Gold Nanoparticles for Modulating Neuronal Behavior
Identifieur interne : 002E04 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002E03; suivant : 002E05Gold Nanoparticles for Modulating Neuronal Behavior
Auteurs : Chiara Paviolo [France] ; Paul R. StoddartSource :
- Nanomaterials [ 2079-4991 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Understanding the detailed functioning and pathophysiology of the brain and the nervous system continues to challenge the scientific community, particularly in terms of scaling up techniques for monitoring and interfacing with complex 3D networks. Nanotechnology has the potential to support this scaling up, where the eventual goal would be to address individual nerve cells within functional units of both the central and peripheral nervous system. Gold nanoparticles provide a variety of physical and chemical properties that have attracted attention as a light-activated nanoscale neuronal interface. This review provides a critical overview of the photothermal and photomechanical properties of chemically functionalized gold nanoparticles that have been exploited to trigger a range of biological responses in neuronal tissues, including modulation of electrical activity and nerve regeneration. The prospects and challenges for further development are also discussed.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/nano7040092
PubMed: 28441776
PubMed Central: 5408184
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Gold Nanoparticles for Modulating Neuronal Behavior</title><author><name sortKey="Paviolo, Chiara" sort="Paviolo, Chiara" uniqKey="Paviolo C" first="Chiara" last="Paviolo">Chiara Paviolo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-nanomaterials-07-00092">LP2N-Institut d’Optique & CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LP2N-Institut d’Optique & CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoddart, Paul R" sort="Stoddart, Paul R" uniqKey="Stoddart P" first="Paul R." last="Stoddart">Paul R. Stoddart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nanomaterials-07-00092">ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, P.O. Box 218, Victoria 3122, Australia;<email>pstoddart@swin.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28441776</idno><idno type="pmc">5408184</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408184</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5408184</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/nano7040092</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F55</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F55</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E04</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Gold Nanoparticles for Modulating Neuronal Behavior</title><author><name sortKey="Paviolo, Chiara" sort="Paviolo, Chiara" uniqKey="Paviolo C" first="Chiara" last="Paviolo">Chiara Paviolo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-nanomaterials-07-00092">LP2N-Institut d’Optique & CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LP2N-Institut d’Optique & CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoddart, Paul R" sort="Stoddart, Paul R" uniqKey="Stoddart P" first="Paul R." last="Stoddart">Paul R. Stoddart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-nanomaterials-07-00092">ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, P.O. Box 218, Victoria 3122, Australia;<email>pstoddart@swin.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nanomaterials</title><idno type="eISSN">2079-4991</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Understanding the detailed functioning and pathophysiology of the brain and the nervous system continues to challenge the scientific community, particularly in terms of scaling up techniques for monitoring and interfacing with complex 3D networks. Nanotechnology has the potential to support this scaling up, where the eventual goal would be to address individual nerve cells within functional units of both the central and peripheral nervous system. Gold nanoparticles provide a variety of physical and chemical properties that have attracted attention as a light-activated nanoscale neuronal interface. This review provides a critical overview of the photothermal and photomechanical properties of chemically functionalized gold nanoparticles that have been exploited to trigger a range of biological responses in neuronal tissues, including modulation of electrical activity and nerve regeneration. The prospects and challenges for further development are also discussed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, S" uniqKey="Mclaughlin S">S. Mclaughlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Podrebarac, J" uniqKey="Podrebarac J">J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nanomaterials (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nanomaterials (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nanomaterials</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nanomaterials</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2079-4991</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28441776</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5408184</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nano7040092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nanomaterials-07-00092</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Gold Nanoparticles for Modulating Neuronal Behavior</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paviolo</surname><given-names>Chiara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nanomaterials-07-00092">1</xref><xref rid="c1-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stoddart</surname><given-names>Paul R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nanomaterials-07-00092">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Ciofani</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-nanomaterials-07-00092"><label>1</label>LP2N-Institut d’Optique & CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France</aff><aff id="af2-nanomaterials-07-00092"><label>2</label>ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, P.O. Box 218, Victoria 3122, Australia;<email>pstoddart@swin.edu.au</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-nanomaterials-07-00092"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>chiara.paviolo@institutoptique.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>92</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Understanding the detailed functioning and pathophysiology of the brain and the nervous system continues to challenge the scientific community, particularly in terms of scaling up techniques for monitoring and interfacing with complex 3D networks. Nanotechnology has the potential to support this scaling up, where the eventual goal would be to address individual nerve cells within functional units of both the central and peripheral nervous system. Gold nanoparticles provide a variety of physical and chemical properties that have attracted attention as a light-activated nanoscale neuronal interface. This review provides a critical overview of the photothermal and photomechanical properties of chemically functionalized gold nanoparticles that have been exploited to trigger a range of biological responses in neuronal tissues, including modulation of electrical activity and nerve regeneration. The prospects and challenges for further development are also discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>gold nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>plasmonics</kwd><kwd>photothermal effects</kwd><kwd>neuronal cell behavior</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="nanomaterials-07-00092-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Electron distributions and corresponding timescales of the fundamental processes in laser heating of Au NPs: the initial distribution (<bold>a</bold>) is excited to a non-thermal state (<bold>b</bold>); before relaxing to the Fermi-Dirac distribution (<bold>c</bold>) and finally returning to the initial state once energy has been transferred to the surrounding medium (after Link and El-Sayed [<xref rid="B33-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nanomaterials-07-00092-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="nanomaterials-07-00092-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Representative results of Au NPs for peripheral nerve regeneration. (<bold>a</bold>) Examples of epifluorescence images of NG108-15 neuronal cells cultured alone or with Au NRs and exposed to different laser irradiances, as indicated in each panel. Cells were marked for β-III tubulin (in red) and DAPI (in blue, reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B49-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]); (<bold>b</bold>) Spontaneous remyelination by Schwann cells (myelin marker P0, in red) was enhanced in mice treated with polyethylene glycol-coated Au NPs (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B7-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]); (<bold>c</bold>) schematic representation of electrospun nanofibers doped with 10 nm Au NPs (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B27-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nanomaterials-07-00092-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="nanomaterials-07-00092-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Summary illustration of Au NPs for modulation of nerve electrical activity. (<bold>a</bold>) Schematic representation of laser-induced activation of cells incubated with Au NPs (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B73-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]); (<bold>b</bold>) Schematic representation of a whole-cell patch clamp recording for optically-stimulated neurons (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B10-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]); (<bold>c</bold>) Schematic representation of optically-stimulated rat sciatic nerves injected with Au NRs (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B11-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]); (<bold>d</bold>) Schematic representation of localized heating of TRPV1 channels with NIR excitation of Au NRs (reproduced with permission from [<xref rid="B9-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nanomaterials-07-00092-g003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="nanomaterials-07-00092-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nanomaterials-07-00092-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Summary of Au NP characteristics for modulation of neural activity. Plasmon peaks have only been indicated when relevant to the study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shape</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Size</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasmon Peak</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functionalization</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Applications</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observed Effects</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.6 nm × 13.8 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">780 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid), silica</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peripheral nerve regeneration</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased neurite length [<xref rid="B6-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyethylene glycol (PEG)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peripheral nerve regeneration</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind limb motor recovery, attenuation of microglial response, enhanced motor neuron protection, increased remyelination [<xref rid="B7-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manganese-doped</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peripheral nerve regeneration</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased neurite length [<xref rid="B26-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Integration into nerve conduits</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased neurite length [<xref rid="B27-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–22 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Integration into nerve conduits</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Promote adhesion and proliferation of Schwann cells [<xref rid="B28-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitosan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Integration into nerve conduits</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regeneration of the sciatic nerve [<xref rid="B29-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspect ratio 3.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">780 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silica</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of electrical activity</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Action potentials in primary auditory neurons [<xref rid="B10-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.4 nm × 15.3 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">977 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of electrical activity</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Action potentials in rat sciatic nerves in vivo [<xref rid="B11-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.3 nm × 18.5 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">785 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amine-terminated PEG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of electrical activity</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition of neural activity in primary hippocampal neurons [<xref rid="B12-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanospheres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">532 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional groups that target voltage-gated sodium, TRPV1 and P2X3 ion channels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of electrical activity</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Action potentials in dorsal root ganglion cells [<xref rid="B15-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.6 nm × 13.8 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">780 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients [<xref rid="B8-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0 nm × 15.0 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">780 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cationic protein/lipid complex</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx by TRPV1 activation [<xref rid="B29-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanorods</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.9 nm × 13.4 nm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">982 nm</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptavidin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics</td><td valign="middle" style="text-align: left; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: inherit; border-bottom-width: thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients in astrocytes [<xref rid="B30-nanomaterials-07-00092" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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