Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis.
Identifieur interne : 000D71 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000D70; suivant : 000D72Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis.
Auteurs : Sylvaine Giakoumi [France] ; Claudia Scianna [France] ; Jeremiah Plass-Johnson [France] ; Fiorenza Micheli [États-Unis] ; Kirsten Grorud-Colvert [États-Unis] ; Pierre Thiriet [France] ; Joachim Claudet [France] ; Giuseppe Di Carlo [Italie] ; Antonio Di Franco [France] ; Steven D. Gaines [États-Unis] ; José A. García-Charton [Espagne] ; Jane Lubchenco [États-Unis] ; Jessica Reimer [États-Unis] ; Enric Sala [États-Unis] ; Paolo Guidetti [France]Source :
- Scientific reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and -interestingly- smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for "crowded" marine environments. However, more data are needed to evaluate sufficient MPA sizes for protecting populations of species with varying mobility levels.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w
PubMed: 28827603
Affiliations:
- Espagne, France, Italie, États-Unis
- Languedoc-Roussillon, Latium, Occitanie (région administrative), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- Nice, Perpignan, Rome
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d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06108, Nice</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06108, Nice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28827603</idno><idno type="pmid">28827603</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000782</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000782</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000779</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000779</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000779</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" 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first="Claudia" last="Scianna">Claudia Scianna</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" sort="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Plass Johnson J" first="Jeremiah" last="Plass-Johnson">Jeremiah Plass-Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>93950</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" sort="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" uniqKey="Grorud Colvert K" first="Kirsten" last="Grorud-Colvert">Kirsten Grorud-Colvert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97331</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiriet, Pierre" sort="Thiriet, Pierre" uniqKey="Thiriet P" first="Pierre" last="Thiriet">Pierre Thiriet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 BOREA, Station Marine de Dinard - CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800, Dinard, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 BOREA, Station Marine de Dinard - CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800, Dinard</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>35800, Dinard</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>35800, Dinard</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Claudet, Joachim" sort="Claudet, Joachim" uniqKey="Claudet J" first="Joachim" last="Claudet">Joachim Claudet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Perpignan</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" sort="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Di Carlo G" first="Giuseppe" last="Di Carlo">Giuseppe Di Carlo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Via Po 25/C, 00198, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Via Po 25/C, 00198, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Franco, Antonio" sort="Di Franco, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Franco A" first="Antonio" last="Di Franco">Antonio Di Franco</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaines, Steven D" sort="Gaines, Steven D" uniqKey="Gaines S" first="Steven D" last="Gaines">Steven D. Gaines</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>93117</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Charton, Jose A" sort="Garcia Charton, Jose A" uniqKey="Garcia Charton J" first="José A" last="García-Charton">José A. García-Charton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Murcia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lubchenco, Jane" sort="Lubchenco, Jane" uniqKey="Lubchenco J" first="Jane" last="Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97331</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reimer, Jessica" sort="Reimer, Jessica" uniqKey="Reimer J" first="Jessica" last="Reimer">Jessica Reimer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97331</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sala, Enric" sort="Sala, Enric" uniqKey="Sala E" first="Enric" last="Sala">Enric Sala</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 20036</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20036</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guidetti, Paolo" sort="Guidetti, Paolo" uniqKey="Guidetti P" first="Paolo" last="Guidetti">Paolo Guidetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06108, Nice</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06108, Nice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and -interestingly- smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for "crowded" marine environments. However, more data are needed to evaluate sufficient MPA sizes for protecting populations of species with varying mobility levels.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28827603</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>25</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2045-2322</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>Aug</Month><Day>21</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Scientific reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>8940</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and -interestingly- smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for "crowded" marine environments. However, more data are needed to evaluate sufficient MPA sizes for protecting populations of species with varying mobility levels.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giakoumi</LastName><ForeName>Sylvaine</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France. sylvaine.giakoumi1@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. sylvaine.giakoumi1@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scianna</LastName><ForeName>Claudia</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Plass-Johnson</LastName><ForeName>Jeremiah</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6131-4714</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Micheli</LastName><ForeName>Fiorenza</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grorud-Colvert</LastName><ForeName>Kirsten</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thiriet</LastName><ForeName>Pierre</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5254-5948</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7208 BOREA, Station Marine de Dinard - CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800, Dinard, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Unit Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (UMR 7208 BOREA) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, UCN, UA, CNRS, IRD - 43 Rue Cuvier, CP26, 75005, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UMS 2006 Patrimoine Naturel - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800, Dinard, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Claudet</LastName><ForeName>Joachim</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Carlo</LastName><ForeName>Giuseppe</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Via Po 25/C, 00198, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Franco</LastName><ForeName>Antonio</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-7015</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gaines</LastName><ForeName>Steven D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>García-Charton</LastName><ForeName>José A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lubchenco</LastName><ForeName>Jane</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reimer</LastName><ForeName>Jessica</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sala</LastName><ForeName>Enric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guidetti</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CoNISMa (Interuniversitary Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>21</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101563288</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2045-2322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Ecol Appl. 2006 Jun;16(3):963-76</RefSource><PMID Version="1">16826995</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 01;6:38135</RefSource><PMID Version="1">27905533</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS One. 2013 Dec 04;8(12):e79889</RefSource><PMID Version="1">24324585</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Oecologia. 2004 Mar;138(4):622-7</RefSource><PMID Version="1">14716555</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trends Ecol Evol. 2015 Sep;30(9):507-9</RefSource><PMID 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PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28827603</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5566470</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Latium</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li></region><settlement><li>Nice</li><li>Perpignan</li><li>Rome</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Giakoumi, Sylvaine" sort="Giakoumi, Sylvaine" uniqKey="Giakoumi S" first="Sylvaine" last="Giakoumi">Sylvaine Giakoumi</name></region><name sortKey="Claudet, Joachim" sort="Claudet, Joachim" uniqKey="Claudet J" first="Joachim" last="Claudet">Joachim Claudet</name><name sortKey="Di Franco, Antonio" sort="Di Franco, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Franco A" first="Antonio" last="Di Franco">Antonio Di Franco</name><name sortKey="Guidetti, Paolo" sort="Guidetti, Paolo" uniqKey="Guidetti P" first="Paolo" last="Guidetti">Paolo Guidetti</name><name sortKey="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" sort="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Plass Johnson J" first="Jeremiah" last="Plass-Johnson">Jeremiah Plass-Johnson</name><name sortKey="Scianna, Claudia" sort="Scianna, Claudia" uniqKey="Scianna C" first="Claudia" last="Scianna">Claudia Scianna</name><name sortKey="Thiriet, Pierre" sort="Thiriet, Pierre" uniqKey="Thiriet P" first="Pierre" last="Thiriet">Pierre Thiriet</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Gaines, Steven D" sort="Gaines, Steven D" uniqKey="Gaines S" first="Steven D" last="Gaines">Steven D. Gaines</name><name sortKey="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" sort="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" uniqKey="Grorud Colvert K" first="Kirsten" last="Grorud-Colvert">Kirsten Grorud-Colvert</name><name sortKey="Lubchenco, Jane" sort="Lubchenco, Jane" uniqKey="Lubchenco J" first="Jane" last="Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</name><name sortKey="Reimer, Jessica" sort="Reimer, Jessica" uniqKey="Reimer J" first="Jessica" last="Reimer">Jessica Reimer</name><name sortKey="Sala, Enric" sort="Sala, Enric" uniqKey="Sala E" first="Enric" last="Sala">Enric Sala</name></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Latium"><name sortKey="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" sort="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Di Carlo G" first="Giuseppe" last="Di Carlo">Giuseppe Di Carlo</name></region></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Garcia Charton, Jose A" sort="Garcia Charton, Jose A" uniqKey="Garcia Charton J" first="José A" last="García-Charton">José A. 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