Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study
Identifieur interne : 002C43 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002C42; suivant : 002C44Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study
Auteurs : Liping Hou [États-Unis] ; Urs Heilbronner [Allemagne] ; Franziska Degenhardt [Allemagne] ; Mazda Adli [Allemagne] ; Kazufumi Akiyama [Japon] ; Nirmala Akula [États-Unis] ; Raffaella Ardau [Italie] ; Bárbara Arias [Espagne] ; Lena Backlund [Suède] ; Claudio E. M. Banzato [Brésil] ; Antoni Benabarre ; Susanne Bengesser [Autriche] ; Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee [États-Unis] ; Joanna M. Biernacka [États-Unis] ; Armin Birner [Autriche] ; Clara Brichant-Petitjean [France] ; Elise T. Bui [États-Unis] ; Pablo Cervantes [Canada] ; Guo-Bo Chen [Australie] ; Hsi-Chung Chen [Taïwan] ; Caterina Chillotti [Italie] ; Sven Cichon [Suisse, Allemagne] ; Scott R. Clark [Australie] ; Francesc Colom ; David Cousins [Royaume-Uni] ; Cristiana Cruceanu [Canada] ; Piotr M. Czerski [Pologne] ; Clarissa R. Dantas [Brésil] ; Alexandre Dayer [Suisse] ; Bruno Étain [France] ; Peter Falkai [Allemagne] ; Andreas J. Forstner [Allemagne] ; Louise Frisén [Suède] ; Janice M. Fullerton [Australie] ; Sébastien Gard [France] ; Julie S. Garnham [Canada] ; Fernando S. Goes [États-Unis] ; Paul Grof [Canada] ; Oliver Gruber [Allemagne] ; Ryota Hashimoto [Japon] ; Joanna Hauser [Pologne] ; Stefan Herms [Suisse, Allemagne] ; Per Hoffmann [Suisse, Allemagne] ; Andrea Hofmann [Allemagne] ; Stephane Jamain [France] ; Esther Jiménez ; Jean-Pierre Kahn [France] ; Layla Kassem [États-Unis] ; Sarah Kittel-Schneider [Allemagne] ; Sebastian Kliwicki [Pologne] ; Barbara König [Autriche] ; Ichiro Kusumi [Japon] ; Nina Lackner [Autriche] ; Gonzalo Laje [États-Unis] ; Mikael Landén [Suède] ; Catharina Lavebratt [Suède] ; Marion Leboyer [France] ; Susan G. Leckband [États-Unis] ; Carlos A. L Pez Jaramillo [Colombie] ; Glenda Macqueen [Canada] ; Mirko Manchia [Italie, Canada] ; Lina Martinsson [Suède] ; Manuel Mattheisen [Danemark] ; Michael J. Mccarthy [États-Unis] ; Susan Mcelroy [États-Unis] ; Marina Mitjans [Espagne] ; Francis M. Mondimore [États-Unis] ; Palmiero Monteleone [Italie] ; Caroline M. Nievergelt [États-Unis] ; Markus M. Nöthen [Allemagne] ; Urban Ösby [Suède] ; Norio Ozaki [Japon] ; Roy H. Perlis [États-Unis] ; Andrea Pfennig [Allemagne] ; Daniela Reich-Erkelenz [Allemagne] ; Guy A. Rouleau [Canada] ; Peter R. Schofield [Australie] ; K. Oliver Schubert [Australie] ; Barbara W. Schweizer [États-Unis] ; Florian Seemüller [Allemagne] ; Giovanni Severino [Italie] ; Tatyana Shekhtman [États-Unis] ; Paul D. Shilling [États-Unis] ; Kazutaka Shimoda [Japon] ; Christian Simhandl [Autriche] ; Claire M. Slaney [Canada] ; Jordan W. Smoller [États-Unis] ; Alessio Squassina [Italie] ; Thomas Stamm [Allemagne] ; Pavla Stopkova [République tchèque] ; Sarah K. Tighe [États-Unis] ; Alfonso Tortorella [Italie] ; Gustavo Turecki [Canada] ; Julia Volkert [Allemagne] ; Stephanie Witt [Allemagne] ; Adam Wright [Australie] ; L. Trevor Young [Canada] ; Peter P. Zandi [États-Unis] ; James B. Potash [États-Unis] ; Jay Raymond Depaulo [États-Unis] ; Michael Bauer [Allemagne] ; Eva Reininghaus [Autriche] ; Tomas Novák [République tchèque] ; Jean-Michel Aubry [Suisse] ; Mario Maj [Italie] ; Bernhard T. Baune [Australie] ; Philip B. Mitchell [Australie] ; Eduard Vieta ; Mark A. Frye [États-Unis] ; Janusz K. Rybakowski [Pologne] ; Po-Hsiu Kuo [Taïwan] ; Tadafumi Kato [Japon] ; Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu [Roumanie] ; Andreas Reif [Allemagne] ; Maria Del Zompo [Italie] ; Frank Bellivier [France] ; Martin Schalling [Suède] ; Naomi R. Wray [Australie] ; John Kelsoe [États-Unis] ; Martin Alda [Canada] ; Marcella Rietschel [Allemagne] ; Francis J. Mcmahon [États-Unis] ; Thomas G. Schulze [États-Unis, Allemagne]Source :
- Lancet (London, England) [ 0140-6736 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Lithium remains a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However, no genetic markers have been reproducibly identified.
Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study of lithium response in 2,563 patients collected by 22 participating sites from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen); the largest attempted so far. Data from over 6 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with categorical and continuous ratings of lithium response of known reliability.
A single locus of four linked SNPs on chromosome 21 met genome-wide significance criteria for association with lithium response (rs79663003: p=1·37×10−8; rs78015114: p=1·31×10−8; rs74795342: p=3·31×10−9; rs75222709: p=3·50×10−9). In an independent, prospective study of 73 patients treated with lithium monotherapy for a period of up to two years, carriers of the response-associated alleles had a significantly lower rate of relapse than carriers of the alternate alleles (p=0·03, hazard ratio = 3·8).
The response-associated region contains two genes coding for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs),
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00143-4
PubMed: 26806518
PubMed Central: 4814312
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Antoni Benabarre<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
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Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Clark, Scott R" sort="Clark, Scott R" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Scott R." last="Clark">Scott R. Clark</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Colom, Francesc" sort="Colom, Francesc" uniqKey="Colom F" first="Francesc" last="Colom">Francesc Colom</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cousins, David" sort="Cousins, David" uniqKey="Cousins D" first="David" last="Cousins">David Cousins</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dantas, Clarissa R" sort="Dantas, Clarissa R" uniqKey="Dantas C" first="Clarissa R." last="Dantas">Clarissa R. Dantas</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dayer, Alexandre" sort="Dayer, Alexandre" uniqKey="Dayer A" first="Alexandre" last="Dayer">Alexandre Dayer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Etain, Bruno" sort="Etain, Bruno" uniqKey="Etain B" first="Bruno" last="Étain">Bruno Étain</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Falkai, Peter" sort="Falkai, Peter" uniqKey="Falkai P" first="Peter" last="Falkai">Peter Falkai</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Frisen, Louise" sort="Frisen, Louise" uniqKey="Frisen L" first="Louise" last="Frisén">Louise Frisén</name>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fullerton, Janice M" sort="Fullerton, Janice M" uniqKey="Fullerton J" first="Janice M." last="Fullerton">Janice M. Fullerton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Psychiatric Genetics, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Psychiatric Genetics, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gard, Sebastien" sort="Gard, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gard S" first="Sébastien" last="Gard">Sébastien Gard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garnham, Julie S" sort="Garnham, Julie S" uniqKey="Garnham J" first="Julie S." last="Garnham">Julie S. Garnham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goes, Fernando S" sort="Goes, Fernando S" uniqKey="Goes F" first="Fernando S." last="Goes">Fernando S. Goes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grof, Paul" sort="Grof, Paul" uniqKey="Grof P" first="Paul" last="Grof">Paul Grof</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A33">Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, Oliver" sort="Gruber, Oliver" uniqKey="Gruber O" first="Oliver" last="Gruber">Oliver Gruber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Ryota" sort="Hashimoto, Ryota" uniqKey="Hashimoto R" first="Ryota" last="Hashimoto">Ryota Hashimoto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A34">Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauser, Joanna" sort="Hauser, Joanna" uniqKey="Hauser J" first="Joanna" last="Hauser">Joanna Hauser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herms, Stefan" sort="Herms, Stefan" uniqKey="Herms S" first="Stefan" last="Herms">Stefan Herms</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Per" sort="Hoffmann, Per" uniqKey="Hoffmann P" first="Per" last="Hoffmann">Per Hoffmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hofmann, Andrea" sort="Hofmann, Andrea" uniqKey="Hofmann A" first="Andrea" last="Hofmann">Andrea Hofmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jamain, Stephane" sort="Jamain, Stephane" uniqKey="Jamain S" first="Stephane" last="Jamain">Stephane Jamain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Esther" sort="Jimenez, Esther" uniqKey="Jimenez E" first="Esther" last="Jiménez">Esther Jiménez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kahn, Jean Pierre" sort="Kahn, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Kahn J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Kahn">Jean-Pierre Kahn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kassem, Layla" sort="Kassem, Layla" uniqKey="Kassem L" first="Layla" last="Kassem">Layla Kassem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kittel Schneider, Sarah" sort="Kittel Schneider, Sarah" uniqKey="Kittel Schneider S" first="Sarah" last="Kittel-Schneider">Sarah Kittel-Schneider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kliwicki, Sebastian" sort="Kliwicki, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kliwicki S" first="Sebastian" last="Kliwicki">Sebastian Kliwicki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Konig, Barbara" sort="Konig, Barbara" uniqKey="Konig B" first="Barbara" last="König">Barbara König</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A38">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeuthic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeuthic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kusumi, Ichiro" sort="Kusumi, Ichiro" uniqKey="Kusumi I" first="Ichiro" last="Kusumi">Ichiro Kusumi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lackner, Nina" sort="Lackner, Nina" uniqKey="Lackner N" first="Nina" last="Lackner">Nina Lackner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laje, Gonzalo" sort="Laje, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Laje G" first="Gonzalo" last="Laje">Gonzalo Laje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landen, Mikael" sort="Landen, Mikael" uniqKey="Landen M" first="Mikael" last="Landén">Mikael Landén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lavebratt, Catharina" sort="Lavebratt, Catharina" uniqKey="Lavebratt C" first="Catharina" last="Lavebratt">Catharina Lavebratt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leboyer, Marion" sort="Leboyer, Marion" uniqKey="Leboyer M" first="Marion" last="Leboyer">Marion Leboyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A42">Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leckband, Susan G" sort="Leckband, Susan G" uniqKey="Leckband S" first="Susan G." last="Leckband">Susan G. Leckband</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Pharmacy, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez Jaramillo, Carlos A" sort="L Pez Jaramillo, Carlos A" uniqKey="L Pez Jaramillo C" first="Carlos A." last="L Pez Jaramillo">Carlos A. L Pez Jaramillo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Psychiatry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Medellín</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macqueen, Glenda" sort="Macqueen, Glenda" uniqKey="Macqueen G" first="Glenda" last="Macqueen">Glenda Macqueen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manchia, Mirko" sort="Manchia, Mirko" uniqKey="Manchia M" first="Mirko" last="Manchia">Mirko Manchia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinsson, Lina" sort="Martinsson, Lina" uniqKey="Martinsson L" first="Lina" last="Martinsson">Lina Martinsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mattheisen, Manuel" sort="Mattheisen, Manuel" uniqKey="Mattheisen M" first="Manuel" last="Mattheisen">Manuel Mattheisen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Michael J" sort="Mccarthy, Michael J" uniqKey="Mccarthy M" first="Michael J." last="Mccarthy">Michael J. Mccarthy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcelroy, Susan" sort="Mcelroy, Susan" uniqKey="Mcelroy S" first="Susan" last="Mcelroy">Susan Mcelroy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mitjans, Marina" sort="Mitjans, Marina" uniqKey="Mitjans M" first="Marina" last="Mitjans">Marina Mitjans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia (Dp. Biología Animal), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
<country>Espagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mondimore, Francis M" sort="Mondimore, Francis M" uniqKey="Mondimore F" first="Francis M." last="Mondimore">Francis M. Mondimore</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monteleone, Palmiero" sort="Monteleone, Palmiero" uniqKey="Monteleone P" first="Palmiero" last="Monteleone">Palmiero Monteleone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A52">Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nievergelt, Caroline M" sort="Nievergelt, Caroline M" uniqKey="Nievergelt C" first="Caroline M." last="Nievergelt">Caroline M. Nievergelt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nothen, Markus M" sort="Nothen, Markus M" uniqKey="Nothen M" first="Markus M." last="Nöthen">Markus M. Nöthen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osby, Urban" sort="Osby, Urban" uniqKey="Osby U" first="Urban" last="Ösby">Urban Ösby</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Norio" sort="Ozaki, Norio" uniqKey="Ozaki N" first="Norio" last="Ozaki">Norio Ozaki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A55">Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perlis, Roy H" sort="Perlis, Roy H" uniqKey="Perlis R" first="Roy H." last="Perlis">Roy H. Perlis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfennig, Andrea" sort="Pfennig, Andrea" uniqKey="Pfennig A" first="Andrea" last="Pfennig">Andrea Pfennig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden</nlm:aff>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reich Erkelenz, Daniela" sort="Reich Erkelenz, Daniela" uniqKey="Reich Erkelenz D" first="Daniela" last="Reich-Erkelenz">Daniela Reich-Erkelenz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouleau, Guy A" sort="Rouleau, Guy A" uniqKey="Rouleau G" first="Guy A." last="Rouleau">Guy A. Rouleau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A58">Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schofield, Peter R" sort="Schofield, Peter R" uniqKey="Schofield P" first="Peter R." last="Schofield">Peter R. Schofield</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A59">Mental Illness, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mental Illness, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schubert, K Oliver" sort="Schubert, K Oliver" uniqKey="Schubert K" first="K. Oliver" last="Schubert">K. Oliver Schubert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schweizer, Barbara W" sort="Schweizer, Barbara W" uniqKey="Schweizer B" first="Barbara W." last="Schweizer">Barbara W. Schweizer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seemuller, Florian" sort="Seemuller, Florian" uniqKey="Seemuller F" first="Florian" last="Seemüller">Florian Seemüller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Severino, Giovanni" sort="Severino, Giovanni" uniqKey="Severino G" first="Giovanni" last="Severino">Giovanni Severino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shekhtman, Tatyana" sort="Shekhtman, Tatyana" uniqKey="Shekhtman T" first="Tatyana" last="Shekhtman">Tatyana Shekhtman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shilling, Paul D" sort="Shilling, Paul D" uniqKey="Shilling P" first="Paul D." last="Shilling">Paul D. Shilling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shimoda, Kazutaka" sort="Shimoda, Kazutaka" uniqKey="Shimoda K" first="Kazutaka" last="Shimoda">Kazutaka Shimoda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simhandl, Christian" sort="Simhandl, Christian" uniqKey="Simhandl C" first="Christian" last="Simhandl">Christian Simhandl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A62">Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Slaney, Claire M" sort="Slaney, Claire M" uniqKey="Slaney C" first="Claire M." last="Slaney">Claire M. Slaney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smoller, Jordan W" sort="Smoller, Jordan W" uniqKey="Smoller J" first="Jordan W." last="Smoller">Jordan W. Smoller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Squassina, Alessio" sort="Squassina, Alessio" uniqKey="Squassina A" first="Alessio" last="Squassina">Alessio Squassina</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stamm, Thomas" sort="Stamm, Thomas" uniqKey="Stamm T" first="Thomas" last="Stamm">Thomas Stamm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stopkova, Pavla" sort="Stopkova, Pavla" uniqKey="Stopkova P" first="Pavla" last="Stopkova">Pavla Stopkova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tighe, Sarah K" sort="Tighe, Sarah K" uniqKey="Tighe S" first="Sarah K." last="Tighe">Sarah K. Tighe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tortorella, Alfonso" sort="Tortorella, Alfonso" uniqKey="Tortorella A" first="Alfonso" last="Tortorella">Alfonso Tortorella</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turecki, Gustavo" sort="Turecki, Gustavo" uniqKey="Turecki G" first="Gustavo" last="Turecki">Gustavo Turecki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Volkert, Julia" sort="Volkert, Julia" uniqKey="Volkert J" first="Julia" last="Volkert">Julia Volkert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Witt, Stephanie" sort="Witt, Stephanie" uniqKey="Witt S" first="Stephanie" last="Witt">Stephanie Witt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wright, Adam" sort="Wright, Adam" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Adam" last="Wright">Adam Wright</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, L Trevor" sort="Young, L Trevor" uniqKey="Young L" first="L. Trevor" last="Young">L. Trevor Young</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A68">Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zandi, Peter P" sort="Zandi, Peter P" uniqKey="Zandi P" first="Peter P." last="Zandi">Peter P. Zandi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A69">Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Potash, James B" sort="Potash, James B" uniqKey="Potash J" first="James B." last="Potash">James B. Potash</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Depaulo, Jay Raymond" sort="Depaulo, Jay Raymond" uniqKey="Depaulo J" first="Jay Raymond" last="Depaulo">Jay Raymond Depaulo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bauer, Michael" sort="Bauer, Michael" uniqKey="Bauer M" first="Michael" last="Bauer">Michael Bauer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden</nlm:aff>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reininghaus, Eva" sort="Reininghaus, Eva" uniqKey="Reininghaus E" first="Eva" last="Reininghaus">Eva Reininghaus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novak, Tomas" sort="Novak, Tomas" uniqKey="Novak T" first="Tomas" last="Novák">Tomas Novák</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aubry, Jean Michel" sort="Aubry, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Aubry J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Aubry">Jean-Michel Aubry</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maj, Mario" sort="Maj, Mario" uniqKey="Maj M" first="Mario" last="Maj">Mario Maj</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baune, Bernhard T" sort="Baune, Bernhard T" uniqKey="Baune B" first="Bernhard T." last="Baune">Bernhard T. Baune</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Philip B" sort="Mitchell, Philip B" uniqKey="Mitchell P" first="Philip B." last="Mitchell">Philip B. Mitchell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vieta, Eduard" sort="Vieta, Eduard" uniqKey="Vieta E" first="Eduard" last="Vieta">Eduard Vieta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frye, Mark A" sort="Frye, Mark A" uniqKey="Frye M" first="Mark A." last="Frye">Mark A. Frye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rybakowski, Janusz K" sort="Rybakowski, Janusz K" uniqKey="Rybakowski J" first="Janusz K." last="Rybakowski">Janusz K. Rybakowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuo, Po Hsiu" sort="Kuo, Po Hsiu" uniqKey="Kuo P" first="Po-Hsiu" last="Kuo">Po-Hsiu Kuo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kato, Tadafumi" sort="Kato, Tadafumi" uniqKey="Kato T" first="Tadafumi" last="Kato">Tadafumi Kato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A71">Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoroiu Serbanescu, Maria" sort="Grigoroiu Serbanescu, Maria" uniqKey="Grigoroiu Serbanescu M" first="Maria" last="Grigoroiu-Serbanescu">Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A72">Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zompo, Maria Del" sort="Zompo, Maria Del" uniqKey="Zompo M" first="Maria Del" last="Zompo">Maria Del Zompo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bellivier, Frank" sort="Bellivier, Frank" uniqKey="Bellivier F" first="Frank" last="Bellivier">Frank Bellivier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schalling, Martin" sort="Schalling, Martin" uniqKey="Schalling M" first="Martin" last="Schalling">Martin Schalling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wray, Naomi R" sort="Wray, Naomi R" uniqKey="Wray N" first="Naomi R." last="Wray">Naomi R. Wray</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelsoe, John" sort="Kelsoe, John" uniqKey="Kelsoe J" first="John" last="Kelsoe">John Kelsoe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alda, Martin" sort="Alda, Martin" uniqKey="Alda M" first="Martin" last="Alda">Martin Alda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rietschel, Marcella" sort="Rietschel, Marcella" uniqKey="Rietschel M" first="Marcella" last="Rietschel">Marcella Rietschel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Francis J" sort="Mcmahon, Francis J" uniqKey="Mcmahon F" first="Francis J." last="Mcmahon">Francis J. Mcmahon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schulze, Thomas G" sort="Schulze, Thomas G" uniqKey="Schulze T" first="Thomas G." last="Schulze">Thomas G. Schulze</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hou, Liping" sort="Hou, Liping" uniqKey="Hou L" first="Liping" last="Hou">Liping Hou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heilbronner, Urs" sort="Heilbronner, Urs" uniqKey="Heilbronner U" first="Urs" last="Heilbronner">Urs Heilbronner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Franziska" sort="Degenhardt, Franziska" uniqKey="Degenhardt F" first="Franziska" last="Degenhardt">Franziska Degenhardt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adli, Mazda" sort="Adli, Mazda" uniqKey="Adli M" first="Mazda" last="Adli">Mazda Adli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akiyama, Kazufumi" sort="Akiyama, Kazufumi" uniqKey="Akiyama K" first="Kazufumi" last="Akiyama">Kazufumi Akiyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akula, Nirmala" sort="Akula, Nirmala" uniqKey="Akula N" first="Nirmala" last="Akula">Nirmala Akula</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ardau, Raffaella" sort="Ardau, Raffaella" uniqKey="Ardau R" first="Raffaella" last="Ardau">Raffaella Ardau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arias, Barbara" sort="Arias, Barbara" uniqKey="Arias B" first="Bárbara" last="Arias">Bárbara Arias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia (Dp. Biología Animal), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
<country>Espagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Backlund, Lena" sort="Backlund, Lena" uniqKey="Backlund L" first="Lena" last="Backlund">Lena Backlund</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Banzato, Claudio E M" sort="Banzato, Claudio E M" uniqKey="Banzato C" first="Claudio E. M." last="Banzato">Claudio E. M. Banzato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benabarre, Antoni" sort="Benabarre, Antoni" uniqKey="Benabarre A" first="Antoni" last="Benabarre">Antoni Benabarre</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bengesser, Susanne" sort="Bengesser, Susanne" uniqKey="Bengesser S" first="Susanne" last="Bengesser">Susanne Bengesser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar" sort="Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar" uniqKey="Bhattacharjee A" first="Abesh Kumar" last="Bhattacharjee">Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Biernacka, Joanna M" sort="Biernacka, Joanna M" uniqKey="Biernacka J" first="Joanna M." last="Biernacka">Joanna M. Biernacka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Birner, Armin" sort="Birner, Armin" uniqKey="Birner A" first="Armin" last="Birner">Armin Birner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brichant Petitjean, Clara" sort="Brichant Petitjean, Clara" uniqKey="Brichant Petitjean C" first="Clara" last="Brichant-Petitjean">Clara Brichant-Petitjean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bui, Elise T" sort="Bui, Elise T" uniqKey="Bui E" first="Elise T." last="Bui">Elise T. Bui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cervantes, Pablo" sort="Cervantes, Pablo" uniqKey="Cervantes P" first="Pablo" last="Cervantes">Pablo Cervantes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">The Neuromodulation Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Neuromodulation Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Guo Bo" sort="Chen, Guo Bo" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Guo-Bo" last="Chen">Guo-Bo Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Hsi Chung" sort="Chen, Hsi Chung" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hsi-Chung" last="Chen">Hsi-Chung Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chillotti, Caterina" sort="Chillotti, Caterina" uniqKey="Chillotti C" first="Caterina" last="Chillotti">Caterina Chillotti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cichon, Sven" sort="Cichon, Sven" uniqKey="Cichon S" first="Sven" last="Cichon">Sven Cichon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clark, Scott R" sort="Clark, Scott R" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Scott R." last="Clark">Scott R. Clark</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colom, Francesc" sort="Colom, Francesc" uniqKey="Colom F" first="Francesc" last="Colom">Francesc Colom</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cousins, David" sort="Cousins, David" uniqKey="Cousins D" first="David" last="Cousins">David Cousins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cruceanu, Cristiana" sort="Cruceanu, Cristiana" uniqKey="Cruceanu C" first="Cristiana" last="Cruceanu">Cristiana Cruceanu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Czerski, Piotr M" sort="Czerski, Piotr M" uniqKey="Czerski P" first="Piotr M." last="Czerski">Piotr M. Czerski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dantas, Clarissa R" sort="Dantas, Clarissa R" uniqKey="Dantas C" first="Clarissa R." last="Dantas">Clarissa R. Dantas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dayer, Alexandre" sort="Dayer, Alexandre" uniqKey="Dayer A" first="Alexandre" last="Dayer">Alexandre Dayer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Etain, Bruno" sort="Etain, Bruno" uniqKey="Etain B" first="Bruno" last="Étain">Bruno Étain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Falkai, Peter" sort="Falkai, Peter" uniqKey="Falkai P" first="Peter" last="Falkai">Peter Falkai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Forstner, Andreas J" sort="Forstner, Andreas J" uniqKey="Forstner A" first="Andreas J." last="Forstner">Andreas J. Forstner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frisen, Louise" sort="Frisen, Louise" uniqKey="Frisen L" first="Louise" last="Frisén">Louise Frisén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fullerton, Janice M" sort="Fullerton, Janice M" uniqKey="Fullerton J" first="Janice M." last="Fullerton">Janice M. Fullerton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Psychiatric Genetics, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Psychiatric Genetics, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gard, Sebastien" sort="Gard, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gard S" first="Sébastien" last="Gard">Sébastien Gard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garnham, Julie S" sort="Garnham, Julie S" uniqKey="Garnham J" first="Julie S." last="Garnham">Julie S. Garnham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goes, Fernando S" sort="Goes, Fernando S" uniqKey="Goes F" first="Fernando S." last="Goes">Fernando S. Goes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grof, Paul" sort="Grof, Paul" uniqKey="Grof P" first="Paul" last="Grof">Paul Grof</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A33">Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, Oliver" sort="Gruber, Oliver" uniqKey="Gruber O" first="Oliver" last="Gruber">Oliver Gruber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Ryota" sort="Hashimoto, Ryota" uniqKey="Hashimoto R" first="Ryota" last="Hashimoto">Ryota Hashimoto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A34">Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauser, Joanna" sort="Hauser, Joanna" uniqKey="Hauser J" first="Joanna" last="Hauser">Joanna Hauser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herms, Stefan" sort="Herms, Stefan" uniqKey="Herms S" first="Stefan" last="Herms">Stefan Herms</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Per" sort="Hoffmann, Per" uniqKey="Hoffmann P" first="Per" last="Hoffmann">Per Hoffmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hofmann, Andrea" sort="Hofmann, Andrea" uniqKey="Hofmann A" first="Andrea" last="Hofmann">Andrea Hofmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jamain, Stephane" sort="Jamain, Stephane" uniqKey="Jamain S" first="Stephane" last="Jamain">Stephane Jamain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Esther" sort="Jimenez, Esther" uniqKey="Jimenez E" first="Esther" last="Jiménez">Esther Jiménez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kahn, Jean Pierre" sort="Kahn, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Kahn J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Kahn">Jean-Pierre Kahn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kassem, Layla" sort="Kassem, Layla" uniqKey="Kassem L" first="Layla" last="Kassem">Layla Kassem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kittel Schneider, Sarah" sort="Kittel Schneider, Sarah" uniqKey="Kittel Schneider S" first="Sarah" last="Kittel-Schneider">Sarah Kittel-Schneider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kliwicki, Sebastian" sort="Kliwicki, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kliwicki S" first="Sebastian" last="Kliwicki">Sebastian Kliwicki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Konig, Barbara" sort="Konig, Barbara" uniqKey="Konig B" first="Barbara" last="König">Barbara König</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A38">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeuthic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeuthic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kusumi, Ichiro" sort="Kusumi, Ichiro" uniqKey="Kusumi I" first="Ichiro" last="Kusumi">Ichiro Kusumi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lackner, Nina" sort="Lackner, Nina" uniqKey="Lackner N" first="Nina" last="Lackner">Nina Lackner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laje, Gonzalo" sort="Laje, Gonzalo" uniqKey="Laje G" first="Gonzalo" last="Laje">Gonzalo Laje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landen, Mikael" sort="Landen, Mikael" uniqKey="Landen M" first="Mikael" last="Landén">Mikael Landén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lavebratt, Catharina" sort="Lavebratt, Catharina" uniqKey="Lavebratt C" first="Catharina" last="Lavebratt">Catharina Lavebratt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leboyer, Marion" sort="Leboyer, Marion" uniqKey="Leboyer M" first="Marion" last="Leboyer">Marion Leboyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A42">Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leckband, Susan G" sort="Leckband, Susan G" uniqKey="Leckband S" first="Susan G." last="Leckband">Susan G. Leckband</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Pharmacy, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez Jaramillo, Carlos A" sort="L Pez Jaramillo, Carlos A" uniqKey="L Pez Jaramillo C" first="Carlos A." last="L Pez Jaramillo">Carlos A. L Pez Jaramillo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Psychiatry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Medellín</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macqueen, Glenda" sort="Macqueen, Glenda" uniqKey="Macqueen G" first="Glenda" last="Macqueen">Glenda Macqueen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manchia, Mirko" sort="Manchia, Mirko" uniqKey="Manchia M" first="Mirko" last="Manchia">Mirko Manchia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinsson, Lina" sort="Martinsson, Lina" uniqKey="Martinsson L" first="Lina" last="Martinsson">Lina Martinsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A48">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mattheisen, Manuel" sort="Mattheisen, Manuel" uniqKey="Mattheisen M" first="Manuel" last="Mattheisen">Manuel Mattheisen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Michael J" sort="Mccarthy, Michael J" uniqKey="Mccarthy M" first="Michael J." last="Mccarthy">Michael J. Mccarthy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcelroy, Susan" sort="Mcelroy, Susan" uniqKey="Mcelroy S" first="Susan" last="Mcelroy">Susan Mcelroy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mitjans, Marina" sort="Mitjans, Marina" uniqKey="Mitjans M" first="Marina" last="Mitjans">Marina Mitjans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia (Dp. Biología Animal), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
<country>Espagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mondimore, Francis M" sort="Mondimore, Francis M" uniqKey="Mondimore F" first="Francis M." last="Mondimore">Francis M. Mondimore</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monteleone, Palmiero" sort="Monteleone, Palmiero" uniqKey="Monteleone P" first="Palmiero" last="Monteleone">Palmiero Monteleone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A52">Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nievergelt, Caroline M" sort="Nievergelt, Caroline M" uniqKey="Nievergelt C" first="Caroline M." last="Nievergelt">Caroline M. Nievergelt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nothen, Markus M" sort="Nothen, Markus M" uniqKey="Nothen M" first="Markus M." last="Nöthen">Markus M. Nöthen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osby, Urban" sort="Osby, Urban" uniqKey="Osby U" first="Urban" last="Ösby">Urban Ösby</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Norio" sort="Ozaki, Norio" uniqKey="Ozaki N" first="Norio" last="Ozaki">Norio Ozaki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A55">Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perlis, Roy H" sort="Perlis, Roy H" uniqKey="Perlis R" first="Roy H." last="Perlis">Roy H. Perlis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfennig, Andrea" sort="Pfennig, Andrea" uniqKey="Pfennig A" first="Andrea" last="Pfennig">Andrea Pfennig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden</nlm:aff>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reich Erkelenz, Daniela" sort="Reich Erkelenz, Daniela" uniqKey="Reich Erkelenz D" first="Daniela" last="Reich-Erkelenz">Daniela Reich-Erkelenz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouleau, Guy A" sort="Rouleau, Guy A" uniqKey="Rouleau G" first="Guy A." last="Rouleau">Guy A. Rouleau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A58">Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schofield, Peter R" sort="Schofield, Peter R" uniqKey="Schofield P" first="Peter R." last="Schofield">Peter R. Schofield</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A59">Mental Illness, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mental Illness, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schubert, K Oliver" sort="Schubert, K Oliver" uniqKey="Schubert K" first="K. Oliver" last="Schubert">K. Oliver Schubert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schweizer, Barbara W" sort="Schweizer, Barbara W" uniqKey="Schweizer B" first="Barbara W." last="Schweizer">Barbara W. Schweizer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seemuller, Florian" sort="Seemuller, Florian" uniqKey="Seemuller F" first="Florian" last="Seemüller">Florian Seemüller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Severino, Giovanni" sort="Severino, Giovanni" uniqKey="Severino G" first="Giovanni" last="Severino">Giovanni Severino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shekhtman, Tatyana" sort="Shekhtman, Tatyana" uniqKey="Shekhtman T" first="Tatyana" last="Shekhtman">Tatyana Shekhtman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shilling, Paul D" sort="Shilling, Paul D" uniqKey="Shilling P" first="Paul D." last="Shilling">Paul D. Shilling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shimoda, Kazutaka" sort="Shimoda, Kazutaka" uniqKey="Shimoda K" first="Kazutaka" last="Shimoda">Kazutaka Shimoda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simhandl, Christian" sort="Simhandl, Christian" uniqKey="Simhandl C" first="Christian" last="Simhandl">Christian Simhandl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A62">Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Slaney, Claire M" sort="Slaney, Claire M" uniqKey="Slaney C" first="Claire M." last="Slaney">Claire M. Slaney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smoller, Jordan W" sort="Smoller, Jordan W" uniqKey="Smoller J" first="Jordan W." last="Smoller">Jordan W. Smoller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Squassina, Alessio" sort="Squassina, Alessio" uniqKey="Squassina A" first="Alessio" last="Squassina">Alessio Squassina</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stamm, Thomas" sort="Stamm, Thomas" uniqKey="Stamm T" first="Thomas" last="Stamm">Thomas Stamm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stopkova, Pavla" sort="Stopkova, Pavla" uniqKey="Stopkova P" first="Pavla" last="Stopkova">Pavla Stopkova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tighe, Sarah K" sort="Tighe, Sarah K" uniqKey="Tighe S" first="Sarah K." last="Tighe">Sarah K. Tighe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tortorella, Alfonso" sort="Tortorella, Alfonso" uniqKey="Tortorella A" first="Alfonso" last="Tortorella">Alfonso Tortorella</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turecki, Gustavo" sort="Turecki, Gustavo" uniqKey="Turecki G" first="Gustavo" last="Turecki">Gustavo Turecki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Volkert, Julia" sort="Volkert, Julia" uniqKey="Volkert J" first="Julia" last="Volkert">Julia Volkert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Witt, Stephanie" sort="Witt, Stephanie" uniqKey="Witt S" first="Stephanie" last="Witt">Stephanie Witt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wright, Adam" sort="Wright, Adam" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Adam" last="Wright">Adam Wright</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, L Trevor" sort="Young, L Trevor" uniqKey="Young L" first="L. Trevor" last="Young">L. Trevor Young</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A68">Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zandi, Peter P" sort="Zandi, Peter P" uniqKey="Zandi P" first="Peter P." last="Zandi">Peter P. Zandi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A69">Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Potash, James B" sort="Potash, James B" uniqKey="Potash J" first="James B." last="Potash">James B. Potash</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Depaulo, Jay Raymond" sort="Depaulo, Jay Raymond" uniqKey="Depaulo J" first="Jay Raymond" last="Depaulo">Jay Raymond Depaulo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bauer, Michael" sort="Bauer, Michael" uniqKey="Bauer M" first="Michael" last="Bauer">Michael Bauer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden</nlm:aff>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reininghaus, Eva" sort="Reininghaus, Eva" uniqKey="Reininghaus E" first="Eva" last="Reininghaus">Eva Reininghaus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novak, Tomas" sort="Novak, Tomas" uniqKey="Novak T" first="Tomas" last="Novák">Tomas Novák</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aubry, Jean Michel" sort="Aubry, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Aubry J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Aubry">Jean-Michel Aubry</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maj, Mario" sort="Maj, Mario" uniqKey="Maj M" first="Mario" last="Maj">Mario Maj</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baune, Bernhard T" sort="Baune, Bernhard T" uniqKey="Baune B" first="Bernhard T." last="Baune">Bernhard T. Baune</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Philip B" sort="Mitchell, Philip B" uniqKey="Mitchell P" first="Philip B." last="Mitchell">Philip B. Mitchell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vieta, Eduard" sort="Vieta, Eduard" uniqKey="Vieta E" first="Eduard" last="Vieta">Eduard Vieta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Catalonia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frye, Mark A" sort="Frye, Mark A" uniqKey="Frye M" first="Mark A." last="Frye">Mark A. Frye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rybakowski, Janusz K" sort="Rybakowski, Janusz K" uniqKey="Rybakowski J" first="Janusz K." last="Rybakowski">Janusz K. Rybakowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuo, Po Hsiu" sort="Kuo, Po Hsiu" uniqKey="Kuo P" first="Po-Hsiu" last="Kuo">Po-Hsiu Kuo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kato, Tadafumi" sort="Kato, Tadafumi" uniqKey="Kato T" first="Tadafumi" last="Kato">Tadafumi Kato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A71">Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoroiu Serbanescu, Maria" sort="Grigoroiu Serbanescu, Maria" uniqKey="Grigoroiu Serbanescu M" first="Maria" last="Grigoroiu-Serbanescu">Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A72">Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zompo, Maria Del" sort="Zompo, Maria Del" uniqKey="Zompo M" first="Maria Del" last="Zompo">Maria Del Zompo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bellivier, Frank" sort="Bellivier, Frank" uniqKey="Bellivier F" first="Frank" last="Bellivier">Frank Bellivier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schalling, Martin" sort="Schalling, Martin" uniqKey="Schalling M" first="Martin" last="Schalling">Martin Schalling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wray, Naomi R" sort="Wray, Naomi R" uniqKey="Wray N" first="Naomi R." last="Wray">Naomi R. Wray</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelsoe, John" sort="Kelsoe, John" uniqKey="Kelsoe J" first="John" last="Kelsoe">John Kelsoe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alda, Martin" sort="Alda, Martin" uniqKey="Alda M" first="Martin" last="Alda">Martin Alda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rietschel, Marcella" sort="Rietschel, Marcella" uniqKey="Rietschel M" first="Marcella" last="Rietschel">Marcella Rietschel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Francis J" sort="Mcmahon, Francis J" uniqKey="Mcmahon F" first="Francis J." last="Mcmahon">Francis J. Mcmahon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schulze, Thomas G" sort="Schulze, Thomas G" uniqKey="Schulze T" first="Thomas G." last="Schulze">Thomas G. Schulze</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Lancet (London, England)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0140-6736</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1474-547X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P2">Lithium remains a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However, no genetic markers have been reproducibly identified.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study of lithium response in 2,563 patients collected by 22 participating sites from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen); the largest attempted so far. Data from over 6 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with categorical and continuous ratings of lithium response of known reliability.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Findings</title>
<p id="P4">A single locus of four linked SNPs on chromosome 21 met genome-wide significance criteria for association with lithium response (rs79663003: p=1·37×10<sup>−8</sup>
; rs78015114: p=1·31×10<sup>−8</sup>
; rs74795342: p=3·31×10<sup>−9</sup>
; rs75222709: p=3·50×10<sup>−9</sup>
). In an independent, prospective study of 73 patients treated with lithium monotherapy for a period of up to two years, carriers of the response-associated alleles had a significantly lower rate of relapse than carriers of the alternate alleles (p=0·03, hazard ratio = 3·8).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Interpretation</title>
<p id="P5">The response-associated region contains two genes coding for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), <italic>AL157359.3</italic>
and <italic>AL157359.4</italic>
. LncRNAs are increasingly appreciated as important regulators of gene expression, particularly in the CNS. Further studies are needed to establish the biological context of these findings and their potential clinical utility. Confirmed biomarkers of lithium response would constitute an important step forward in the clinical management of bipolar disorder.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">2985213R</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">5470</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Lancet</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Lancet</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Lancet (London, England)</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">0140-6736</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1474-547X</issn>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26806518</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4814312</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00143-4</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS755576</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study</article-title>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shilling</surname>
<given-names>Paul D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shimoda</surname>
<given-names>Kazutaka</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A61">61</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simhandl</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A62">62</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slaney</surname>
<given-names>Claire M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A31">31</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smoller</surname>
<given-names>Jordan W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A56">56</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Squassina</surname>
<given-names>Alessio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A60">60</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stamm</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stopkova</surname>
<given-names>Pavla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A63">63</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tighe</surname>
<given-names>Sarah K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A64">64</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tortorella</surname>
<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A65">65</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turecki</surname>
<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Volkert</surname>
<given-names>Julia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A36">36</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Witt</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A66">66</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wright</surname>
<given-names>Adam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A67">67</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>L. Trevor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A68">68</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zandi</surname>
<given-names>Peter P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A69">69</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potash</surname>
<given-names>James B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A64">64</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DePaulo</surname>
<given-names>Jay Raymond</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A32">32</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bauer</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A57">57</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reininghaus</surname>
<given-names>Eva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Novák</surname>
<given-names>Tomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A63">63</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aubry</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Michel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maj</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A65">65</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baune</surname>
<given-names>Bernhard T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mitchell</surname>
<given-names>Philip B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A67">67</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vieta</surname>
<given-names>Eduard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frye</surname>
<given-names>Mark A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rybakowski</surname>
<given-names>Janusz K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A37">37</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kuo</surname>
<given-names>Po-Hsiu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A70">70</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kato</surname>
<given-names>Tadafumi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A71">71</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grigoroiu-Serbanescu</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A72">72</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reif</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A36">36</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zompo</surname>
<given-names>Maria Del</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A60">60</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bellivier</surname>
<given-names>Frank</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schalling</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wray</surname>
<given-names>Naomi R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kelsoe</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref>
<xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alda</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A31">31</xref>
<xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rietschel</surname>
<given-names>Marcella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A66">66</xref>
<xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMahon</surname>
<given-names>Francis J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref>
<xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schulze</surname>
<given-names>Thomas G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A32">32</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A66">66</xref>
<xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref>
<xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>6</label>
Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>7</label>
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>8</label>
Department of Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia (Dp. Biología Animal), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>9</label>
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="A10"><label>10</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="A11"><label>11</label>
Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</aff>
<aff id="A12"><label>12</label>
Special outpatient center for bipolar affective disorder, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</aff>
<aff id="A13"><label>13</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States</aff>
<aff id="A14"><label>14</label>
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</aff>
<aff id="A15"><label>15</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States</aff>
<aff id="A16"><label>16</label>
INSERM UMR-S 1144 - Université Paris Diderot. Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="A17"><label>17</label>
The Neuromodulation Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A18"><label>18</label>
The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A19"><label>19</label>
Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan</aff>
<aff id="A20"><label>20</label>
Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="A21"><label>21</label>
Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A22"><label>22</label>
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom</aff>
<aff id="A23"><label>23</label>
Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A24"><label>24</label>
Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</aff>
<aff id="A25"><label>25</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="A26"><label>26</label>
Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France</aff>
<aff id="A27"><label>27</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A28"><label>28</label>
Psychiatric Genetics, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A29"><label>29</label>
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A30"><label>30</label>
Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France</aff>
<aff id="A31"><label>31</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A32"><label>32</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States</aff>
<aff id="A33"><label>33</label>
Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A34"><label>34</label>
Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A35"><label>35</label>
Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France</aff>
<aff id="A36"><label>36</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A37"><label>37</label>
Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland</aff>
<aff id="A38"><label>38</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeuthic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Austria</aff>
<aff id="A39"><label>39</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A40"><label>40</label>
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="A41"><label>41</label>
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="A42"><label>42</label>
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France</aff>
<aff id="A43"><label>43</label>
Department of Pharmacy, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</aff>
<aff id="A44"><label>44</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Medellín, Colombia</aff>
<aff id="A45"><label>45</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A46"><label>46</label>
Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A47"><label>47</label>
Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A48"><label>48</label>
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="A49"><label>49</label>
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</aff>
<aff id="A50"><label>50</label>
Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States</aff>
<aff id="A51"><label>51</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, Mason, OH, United States</aff>
<aff id="A52"><label>52</label>
Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A53"><label>53</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A54"><label>54</label>
Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="A55"><label>55</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A56"><label>56</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States</aff>
<aff id="A57"><label>57</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden</aff>
<aff id="A58"><label>58</label>
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A59"><label>59</label>
Mental Illness, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A60"><label>60</label>
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A61"><label>61</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A62"><label>62</label>
Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</aff>
<aff id="A63"><label>63</label>
National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="A64"><label>64</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States</aff>
<aff id="A65"><label>65</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Naples, Italy</aff>
<aff id="A66"><label>66</label>
Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A67"><label>67</label>
School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A68"><label>68</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</aff>
<aff id="A69"><label>69</label>
Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States</aff>
<aff id="A70"><label>70</label>
Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</aff>
<aff id="A71"><label>71</label>
Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A72"><label>72</label>
Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>#</label>
Corresponding authors: Thomas G. Schulze, MD, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 München, GERMANY, Tel.: +49-(0)89 4400 55568, Fax: +49-(0)89 4400 55562, <email>tschulze@med.lmu.de</email>
, Francis J. McMahon, MD, Human Genetics Branch and Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, MD 20892-3719, USA, Tel.: +1-301-451-4453, Fax: +1- 301-402-9081, <email>mcmahonf@mail.nih.gov</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="FN2" fn-type="equal"><label>*</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>17</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>12</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>12</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>387</volume>
<issue>10023</issue>
<fpage>1085</fpage>
<lpage>1093</lpage>
<pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00143-4</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This manuscript version is made available under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P2">Lithium remains a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However, no genetic markers have been reproducibly identified.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study of lithium response in 2,563 patients collected by 22 participating sites from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen); the largest attempted so far. Data from over 6 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with categorical and continuous ratings of lithium response of known reliability.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Findings</title>
<p id="P4">A single locus of four linked SNPs on chromosome 21 met genome-wide significance criteria for association with lithium response (rs79663003: p=1·37×10<sup>−8</sup>
; rs78015114: p=1·31×10<sup>−8</sup>
; rs74795342: p=3·31×10<sup>−9</sup>
; rs75222709: p=3·50×10<sup>−9</sup>
). In an independent, prospective study of 73 patients treated with lithium monotherapy for a period of up to two years, carriers of the response-associated alleles had a significantly lower rate of relapse than carriers of the alternate alleles (p=0·03, hazard ratio = 3·8).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Interpretation</title>
<p id="P5">The response-associated region contains two genes coding for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), <italic>AL157359.3</italic>
and <italic>AL157359.4</italic>
. LncRNAs are increasingly appreciated as important regulators of gene expression, particularly in the CNS. Further studies are needed to establish the biological context of these findings and their potential clinical utility. Confirmed biomarkers of lithium response would constitute an important step forward in the clinical management of bipolar disorder.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Meta-analysis results of dichotomous and continuous lithium response phenotypes in all participants (CEU plus Asian samples). Genome-wide significant association can be detected with the continuous phenotype. SNPs in green are in linkage disequilibrium (r<sup>2</sup>
>0·6) with the index SNPs (rs74795342).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="nihms755576f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Regional association plot of the region on chromosome 21 in which the genome-wide significant SNPs are located. Imputation quality for the top 4 SNPs was excellent (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Table S3, Supplementary Materials</xref>
).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="nihms755576f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Forest plots for the most significant SNP, rs74795342. [Panel A, dichotomous phenotype; Panel B, continuous phenotype].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="nihms755576f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Phenotypic characteristics of individuals used for the analyses</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GWAS 1</th>
<th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GWAS 2</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>All subjects</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1162</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1401</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent female</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59·30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56·17</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age at interview</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47·80 (13·99)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46·84 (13·83)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale A score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6·03 (3·14)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6·35 (2·90)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total B score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·11 (1·63)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·86 (1·68)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4·29 (3·32)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·90 (3·02)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Dichotomous phenotype: Good response (ALDA scale total score 7 or greater)</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">361</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">342</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age at interview</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51·72 (14·27)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48·92 (14·80)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent female</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56·23</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51·75</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale A score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9·21 (0·82)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9·36 (0·77)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total B score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·88 (0·84)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·38 (0·96)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8·33 (1·10)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7·99 (1·01)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Dichotomous phenotype: Poor response (ALDA scale total score 6 or less)</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">801</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1059</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age at interview</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45·86 (13·44)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46·17 (13·44)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent female</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60·67</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57·60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale A score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4·60 (2·71)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5·38 (2·66)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total B score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·66 (1·59)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·34 (1·58)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·47 (2·19)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·58 (2·14)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Continuous phenotype (ALDA scale A score, all subjects with a total B score greater 4 excluded)</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1065</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1168</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age at interview</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48·12 (14·00)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46·97 (13·84)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent female</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59·91</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56·34</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale A score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6·13 (3·13)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6·52 (2·87)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total B score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·78 (1·26)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·35 (1·16)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDA scale total score</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4·59 (3·28)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4·40 (2·94)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Regions<xref rid="TFN1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
of the genome showing the strongest association signals with the continuous trait</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="right" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chr</th>
<th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Position<xref rid="TFN2" ref-type="table-fn">b</xref>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNP</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A1<xref rid="TFN3" ref-type="table-fn">c</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2<xref rid="TFN4" ref-type="table-fn">d</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRQ<xref rid="TFN5" ref-type="table-fn">e</xref>
</th>
<th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Directions<xref rid="TFN6" ref-type="table-fn">f</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BETA (CI)<xref rid="TFN7" ref-type="table-fn">g</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heterogeneity P-val<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">h</xref>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Both Populations</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20310893</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs79663003</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·37E-8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+++-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·04 (0·68 – 1·40)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·30</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20312612</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs78015114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·31E-8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+++-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·04 (0·68 – 1·40)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·31</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20326336</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs74795342</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·31E-9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+++-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·10 (0·74 – 1·47)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·46</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20327427</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs75222709</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·50E-9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+++-</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·10 (0·73 – 1·46)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·46</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="11" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>European ancestry only</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34604567</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs9662615</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·44</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSMD2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5·26E-7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·45 (0·27 – 0·62)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·83</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34608545</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs771148</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·40</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSMD2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7·01E-7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·45 (0·27 – 0·63)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·64</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18444419</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs61549860</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·22</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HDAC9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5·44E-7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·59 (0·36 – 0·83)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·92</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20310893</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs79663003</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·30E-8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·10 (0·72 – 1·48)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·41</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20312612</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs78015114</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·25E-8</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·10 (0·72 – 1·48)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·41</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20326336</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs74795342</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·00E-9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·16 (0·78 – 1·54)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·63</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20327427</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs75222709</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·94</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>AL157359.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·14E-9</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1·16 (0·78 – 1·54)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·64</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="11" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Asian ancestry only</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21662848</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs7833426</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·92</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GFRA2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2·10E-7</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3·66 (2·37 – 4·94)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0·23</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label>a</label>
<p>Regions with at least one SNP with a <italic>P</italic>
value of less than 1x10<sup>−6</sup>
for European, Asian, or both populations.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN2"><label>b</label>
<p>hg19</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN3"><label>c</label>
<p>A1: Effect allele</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN4"><label>d</label>
<p>A2: Reference allele</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN5"><label>e</label>
<p>Frequency of the effect allele</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN6"><label>f</label>
<p>Summary of effect direction for each study (‘+’ means subjects who carry the A1 allele have better lithium response)</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN7"><label>g</label>
<p>BETA: beta coefficient for continuous trait (mean difference in ALDA scale A score for each effect allele); CI: 95% confidence interval</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN8"><label>h</label>
<p><italic>P</italic>
-value for the meta-analysis heterogeneity test</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<boxed-text id="BX1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><caption><title>RESEARCH IN CONTEXT</title>
</caption>
<sec id="S16"><title>Evidence before this study</title>
<p id="P39">Lithium is a mainstay in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), also known as manic-depressive illness, and may exert neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about lithium’s mechanism of action. Individual response in BD varies from excellent to very poor, with about 30% of patients considered good responders<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
–<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
</sup>
. Many genetic association studies of lithium response have been performed, but samples were small, and replicable findings have not emerged<sup><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
, <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
</sup>
. Three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of lithium response have been published to date, each implicating different loci.<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
–<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
</sup>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S17"><title>Added value of this study</title>
<p id="P41">The international Consortium on Lithium Genetics (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.ConLiGen.org">www.ConLiGen.org</ext-link>
) has assembled the largest GWAS on lithium response in BD to date, totaling over 2,500 individuals. We now present genome-wide significant evidence of association between lithium response and common genetic variants on chromosome 21. The genetic region associated with response contains two long non-coding RNA genes, which are increasingly appreciated as important regulators of gene expression, particularly in the CNS. These findings suggest a novel potential mechanism of action for lithium. In an independent, prospectively followed clinical sample, the identified genetic markers also helped predict relapse during lithium treatment.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S18"><title>Implications of all the available evidence</title>
<p id="P43">This study suggests that a better understanding of drug mechanisms and response can be achieved through international cooperative efforts that leverage clinical expertise with large-scale genomics. The genetic markers identified here show predictive value in a prospective clinical sample, but further studies are needed to establish the potential clinical utility of these findings and their biological context. Confirmed biomarkers of lithium response would constitute an important step forward in the clinical management of BD.</p>
</sec>
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