Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Identifieur interne : 002C17 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002C16; suivant : 002C18Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Auteurs : Iosif Lazaridis [États-Unis] ; Nick Patterson [États-Unis] ; Alissa Mittnik [Allemagne] ; Gabriel Renaud [Allemagne] ; Swapan Mallick [États-Unis] ; Karola Kirsanow [Allemagne] ; Peter H. Sudmant [États-Unis] ; Joshua G. Schraiber [États-Unis] ; Sergi Castellano [Allemagne] ; Mark Lipson [États-Unis] ; Bonnie Berger [États-Unis] ; Christos Economou [Suède] ; Ruth Bollongino [Allemagne] ; Qiaomei Fu [États-Unis, Allemagne, République populaire de Chine] ; Kirsten I. Bos [Allemagne] ; Susanne Nordenfelt [États-Unis] ; Heng Li [États-Unis] ; Cesare De Filippo [Allemagne] ; Kay Prüfer [Allemagne] ; Susanna Sawyer [Allemagne] ; Cosimo Posth [Allemagne] ; Wolfgang Haak [Australie] ; Fredrik Hallgren [Suède] ; Elin Fornander [Suède] ; Nadin Rohland [États-Unis] ; Dominique Delsate [Luxembourg (pays)] ; Michael Francken [Allemagne] ; Jean-Michel Guinet [Luxembourg (pays)] ; Joachim Wahl [Allemagne] ; George Ayodo [Kenya] ; Hamza A. Babiker [Royaume-Uni, Oman] ; Graciela Bailliet [Argentine] ; Elena Balanovska [Russie] ; Oleg Balanovsky [Russie] ; Ramiro Barrantes [Costa Rica] ; Gabriel Bedoya [Colombie] ; Haim Ben-Ami [Israël] ; Judit Bene ; Fouad Berrada [Maroc] ; Claudio M. Bravi [Argentine] ; Francesca Brisighelli [Italie] ; George B. J. Busby [Royaume-Uni] ; Francesco Cali [Italie] ; Mikhail Churnosov [Russie] ; David E. C. Cole [Canada] ; Daniel Corach [Argentine] ; Larissa Damba [Russie] ; George Van Driem [Suisse] ; Stanislav Dryomov [Russie] ; Jean-Michel Dugoujon [France] ; Sardana A. Fedorova [Russie] ; Irene Gallego Romero [États-Unis] ; Marina Gubina [Russie] ; Michael Hammer [États-Unis] ; Brenna M. Henn [États-Unis] ; Tor Hervig [Norvège] ; Ugur Hodoglugil ; Aashish R. Jha [États-Unis] ; Sena Karachanak-Yankova [Bulgarie] ; Rita Khusainova [Russie] ; Elza Khusnutdinova [Russie] ; Rick Kittles [États-Unis] ; Toomas Kivisild [Royaume-Uni] ; William Klitz [États-Unis] ; Vaidutis Ku Inskas [Lituanie] ; Alena Kushniarevich [Estonie] ; Leila Laredj [France] ; Sergey Litvinov [Russie, Estonie] ; Theologos Loukidis ; Robert W. Mahley [États-Unis] ; Béla Melegh ; Ene Metspalu [Estonie] ; Julio Molina [Guatemala] ; Joanna Mountain [États-Unis] ; Klemetti N Kk L J Rvi [Finlande] ; Desislava Nesheva [Bulgarie] ; Thomas Nyambo [Tanzanie] ; Ludmila Osipova [Russie] ; Jüri Parik [Estonie] ; Fedor Platonov [Russie] ; Olga Posukh [Russie] ; Valentino Romano [Italie] ; Francisco Rothhammer [Chili] ; Igor Rudan [Royaume-Uni] ; Ruslan Ruizbakiev [Ouzbékistan] ; Hovhannes Sahakyan [Estonie, Arménie] ; Antti Sajantila [Finlande, États-Unis] ; Antonio Salas [Espagne] ; Elena B. Starikovskaya [Russie] ; Ayele Tarekegn [Royaume-Uni] ; Draga Toncheva [Bulgarie] ; Shahlo Turdikulova [Ouzbékistan] ; Ingrida Uktveryte [Lituanie] ; Olga Utevska [Ukraine] ; René Vasquez ; Mercedes Villena ; Mikhail Voevoda [Russie] ; Cheryl Winkler [États-Unis] ; Levon Yepiskoposyan [Arménie] ; Pierre Zalloua [Liban, États-Unis] ; Tatijana Zemunik [Croatie] ; Alan Cooper [Australie] ; Cristian Capelli [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark G. Thomas [Royaume-Uni] ; Andres Ruiz-Linares [Royaume-Uni] ; Sarah A. Tishkoff [États-Unis] ; Lalji Singh [Inde] ; Kumarasamy Thangaraj [Inde] ; Richard Villems [Estonie] ; David Comas [Espagne] ; Rem Sukernik [Russie] ; Mait Metspalu [Estonie] ; Matthias Meyer [Allemagne] ; Evan E. Eichler [États-Unis] ; Joachim Burger [Allemagne] ; Montgomery Slatkin [États-Unis] ; Svante P Bo [Allemagne] ; Janet Kelso [Allemagne] ; David Reich [États-Unis] ; Johannes Krause [Allemagne]Source :
- Nature [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
We sequenced the genomes of a ~7,000 year old farmer from Germany and eight
~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analyzed these and other
ancient genomes
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/nature13673
PubMed: 25230663
PubMed Central: 4170574
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Judit Bene<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">USA 95050</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Europeans</title><author><name sortKey="Lazaridis, Iosif" sort="Lazaridis, Iosif" uniqKey="Lazaridis I" first="Iosif" last="Lazaridis">Iosif Lazaridis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Nick" sort="Patterson, Nick" uniqKey="Patterson N" first="Nick" last="Patterson">Nick Patterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renaud, Gabriel" sort="Renaud, Gabriel" uniqKey="Renaud G" first="Gabriel" last="Renaud">Gabriel Renaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallick, Swapan" sort="Mallick, Swapan" uniqKey="Mallick S" first="Swapan" last="Mallick">Swapan Mallick</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirsanow, Karola" sort="Kirsanow, Karola" uniqKey="Kirsanow K" first="Karola" last="Kirsanow">Karola Kirsanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sudmant, Peter H" sort="Sudmant, Peter H" uniqKey="Sudmant P" first="Peter H." last="Sudmant">Peter H. Sudmant</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schraiber, Joshua G" sort="Schraiber, Joshua G" uniqKey="Schraiber J" first="Joshua G." last="Schraiber">Joshua G. Schraiber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellano, Sergi" sort="Castellano, Sergi" uniqKey="Castellano S" first="Sergi" last="Castellano">Sergi Castellano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipson, Mark" sort="Lipson, Mark" uniqKey="Lipson M" first="Mark" last="Lipson">Mark Lipson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Bonnie" sort="Berger, Bonnie" uniqKey="Berger B" first="Bonnie" last="Berger">Bonnie Berger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Economou, Christos" sort="Economou, Christos" uniqKey="Economou C" first="Christos" last="Economou">Christos Economou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bollongino, Ruth" sort="Bollongino, Ruth" uniqKey="Bollongino R" first="Ruth" last="Bollongino">Ruth Bollongino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Qiaomei" sort="Fu, Qiaomei" uniqKey="Fu Q" first="Qiaomei" last="Fu">Qiaomei Fu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bos, Kirsten I" sort="Bos, Kirsten I" uniqKey="Bos K" first="Kirsten I." last="Bos">Kirsten I. Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordenfelt, Susanne" sort="Nordenfelt, Susanne" uniqKey="Nordenfelt S" first="Susanne" last="Nordenfelt">Susanne Nordenfelt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Heng" sort="Li, Heng" uniqKey="Li H" first="Heng" last="Li">Heng Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Filippo, Cesare" sort="De Filippo, Cesare" uniqKey="De Filippo C" first="Cesare" last="De Filippo">Cesare De Filippo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prufer, Kay" sort="Prufer, Kay" uniqKey="Prufer K" first="Kay" last="Prüfer">Kay Prüfer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sawyer, Susanna" sort="Sawyer, Susanna" uniqKey="Sawyer S" first="Susanna" last="Sawyer">Susanna Sawyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallgren, Fredrik" sort="Hallgren, Fredrik" uniqKey="Hallgren F" first="Fredrik" last="Hallgren">Fredrik Hallgren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fornander, Elin" sort="Fornander, Elin" uniqKey="Fornander E" first="Elin" last="Fornander">Elin Fornander</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohland, Nadin" sort="Rohland, Nadin" uniqKey="Rohland N" first="Nadin" last="Rohland">Nadin Rohland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delsate, Dominique" sort="Delsate, Dominique" uniqKey="Delsate D" first="Dominique" last="Delsate">Dominique Delsate</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Natural History, L-2160</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francken, Michael" sort="Francken, Michael" uniqKey="Francken M" first="Michael" last="Francken">Michael Francken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guinet, Jean Michel" sort="Guinet, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Guinet J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Guinet">Jean-Michel Guinet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Natural History, L-2160</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahl, Joachim" sort="Wahl, Joachim" uniqKey="Wahl J" first="Joachim" last="Wahl">Joachim Wahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayodo, George" sort="Ayodo, George" uniqKey="Ayodo G" first="George" last="Ayodo">George Ayodo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Babiker, Hamza A" sort="Babiker, Hamza A" uniqKey="Babiker H" first="Hamza A." last="Babiker">Hamza A. Babiker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123, Oman</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country><wicri:regionArea>Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailliet, Graciela" sort="Bailliet, Graciela" uniqKey="Bailliet G" first="Graciela" last="Bailliet">Graciela Bailliet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balanovska, Elena" sort="Balanovska, Elena" uniqKey="Balanovska E" first="Elena" last="Balanovska">Elena Balanovska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balanovsky, Oleg" sort="Balanovsky, Oleg" uniqKey="Balanovsky O" first="Oleg" last="Balanovsky">Oleg Balanovsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrantes, Ramiro" sort="Barrantes, Ramiro" uniqKey="Barrantes R" first="Ramiro" last="Barrantes">Ramiro Barrantes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Costa Rica</country><wicri:regionArea>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedoya, Gabriel" sort="Bedoya, Gabriel" uniqKey="Bedoya G" first="Gabriel" last="Bedoya">Gabriel Bedoya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ben Ami, Haim" sort="Ben Ami, Haim" uniqKey="Ben Ami H" first="Haim" last="Ben-Ami">Haim Ben-Ami</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bene, Judit" sort="Bene, Judit" uniqKey="Bene J" first="Judit" last="Bene">Judit Bene</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berrada, Fouad" sort="Berrada, Fouad" uniqKey="Berrada F" first="Fouad" last="Berrada">Fouad Berrada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000, Morocco</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Maroc</country><wicri:regionArea>Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bravi, Claudio M" sort="Bravi, Claudio M" uniqKey="Bravi C" first="Claudio M." last="Bravi">Claudio M. Bravi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brisighelli, Francesca" sort="Brisighelli, Francesca" uniqKey="Brisighelli F" first="Francesca" last="Brisighelli">Francesca Brisighelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Busby, George B J" sort="Busby, George B J" uniqKey="Busby G" first="George B. J." last="Busby">George B. J. Busby</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cali, Francesco" sort="Cali, Francesco" uniqKey="Cali F" first="Francesco" last="Cali">Francesco Cali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churnosov, Mikhail" sort="Churnosov, Mikhail" uniqKey="Churnosov M" first="Mikhail" last="Churnosov">Mikhail Churnosov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, David E C" sort="Cole, David E C" uniqKey="Cole D" first="David E. C." last="Cole">David E. C. Cole</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corach, Daniel" sort="Corach, Daniel" uniqKey="Corach D" first="Daniel" last="Corach">Daniel Corach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A34">Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damba, Larissa" sort="Damba, Larissa" uniqKey="Damba L" first="Larissa" last="Damba">Larissa Damba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Driem, George" sort="Van Driem, George" uniqKey="Van Driem G" first="George" last="Van Driem">George Van Driem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dryomov, Stanislav" sort="Dryomov, Stanislav" uniqKey="Dryomov S" first="Stanislav" last="Dryomov">Stanislav Dryomov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dugoujon, Jean Michel" sort="Dugoujon, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Dugoujon J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Dugoujon">Jean-Michel Dugoujon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A38">Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedorova, Sardana A" sort="Fedorova, Sardana A" uniqKey="Fedorova S" first="Sardana A." last="Fedorova">Sardana A. Fedorova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A39">Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romero, Irene Gallego" sort="Romero, Irene Gallego" uniqKey="Romero I" first="Irene Gallego" last="Romero">Irene Gallego Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gubina, Marina" sort="Gubina, Marina" uniqKey="Gubina M" first="Marina" last="Gubina">Marina Gubina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammer, Michael" sort="Hammer, Michael" uniqKey="Hammer M" first="Michael" last="Hammer">Michael Hammer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A41">ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henn, Brenna M" sort="Henn, Brenna M" uniqKey="Henn B" first="Brenna M." last="Henn">Brenna M. Henn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hervig, Tor" sort="Hervig, Tor" uniqKey="Hervig T" first="Tor" last="Hervig">Tor Hervig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodoglugil, Ugur" sort="Hodoglugil, Ugur" uniqKey="Hodoglugil U" first="Ugur" last="Hodoglugil">Ugur Hodoglugil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">USA 95050</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Aashish R" sort="Jha, Aashish R" uniqKey="Jha A" first="Aashish R." last="Jha">Aashish R. Jha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karachanak Yankova, Sena" sort="Karachanak Yankova, Sena" uniqKey="Karachanak Yankova S" first="Sena" last="Karachanak-Yankova">Sena Karachanak-Yankova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khusainova, Rita" sort="Khusainova, Rita" uniqKey="Khusainova R" first="Rita" last="Khusainova">Rita Khusainova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khusnutdinova, Elza" sort="Khusnutdinova, Elza" uniqKey="Khusnutdinova E" first="Elza" last="Khusnutdinova">Elza Khusnutdinova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kittles, Rick" sort="Kittles, Rick" uniqKey="Kittles R" first="Rick" last="Kittles">Rick Kittles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A48">College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A49">Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH</nlm:aff><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klitz, William" sort="Klitz, William" uniqKey="Klitz W" first="William" last="Klitz">William Klitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" sort="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" uniqKey="Ku Inskas V" first="Vaidutis" last="Ku Inskas">Vaidutis Ku Inskas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushniarevich, Alena" sort="Kushniarevich, Alena" uniqKey="Kushniarevich A" first="Alena" last="Kushniarevich">Alena Kushniarevich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laredj, Leila" sort="Laredj, Leila" uniqKey="Laredj L" first="Leila" last="Laredj">Leila Laredj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A52">Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Litvinov, Sergey" sort="Litvinov, Sergey" uniqKey="Litvinov S" first="Sergey" last="Litvinov">Sergey Litvinov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukidis, Theologos" sort="Loukidis, Theologos" uniqKey="Loukidis T" first="Theologos" last="Loukidis">Theologos Loukidis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahley, Robert W" sort="Mahley, Robert W" uniqKey="Mahley R" first="Robert W." last="Mahley">Robert W. Mahley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A53">Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melegh, Bela" sort="Melegh, Bela" uniqKey="Melegh B" first="Béla" last="Melegh">Béla Melegh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Ene" sort="Metspalu, Ene" uniqKey="Metspalu E" first="Ene" last="Metspalu">Ene Metspalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, Julio" sort="Molina, Julio" uniqKey="Molina J" first="Julio" last="Molina">Julio Molina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A55">Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guatemala</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mountain, Joanna" sort="Mountain, Joanna" uniqKey="Mountain J" first="Joanna" last="Mountain">Joanna Mountain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="N Kk L J Rvi, Klemetti" sort="N Kk L J Rvi, Klemetti" uniqKey="N Kk L J Rvi K" first="Klemetti" last="N Kk L J Rvi">Klemetti N Kk L J Rvi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A57">Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nesheva, Desislava" sort="Nesheva, Desislava" uniqKey="Nesheva D" first="Desislava" last="Nesheva">Desislava Nesheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyambo, Thomas" sort="Nyambo, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyambo T" first="Thomas" last="Nyambo">Thomas Nyambo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osipova, Ludmila" sort="Osipova, Ludmila" uniqKey="Osipova L" first="Ludmila" last="Osipova">Ludmila Osipova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Platonov, Fedor" sort="Platonov, Fedor" uniqKey="Platonov F" first="Fedor" last="Platonov">Fedor Platonov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A59">Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posukh, Olga" sort="Posukh, Olga" uniqKey="Posukh O" first="Olga" last="Posukh">Olga Posukh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romano, Valentino" sort="Romano, Valentino" uniqKey="Romano V" first="Valentino" last="Romano">Valentino Romano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothhammer, Francisco" sort="Rothhammer, Francisco" uniqKey="Rothhammer F" first="Francisco" last="Rothhammer">Francisco Rothhammer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A61">Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A62">Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruizbakiev, Ruslan" sort="Ruizbakiev, Ruslan" uniqKey="Ruizbakiev R" first="Ruslan" last="Ruizbakiev">Ruslan Ruizbakiev</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000, Uzbekistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ouzbékistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahakyan, Hovhannes" sort="Sahakyan, Hovhannes" uniqKey="Sahakyan H" first="Hovhannes" last="Sahakyan">Hovhannes Sahakyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arménie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sajantila, Antti" sort="Sajantila, Antti" uniqKey="Sajantila A" first="Antti" last="Sajantila">Antti Sajantila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A68">Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, Antonio" sort="Salas, Antonio" uniqKey="Salas A" first="Antonio" last="Salas">Antonio Salas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A69">Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starikovskaya, Elena B" sort="Starikovskaya, Elena B" uniqKey="Starikovskaya E" first="Elena B." last="Starikovskaya">Elena B. Starikovskaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarekegn, Ayele" sort="Tarekegn, Ayele" uniqKey="Tarekegn A" first="Ayele" last="Tarekegn">Ayele Tarekegn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A70">Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toncheva, Draga" sort="Toncheva, Draga" uniqKey="Toncheva D" first="Draga" last="Toncheva">Draga Toncheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turdikulova, Shahlo" sort="Turdikulova, Shahlo" uniqKey="Turdikulova S" first="Shahlo" last="Turdikulova">Shahlo Turdikulova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A71">Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ouzbékistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uktveryte, Ingrida" sort="Uktveryte, Ingrida" uniqKey="Uktveryte I" first="Ingrida" last="Uktveryte">Ingrida Uktveryte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Utevska, Olga" sort="Utevska, Olga" uniqKey="Utevska O" first="Olga" last="Utevska">Olga Utevska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ukraine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Rene" sort="Vasquez, Rene" uniqKey="Vasquez R" first="René" last="Vasquez">René Vasquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villena, Mercedes" sort="Villena, Mercedes" uniqKey="Villena M" first="Mercedes" last="Villena">Mercedes Villena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voevoda, Mikhail" sort="Voevoda, Mikhail" uniqKey="Voevoda M" first="Mikhail" last="Voevoda">Mikhail Voevoda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A74">Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkler, Cheryl" sort="Winkler, Cheryl" uniqKey="Winkler C" first="Cheryl" last="Winkler">Cheryl Winkler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A75">Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yepiskoposyan, Levon" sort="Yepiskoposyan, Levon" uniqKey="Yepiskoposyan L" first="Levon" last="Yepiskoposyan">Levon Yepiskoposyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arménie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zalloua, Pierre" sort="Zalloua, Pierre" uniqKey="Zalloua P" first="Pierre" last="Zalloua">Pierre Zalloua</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A76">Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053, Lebanon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A77">Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zemunik, Tatijana" sort="Zemunik, Tatijana" uniqKey="Zemunik T" first="Tatijana" last="Zemunik">Tatijana Zemunik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capelli, Cristian" sort="Capelli, Cristian" uniqKey="Capelli C" first="Cristian" last="Capelli">Cristian Capelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Mark G" sort="Thomas, Mark G" uniqKey="Thomas M" first="Mark G." last="Thomas">Mark G. Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A79">Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Linares, Andres" sort="Ruiz Linares, Andres" uniqKey="Ruiz Linares A" first="Andres" last="Ruiz-Linares">Andres Ruiz-Linares</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A79">Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tishkoff, Sarah A" sort="Tishkoff, Sarah A" uniqKey="Tishkoff S" first="Sarah A." last="Tishkoff">Sarah A. Tishkoff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Lalji" sort="Singh, Lalji" uniqKey="Singh L" first="Lalji" last="Singh">Lalji Singh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A81">CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thangaraj, Kumarasamy" sort="Thangaraj, Kumarasamy" uniqKey="Thangaraj K" first="Kumarasamy" last="Thangaraj">Kumarasamy Thangaraj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A81">CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A82">Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, David" sort="Comas, David" uniqKey="Comas D" first="David" last="Comas">David Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A83">Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sukernik, Rem" sort="Sukernik, Rem" uniqKey="Sukernik R" first="Rem" last="Sukernik">Rem Sukernik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Mait" sort="Metspalu, Mait" uniqKey="Metspalu M" first="Mait" last="Metspalu">Mait Metspalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Matthias" sort="Meyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Matthias" last="Meyer">Matthias Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichler, Evan E" sort="Eichler, Evan E" uniqKey="Eichler E" first="Evan E." last="Eichler">Evan E. Eichler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A84">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195</nlm:aff><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement><region type="state">Washington (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burger, Joachim" sort="Burger, Joachim" uniqKey="Burger J" first="Joachim" last="Burger">Joachim Burger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slatkin, Montgomery" sort="Slatkin, Montgomery" uniqKey="Slatkin M" first="Montgomery" last="Slatkin">Montgomery Slatkin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Bo, Svante" sort="P Bo, Svante" uniqKey="P Bo S" first="Svante" last="P Bo">Svante P Bo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, David" sort="Reich, David" uniqKey="Reich D" first="David" last="Reich">David Reich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A85">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A86">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A87">Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena, 07745, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena, 07745</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25230663</idno><idno type="pmc">4170574</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4170574</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature13673</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D67</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D67</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002C17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002C17</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day
Europeans</title><author><name sortKey="Lazaridis, Iosif" sort="Lazaridis, Iosif" uniqKey="Lazaridis I" first="Iosif" last="Lazaridis">Iosif Lazaridis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Nick" sort="Patterson, Nick" uniqKey="Patterson N" first="Nick" last="Patterson">Nick Patterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renaud, Gabriel" sort="Renaud, Gabriel" uniqKey="Renaud G" first="Gabriel" last="Renaud">Gabriel Renaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallick, Swapan" sort="Mallick, Swapan" uniqKey="Mallick S" first="Swapan" last="Mallick">Swapan Mallick</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirsanow, Karola" sort="Kirsanow, Karola" uniqKey="Kirsanow K" first="Karola" last="Kirsanow">Karola Kirsanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sudmant, Peter H" sort="Sudmant, Peter H" uniqKey="Sudmant P" first="Peter H." last="Sudmant">Peter H. Sudmant</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schraiber, Joshua G" sort="Schraiber, Joshua G" uniqKey="Schraiber J" first="Joshua G." last="Schraiber">Joshua G. Schraiber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellano, Sergi" sort="Castellano, Sergi" uniqKey="Castellano S" first="Sergi" last="Castellano">Sergi Castellano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipson, Mark" sort="Lipson, Mark" uniqKey="Lipson M" first="Mark" last="Lipson">Mark Lipson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Bonnie" sort="Berger, Bonnie" uniqKey="Berger B" first="Bonnie" last="Berger">Bonnie Berger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Economou, Christos" sort="Economou, Christos" uniqKey="Economou C" first="Christos" last="Economou">Christos Economou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bollongino, Ruth" sort="Bollongino, Ruth" uniqKey="Bollongino R" first="Ruth" last="Bollongino">Ruth Bollongino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Qiaomei" sort="Fu, Qiaomei" uniqKey="Fu Q" first="Qiaomei" last="Fu">Qiaomei Fu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bos, Kirsten I" sort="Bos, Kirsten I" uniqKey="Bos K" first="Kirsten I." last="Bos">Kirsten I. Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordenfelt, Susanne" sort="Nordenfelt, Susanne" uniqKey="Nordenfelt S" first="Susanne" last="Nordenfelt">Susanne Nordenfelt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Heng" sort="Li, Heng" uniqKey="Li H" first="Heng" last="Li">Heng Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Filippo, Cesare" sort="De Filippo, Cesare" uniqKey="De Filippo C" first="Cesare" last="De Filippo">Cesare De Filippo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prufer, Kay" sort="Prufer, Kay" uniqKey="Prufer K" first="Kay" last="Prüfer">Kay Prüfer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sawyer, Susanna" sort="Sawyer, Susanna" uniqKey="Sawyer S" first="Susanna" last="Sawyer">Susanna Sawyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallgren, Fredrik" sort="Hallgren, Fredrik" uniqKey="Hallgren F" first="Fredrik" last="Hallgren">Fredrik Hallgren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fornander, Elin" sort="Fornander, Elin" uniqKey="Fornander E" first="Elin" last="Fornander">Elin Fornander</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohland, Nadin" sort="Rohland, Nadin" uniqKey="Rohland N" first="Nadin" last="Rohland">Nadin Rohland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delsate, Dominique" sort="Delsate, Dominique" uniqKey="Delsate D" first="Dominique" last="Delsate">Dominique Delsate</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Natural History, L-2160</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francken, Michael" sort="Francken, Michael" uniqKey="Francken M" first="Michael" last="Francken">Michael Francken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guinet, Jean Michel" sort="Guinet, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Guinet J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Guinet">Jean-Michel Guinet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>National Museum of Natural History, L-2160</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahl, Joachim" sort="Wahl, Joachim" uniqKey="Wahl J" first="Joachim" last="Wahl">Joachim Wahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayodo, George" sort="Ayodo, George" uniqKey="Ayodo G" first="George" last="Ayodo">George Ayodo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Babiker, Hamza A" sort="Babiker, Hamza A" uniqKey="Babiker H" first="Hamza A." last="Babiker">Hamza A. Babiker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123, Oman</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country><wicri:regionArea>Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailliet, Graciela" sort="Bailliet, Graciela" uniqKey="Bailliet G" first="Graciela" last="Bailliet">Graciela Bailliet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balanovska, Elena" sort="Balanovska, Elena" uniqKey="Balanovska E" first="Elena" last="Balanovska">Elena Balanovska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balanovsky, Oleg" sort="Balanovsky, Oleg" uniqKey="Balanovsky O" first="Oleg" last="Balanovsky">Oleg Balanovsky</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrantes, Ramiro" sort="Barrantes, Ramiro" uniqKey="Barrantes R" first="Ramiro" last="Barrantes">Ramiro Barrantes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Costa Rica</country><wicri:regionArea>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedoya, Gabriel" sort="Bedoya, Gabriel" uniqKey="Bedoya G" first="Gabriel" last="Bedoya">Gabriel Bedoya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ben Ami, Haim" sort="Ben Ami, Haim" uniqKey="Ben Ami H" first="Haim" last="Ben-Ami">Haim Ben-Ami</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bene, Judit" sort="Bene, Judit" uniqKey="Bene J" first="Judit" last="Bene">Judit Bene</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berrada, Fouad" sort="Berrada, Fouad" uniqKey="Berrada F" first="Fouad" last="Berrada">Fouad Berrada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000, Morocco</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Maroc</country><wicri:regionArea>Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bravi, Claudio M" sort="Bravi, Claudio M" uniqKey="Bravi C" first="Claudio M." last="Bravi">Claudio M. Bravi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brisighelli, Francesca" sort="Brisighelli, Francesca" uniqKey="Brisighelli F" first="Francesca" last="Brisighelli">Francesca Brisighelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A28">Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Busby, George B J" sort="Busby, George B J" uniqKey="Busby G" first="George B. J." last="Busby">George B. J. Busby</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A30">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cali, Francesco" sort="Cali, Francesco" uniqKey="Cali F" first="Francesco" last="Cali">Francesco Cali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A31">Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churnosov, Mikhail" sort="Churnosov, Mikhail" uniqKey="Churnosov M" first="Mikhail" last="Churnosov">Mikhail Churnosov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A32">Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, David E C" sort="Cole, David E C" uniqKey="Cole D" first="David E. C." last="Cole">David E. C. Cole</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corach, Daniel" sort="Corach, Daniel" uniqKey="Corach D" first="Daniel" last="Corach">Daniel Corach</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A34">Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damba, Larissa" sort="Damba, Larissa" uniqKey="Damba L" first="Larissa" last="Damba">Larissa Damba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Driem, George" sort="Van Driem, George" uniqKey="Van Driem G" first="George" last="Van Driem">George Van Driem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A36">Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dryomov, Stanislav" sort="Dryomov, Stanislav" uniqKey="Dryomov S" first="Stanislav" last="Dryomov">Stanislav Dryomov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dugoujon, Jean Michel" sort="Dugoujon, Jean Michel" uniqKey="Dugoujon J" first="Jean-Michel" last="Dugoujon">Jean-Michel Dugoujon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A38">Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedorova, Sardana A" sort="Fedorova, Sardana A" uniqKey="Fedorova S" first="Sardana A." last="Fedorova">Sardana A. Fedorova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A39">Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romero, Irene Gallego" sort="Romero, Irene Gallego" uniqKey="Romero I" first="Irene Gallego" last="Romero">Irene Gallego Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gubina, Marina" sort="Gubina, Marina" uniqKey="Gubina M" first="Marina" last="Gubina">Marina Gubina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammer, Michael" sort="Hammer, Michael" uniqKey="Hammer M" first="Michael" last="Hammer">Michael Hammer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A41">ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henn, Brenna M" sort="Henn, Brenna M" uniqKey="Henn B" first="Brenna M." last="Henn">Brenna M. Henn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hervig, Tor" sort="Hervig, Tor" uniqKey="Hervig T" first="Tor" last="Hervig">Tor Hervig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodoglugil, Ugur" sort="Hodoglugil, Ugur" uniqKey="Hodoglugil U" first="Ugur" last="Hodoglugil">Ugur Hodoglugil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">USA 95050</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, Aashish R" sort="Jha, Aashish R" uniqKey="Jha A" first="Aashish R." last="Jha">Aashish R. Jha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karachanak Yankova, Sena" sort="Karachanak Yankova, Sena" uniqKey="Karachanak Yankova S" first="Sena" last="Karachanak-Yankova">Sena Karachanak-Yankova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khusainova, Rita" sort="Khusainova, Rita" uniqKey="Khusainova R" first="Rita" last="Khusainova">Rita Khusainova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khusnutdinova, Elza" sort="Khusnutdinova, Elza" uniqKey="Khusnutdinova E" first="Elza" last="Khusnutdinova">Elza Khusnutdinova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kittles, Rick" sort="Kittles, Rick" uniqKey="Kittles R" first="Rick" last="Kittles">Rick Kittles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A48">College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A49">Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH</nlm:aff><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klitz, William" sort="Klitz, William" uniqKey="Klitz W" first="William" last="Klitz">William Klitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" sort="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" uniqKey="Ku Inskas V" first="Vaidutis" last="Ku Inskas">Vaidutis Ku Inskas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushniarevich, Alena" sort="Kushniarevich, Alena" uniqKey="Kushniarevich A" first="Alena" last="Kushniarevich">Alena Kushniarevich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laredj, Leila" sort="Laredj, Leila" uniqKey="Laredj L" first="Leila" last="Laredj">Leila Laredj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A52">Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Litvinov, Sergey" sort="Litvinov, Sergey" uniqKey="Litvinov S" first="Sergey" last="Litvinov">Sergey Litvinov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukidis, Theologos" sort="Loukidis, Theologos" uniqKey="Loukidis T" first="Theologos" last="Loukidis">Theologos Loukidis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahley, Robert W" sort="Mahley, Robert W" uniqKey="Mahley R" first="Robert W." last="Mahley">Robert W. Mahley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A53">Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melegh, Bela" sort="Melegh, Bela" uniqKey="Melegh B" first="Béla" last="Melegh">Béla Melegh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">H-7624 Hungary</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Ene" sort="Metspalu, Ene" uniqKey="Metspalu E" first="Ene" last="Metspalu">Ene Metspalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, Julio" sort="Molina, Julio" uniqKey="Molina J" first="Julio" last="Molina">Julio Molina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A55">Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Guatemala</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mountain, Joanna" sort="Mountain, Joanna" uniqKey="Mountain J" first="Joanna" last="Mountain">Joanna Mountain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A56">Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="N Kk L J Rvi, Klemetti" sort="N Kk L J Rvi, Klemetti" uniqKey="N Kk L J Rvi K" first="Klemetti" last="N Kk L J Rvi">Klemetti N Kk L J Rvi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A57">Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nesheva, Desislava" sort="Nesheva, Desislava" uniqKey="Nesheva D" first="Desislava" last="Nesheva">Desislava Nesheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyambo, Thomas" sort="Nyambo, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyambo T" first="Thomas" last="Nyambo">Thomas Nyambo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osipova, Ludmila" sort="Osipova, Ludmila" uniqKey="Osipova L" first="Ludmila" last="Osipova">Ludmila Osipova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Platonov, Fedor" sort="Platonov, Fedor" uniqKey="Platonov F" first="Fedor" last="Platonov">Fedor Platonov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A59">Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posukh, Olga" sort="Posukh, Olga" uniqKey="Posukh O" first="Olga" last="Posukh">Olga Posukh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romano, Valentino" sort="Romano, Valentino" uniqKey="Romano V" first="Valentino" last="Romano">Valentino Romano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A60">Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothhammer, Francisco" sort="Rothhammer, Francisco" uniqKey="Rothhammer F" first="Francisco" last="Rothhammer">Francisco Rothhammer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A61">Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A62">Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A63">Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruizbakiev, Ruslan" sort="Ruizbakiev, Ruslan" uniqKey="Ruizbakiev R" first="Ruslan" last="Ruizbakiev">Ruslan Ruizbakiev</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A65">Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000, Uzbekistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ouzbékistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahakyan, Hovhannes" sort="Sahakyan, Hovhannes" uniqKey="Sahakyan H" first="Hovhannes" last="Sahakyan">Hovhannes Sahakyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arménie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sajantila, Antti" sort="Sajantila, Antti" uniqKey="Sajantila A" first="Antti" last="Sajantila">Antti Sajantila</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A68">Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, Antonio" sort="Salas, Antonio" uniqKey="Salas A" first="Antonio" last="Salas">Antonio Salas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A69">Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starikovskaya, Elena B" sort="Starikovskaya, Elena B" uniqKey="Starikovskaya E" first="Elena B." last="Starikovskaya">Elena B. Starikovskaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarekegn, Ayele" sort="Tarekegn, Ayele" uniqKey="Tarekegn A" first="Ayele" last="Tarekegn">Ayele Tarekegn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A70">Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toncheva, Draga" sort="Toncheva, Draga" uniqKey="Toncheva D" first="Draga" last="Toncheva">Draga Toncheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A45">Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turdikulova, Shahlo" sort="Turdikulova, Shahlo" uniqKey="Turdikulova S" first="Shahlo" last="Turdikulova">Shahlo Turdikulova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A71">Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ouzbékistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uktveryte, Ingrida" sort="Uktveryte, Ingrida" uniqKey="Uktveryte I" first="Ingrida" last="Uktveryte">Ingrida Uktveryte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A50">Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Utevska, Olga" sort="Utevska, Olga" uniqKey="Utevska O" first="Olga" last="Utevska">Olga Utevska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ukraine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Rene" sort="Vasquez, Rene" uniqKey="Vasquez R" first="René" last="Vasquez">René Vasquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villena, Mercedes" sort="Villena, Mercedes" uniqKey="Villena M" first="Mercedes" last="Villena">Mercedes Villena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Bolivia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voevoda, Mikhail" sort="Voevoda, Mikhail" uniqKey="Voevoda M" first="Mikhail" last="Voevoda">Mikhail Voevoda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A74">Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winkler, Cheryl" sort="Winkler, Cheryl" uniqKey="Winkler C" first="Cheryl" last="Winkler">Cheryl Winkler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A75">Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yepiskoposyan, Levon" sort="Yepiskoposyan, Levon" uniqKey="Yepiskoposyan L" first="Levon" last="Yepiskoposyan">Levon Yepiskoposyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A66">Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arménie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zalloua, Pierre" sort="Zalloua, Pierre" uniqKey="Zalloua P" first="Pierre" last="Zalloua">Pierre Zalloua</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A76">Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053, Lebanon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A77">Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zemunik, Tatijana" sort="Zemunik, Tatijana" uniqKey="Zemunik T" first="Tatijana" last="Zemunik">Tatijana Zemunik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capelli, Cristian" sort="Capelli, Cristian" uniqKey="Capelli C" first="Cristian" last="Capelli">Cristian Capelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Mark G" sort="Thomas, Mark G" uniqKey="Thomas M" first="Mark G." last="Thomas">Mark G. Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A79">Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Linares, Andres" sort="Ruiz Linares, Andres" uniqKey="Ruiz Linares A" first="Andres" last="Ruiz-Linares">Andres Ruiz-Linares</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A79">Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tishkoff, Sarah A" sort="Tishkoff, Sarah A" uniqKey="Tishkoff S" first="Sarah A." last="Tishkoff">Sarah A. Tishkoff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Lalji" sort="Singh, Lalji" uniqKey="Singh L" first="Lalji" last="Singh">Lalji Singh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A81">CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thangaraj, Kumarasamy" sort="Thangaraj, Kumarasamy" uniqKey="Thangaraj K" first="Kumarasamy" last="Thangaraj">Kumarasamy Thangaraj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A81">CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A82">Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comas, David" sort="Comas, David" uniqKey="Comas D" first="David" last="Comas">David Comas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A83">Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sukernik, Rem" sort="Sukernik, Rem" uniqKey="Sukernik R" first="Rem" last="Sukernik">Rem Sukernik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A37">Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Mait" sort="Metspalu, Mait" uniqKey="Metspalu M" first="Mait" last="Metspalu">Mait Metspalu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A51">Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Matthias" sort="Meyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Matthias" last="Meyer">Matthias Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichler, Evan E" sort="Eichler, Evan E" uniqKey="Eichler E" first="Evan E." last="Eichler">Evan E. Eichler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A84">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195</nlm:aff><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement><region type="state">Washington (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burger, Joachim" sort="Burger, Joachim" uniqKey="Burger J" first="Joachim" last="Burger">Joachim Burger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slatkin, Montgomery" sort="Slatkin, Montgomery" uniqKey="Slatkin M" first="Montgomery" last="Slatkin">Montgomery Slatkin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Bo, Svante" sort="P Bo, Svante" uniqKey="P Bo S" first="Svante" last="P Bo">Svante P Bo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, David" sort="Reich, David" uniqKey="Reich D" first="David" last="Reich">David Reich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A85">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A86">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A87">Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena, 07745, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena, 07745</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">We sequenced the genomes of a ~7,000 year old farmer from Germany and eight
~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analyzed these and other
ancient genomes<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most
present Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West
European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near
Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>, who contributed to both Europeans and Near
Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but
also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships
and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian”
population that split prior to the diversification of other non-African lineages.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keller, A" uniqKey="Keller A">A Keller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olalde, I" uniqKey="Olalde I">I Olalde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raghavan, M" uniqKey="Raghavan M">M Raghavan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skoglund, P" uniqKey="Skoglund P">P Skoglund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bramanti, B" uniqKey="Bramanti B">B Bramanti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haak, W" uniqKey="Haak W">W Haak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lipson, M" uniqKey="Lipson M">M 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25230663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4170574</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature13673</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS613260</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day
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rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">53</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahley</surname><given-names>Robert W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A53">54</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melegh</surname><given-names>Béla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>Ene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A54">55</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>Julio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A55">56</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mountain</surname><given-names>Joanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A56">57</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Näkkäläjärvi</surname><given-names>Klemetti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A57">58</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nesheva</surname><given-names>Desislava</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A45">45</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyambo</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A58">59</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>Ludmila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parik</surname><given-names>Jüri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A54">55</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>Fedor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A59">60</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Posukh</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Romano</surname><given-names>Valentino</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A60">61</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rothhammer</surname><given-names>Francisco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A61">62</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A62">63</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A63">64</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rudan</surname><given-names>Igor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A64">65</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruizbakiev</surname><given-names>Ruslan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A65">66</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sahakyan</surname><given-names>Hovhannes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A51">51</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A66">67</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sajantila</surname><given-names>Antti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A67">68</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A68">69</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A69">70</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Starikovskaya</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tarekegn</surname><given-names>Ayele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A70">71</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Toncheva</surname><given-names>Draga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A45">45</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turdikulova</surname><given-names>Shahlo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A71">72</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Uktveryte</surname><given-names>Ingrida</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A50">50</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Utevska</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A72">73</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vasquez</surname><given-names>René</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A73">74</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Villena</surname><given-names>Mercedes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A73">74</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Voevoda</surname><given-names>Mikhail</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A35">35</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A74">75</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winkler</surname><given-names>Cheryl</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A75">76</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yepiskoposyan</surname><given-names>Levon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A66">67</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zalloua</surname><given-names>Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A76">77</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A77">78</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zemunik</surname><given-names>Tatijana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A78">79</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Capelli</surname><given-names>Cristian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Mark G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A79">80</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruiz-Linares</surname><given-names>Andres</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A79">80</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tishkoff</surname><given-names>Sarah A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A80">81</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Lalji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A81">82</xref><xref rid="FN3" ref-type="author-notes">83</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thangaraj</surname><given-names>Kumarasamy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A81">82</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Villems</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A51">51</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A54">55</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A82">84</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Comas</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A83">85</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sukernik</surname><given-names>Rem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>Mait</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A51">51</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>Matthias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eichler</surname><given-names>Evan E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A84">86</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burger</surname><given-names>Joachim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slatkin</surname><given-names>Montgomery</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pääbo</surname><given-names>Svante</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kelso</surname><given-names>Janet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reich</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A85">87</xref><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krause</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A86">88</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A87">90</xref><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">†</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, D-55128, Germany</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing, 100049, China</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, SA 5005, Australia</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, 722 12, Sweden</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72070, Germany</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, D-78467, Germany</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, 123, Oman</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET & CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, 119991, Russia</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 31096, Israel</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, 53000, Morocco</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina, 94018, Italy</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, 31000, France</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Dept. of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-08661, Lithuania</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France</aff><aff id="A53"><label>54</label>Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA</aff><aff id="A54"><label>55</label>Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</aff><aff id="A55"><label>56</label>Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala</aff><aff id="A56"><label>57</label>Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA</aff><aff id="A57"><label>58</label>Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland</aff><aff id="A58"><label>59</label>Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="A59"><label>60</label>Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia</aff><aff id="A60"><label>61</label>Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, 90128, Italy</aff><aff id="A61"><label>62</label>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile</aff><aff id="A62"><label>63</label>Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</aff><aff id="A63"><label>64</label>Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile</aff><aff id="A64"><label>65</label>Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AG, UK</aff><aff id="A65"><label>66</label>Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 70000, Uzbekistan</aff><aff id="A66"><label>67</label>Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia</aff><aff id="A67"><label>68</label>Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A68"><label>69</label>Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA</aff><aff id="A69"><label>70</label>Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, 15872, Spain</aff><aff id="A70"><label>71</label>Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK</aff><aff id="A71"><label>72</label>Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan</aff><aff id="A72"><label>73</label>Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine</aff><aff id="A73"><label>74</label>Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Autonoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, Bolivia</aff><aff id="A74"><label>75</label>Inst. of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Acad. of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia</aff><aff id="A75"><label>76</label>Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA</aff><aff id="A76"><label>77</label>Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, 13-5053, Lebanon</aff><aff id="A77"><label>78</label>Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A78"><label>79</label>Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, 21000, Croatia</aff><aff id="A79"><label>80</label>Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK</aff><aff id="A80"><label>81</label>Department of Biology and Genetics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A81"><label>82</label>CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India</aff><aff id="A82"><label>84</label>Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia</aff><aff id="A83"><label>85</label>Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain</aff><aff id="A84"><label>86</label>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195</aff><aff id="A85"><label>87</label>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A86"><label>88</label>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72070, Germany</aff><aff id="A87"><label>90</label>Max Planck Institut für Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena, 07745, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>†</label>Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
David Reich (<email>reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu</email>) or Johannes Krause
(<email>johannes.krause@uni-tuebingen.de</email>)</corresp><fn id="FN2" fn-type="current-aff"><label>53</label><p>Currently employed by AMGEN; 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece</p></fn><fn id="FN3" fn-type="present-address"><label>83</label><p>Present address: Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>513</volume><issue>7518</issue><fpage>409</fpage><lpage>413</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/nature13673</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms"><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P1">We sequenced the genomes of a ~7,000 year old farmer from Germany and eight
~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analyzed these and other
ancient genomes<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most
present Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West
European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near
Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>, who contributed to both Europeans and Near
Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but
also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships
and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian”
population that split prior to the diversification of other non-African lineages.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Map of West Eurasian populations and Principal Component Analysis</title><p>(a) Geographical locations of analyzed samples, with color coding matching the PCA. We
show all sampling locations for each population, which results in multiple points for some
(e.g., Spain). (b) PCA on all present-day West Eurasians, with ancient and selected
eastern non-African samples projected. European hunter-gatherers fall beyond present-day
Europeans in the direction of European differentiation from the Near East. Stuttgart
clusters with other Neolithic Europeans and present-day Sardinians. MA1 falls outside the
variation of present-day West Eurasians in the direction of southern-northern
differentiation along dimension 2.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms613260f1a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="nihms613260f1b"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Modeling of West Eurasian population history</title><p>(a) A three-way mixture model that is a fit to the data for many populations. Present-day
samples are colored in blue, ancient in red, and reconstructed ancestral populations in
green. Solid lines represent descent without mixture, and dashed lines represent
admixture. We print mixture proportions and one standard error for the two mixtures
relating the highly divergent ancestral populations. (We do not print the estimate for the
“European” population as it varies depending on the population). (b) We
plot the proportions of ancestry from each of three inferred ancestral populations (EEF,
ANE and WHG).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms613260f2a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="nihms613260f2b"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Lowest <italic>f<sub>3</sub></italic>-statistics for each West Eurasian population</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref<sub>1</sub></italic></th><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ref<sub>2</sub></italic></th><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target for which these two references give the lowest
<italic>f<sub>3</sub>(X; Ref<sub>1</sub>, Ref<sub>2</sub>)</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>WHG</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EEF</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sardinian***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>WHG</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Near East</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basque, Belarusian, Czech, English, Estonian, Finnish,
French_South, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Mordovian, Norwegian, Orcadian, Scottish,
Spanish, Spanish_North, Ukrainian</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>WHG</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Siberian</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russian</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EEF</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ANE</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abkhasian***, Albanian,
Ashkenazi_Jew****, Bergamo, Bulgarian,
Chechen****, Croatian,
Cypriot****, Druze**, French, Greek,
Hungarian, Lezgin, Maltese, Sicilian, Turkish_Jew, Tuscan</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EEF</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Native American</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adygei, Balkar, Iranian, Kumyk, North_Ossetian,
Turkish</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EEF</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>African</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BedouinA, BedouinB<sup>†</sup>, Jordanian,
Lebanese, Libyan_Jew, Moroccan_Jew, Palestinian,
Saudi****, Syrian,
Tunisian_Jew***, Yemenite_Jew***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EEF</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>South Asian</bold></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Armenian, Georgian****,
Georgian_Jew*, Iranian_Jew***,
Iraqi_Jew***</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN2"><p>Note: WHG = Loschbour or LaBraña; EEF=Stuttgart;
ANE=MA1; Native American=Piapoco; African=Esan, Gambian, or
Kgalagadi; South Asian=GujaratiC or Vishwabrahmin. Statistics are negative with
Z<-4 unless otherwise noted: <sup>†</sup> (positive) or *,
**, ***, ****,
to indicate Z less than 0, −1, −2, and −3 respectively. The
complete list of statistics can be found in <xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Extended
Data Table 1</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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