Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies
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Auteurs : Manuela Balzarolo ; Karen Anderson ; Caroline Nichol ; Micol Rossini ; Loris Vescovo ; Nicola Arriga ; Georg Wohlfahrt ; Jean-Christophe Calvet ; Arnaud Carrara ; Sofia Cerasoli ; Sergio Cogliati ; Fabrice Daumard ; Lars Eklundh ; Jan A. Elbers ; Fatih Evrendilek ; Rebecca N. Handcock ; Joerg Kaduk ; Katja Klumpp ; Bernard Longdoz ; Giorgio Matteucci ; Michele Meroni ; Lenoardo Montagnani ; Jean-Marc Ourcival ; Enrique P. Sánchez-Ca Ete ; Jean-Yves Pontailler ; Radoslaw Juszczak ; Bob Scholes ; M. Pilar MartínSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s11087954
PubMed: 22164055
PubMed Central: 3231727
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies</title><author><name sortKey="Balzarolo, Manuela" sort="Balzarolo, Manuela" uniqKey="Balzarolo M" first="Manuela" last="Balzarolo">Manuela Balzarolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-07954"> DIBAF—University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; E-Mail:<email>arriga@unitus.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Karen" sort="Anderson, Karen" uniqKey="Anderson K" first="Karen" last="Anderson">Karen Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK; E-Mail:<email>Karen.Anderson@exeter.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Caroline" sort="Nichol, Caroline" uniqKey="Nichol C" first="Caroline" last="Nichol">Caroline Nichol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-11-07954"> School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN Scotland, UK; E-Mail:<email>Caroline.Nichol@ed.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossini, Micol" sort="Rossini, Micol" uniqKey="Rossini M" first="Micol" last="Rossini">Micol Rossini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vescovo, Loris" sort="Vescovo, Loris" uniqKey="Vescovo L" first="Loris" last="Vescovo">Loris Vescovo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-sensors-11-07954"> CRI—Fondazione E. Mach, Viote del Monte Bondone, Trento, Italy; E-Mail:<email>loris.vescovo@iasma.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arriga, Nicola" sort="Arriga, Nicola" uniqKey="Arriga N" first="Nicola" last="Arriga">Nicola Arriga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-07954"> DIBAF—University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; E-Mail:<email>arriga@unitus.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohlfahrt, Georg" sort="Wohlfahrt, Georg" uniqKey="Wohlfahrt G" first="Georg" last="Wohlfahrt">Georg Wohlfahrt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-sensors-11-07954"> Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mail:<email>georg.wohlfahrt@uibk.ac.at</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvet, Jean Christophe" sort="Calvet, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Calvet J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Calvet">Jean-Christophe Calvet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-sensors-11-07954"> CNRM/GAME–Meteo-France, CNRS, URA 1357, 42 avenue Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-christophe.calvet@meteo.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrara, Arnaud" sort="Carrara, Arnaud" uniqKey="Carrara A" first="Arnaud" last="Carrara">Arnaud Carrara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-sensors-11-07954"> Fundacion CEAM, Parque Tecnologico, Calle C.R. Darwin, Paterna, SP-46980, Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>arnaud@ceam.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerasoli, Sofia" sort="Cerasoli, Sofia" uniqKey="Cerasoli S" first="Sofia" last="Cerasoli">Sofia Cerasoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-sensors-11-07954"> Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>sofiac@isa.utl.pt</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cogliati, Sergio" sort="Cogliati, Sergio" uniqKey="Cogliati S" first="Sergio" last="Cogliati">Sergio Cogliati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daumard, Fabrice" sort="Daumard, Fabrice" uniqKey="Daumard F" first="Fabrice" last="Daumard">Fabrice Daumard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-sensors-11-07954"> Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytech., Palaiseau, France; E-Mail:<email>fabrice.daumard@lmd.polytechnique.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklundh, Lars" sort="Eklundh, Lars" uniqKey="Eklundh L" first="Lars" last="Eklundh">Lars Eklundh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden; E-Mail:<email>lars.eklundh@nateko.lu.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elbers, Jan A" sort="Elbers, Jan A" uniqKey="Elbers J" first="Jan A." last="Elbers">Jan A. Elbers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-sensors-11-07954"> Alterra, ESS-CC Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:<email>Jan.Elbers@wur.nl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evrendilek, Fatih" sort="Evrendilek, Fatih" uniqKey="Evrendilek F" first="Fatih" last="Evrendilek">Fatih Evrendilek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey; E-Mail:<email>fevrendilek@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Handcock, Rebecca N" sort="Handcock, Rebecca N" uniqKey="Handcock R" first="Rebecca N." last="Handcock">Rebecca N. Handcock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-sensors-11-07954"> CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; E-Mail:<email>rebecca.handcock@csiro.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaduk, Joerg" sort="Kaduk, Joerg" uniqKey="Kaduk J" first="Joerg" last="Kaduk">Joerg Kaduk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; E-Mail:<email>jk61@le.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klumpp, Katja" sort="Klumpp, Katja" uniqKey="Klumpp K" first="Katja" last="Klumpp">Katja Klumpp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-sensors-11-07954"> INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research Unite, UR874, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France; E-Mail:<email>katja.klumpp@clermont.inra.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Longdoz, Bernard" sort="Longdoz, Bernard" uniqKey="Longdoz B" first="Bernard" last="Longdoz">Bernard Longdoz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-sensors-11-07954"> INRA, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, UMR1137, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; E-Mail:<email>longdoz@nancy.inra.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matteucci, Giorgio" sort="Matteucci, Giorgio" uniqKey="Matteucci G" first="Giorgio" last="Matteucci">Giorgio Matteucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18-sensors-11-07954"> CNR, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Cavour, 4-6 I-87036, Rende, Italy; E-Mail:<email>giorgio.matteucci@isafom.cs.cnr.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meroni, Michele" sort="Meroni, Michele" uniqKey="Meroni M" first="Michele" last="Meroni">Michele Meroni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19-sensors-11-07954"> European Commission, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Monitoring Agricultural Resources Unit, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Varese, Italy; E-Mail:<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montagnani, Lenoardo" sort="Montagnani, Lenoardo" uniqKey="Montagnani L" first="Lenoardo" last="Montagnani">Lenoardo Montagnani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20-sensors-11-07954"> Forest Services and Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21-sensors-11-07954"> Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ourcival, Jean Marc" sort="Ourcival, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Ourcival J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Ourcival">Jean-Marc Ourcival</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22-sensors-11-07954"> DREAM-CEFE-CNRS, UMR5175, BP5051, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-marc.ourcival@cefe.cnrs.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Ca Ete, Enrique P" sort="Sanchez Ca Ete, Enrique P" uniqKey="Sanchez Ca Ete E" first="Enrique P." last="Sánchez-Ca Ete">Enrique P. Sánchez-Ca Ete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23-sensors-11-07954"> IAA–CSIC, c/Camino Bajo de Huétor, 50, Granada 18008, Spain; E-Mail:<email>enripsc@ugr.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pontailler, Jean Yves" sort="Pontailler, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Pontailler J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Pontailler">Jean-Yves Pontailler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24-sensors-11-07954"> Laboratoire d’Ecologie Végétale, CNRS URA 1492 Bât. 362, Université Paris Sud-Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-yves.pontailler@u-psud.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Juszczak, Radoslaw" sort="Juszczak, Radoslaw" uniqKey="Juszczak R" first="Radoslaw" last="Juszczak">Radoslaw Juszczak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25-sensors-11-07954"> Dept. of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland; E-Mail:<email>radjusz@up.poznan.pl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scholes, Bob" sort="Scholes, Bob" uniqKey="Scholes B" first="Bob" last="Scholes">Bob Scholes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26-sensors-11-07954"> CSIR, Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, PO Box 395, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>bscholes@csir.co.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, M Pilar" sort="Martin, M Pilar" uniqKey="Martin M" first="M. Pilar" last="Martín">M. Pilar Martín</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27-sensors-11-07954"> CCHS—CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, Madrid 28037, Spain; E-Mail:<email>mpilar.martin@cchs.csic.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22164055</idno><idno type="pmc">3231727</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3231727</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3231727</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s11087954</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F70</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F70</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E19</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies</title><author><name sortKey="Balzarolo, Manuela" sort="Balzarolo, Manuela" uniqKey="Balzarolo M" first="Manuela" last="Balzarolo">Manuela Balzarolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-07954"> DIBAF—University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; E-Mail:<email>arriga@unitus.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Karen" sort="Anderson, Karen" uniqKey="Anderson K" first="Karen" last="Anderson">Karen Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK; E-Mail:<email>Karen.Anderson@exeter.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Caroline" sort="Nichol, Caroline" uniqKey="Nichol C" first="Caroline" last="Nichol">Caroline Nichol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-11-07954"> School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN Scotland, UK; E-Mail:<email>Caroline.Nichol@ed.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossini, Micol" sort="Rossini, Micol" uniqKey="Rossini M" first="Micol" last="Rossini">Micol Rossini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vescovo, Loris" sort="Vescovo, Loris" uniqKey="Vescovo L" first="Loris" last="Vescovo">Loris Vescovo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-sensors-11-07954"> CRI—Fondazione E. Mach, Viote del Monte Bondone, Trento, Italy; E-Mail:<email>loris.vescovo@iasma.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arriga, Nicola" sort="Arriga, Nicola" uniqKey="Arriga N" first="Nicola" last="Arriga">Nicola Arriga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-11-07954"> DIBAF—University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; E-Mail:<email>arriga@unitus.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohlfahrt, Georg" sort="Wohlfahrt, Georg" uniqKey="Wohlfahrt G" first="Georg" last="Wohlfahrt">Georg Wohlfahrt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-sensors-11-07954"> Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mail:<email>georg.wohlfahrt@uibk.ac.at</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvet, Jean Christophe" sort="Calvet, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Calvet J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Calvet">Jean-Christophe Calvet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-sensors-11-07954"> CNRM/GAME–Meteo-France, CNRS, URA 1357, 42 avenue Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-christophe.calvet@meteo.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrara, Arnaud" sort="Carrara, Arnaud" uniqKey="Carrara A" first="Arnaud" last="Carrara">Arnaud Carrara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-sensors-11-07954"> Fundacion CEAM, Parque Tecnologico, Calle C.R. Darwin, Paterna, SP-46980, Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>arnaud@ceam.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerasoli, Sofia" sort="Cerasoli, Sofia" uniqKey="Cerasoli S" first="Sofia" last="Cerasoli">Sofia Cerasoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-sensors-11-07954"> Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>sofiac@isa.utl.pt</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cogliati, Sergio" sort="Cogliati, Sergio" uniqKey="Cogliati S" first="Sergio" last="Cogliati">Sergio Cogliati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daumard, Fabrice" sort="Daumard, Fabrice" uniqKey="Daumard F" first="Fabrice" last="Daumard">Fabrice Daumard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-sensors-11-07954"> Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytech., Palaiseau, France; E-Mail:<email>fabrice.daumard@lmd.polytechnique.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklundh, Lars" sort="Eklundh, Lars" uniqKey="Eklundh L" first="Lars" last="Eklundh">Lars Eklundh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden; E-Mail:<email>lars.eklundh@nateko.lu.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elbers, Jan A" sort="Elbers, Jan A" uniqKey="Elbers J" first="Jan A." last="Elbers">Jan A. Elbers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-sensors-11-07954"> Alterra, ESS-CC Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:<email>Jan.Elbers@wur.nl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evrendilek, Fatih" sort="Evrendilek, Fatih" uniqKey="Evrendilek F" first="Fatih" last="Evrendilek">Fatih Evrendilek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey; E-Mail:<email>fevrendilek@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Handcock, Rebecca N" sort="Handcock, Rebecca N" uniqKey="Handcock R" first="Rebecca N." last="Handcock">Rebecca N. Handcock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-sensors-11-07954"> CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; E-Mail:<email>rebecca.handcock@csiro.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaduk, Joerg" sort="Kaduk, Joerg" uniqKey="Kaduk J" first="Joerg" last="Kaduk">Joerg Kaduk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-sensors-11-07954"> Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; E-Mail:<email>jk61@le.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klumpp, Katja" sort="Klumpp, Katja" uniqKey="Klumpp K" first="Katja" last="Klumpp">Katja Klumpp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-sensors-11-07954"> INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research Unite, UR874, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France; E-Mail:<email>katja.klumpp@clermont.inra.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Longdoz, Bernard" sort="Longdoz, Bernard" uniqKey="Longdoz B" first="Bernard" last="Longdoz">Bernard Longdoz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-sensors-11-07954"> INRA, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, UMR1137, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; E-Mail:<email>longdoz@nancy.inra.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matteucci, Giorgio" sort="Matteucci, Giorgio" uniqKey="Matteucci G" first="Giorgio" last="Matteucci">Giorgio Matteucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18-sensors-11-07954"> CNR, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Cavour, 4-6 I-87036, Rende, Italy; E-Mail:<email>giorgio.matteucci@isafom.cs.cnr.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meroni, Michele" sort="Meroni, Michele" uniqKey="Meroni M" first="Michele" last="Meroni">Michele Meroni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19-sensors-11-07954"> European Commission, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Monitoring Agricultural Resources Unit, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Varese, Italy; E-Mail:<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montagnani, Lenoardo" sort="Montagnani, Lenoardo" uniqKey="Montagnani L" first="Lenoardo" last="Montagnani">Lenoardo Montagnani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20-sensors-11-07954"> Forest Services and Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21-sensors-11-07954"> Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ourcival, Jean Marc" sort="Ourcival, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Ourcival J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Ourcival">Jean-Marc Ourcival</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22-sensors-11-07954"> DREAM-CEFE-CNRS, UMR5175, BP5051, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-marc.ourcival@cefe.cnrs.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Ca Ete, Enrique P" sort="Sanchez Ca Ete, Enrique P" uniqKey="Sanchez Ca Ete E" first="Enrique P." last="Sánchez-Ca Ete">Enrique P. Sánchez-Ca Ete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23-sensors-11-07954"> IAA–CSIC, c/Camino Bajo de Huétor, 50, Granada 18008, Spain; E-Mail:<email>enripsc@ugr.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pontailler, Jean Yves" sort="Pontailler, Jean Yves" uniqKey="Pontailler J" first="Jean-Yves" last="Pontailler">Jean-Yves Pontailler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24-sensors-11-07954"> Laboratoire d’Ecologie Végétale, CNRS URA 1492 Bât. 362, Université Paris Sud-Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-yves.pontailler@u-psud.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Juszczak, Radoslaw" sort="Juszczak, Radoslaw" uniqKey="Juszczak R" first="Radoslaw" last="Juszczak">Radoslaw Juszczak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25-sensors-11-07954"> Dept. of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland; E-Mail:<email>radjusz@up.poznan.pl</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scholes, Bob" sort="Scholes, Bob" uniqKey="Scholes B" first="Bob" last="Scholes">Bob Scholes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26-sensors-11-07954"> CSIR, Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, PO Box 395, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>bscholes@csir.co.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, M Pilar" sort="Martin, M Pilar" uniqKey="Martin M" first="M. Pilar" last="Martín">M. Pilar Martín</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27-sensors-11-07954"> CCHS—CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, Madrid 28037, Spain; E-Mail:<email>mpilar.martin@cchs.csic.es</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“<italic>Spectral Sampling Tools for Vegetation Biophysical Parameters and Flux Measurements in Europe</italic>” that provided a complete view on spectral sampling activities carried out within the different research teams in European countries. The results have highlighted that a wide variety of optical sensors are in use at flux sites across Europe, and responses further demonstrated that users were not always fully aware of the key issues underpinning repeatability and the reproducibility of their spectral measurements. The key findings of this survey point towards the need for greater awareness of the need for standardisation and development of a common protocol of optical sampling at the European EC sites.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wylie, Bk" uniqKey="Wylie B">BK Wylie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Da" uniqKey="Johnson D">DA Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laca, E" uniqKey="Laca E">E Laca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saliendra, Nz" uniqKey="Saliendra N">NZ Saliendra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilmanov, Tg" uniqKey="Gilmanov T">TG Gilmanov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Bc" uniqKey="Reed B">BC Reed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tieszen, Ll" uniqKey="Tieszen L">LL Tieszen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worstell, Bb" uniqKey="Worstell B">BB Worstell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aalto, T" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22164055</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3231727</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s11087954</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-11-07954</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balzarolo</surname><given-names>Manuela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-11-07954"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-11-07954"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>Karen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-11-07954"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nichol</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-11-07954"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossini</surname><given-names>Micol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-11-07954"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vescovo</surname><given-names>Loris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-sensors-11-07954"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arriga</surname><given-names>Nicola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-11-07954"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wohlfahrt</surname><given-names>Georg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-sensors-11-07954"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Calvet</surname><given-names>Jean-Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7-sensors-11-07954"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carrara</surname><given-names>Arnaud</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8-sensors-11-07954"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cerasoli</surname><given-names>Sofia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9-sensors-11-07954"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cogliati</surname><given-names>Sergio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-11-07954"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daumard</surname><given-names>Fabrice</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10-sensors-11-07954"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eklundh</surname><given-names>Lars</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11-sensors-11-07954"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elbers</surname><given-names>Jan A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12-sensors-11-07954"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evrendilek</surname><given-names>Fatih</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13-sensors-11-07954"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Handcock</surname><given-names>Rebecca N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14-sensors-11-07954"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaduk</surname><given-names>Joerg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15-sensors-11-07954"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klumpp</surname><given-names>Katja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16-sensors-11-07954"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Longdoz</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17-sensors-11-07954"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matteucci</surname><given-names>Giorgio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18-sensors-11-07954"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meroni</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-11-07954"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19-sensors-11-07954"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Montagnani</surname><given-names>Lenoardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af20-sensors-11-07954"><sup>20</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af21-sensors-11-07954"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ourcival</surname><given-names>Jean-Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af22-sensors-11-07954"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sánchez-Cañete</surname><given-names>Enrique P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af23-sensors-11-07954"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pontailler</surname><given-names>Jean-Yves</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24-sensors-11-07954"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Juszczak</surname><given-names>Radoslaw</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af25-sensors-11-07954"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scholes</surname><given-names>Bob</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af26-sensors-11-07954"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martín</surname><given-names>M. Pilar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af27-sensors-11-07954"><sup>27</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-11-07954"><label>1</label> DIBAF—University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; E-Mail:<email>arriga@unitus.it</email></aff><aff id="af2-sensors-11-07954"><label>2</label> Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK; E-Mail:<email>Karen.Anderson@exeter.ac.uk</email></aff><aff id="af3-sensors-11-07954"><label>3</label> School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN Scotland, UK; E-Mail:<email>Caroline.Nichol@ed.ac.uk</email></aff><aff id="af4-sensors-11-07954"><label>4</label> DISAT—University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; E-Mails:<email>micol.rossini@unimib.it</email> (M.R.);<email>sergio.cogliati@unimib.it</email> (S.C.);<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email> (M.M.)</aff><aff id="af5-sensors-11-07954"><label>5</label> CRI—Fondazione E. Mach, Viote del Monte Bondone, Trento, Italy; E-Mail:<email>loris.vescovo@iasma.it</email></aff><aff id="af6-sensors-11-07954"><label>6</label> Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mail:<email>georg.wohlfahrt@uibk.ac.at</email></aff><aff id="af7-sensors-11-07954"><label>7</label> CNRM/GAME–Meteo-France, CNRS, URA 1357, 42 avenue Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-christophe.calvet@meteo.fr</email></aff><aff id="af8-sensors-11-07954"><label>8</label> Fundacion CEAM, Parque Tecnologico, Calle C.R. Darwin, Paterna, SP-46980, Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:<email>arnaud@ceam.es</email></aff><aff id="af9-sensors-11-07954"><label>9</label> Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:<email>sofiac@isa.utl.pt</email></aff><aff id="af10-sensors-11-07954"><label>10</label> Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytech., Palaiseau, France; E-Mail:<email>fabrice.daumard@lmd.polytechnique.fr</email></aff><aff id="af11-sensors-11-07954"><label>11</label> Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden; E-Mail:<email>lars.eklundh@nateko.lu.se</email></aff><aff id="af12-sensors-11-07954"><label>12</label> Alterra, ESS-CC Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:<email>Jan.Elbers@wur.nl</email></aff><aff id="af13-sensors-11-07954"><label>13</label> Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey; E-Mail:<email>fevrendilek@yahoo.com</email></aff><aff id="af14-sensors-11-07954"><label>14</label> CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; E-Mail:<email>rebecca.handcock@csiro.au</email></aff><aff id="af15-sensors-11-07954"><label>15</label> Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; E-Mail:<email>jk61@le.ac.uk</email></aff><aff id="af16-sensors-11-07954"><label>16</label> INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research Unite, UR874, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France; E-Mail:<email>katja.klumpp@clermont.inra.fr</email></aff><aff id="af17-sensors-11-07954"><label>17</label> INRA, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, UMR1137, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; E-Mail:<email>longdoz@nancy.inra.fr</email></aff><aff id="af18-sensors-11-07954"><label>18</label> CNR, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Cavour, 4-6 I-87036, Rende, Italy; E-Mail:<email>giorgio.matteucci@isafom.cs.cnr.it</email></aff><aff id="af19-sensors-11-07954"><label>19</label> European Commission, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Monitoring Agricultural Resources Unit, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Varese, Italy; E-Mail:<email>michele.meroni@jrc.ec.europa.eu</email></aff><aff id="af20-sensors-11-07954"><label>20</label> Forest Services and Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></aff><aff id="af21-sensors-11-07954"><label>21</label> Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; E-Mail:<email>leonar@inwind.it</email></aff><aff id="af22-sensors-11-07954"><label>22</label> DREAM-CEFE-CNRS, UMR5175, BP5051, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-marc.ourcival@cefe.cnrs.fr</email></aff><aff id="af23-sensors-11-07954"><label>23</label> IAA–CSIC, c/Camino Bajo de Huétor, 50, Granada 18008, Spain; E-Mail:<email>enripsc@ugr.es</email></aff><aff id="af24-sensors-11-07954"><label>24</label> Laboratoire d’Ecologie Végétale, CNRS URA 1492 Bât. 362, Université Paris Sud-Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; E-Mail:<email>jean-yves.pontailler@u-psud.fr</email></aff><aff id="af25-sensors-11-07954"><label>25</label> Dept. of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland; E-Mail:<email>radjusz@up.poznan.pl</email></aff><aff id="af26-sensors-11-07954"><label>26</label> CSIR, Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, PO Box 395, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa; E-Mail:<email>bscholes@csir.co.za</email></aff><aff id="af27-sensors-11-07954"><label>27</label> CCHS—CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, Madrid 28037, Spain; E-Mail:<email>mpilar.martin@cchs.csic.es</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-11-07954"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>manuela.balzarolo@unitus.it</email>; Tel.: +39-0761-357-251; Fax: +39-0761-357-389.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>7954</fpage><lpage>7981</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>7</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>8</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“<italic>Spectral Sampling Tools for Vegetation Biophysical Parameters and Flux Measurements in Europe</italic>” that provided a complete view on spectral sampling activities carried out within the different research teams in European countries. The results have highlighted that a wide variety of optical sensors are in use at flux sites across Europe, and responses further demonstrated that users were not always fully aware of the key issues underpinning repeatability and the reproducibility of their spectral measurements. The key findings of this survey point towards the need for greater awareness of the need for standardisation and development of a common protocol of optical sampling at the European EC sites.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>optical measurements</kwd><kwd>sensors</kwd><kwd>protocol standardisation</kwd><kwd>European flux networks</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Location of eddy covariance sites of COST countries in Europe working on spectral measurements that filled the questionnaire.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Some examples of the use of 2- and 4-channel sensors at eddy covariance sites in Europe. <bold>(a)</bold> PRI Skye sensor at Hyytiälä forest site (FI-Hyy, Finland), <bold>(b)</bold> PRI Skye sensor at Roccarespampani old forest site (IT-Ro2, Italy), <bold>(c)</bold> NDVI Skye sensor at Monte Bondone grassland site (IT-MBon, Italy), <bold>(d)</bold> Kipp&Zonen sensor at Fontainebleau forest site (FR-Fon, France), <bold>(e)</bold> Kipp&Zonen sensor at Neustift grassland site (AT-Neu, Austria), <bold>(f)</bold> the sensor for monitoring NDVI developed by Jean-Yves Pontailler at ESE Laboratory, CNRS—Univerisité Paris-Sud (France).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p><bold>(a)</bold> Cropscan MSR16R sensor mounted at Monte Bondone grassland site (IT-MBo); <bold>(b-c)</bold> The two CIMEL radiometers mounted at the SMOSREX experimental grassland site (FR-Mau): <bold>(b)</bold> upward sensor, <bold>(c)</bold> downward sensor.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Pictures of the systems installed in the field. <bold>(a)</bold> Optics of the MRI mounted on a tripod (cosine receptor head in red; bare fiber position in green). <bold>(b)</bold> Picture of the HSI box installed in field. <bold>(c)</bold> Two Dual Field of View (DFOV) system installed at Hyytiälä site, Finland (upward pointing cosine receptor in blue; downward fiber in yellow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Scheme of Biospec protocol for optical and biophysical sampling.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>Percentage of 2 and 4-channel sensors used for spectral measurements at the eddy covariance sites. <bold>(a)</bold> 2 and 4-channel sensors for the measurements of NDVI. <bold>(b)</bold> 2 and 4-channels sensors for the measurements of PRI.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-11-07954f6"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-11-07954" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>List and principal characteristics of the automatic optical systems currently installed at European eddy flux towers. The site name, site FLUXNET ID, optical system (Manufacturer/Model), spectral range/channels (nm) and their resolution (FWHM, nm), the method used for acquisition (Single/Dual beam), the geometry of acquisition (Nadir/Off-Nadir/MultiViewAngle), the spatial sampling scheme (Single point/Transect/Multi point), the reflectance quantity (BHR, Bi-Hemispherical Reflectance factor/HCRF, Hemispherical-Conical Reflectance Factor), the downward Field of View (FOV), sensor Height Above the Canopy (m) and references, when available, are reported. K&Z stands for Kipp&Zonen. HM stands for home made. “na” stands for answer not available.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Site Name</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Site ID</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Optical system/ Manufacture/ Model</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spectral range/ channel center (Spectral resolution/FWHM) [nm]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time resolution (averages) [min]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Method Single/Dual beam</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Nadir/Off-Nadir/ MultiViewAngle [°]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Single Point /Transect/ Multi point</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reflectance Quantity</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Downward FOV [°]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Height Above Canopy [m]</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ref.</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="12" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>2- and 4-channel sensors</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neustift, AT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AT-Neu</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–1.5 (depending on canopy height)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-sensors-11-07954">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesse, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Hes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">645 (628–680), 780 (731–998)<break></break>530 (7), 569 (8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5<break></break>2.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-sensors-11-07954">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laqueuille, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Lq1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">red (na), NIR (na)<break></break>529, 568 (8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<break></break>2.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loobos, NL</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NL-Loo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530, 569 (7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Las Majadas del Tietar, ES</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ES-LMa</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530 (7), 569 (7), 679 (12), 798 (12)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (grass)<break></break>5 (oak)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Saler-Sueca ES</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ES-ES2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660 (15), 820 (775–900)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5–2.5 (depending on canopy height)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vall d’Alinya, ES</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ES-VDA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660 (15), 820 (775–900)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cortes de Pallas, ES</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ES-CPa</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660 (15), 820 (775–900)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Puechabon, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Pue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300-2800<break></break>531, 570 (na)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>ON</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0<break></break>6.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanjaron (PN. Sierra Nevada), ES</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanjaron <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">655 (640–660), 825 (780–950)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Collelongo, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Col</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bonis, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Bon</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boschi di Carrega, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICP-Forests IT0005 (EMI1-Carrega) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monte Bondone, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-MBo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">550 (10), 680 (10), 749 (20), 849 (20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–1.5 (depending on canopy height)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-sensors-11-07954">8</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lavarone, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Lav</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">665 (70), 843 (125)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Valle dell'Adige, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-VdA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">549 (9.4), 678 (11.7), 750 (20), 849 (18.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roccarespampani young forest, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Ro1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roccarespampani old forest, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Ro2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800<break></break>529, 568 (8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0<break></break>5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amplero, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Amp</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5–4.5 (depending on canopy height)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Renon, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Ren</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800<break></break>red (na), NIR (na)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0<break></break>10.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fontainebleau, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Fon</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660 (15), 820 (775–900)<break></break>531, 570 (10)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>S</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (20)<break></break>ON (20)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na<break></break>na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wicken Fen, UK</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FENFLUX <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–2 m (depending on canopy height)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rzecin wetland, PL</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PL-WET</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1<break></break>SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800<break></break>530, 570, 670, 850 (10)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5<break></break>.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuczno forest, PL</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PL-FRT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530, 570, 670, 850 (10)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brody arable, PL</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PL-ARB</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR4<break></break>SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800<break></break>530, 550, 570, 670, 750, 850, 900, 970 (10)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0<break></break>3.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yenicaga Peatland, TR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAYDAG<break></break>109Y186 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR4<break></break>SKYE 1800<break></break>SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800<break></break>530, 570 (10)<break></break>455–520 (65), 630–700 (70), 760–900 (140)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60<break></break>30<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine<break></break>25<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0<break></break>3.0<break></break>3.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-sensors-11-07954">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herdade da Machoqueira, PT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT-Cor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">531, 570 (5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">∼7.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyytiälä, SMEAR II NDVI, FI</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FI-Hyy</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800<break></break>SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">529, 568 (8)<break></break>652 (54), 861 (53)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<break></break>30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<break></break>D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (55)<break></break>ON (55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25<break></break>60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0<break></break>15.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-11-07954">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abisko Delta forest, SE</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abd1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">649, 867, 528, 568 (11)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-11-07954">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abisko Stordalen mire, SE</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abs1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">649, 867, 528, 568 (11)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-11-07954">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fajemyr mire, SE</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE-Faj</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">652 (54), 861 (53)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-11-07954">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norunda forest, SE</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE-Nor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">652 (54), 861 (53)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-11-07954">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zackenberg arctic fen, DK</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DK-Zaf <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1800</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">655 (48), 855 (55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skukuza, ZA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ZA-Kru</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K&Z CNR1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300–2,800</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cosine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gungahlin Australia</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">- <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKYE 1850</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">545 (10), 650 (11), 833 (12), 1,047 (14)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-sensors-11-07954">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Multispectral sensors</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monte Bondone, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-MBo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cropscan MSR16R</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467 (10), 530 (8.5), 546 (10), 570 (10), 610 (10.3), 640 (11.3), 680 (10), 720 (12.6), 730 (12.9), 750 (13.4), 780 (10), 860 (10), 900 (12.7), 1,240 (11.6), 1,660 (15.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">∼5.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SMOSREX, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Mau</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CIMEL</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450.0 (430.0–470.0), 549.0 (506.5–591.5), 648.0 (621.5–674.5), 837.5 (792.0–883.0), 1,640.0 (1,557.7–1,722.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (40)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-sensors-11-07954">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Hyperspectral sensors</italic></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Torgnon, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Tor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HSI, OO, HR4000 (Ocean optics) HSI, OO, HR4000 (Ocean optics)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400–1,000 (1)<break></break>700–800 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5<break></break>5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S<break></break>S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BHR<break></break>BHR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hemispherical<break></break>hemispherical</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5<break></break>3.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-sensors-11-07954">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">San Piero a Grado, Pisa, IT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT-Pisa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-sensors-11-07954">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MRI, OO, HR4000 (Ocean optics) MRI, OO, HR4000 (Ocean optics)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400–1,000 (1) 700–800 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3<break></break>3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S<break></break>S</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP<break></break>SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF<break></break>HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25<break></break>25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2–2<break></break>1.2–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-sensors-11-07954">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-sensors-11-07954">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyytiälä, FI</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FI-Hyy</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocean optics USB2000+</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocean optics USB2000+</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A (defined by user, min: 1 min max: 1 h)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (∼35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Griffin Forest - Scotland, UK</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK-Gri</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocean optics USB2000+</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocean optics USB2000+</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A (defined by user, min: 1 min max: 1 h)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ON (∼35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Avignon, FR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR-Avi</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TriFlex,</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocean Optics, HR2000+ (630–815–0.5 nm) Ocean Optics, HR2000+ (300–900–2nm)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-sensors-11-07954">33</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-sensors-11-07954"><label>*</label><p>Not a FLUXNET site.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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