Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Consolidation Measurement of Articular Cartilage
Identifieur interne : 002B72 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002B71; suivant : 002B73Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Consolidation Measurement of Articular Cartilage
Auteurs : Robert Mark Wellard [Australie] ; Jean-Philippe Ravasio ; Samuel Guesne ; Christopher Bell ; Adekunle Oloyede ; Greg Tevelen ; James M. Pope ; Konstantin I. MomotSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the opportunity to study biological tissues and processes in a non-disruptive manner. The technique shows promise for the study of the load-bearing performance (consolidation) of articular cartilage and changes in articular cartilage accompanying osteoarthritis. Consolidation of articular cartilage involves the recording of two transient characteristics: the change over time of strain and the hydrostatic excess pore pressure (HEPP). MRI study of cartilage consolidation under mechanical load is limited by difficulties in measuring the HEPP in the presence of the strong magnetic fields associated with the MRI technique. Here we describe the use of MRI to image and characterize bovine articular cartilage deforming under load in an MRI compatible consolidometer while monitoring pressure with a Fabry-Perot interferometer-based fiber-optic pressure transducer.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s140507940
PubMed: 24803188
PubMed Central: 4063042
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Consolidation Measurement of Articular Cartilage</title><author><name sortKey="Wellard, Robert Mark" sort="Wellard, Robert Mark" uniqKey="Wellard R" first="Robert Mark" last="Wellard">Robert Mark Wellard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea> Discipline of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravasio, Jean Philippe" sort="Ravasio, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Ravasio J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Ravasio">Jean-Philippe Ravasio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-14-07940"> SonoSite France Sarl, 19, avenue de Norvege, Parc d'activite les Fjords, Immeuble le Vega, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France; E-Mail:<email>jp.ravasio@free.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guesne, Samuel" sort="Guesne, Samuel" uniqKey="Guesne S" first="Samuel" last="Guesne">Samuel Guesne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-14-07940"> National Instruments France, 2 rue Hennape, 92735 Nanterre Cédex, France; E-Mail:<email>samuelguesne@hotmail.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, Christopher" sort="Bell, Christopher" uniqKey="Bell C" first="Christopher" last="Bell">Christopher Bell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oloyede, Adekunle" sort="Oloyede, Adekunle" uniqKey="Oloyede A" first="Adekunle" last="Oloyede">Adekunle Oloyede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tevelen, Greg" sort="Tevelen, Greg" uniqKey="Tevelen G" first="Greg" last="Tevelen">Greg Tevelen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-sensors-14-07940"> Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mail:<email>gregtev@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pope, James M" sort="Pope, James M" uniqKey="Pope J" first="James M." last="Pope">James M. Pope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momot, Konstantin I" sort="Momot, Konstantin I" uniqKey="Momot K" first="Konstantin I." last="Momot">Konstantin I. Momot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24803188</idno><idno type="pmc">4063042</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063042</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4063042</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s140507940</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D22</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D22</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002B72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002B72</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Consolidation Measurement of Articular Cartilage</title><author><name sortKey="Wellard, Robert Mark" sort="Wellard, Robert Mark" uniqKey="Wellard R" first="Robert Mark" last="Wellard">Robert Mark Wellard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea> Discipline of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravasio, Jean Philippe" sort="Ravasio, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Ravasio J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Ravasio">Jean-Philippe Ravasio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-sensors-14-07940"> SonoSite France Sarl, 19, avenue de Norvege, Parc d'activite les Fjords, Immeuble le Vega, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France; E-Mail:<email>jp.ravasio@free.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guesne, Samuel" sort="Guesne, Samuel" uniqKey="Guesne S" first="Samuel" last="Guesne">Samuel Guesne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-sensors-14-07940"> National Instruments France, 2 rue Hennape, 92735 Nanterre Cédex, France; E-Mail:<email>samuelguesne@hotmail.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, Christopher" sort="Bell, Christopher" uniqKey="Bell C" first="Christopher" last="Bell">Christopher Bell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oloyede, Adekunle" sort="Oloyede, Adekunle" uniqKey="Oloyede A" first="Adekunle" last="Oloyede">Adekunle Oloyede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tevelen, Greg" sort="Tevelen, Greg" uniqKey="Tevelen G" first="Greg" last="Tevelen">Greg Tevelen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-sensors-14-07940"> Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mail:<email>gregtev@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pope, James M" sort="Pope, James M" uniqKey="Pope J" first="James M." last="Pope">James M. Pope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momot, Konstantin I" sort="Momot, Konstantin I" uniqKey="Momot K" first="Konstantin I." last="Momot">Konstantin I. Momot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the opportunity to study biological tissues and processes in a non-disruptive manner. The technique shows promise for the study of the load-bearing performance (consolidation) of articular cartilage and changes in articular cartilage accompanying osteoarthritis. Consolidation of articular cartilage involves the recording of two transient characteristics: the change over time of strain and the hydrostatic excess pore pressure (HEPP). MRI study of cartilage consolidation under mechanical load is limited by difficulties in measuring the HEPP in the presence of the strong magnetic fields associated with the MRI technique. Here we describe the use of MRI to image and characterize bovine articular cartilage deforming under load in an MRI compatible consolidometer while monitoring pressure with a Fabry-Perot interferometer-based fiber-optic pressure transducer.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jeffery, A K" uniqKey="Jeffery A">A.K. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24803188</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4063042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s140507940</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-14-07940</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Simultaneous Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Consolidation Measurement of Articular Cartilage</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wellard</surname><given-names>Robert Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-sensors-14-07940"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref rid="c1-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ravasio</surname><given-names>Jean-Philippe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-sensors-14-07940"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guesne</surname><given-names>Samuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-sensors-14-07940"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bell</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-14-07940"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oloyede</surname><given-names>Adekunle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-14-07940"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tevelen</surname><given-names>Greg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-sensors-14-07940"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pope</surname><given-names>James M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-14-07940"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Momot</surname><given-names>Konstantin I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-sensors-14-07940"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-14-07940"><label>1</label> Discipline of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia</aff><aff id="af2-sensors-14-07940"><label>2</label> SonoSite France Sarl, 19, avenue de Norvege, Parc d'activite les Fjords, Immeuble le Vega, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette, France; E-Mail:<email>jp.ravasio@free.fr</email></aff><aff id="af3-sensors-14-07940"><label>3</label> National Instruments France, 2 rue Hennape, 92735 Nanterre Cédex, France; E-Mail:<email>samuelguesne@hotmail.fr</email></aff><aff id="af4-sensors-14-07940"><label>4</label> Discipline of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mails:<email>Christopher.Bell@csiro.au</email> (C.B.);<email>k.oloyede@qut.edu.au</email> (A.O.);<email>j.pope@qut.edu.au</email> (J.M.P.);<email>k.momot@qut.edu.au</email> (K.I.M.)</aff><aff id="af5-sensors-14-07940"><label>5</label> Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology/2 George St., Brisbane 4001, Australia; E-Mail:<email>gregtev@gmail.com</email></aff><author-notes><fn id="fn1-sensors-14-07940" fn-type="con"><p><bold>Author Contributions</bold> The consolidometer was designed by James M. Pope and Adekunle Oloyede, and constructed by Greg Tevelen. Jean-Philippe Ravasio developed the software to regulate the consolidometer and data recording. Konstantin I. Momot developed the imaging and sample compression protocol. Christopher Bell compiled the documentation for the consolidometer. Robert Mark Wellard, Konstantin I. Momot, Jean-Philippe Ravasio and Samuel Guesne were responsible for data acquisition. Konstantin I. Momot performed the processing and analysis of the data. R Mark Wellard and Konstantin I. Momot wrote the manuscript with additional input from James M. Pope and Adekunle Oloyede.</p></fn><corresp id="c1-sensors-14-07940"><label>*</label> Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>m.wellard@qut.edu.au</email>; Tel.: +61-73138-4205; Fax: +61-73138-9079.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>7940</fpage><lpage>7958</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the opportunity to study biological tissues and processes in a non-disruptive manner. The technique shows promise for the study of the load-bearing performance (consolidation) of articular cartilage and changes in articular cartilage accompanying osteoarthritis. Consolidation of articular cartilage involves the recording of two transient characteristics: the change over time of strain and the hydrostatic excess pore pressure (HEPP). MRI study of cartilage consolidation under mechanical load is limited by difficulties in measuring the HEPP in the presence of the strong magnetic fields associated with the MRI technique. Here we describe the use of MRI to image and characterize bovine articular cartilage deforming under load in an MRI compatible consolidometer while monitoring pressure with a Fabry-Perot interferometer-based fiber-optic pressure transducer.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>fiber interferometers</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>compression</kwd><kwd>collagen structure</kwd><kwd>consolidometery</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Scanning electron micrograph showing the high degree of collagen fiber alignment in articular cartilage, 30,000× magnification (reprinted with permission from [<xref rid="b2-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>An MSME imaging sequence (simplified; for further detail see [<xref rid="b28-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]). Read, phase and slice refer to the transient gradients that are superimposed on the main magnetic field to achieve spatial resolution. The relaxation time <italic>T</italic><sub>2</sub> is determined from the signal intensity at the echo-times following each refocusing pulse (π).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>The schematic (<bold>A</bold>) shows the orientation of the consolidometer with respect to the superconducting MR magnet; The centre schematic (<bold>B</bold>) shows the arrangement of the sample chamber components; The image on the right (<bold>C</bold>) shows the Lexan<sup>®</sup> extension and its components (from the top): the plunger; ceramic spacer; sample chamber and fiber-optic cable in the base of the sample holder. When assembled, these are screwed to the base of the aluminium consolidometer body.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>A block diagram of the components utilized in the module developed for the Labview program to interface with the signal transducers and screen output (blue and green boxes, respectively).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Unconstrained consolidation curves of the four articular cartilage samples showing HEPP curves (black) and the corresponding compressive displacement <italic>vs.</italic> time. The fluctuations of the applied pressure are an artifact of the compressed air supply shown in <xref rid="f6-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="fig">Figure 6</xref>. The samples were bone-cartilage plugs similar to that seen in <xref rid="f7-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="fig">Figure 7</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>A representative plot showing the fluctuations in the supplied air pressure <italic>vs.</italic> time consistent with the fluctuations of the applied pressure shown in <xref rid="f5-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref> being an artifact of the compressed air supply.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Representative <italic>T</italic><sub>2</sub>-weighted images of bone-cartilage plugs: (<bold>A</bold>) uncompressed Sample 4 and (<bold>B</bold>) Sample 4 compressed under the applied pressure of 110 kPa. Both images were taken at the echo time of 7.375 ms. Labeled with the numerals are: (1) articular cartilage; (2) subchondral bone; (3) compression disc made of permeable ceramic; (4) compression rod; (5) Fabry-Perot pressure sensor; (6) sample housing; and (7) phosphate-buffered saline filling the compression chamber. The compressed image (<bold>B</bold>) was obtained in the quasistatic limit of the consolidation curve (∼2 h after the start of consolidation). The compressive displacement, C, was 64%.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p><italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub> maps of Sample 4. Metal and plastic components of the consolidometer, which produce no MRI signal, have been masked out. The red brackets show the cartilage before (<bold>A</bold>) and after (<bold>B</bold>) compression, with the remaining signal arising from the supporting bone. A linear greylevel scale is used, with white corresponding to <italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.09 ms<sup>−1</sup> and black, to <italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-14-07940" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Depth profiles of the transverse spin relaxation rate (<italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub>) in uncompressed (black plot) and compressed (red plot) articular cartilage in each of the four samples (panels correspond to the panels in <xref rid="f5-sensors-14-07940" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref>). Depth fraction is the normalised depth (relative to the cartilage surface) The “compressed” data were obtained at the load of 500 kPa for all except sample four in which a series of pressures (110, 200 and 400 kPa) were applied sequentially. In each plot, the solid line shows the average value of <italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub>, and the error bars show the standard deviations. The plot demonstrates that static load carriage in articular cartilage involves primarily regions consistent with the superficial and transitional zones, where the greatest compression-induced change in the <italic>R</italic><sub>2</sub> is observed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-14-07940f9"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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