smith [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; T J Mcdougall [Australie] ; R. Pawlowicz [Canada] ; P. Ridout [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Seitz [Allemagne] ; P. Spitzer [Allemagne] ; D. Stoica [France] ; H. Wolf [Allemagne]Source :
- Metrologia [ 0026-1394 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth's radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest "greenhouse" gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.
DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/R1
PubMed: 26900179
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, Finlande, France, Nouvelle-Zélande, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Colorado, District de Leipzig, Grand Londres, Saxe (Land), Île-de-France
- Leipzig, Londres, Paris
- Université de Londres
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Dexter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>VIC 3001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickson, A G" sort="Dickson, A G" uniqKey="Dickson A" first="A G" last="Dickson">A G Dickson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisicaro, P" sort="Fisicaro, P" uniqKey="Fisicaro P" first="P" last="Fisicaro">P. Fisicaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvey, A H" sort="Harvey, A H" uniqKey="Harvey A" first="A H" last="Harvey">A H Harvey</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinonen, M" sort="Heinonen, M" uniqKey="Heinonen M" first="M" last="Heinonen">M. 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Pawlowicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>V6T 1Z4</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ridout, P" sort="Ridout, P" uniqKey="Ridout P" first="P" last="Ridout">P. Ridout</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>PO9 1QN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitz, S" sort="Seitz, S" uniqKey="Seitz S" first="S" last="Seitz">S. Seitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spitzer, P" sort="Spitzer, P" uniqKey="Spitzer P" first="P" last="Spitzer">P. Spitzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoica, D" sort="Stoica, D" uniqKey="Stoica D" first="D" last="Stoica">D. Stoica</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, H" sort="Wolf, H" uniqKey="Wolf H" first="H" last="Wolf">H. 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Part 1: Overview.</title><author><name sortKey="Feistel, R" sort="Feistel, R" uniqKey="Feistel R" first="R" last="Feistel">R. Feistel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>18119 Warnemünde</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18119 Warnemünde</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-18119 Warnemünde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wielgosz, R" sort="Wielgosz, R" uniqKey="Wielgosz R" first="R" last="Wielgosz">R. Wielgosz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Sèvres Cedex France.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="zip">France</country><wicri:regionArea>F-92312 Sèvres Cedex France</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, S A" sort="Bell, S A" uniqKey="Bell S" first="S A" last="Bell">S A Bell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>TW11 0LW</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cam Es, M F" sort="Cam Es, M F" uniqKey="Cam Es M" first="M F" last="Cam Es">M F Cam Es</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>1749-016 Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, J R" sort="Cooper, J R" uniqKey="Cooper J" first="J R" last="Cooper">J R Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dexter, P" sort="Dexter, P" uniqKey="Dexter P" first="P" last="Dexter">P. Dexter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>VIC 3001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickson, A G" sort="Dickson, A G" uniqKey="Dickson A" first="A G" last="Dickson">A G Dickson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisicaro, P" sort="Fisicaro, P" uniqKey="Fisicaro P" first="P" last="Fisicaro">P. Fisicaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvey, A H" sort="Harvey, A H" uniqKey="Harvey A" first="A H" last="Harvey">A H Harvey</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinonen, M" sort="Heinonen, M" uniqKey="Heinonen M" first="M" last="Heinonen">M. Heinonen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MIKES Metrology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>MIKES Metrology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02151 Espoo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>FI-02151 Espoo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellmuth, O" sort="Hellmuth, O" uniqKey="Hellmuth O" first="O" last="Hellmuth">O. Hellmuth</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kretzschmar, H J" sort="Kretzschmar, H J" uniqKey="Kretzschmar H" first="H-J" last="Kretzschmar">H-J Kretzschmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-02763 Zittau</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovell Smith, J W" sort="Lovell Smith, J W" uniqKey="Lovell Smith J" first="J W" last="Lovell-Smith">J W Lovell-Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lower Hutt</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdougall, T J" sort="Mcdougall, T J" uniqKey="Mcdougall T" first="T J" last="Mcdougall">T J Mcdougall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NSW 2052</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlowicz, R" sort="Pawlowicz, R" uniqKey="Pawlowicz R" first="R" last="Pawlowicz">R. Pawlowicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>V6T 1Z4</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ridout, P" sort="Ridout, P" uniqKey="Ridout P" first="P" last="Ridout">P. Ridout</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>PO9 1QN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitz, S" sort="Seitz, S" uniqKey="Seitz S" first="S" last="Seitz">S. Seitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spitzer, P" sort="Spitzer, P" uniqKey="Spitzer P" first="P" last="Spitzer">P. Spitzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoica, D" sort="Stoica, D" uniqKey="Stoica D" first="D" last="Stoica">D. Stoica</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, H" sort="Wolf, H" uniqKey="Wolf H" first="H" last="Wolf">H. Wolf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>D-38116 Braunschweig</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Metrologia</title><idno type="ISSN">0026-1394</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth's radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest "greenhouse" gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26900179</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0026-1394</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>53</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Metrologia</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Metrologia</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>R1-R11</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth's radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest "greenhouse" gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Feistel</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wielgosz</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Sèvres Cedex France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bell</LastName><ForeName>S A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Camões</LastName><ForeName>M F</ForeName><Initials>MF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cooper</LastName><ForeName>J R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dexter</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dickson</LastName><ForeName>A G</ForeName><Initials>AG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fisicaro</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harvey</LastName><ForeName>A H</ForeName><Initials>AH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heinonen</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MIKES Metrology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hellmuth</LastName><ForeName>O</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kretzschmar</LastName><ForeName>H-J</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lovell-Smith</LastName><ForeName>J W</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McDougall</LastName><ForeName>T J</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pawlowicz</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ridout</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seitz</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spitzer</LastName><ForeName>P</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stoica</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wolf</LastName><ForeName>H</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>9999-NIST</GrantID><Agency>Intramural NIST DOC</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Metrologia</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101241528</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0026-1394</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Nature. 2012 May 09;485(7397):180-1</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22575954</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28983</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22205986</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections 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PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26900179</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/R1</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4759657</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">NISTPA756453</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>nihms</pmc-dir>
</PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>Finlande</li><li>France</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Californie</li><li>Colorado</li><li>District de Leipzig</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Leipzig</li><li>Londres</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Londres</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Feistel, R" sort="Feistel, R" uniqKey="Feistel R" first="R" last="Feistel">R. Feistel</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hellmuth, O" sort="Hellmuth, O" uniqKey="Hellmuth O" first="O" last="Hellmuth">O. Hellmuth</name><name sortKey="Kretzschmar, H J" sort="Kretzschmar, H J" uniqKey="Kretzschmar H" first="H-J" last="Kretzschmar">H-J Kretzschmar</name><name sortKey="Seitz, S" sort="Seitz, S" uniqKey="Seitz S" first="S" last="Seitz">S. Seitz</name><name sortKey="Spitzer, P" sort="Spitzer, P" uniqKey="Spitzer P" first="P" last="Spitzer">P. Spitzer</name><name sortKey="Wolf, H" sort="Wolf, H" uniqKey="Wolf H" first="H" last="Wolf">H. Wolf</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wielgosz, R" sort="Wielgosz, R" uniqKey="Wielgosz R" first="R" last="Wielgosz">R. Wielgosz</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Fisicaro, P" sort="Fisicaro, P" uniqKey="Fisicaro P" first="P" last="Fisicaro">P. Fisicaro</name><name sortKey="Stoica, D" sort="Stoica, D" uniqKey="Stoica D" first="D" last="Stoica">D. Stoica</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bell, S A" sort="Bell, S A" uniqKey="Bell S" first="S A" last="Bell">S A Bell</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cooper, J R" sort="Cooper, J R" uniqKey="Cooper J" first="J R" last="Cooper">J R Cooper</name><name sortKey="Ridout, P" sort="Ridout, P" uniqKey="Ridout P" first="P" last="Ridout">P. Ridout</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cam Es, M F" sort="Cam Es, M F" uniqKey="Cam Es M" first="M F" last="Cam Es">M F Cam Es</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dexter, P" sort="Dexter, P" uniqKey="Dexter P" first="P" last="Dexter">P. Dexter</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Mcdougall, T J" sort="Mcdougall, T J" uniqKey="Mcdougall T" first="T J" last="Mcdougall">T J Mcdougall</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Dickson, A G" sort="Dickson, A G" uniqKey="Dickson A" first="A G" last="Dickson">A G Dickson</name></region><name sortKey="Harvey, A H" sort="Harvey, A H" uniqKey="Harvey A" first="A H" last="Harvey">A H Harvey</name></country><country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Heinonen, M" sort="Heinonen, M" uniqKey="Heinonen M" first="M" last="Heinonen">M. Heinonen</name></noRegion></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lovell Smith, J W" sort="Lovell Smith, J W" uniqKey="Lovell Smith J" first="J W" last="Lovell-Smith">J W Lovell-Smith</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pawlowicz, R" sort="Pawlowicz, R" uniqKey="Pawlowicz R" first="R" last="Pawlowicz">R. Pawlowicz</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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