Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide
Identifieur interne : 002755 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002754; suivant : 002756Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide
Auteurs : Anya Burton [France] ; Gertraud Maskarinec [États-Unis] ; Beatriz Perez-Gomez [Espagne] ; Celine Vachon [États-Unis] ; Hui Miao [Singapour] ; Martín Lajous [Mexique] ; Ruy L Pez-Ridaura [Mexique] ; Megan Rice [États-Unis] ; Ana Pereira [Chili] ; Maria Luisa Garmendia [Chili] ; Rulla M. Tamimi [États-Unis] ; Kimberly Bertrand [États-Unis] ; Ava Kwong [République populaire de Chine] ; Giske Ursin [Norvège, États-Unis] ; Eunjung Lee [États-Unis] ; Samera A. Qureshi [Norvège] ; Huiyan Ma [États-Unis] ; Sarah Vinnicombe [Royaume-Uni] ; Sue Moss [Royaume-Uni] ; Steve Allen [Royaume-Uni] ; Rose Ndumia [Kenya] ; Sudhir Vinayak [Kenya] ; Soo-Hwang Teo [Malaisie] ; Shivaani Mariapun [Malaisie] ; Farhana Fadzli [Malaisie] ; Beata Peplonska [Pologne] ; Agnieszka Bukowska [Pologne] ; Chisato Nagata [Japon] ; Jennifer Stone [Australie] ; John Hopper [Australie] ; Graham Giles [Australie] ; Vahit Ozmen [Turquie] ; Mustafa Erkin Aribal [Turquie] ; Joachim Schüz [France] ; Carla H. Van Gils [Pays-Bas] ; Johanna O. P. Wanders [Pays-Bas] ; Reza Sirous [Iran] ; Mehri Sirous [Iran] ; John Hipwell [Royaume-Uni] ; Jisun Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Jong Won Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Caroline Dickens [Afrique du Sud] ; Mikael Hartman [États-Unis, Singapour] ; Kee-Seng Chia [Singapour] ; Christopher Scott [États-Unis] ; Anna M. Chiarelli [Canada] ; Linda Linton [Canada] ; Marina Pollan [Espagne] ; Anath Arzee Flugelman [Israël] ; Dorria Salem [Égypte] ; Rasha Kamal [Égypte] ; Norman Boyd [Canada] ; Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva [Royaume-Uni] ; Valerie Mccormack [France]Source :
- PLoS Medicine [ 1549-1277 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. Its age-related characteristics have been studied in women in western countries, but whether these associations apply to women worldwide is not known.
We examined cross-sectional differences in MD by age and menopausal status in over 11,000 breast-cancer-free women aged 35–85 years, from 40 ethnicity- and location-specific population groups across 22 countries in the International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD). MD was read centrally using a quantitative method (Cumulus) and its square-root metrics were analysed using meta-analysis of group-level estimates and linear regression models of pooled data, adjusted for body mass index, reproductive factors, mammogram view, image type, and reader. In all, 4,534 women were premenopausal, and 6,481 postmenopausal, at the time of mammography. A large age-adjusted difference in percent MD (PD) between post- and premenopausal women was apparent (–0.46 cm [95% CI: −0.53, −0.39]) and appeared greater in women with lower breast cancer risk profiles; variation across population groups due to heterogeneity (
Declines in MD with increasing age are present premenopausally, continue postmenopausally, and are most pronounced over the menopausal transition. These effects were highly consistent across diverse groups of women worldwide, suggesting that they result from an intrinsic biological, likely hormonal, mechanism common to women. If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002335
PubMed: 28666001
PubMed Central: 5493289
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<author><name sortKey="Burton, Anya" sort="Burton, Anya" uniqKey="Burton A" first="Anya" last="Burton">Anya Burton</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Maskarinec, Gertraud" sort="Maskarinec, Gertraud" uniqKey="Maskarinec G" first="Gertraud" last="Maskarinec">Gertraud Maskarinec</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Perez Gomez, Beatriz" sort="Perez Gomez, Beatriz" uniqKey="Perez Gomez B" first="Beatriz" last="Perez-Gomez">Beatriz Perez-Gomez</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
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<author><name sortKey="Vachon, Celine" sort="Vachon, Celine" uniqKey="Vachon C" first="Celine" last="Vachon">Celine Vachon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
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<author><name sortKey="Miao, Hui" sort="Miao, Hui" uniqKey="Miao H" first="Hui" last="Miao">Hui Miao</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Lajous, Martin" sort="Lajous, Martin" uniqKey="Lajous M" first="Martín" last="Lajous">Martín Lajous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
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<author><name sortKey="L Pez Ridaura, Ruy" sort="L Pez Ridaura, Ruy" uniqKey="L Pez Ridaura R" first="Ruy" last="L Pez-Ridaura">Ruy L Pez-Ridaura</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rice, Megan" sort="Rice, Megan" uniqKey="Rice M" first="Megan" last="Rice">Megan Rice</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Pereira, Ana" sort="Pereira, Ana" uniqKey="Pereira A" first="Ana" last="Pereira">Ana Pereira</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Garmendia, Maria Luisa" sort="Garmendia, Maria Luisa" uniqKey="Garmendia M" first="Maria Luisa" last="Garmendia">Maria Luisa Garmendia</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Tamimi, Rulla M" sort="Tamimi, Rulla M" uniqKey="Tamimi R" first="Rulla M." last="Tamimi">Rulla M. Tamimi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Bertrand, Kimberly" sort="Bertrand, Kimberly" uniqKey="Bertrand K" first="Kimberly" last="Bertrand">Kimberly Bertrand</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kwong, Ava" sort="Kwong, Ava" uniqKey="Kwong A" first="Ava" last="Kwong">Ava Kwong</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Breast Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
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<author><name sortKey="Ursin, Giske" sort="Ursin, Giske" uniqKey="Ursin G" first="Giske" last="Ursin">Giske Ursin</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Lee, Eunjung" sort="Lee, Eunjung" uniqKey="Lee E" first="Eunjung" last="Lee">Eunjung Lee</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Qureshi, Samera A" sort="Qureshi, Samera A" uniqKey="Qureshi S" first="Samera A." last="Qureshi">Samera A. Qureshi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ma, Huiyan" sort="Ma, Huiyan" uniqKey="Ma H" first="Huiyan" last="Ma">Huiyan Ma</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Vinnicombe, Sarah" sort="Vinnicombe, Sarah" uniqKey="Vinnicombe S" first="Sarah" last="Vinnicombe">Sarah Vinnicombe</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Moss, Sue" sort="Moss, Sue" uniqKey="Moss S" first="Sue" last="Moss">Sue Moss</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Steve" sort="Allen, Steve" uniqKey="Allen S" first="Steve" last="Allen">Steve Allen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndumia, Rose" sort="Ndumia, Rose" uniqKey="Ndumia R" first="Rose" last="Ndumia">Rose Ndumia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Vinayak, Sudhir" sort="Vinayak, Sudhir" uniqKey="Vinayak S" first="Sudhir" last="Vinayak">Sudhir Vinayak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teo, Soo Hwang" sort="Teo, Soo Hwang" uniqKey="Teo S" first="Soo-Hwang" last="Teo">Soo-Hwang Teo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Group, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Research Group, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariapun, Shivaani" sort="Mariapun, Shivaani" uniqKey="Mariapun S" first="Shivaani" last="Mariapun">Shivaani Mariapun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fadzli, Farhana" sort="Fadzli, Farhana" uniqKey="Fadzli F" first="Farhana" last="Fadzli">Farhana Fadzli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff026"><addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff027"><addr-line>Biomedical Imaging Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Imaging Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peplonska, Beata" sort="Peplonska, Beata" uniqKey="Peplonska B" first="Beata" last="Peplonska">Beata Peplonska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bukowska, Agnieszka" sort="Bukowska, Agnieszka" uniqKey="Bukowska A" first="Agnieszka" last="Bukowska">Agnieszka Bukowska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Chisato" sort="Nagata, Chisato" uniqKey="Nagata C" first="Chisato" last="Nagata">Chisato Nagata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff029"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, Jennifer" sort="Stone, Jennifer" uniqKey="Stone J" first="Jennifer" last="Stone">Jennifer Stone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff030"><addr-line>Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hopper, John" sort="Hopper, John" uniqKey="Hopper J" first="John" last="Hopper">John Hopper</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Giles, Graham" sort="Giles, Graham" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham" last="Giles">Graham Giles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff032"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozmen, Vahit" sort="Ozmen, Vahit" uniqKey="Ozmen V" first="Vahit" last="Ozmen">Vahit Ozmen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff033"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aribal, Mustafa Erkin" sort="Aribal, Mustafa Erkin" uniqKey="Aribal M" first="Mustafa Erkin" last="Aribal">Mustafa Erkin Aribal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff034"><addr-line>Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schuz, Joachim" sort="Schuz, Joachim" uniqKey="Schuz J" first="Joachim" last="Schüz">Joachim Schüz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Gils, Carla H" sort="Van Gils, Carla H" uniqKey="Van Gils C" first="Carla H." last="Van Gils">Carla H. Van Gils</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff035"><addr-line>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wanders, Johanna O P" sort="Wanders, Johanna O P" uniqKey="Wanders J" first="Johanna O. P." last="Wanders">Johanna O. P. Wanders</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff035"><addr-line>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sirous, Reza" sort="Sirous, Reza" uniqKey="Sirous R" first="Reza" last="Sirous">Reza Sirous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff036"><addr-line>Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sirous, Mehri" sort="Sirous, Mehri" uniqKey="Sirous M" first="Mehri" last="Sirous">Mehri Sirous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff037"><addr-line>Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hipwell, John" sort="Hipwell, John" uniqKey="Hipwell J" first="John" last="Hipwell">John Hipwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff038"><addr-line>Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Jisun" sort="Kim, Jisun" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jisun" last="Kim">Jisun Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff039"><addr-line>Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Asan Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jong Won" sort="Lee, Jong Won" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jong Won" last="Lee">Jong Won Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff039"><addr-line>Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Asan Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dickens, Caroline" sort="Dickens, Caroline" uniqKey="Dickens C" first="Caroline" last="Dickens">Caroline Dickens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff040"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartman, Mikael" sort="Hartman, Mikael" uniqKey="Hartman M" first="Mikael" last="Hartman">Mikael Hartman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff041"><addr-line>Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chia, Kee Seng" sort="Chia, Kee Seng" uniqKey="Chia K" first="Kee-Seng" last="Chia">Kee-Seng Chia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff042"><addr-line>Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Christopher" sort="Scott, Christopher" uniqKey="Scott C" first="Christopher" last="Scott">Christopher Scott</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiarelli, Anna M" sort="Chiarelli, Anna M" uniqKey="Chiarelli A" first="Anna M." last="Chiarelli">Anna M. Chiarelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff043"><addr-line>Ontario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ontario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linton, Linda" sort="Linton, Linda" uniqKey="Linton L" first="Linda" last="Linton">Linda Linton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff044"><addr-line>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pollan, Marina" sort="Pollan, Marina" uniqKey="Pollan M" first="Marina" last="Pollan">Marina Pollan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIBERESP, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flugelman, Anath Arzee" sort="Flugelman, Anath Arzee" uniqKey="Flugelman A" first="Anath Arzee" last="Flugelman">Anath Arzee Flugelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff045"><addr-line>National Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salem, Dorria" sort="Salem, Dorria" uniqKey="Salem D" first="Dorria" last="Salem">Dorria Salem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff046"><addr-line>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamal, Rasha" sort="Kamal, Rasha" uniqKey="Kamal R" first="Rasha" last="Kamal">Rasha Kamal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff046"><addr-line>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyd, Norman" sort="Boyd, Norman" uniqKey="Boyd N" first="Norman" last="Boyd">Norman Boyd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff044"><addr-line>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" sort="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" uniqKey="Dos Santos Silva I" first="Isabel" last="Dos-Santos-Silva">Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff047"><addr-line>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccormack, Valerie" sort="Mccormack, Valerie" uniqKey="Mccormack V" first="Valerie" last="Mccormack">Valerie Mccormack</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide</title>
<author><name sortKey="Burton, Anya" sort="Burton, Anya" uniqKey="Burton A" first="Anya" last="Burton">Anya Burton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maskarinec, Gertraud" sort="Maskarinec, Gertraud" uniqKey="Maskarinec G" first="Gertraud" last="Maskarinec">Gertraud Maskarinec</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez Gomez, Beatriz" sort="Perez Gomez, Beatriz" uniqKey="Perez Gomez B" first="Beatriz" last="Perez-Gomez">Beatriz Perez-Gomez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIBERESP, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vachon, Celine" sort="Vachon, Celine" uniqKey="Vachon C" first="Celine" last="Vachon">Celine Vachon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miao, Hui" sort="Miao, Hui" uniqKey="Miao H" first="Hui" last="Miao">Hui Miao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lajous, Martin" sort="Lajous, Martin" uniqKey="Lajous M" first="Martín" last="Lajous">Martín Lajous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez Ridaura, Ruy" sort="L Pez Ridaura, Ruy" uniqKey="L Pez Ridaura R" first="Ruy" last="L Pez-Ridaura">Ruy L Pez-Ridaura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rice, Megan" sort="Rice, Megan" uniqKey="Rice M" first="Megan" last="Rice">Megan Rice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pereira, Ana" sort="Pereira, Ana" uniqKey="Pereira A" first="Ana" last="Pereira">Ana Pereira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garmendia, Maria Luisa" sort="Garmendia, Maria Luisa" uniqKey="Garmendia M" first="Maria Luisa" last="Garmendia">Maria Luisa Garmendia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamimi, Rulla M" sort="Tamimi, Rulla M" uniqKey="Tamimi R" first="Rulla M." last="Tamimi">Rulla M. Tamimi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bertrand, Kimberly" sort="Bertrand, Kimberly" uniqKey="Bertrand K" first="Kimberly" last="Bertrand">Kimberly Bertrand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwong, Ava" sort="Kwong, Ava" uniqKey="Kwong A" first="Ava" last="Kwong">Ava Kwong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Division of Breast Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Breast Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ursin, Giske" sort="Ursin, Giske" uniqKey="Ursin G" first="Giske" last="Ursin">Giske Ursin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Eunjung" sort="Lee, Eunjung" uniqKey="Lee E" first="Eunjung" last="Lee">Eunjung Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qureshi, Samera A" sort="Qureshi, Samera A" uniqKey="Qureshi S" first="Samera A." last="Qureshi">Samera A. Qureshi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Norwegian Centre for Migrant and Minority Health (NAKMI), Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Norwegian Centre for Migrant and Minority Health (NAKMI), Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ma, Huiyan" sort="Ma, Huiyan" uniqKey="Ma H" first="Huiyan" last="Ma">Huiyan Ma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinnicombe, Sarah" sort="Vinnicombe, Sarah" uniqKey="Vinnicombe S" first="Sarah" last="Vinnicombe">Sarah Vinnicombe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moss, Sue" sort="Moss, Sue" uniqKey="Moss S" first="Sue" last="Moss">Sue Moss</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Steve" sort="Allen, Steve" uniqKey="Allen S" first="Steve" last="Allen">Steve Allen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndumia, Rose" sort="Ndumia, Rose" uniqKey="Ndumia R" first="Rose" last="Ndumia">Rose Ndumia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinayak, Sudhir" sort="Vinayak, Sudhir" uniqKey="Vinayak S" first="Sudhir" last="Vinayak">Sudhir Vinayak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teo, Soo Hwang" sort="Teo, Soo Hwang" uniqKey="Teo S" first="Soo-Hwang" last="Teo">Soo-Hwang Teo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Group, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Research Group, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mariapun, Shivaani" sort="Mariapun, Shivaani" uniqKey="Mariapun S" first="Shivaani" last="Mariapun">Shivaani Mariapun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fadzli, Farhana" sort="Fadzli, Farhana" uniqKey="Fadzli F" first="Farhana" last="Fadzli">Farhana Fadzli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff026"><addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Breast Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff027"><addr-line>Biomedical Imaging Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Imaging Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peplonska, Beata" sort="Peplonska, Beata" uniqKey="Peplonska B" first="Beata" last="Peplonska">Beata Peplonska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bukowska, Agnieszka" sort="Bukowska, Agnieszka" uniqKey="Bukowska A" first="Agnieszka" last="Bukowska">Agnieszka Bukowska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Chisato" sort="Nagata, Chisato" uniqKey="Nagata C" first="Chisato" last="Nagata">Chisato Nagata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff029"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, Jennifer" sort="Stone, Jennifer" uniqKey="Stone J" first="Jennifer" last="Stone">Jennifer Stone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff030"><addr-line>Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hopper, John" sort="Hopper, John" uniqKey="Hopper J" first="John" last="Hopper">John Hopper</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giles, Graham" sort="Giles, Graham" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham" last="Giles">Graham Giles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff032"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozmen, Vahit" sort="Ozmen, Vahit" uniqKey="Ozmen V" first="Vahit" last="Ozmen">Vahit Ozmen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff033"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aribal, Mustafa Erkin" sort="Aribal, Mustafa Erkin" uniqKey="Aribal M" first="Mustafa Erkin" last="Aribal">Mustafa Erkin Aribal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff034"><addr-line>Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schuz, Joachim" sort="Schuz, Joachim" uniqKey="Schuz J" first="Joachim" last="Schüz">Joachim Schüz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Gils, Carla H" sort="Van Gils, Carla H" uniqKey="Van Gils C" first="Carla H." last="Van Gils">Carla H. Van Gils</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff035"><addr-line>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wanders, Johanna O P" sort="Wanders, Johanna O P" uniqKey="Wanders J" first="Johanna O. P." last="Wanders">Johanna O. P. Wanders</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff035"><addr-line>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sirous, Reza" sort="Sirous, Reza" uniqKey="Sirous R" first="Reza" last="Sirous">Reza Sirous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff036"><addr-line>Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sirous, Mehri" sort="Sirous, Mehri" uniqKey="Sirous M" first="Mehri" last="Sirous">Mehri Sirous</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff037"><addr-line>Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hipwell, John" sort="Hipwell, John" uniqKey="Hipwell J" first="John" last="Hipwell">John Hipwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff038"><addr-line>Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Jisun" sort="Kim, Jisun" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jisun" last="Kim">Jisun Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff039"><addr-line>Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Asan Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jong Won" sort="Lee, Jong Won" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jong Won" last="Lee">Jong Won Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff039"><addr-line>Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Asan Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dickens, Caroline" sort="Dickens, Caroline" uniqKey="Dickens C" first="Caroline" last="Dickens">Caroline Dickens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff040"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartman, Mikael" sort="Hartman, Mikael" uniqKey="Hartman M" first="Mikael" last="Hartman">Mikael Hartman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff041"><addr-line>Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chia, Kee Seng" sort="Chia, Kee Seng" uniqKey="Chia K" first="Kee-Seng" last="Chia">Kee-Seng Chia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff042"><addr-line>Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Christopher" sort="Scott, Christopher" uniqKey="Scott C" first="Christopher" last="Scott">Christopher Scott</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiarelli, Anna M" sort="Chiarelli, Anna M" uniqKey="Chiarelli A" first="Anna M." last="Chiarelli">Anna M. Chiarelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff043"><addr-line>Ontario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ontario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linton, Linda" sort="Linton, Linda" uniqKey="Linton L" first="Linda" last="Linton">Linda Linton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff044"><addr-line>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pollan, Marina" sort="Pollan, Marina" uniqKey="Pollan M" first="Marina" last="Pollan">Marina Pollan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CIBERESP, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flugelman, Anath Arzee" sort="Flugelman, Anath Arzee" uniqKey="Flugelman A" first="Anath Arzee" last="Flugelman">Anath Arzee Flugelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff045"><addr-line>National Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salem, Dorria" sort="Salem, Dorria" uniqKey="Salem D" first="Dorria" last="Salem">Dorria Salem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff046"><addr-line>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamal, Rasha" sort="Kamal, Rasha" uniqKey="Kamal R" first="Rasha" last="Kamal">Rasha Kamal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff046"><addr-line>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyd, Norman" sort="Boyd, Norman" uniqKey="Boyd N" first="Norman" last="Boyd">Norman Boyd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff044"><addr-line>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" sort="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" uniqKey="Dos Santos Silva I" first="Isabel" last="Dos-Santos-Silva">Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff047"><addr-line>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccormack, Valerie" sort="Mccormack, Valerie" uniqKey="Mccormack V" first="Valerie" last="Mccormack">Valerie Mccormack</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Medicine</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1549-1277</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1549-1676</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title>
<p>Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. Its age-related characteristics have been studied in women in western countries, but whether these associations apply to women worldwide is not known.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods and findings</title>
<p>We examined cross-sectional differences in MD by age and menopausal status in over 11,000 breast-cancer-free women aged 35–85 years, from 40 ethnicity- and location-specific population groups across 22 countries in the International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD). MD was read centrally using a quantitative method (Cumulus) and its square-root metrics were analysed using meta-analysis of group-level estimates and linear regression models of pooled data, adjusted for body mass index, reproductive factors, mammogram view, image type, and reader. In all, 4,534 women were premenopausal, and 6,481 postmenopausal, at the time of mammography. A large age-adjusted difference in percent MD (PD) between post- and premenopausal women was apparent (–0.46 cm [95% CI: −0.53, −0.39]) and appeared greater in women with lower breast cancer risk profiles; variation across population groups due to heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
) was 16.5%. Among premenopausal women, the √PD difference per 10-year increase in age was −0.24 cm (95% CI: −0.34, −0.14; <italic>I</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 30%), reflecting a compositional change (lower dense area and higher non-dense area, with no difference in breast area). In postmenopausal women, the corresponding difference in √PD (−0.38 cm [95% CI: −0.44, −0.33]; I<sup>2</sup>
= 30%) was additionally driven by increasing breast area. The study is limited by different mammography systems and its cross-sectional rather than longitudinal nature.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Declines in MD with increasing age are present premenopausally, continue postmenopausally, and are most pronounced over the menopausal transition. These effects were highly consistent across diverse groups of women worldwide, suggesting that they result from an intrinsic biological, likely hormonal, mechanism common to women. If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosmed</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Medicine</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">1549-1277</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1549-1676</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28666001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5493289</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1002335</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PMEDICINE-D-17-00064</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Oncology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Cancers and Neoplasms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Breast Tumors</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Breast Cancer</subject>
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</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Endocrinology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Endocrine Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Menopause</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Endocrine Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Menopause</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Endocrine Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Menopause</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammography</subject>
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</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Imaging Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammography</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammography</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Population Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Metrics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Density</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Oncology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Cancer Risk Factors</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Aging and Cancer</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and places</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population groupings</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ethnicities</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ethnic Malays</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Mammographic density and ageing: A collaborative pooled analysis of cross-sectional data from 22 countries worldwide</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">International study of mammographic density and ageing</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4416-0538</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Burton</surname>
<given-names>Anya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maskarinec</surname>
<given-names>Gertraud</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perez-Gomez</surname>
<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vachon</surname>
<given-names>Celine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miao</surname>
<given-names>Hui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lajous</surname>
<given-names>Martín</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Ridaura</surname>
<given-names>Ruy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rice</surname>
<given-names>Megan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname>
<given-names>Ana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garmendia</surname>
<given-names>Maria Luisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tamimi</surname>
<given-names>Rulla M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bertrand</surname>
<given-names>Kimberly</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kwong</surname>
<given-names>Ava</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ursin</surname>
<given-names>Giske</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Eunjung</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qureshi</surname>
<given-names>Samera A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Huiyan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019"><sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-1266</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vinnicombe</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020"><sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moss</surname>
<given-names>Sue</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff021"><sup>21</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>Steve</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ndumia</surname>
<given-names>Rose</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vinayak</surname>
<given-names>Sudhir</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teo</surname>
<given-names>Soo-Hwang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mariapun</surname>
<given-names>Shivaani</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fadzli</surname>
<given-names>Farhana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff026"><sup>26</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff027"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3915-2872</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Peplonska</surname>
<given-names>Beata</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bukowska</surname>
<given-names>Agnieszka</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nagata</surname>
<given-names>Chisato</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff029"><sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stone</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff030"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-173X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Hopper</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff031"><sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4946-9099</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Giles</surname>
<given-names>Graham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff031"><sup>31</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff032"><sup>32</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ozmen</surname>
<given-names>Vahit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff033"><sup>33</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aribal</surname>
<given-names>Mustafa Erkin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff034"><sup>34</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schüz</surname>
<given-names>Joachim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-7567</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Van Gils</surname>
<given-names>Carla H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff035"><sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wanders</surname>
<given-names>Johanna O. P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff035"><sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sirous</surname>
<given-names>Reza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff036"><sup>36</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sirous</surname>
<given-names>Mehri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff037"><sup>37</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-5302</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Hipwell</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff038"><sup>38</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Jisun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff039"><sup>39</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Jong Won</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff039"><sup>39</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dickens</surname>
<given-names>Caroline</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff040"><sup>40</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hartman</surname>
<given-names>Mikael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff041"><sup>41</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chia</surname>
<given-names>Kee-Seng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff042"><sup>42</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1340-0647</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiarelli</surname>
<given-names>Anna M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff043"><sup>43</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Linton</surname>
<given-names>Linda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff044"><sup>44</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pollan</surname>
<given-names>Marina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flugelman</surname>
<given-names>Anath Arzee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff045"><sup>45</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salem</surname>
<given-names>Dorria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff046"><sup>46</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamal</surname>
<given-names>Rasha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff046"><sup>46</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boyd</surname>
<given-names>Norman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff044"><sup>44</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos-Santos-Silva</surname>
<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff047"><sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCormack</surname>
<given-names>Valerie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff010"><label>10</label>
<addr-line>Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff011"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff012"><label>12</label>
<addr-line>Division of Breast Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff013"><label>13</label>
<addr-line>Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff014"><label>14</label>
<addr-line>Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff015"><label>15</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff016"><label>16</label>
<addr-line>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff017"><label>17</label>
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff018"><label>18</label>
<addr-line>Norwegian Centre for Migrant and Minority Health (NAKMI), Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff019"><label>19</label>
<addr-line>Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff020"><label>20</label>
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff021"><label>21</label>
<addr-line>Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff022"><label>22</label>
<addr-line>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff023"><label>23</label>
<addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff024"><label>24</label>
<addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Group, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff025"><label>25</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff026"><label>26</label>
<addr-line>Breast Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff027"><label>27</label>
<addr-line>Biomedical Imaging Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff028"><label>28</label>
<addr-line>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff029"><label>29</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff030"><label>30</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff031"><label>31</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff032"><label>32</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff033"><label>33</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff034"><label>34</label>
<addr-line>Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff035"><label>35</label>
<addr-line>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff036"><label>36</label>
<addr-line>Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff037"><label>37</label>
<addr-line>Radiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff038"><label>38</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff039"><label>39</label>
<addr-line>Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff040"><label>40</label>
<addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff041"><label>41</label>
<addr-line>Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff042"><label>42</label>
<addr-line>Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff043"><label>43</label>
<addr-line>Ontario Breast Screening Program, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff044"><label>44</label>
<addr-line>Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff045"><label>45</label>
<addr-line>National Cancer Control Center, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff046"><label>46</label>
<addr-line>Woman Imaging Unit, Radiodiagnosis Department, Kasr El Aini, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff047"><label>47</label>
<addr-line>Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>Garnet</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, UNITED STATES</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p>I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have identified the following competing interests: ML: Non-restricted investigator-initiated grant from AstraZeneca and minor support from Swiss Re.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold>
ABur, VM, NB, IS.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold>
GM, BPG, CV, HMi, ML, RLR, MR, AP, MLG, RMT, KB, AK, GU, EL, SAQ, HMa, SVinn, SMo, SA, RN, SVina, SHT, SMa, FF, BP, ABuk, CN, JSt, JHo, GG, VO, MEA, JSc, CVG, JOPW, RS, MS, JHi, JK, JWL, CD, MH, KSC, CS, AMC, LL, MP, AAF, DS, RK, NB, IS, VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold>
ABur, VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Funding acquisition:</bold>
VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Investigation:</bold>
GM, BPG, CV, HMi, ML, RLR, MR, AP, MLG, RMT, KB, AK, GU, EL, SAQ, HMa, SVinn, SMo, SA, RN, SVina, SHT, SMa, FF, BP, ABuk, CN, JSt, JHo, GG, VO, MEA, JSch, CVG, JOPW, RS, MS, JHi, JK, JWL, CD, MH, KSC, CS, AMC, LL, MP, AAF, DS, RK, NB, IS, VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold>
ABur, VM, NB, IS.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold>
VM, ABur, JSch.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Resources:</bold>
ABur, GM, BPG, CV, HMi, ML, RLR, MR, AP, MLG, RMT, KB, AK, GU, SAQ, HMa, EL, SVina, SMo, SVinn, RN, SHT, SMa, FF, BP, ABuk, CN, GG, JSto, JHo, VO, MEA, JSch, CVG, JOPW, RS, MS, JHi, JWL, JK, CD, MH, KSC, CS, AMC, LL, MP, AAF, DS, RK, NB, IS, VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Software:</bold>
JHi.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Supervision:</bold>
VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Validation:</bold>
VM, ABur.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold>
VM, ABur.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold>
ABur, GM, BPG, CV, HMi, NB, IS, VM.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold>
GM, BPG, CV, HMi, ML, NB, IS, RLR, MR, AP, MLG, RMT, KB, AK, GU, EL, SAQ, HMa, SVinn, SMo, SA, RN, SVina, SHT, SMa, FF, BP, ABuk, CN, JSt, JHo, GG, VO, MEA, JSc, CVG, JOPW, RS, MS, JHi, JK, JWL, CD, MH, KSC, CS, AMC, LL, MP, AAF, DS, RK.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff001"><label>¤</label>
<p>Current address: Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>mccormackv@iarc.fr</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<elocation-id>e1002335</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Burton et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Burton et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pmed.1002335.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title>
<p>Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. Its age-related characteristics have been studied in women in western countries, but whether these associations apply to women worldwide is not known.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods and findings</title>
<p>We examined cross-sectional differences in MD by age and menopausal status in over 11,000 breast-cancer-free women aged 35–85 years, from 40 ethnicity- and location-specific population groups across 22 countries in the International Consortium on Mammographic Density (ICMD). MD was read centrally using a quantitative method (Cumulus) and its square-root metrics were analysed using meta-analysis of group-level estimates and linear regression models of pooled data, adjusted for body mass index, reproductive factors, mammogram view, image type, and reader. In all, 4,534 women were premenopausal, and 6,481 postmenopausal, at the time of mammography. A large age-adjusted difference in percent MD (PD) between post- and premenopausal women was apparent (–0.46 cm [95% CI: −0.53, −0.39]) and appeared greater in women with lower breast cancer risk profiles; variation across population groups due to heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
) was 16.5%. Among premenopausal women, the √PD difference per 10-year increase in age was −0.24 cm (95% CI: −0.34, −0.14; <italic>I</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 30%), reflecting a compositional change (lower dense area and higher non-dense area, with no difference in breast area). In postmenopausal women, the corresponding difference in √PD (−0.38 cm [95% CI: −0.44, −0.33]; I<sup>2</sup>
= 30%) was additionally driven by increasing breast area. The study is limited by different mammography systems and its cross-sectional rather than longitudinal nature.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Declines in MD with increasing age are present premenopausally, continue postmenopausally, and are most pronounced over the menopausal transition. These effects were highly consistent across diverse groups of women worldwide, suggesting that they result from an intrinsic biological, likely hormonal, mechanism common to women. If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="toc"><p>Valerie McCormack and colleagues reveal reduced breast density with increased age in women from different ethnic groups; however increased breast density in young women is a cancer risk.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author summary</title>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Why was this study done?</title>
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Breast density, a measure of the amount of dense to fatty tissue in the breast, is a strong marker of breast cancer risk.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>Breast density determinants have been studied in high-income countries, but not in women worldwide.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec005"><title>What did the researchers do and find?</title>
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>We studied how breast density differed by age and menopausal status in diverse groups of women from 22 countries worldwide.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>For over 11,000 women, mammograms were read centrally and risk factor data harmonised.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>We found that, regardless of the country and ethnic group of women, breast density was much lower in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women of the same age.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>Additionally, as a relative proportion of breast area, breast density was lower in older women both among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Among premenopausal women, breast density changed with age without an increase in breast area, but among postmenopausal women, the latter also increased.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="sec006"><title>What do these findings mean?</title>
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>That this change in breast density with age is seen internationally suggests that the change is due to a universal biological mechanism inherent to all women.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p>If cumulative breast density is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, younger ages may be the more critical periods for lifestyle modifications aimed at breast density and breast cancer risk reduction.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</sec>
</abstract>
<funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000054</institution-id>
<institution>National Cancer Institute</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>R03CA167771</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>McCormack</surname>
<given-names>Valerie</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution>Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer (FR)</institution>
</funding-source>
<principal-award-recipient><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4416-0538</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Burton</surname>
<given-names>Anya</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This work was supported by grant R03CA167771 from the US National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Original studies were supported, according to country, by: Australia-Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation (to JSt), MCCS by VicHealth, Cancer Council Victoria and Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711, cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database; Canada-the National Cancer Institute of Canada (to NB); Chile-Fondecyt 11100238 (to MLG), 1120326, 1130277, 3130532, World Cancer Research Fund 2010/245, Ellison Medical Foundation Grant (to AP); Iran-Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Israel-The Israel Cancer Association; Rep. of Korea: Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Grant No. 2010-0811; Malaysia-Sime Darby LPGA Tournament, the Ministry of Education University Malaya High Impact Research Grant UM.C/HIR/MOHE/06 and University Malaya Research Grant No RP046B-15HTM; Mexico-Ministry of Education of Mexico and ISSSTE’s Medical Directorate staff and regional office in Jalisco for technical and administrative support, National Council of Science and Technology (Mexico) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (10A035); Netherlands EPIC-NL-Europe against Cancer Programme of the European Commission (SANCO), Dutch Ministry of Health, Dutch Cancer Society, ZonMW the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, and the World Cancer Research Fund; Poland-Polish-Norwegian Research Programme (PNRF–243–AI–1/07); Singapore-Clinician Scientist Award from National Medical Research Council and National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre grant programme from National Medical Research Council; South Africa-Pink Drive; Spain-Spain’s Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigacion Santiaria) PI060386 and PS09/0790, and Spanish Federation of Breast Cancer Patients (FECMA) EPY1169-10; Turkey-Roche Mustahzarlari San. A.S., Istanbul, Turkey; UK-EPSRC and EP/K020439/1 (JHi), Breast Cancer Campaign (2007MayPR23), Cancer Research UK (G186/11; C405/A14565), Da Costa Foundation; US-National Cancer Institute R01CA85265, R37 CA54281, R01 CA97396, P50 CA116201, R01 CA177150, R01 CA140286, Cancer Center Support Grant CA15083; CA131332, CA124865, UM1 CA186107, UM1 CA176726 and the Susan G. Komen Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count>
<table-count count="3"></table-count>
<page-count count="20"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>ICMD data cannot be deposited publicly as these data originate from 27 research institutions across 22 countries with different legal and ethical frameworks. The authors confirm that researchers seeking the analysis dataset for this work are able to apply to the Section of Environment and Radiation, IARC, by email: <email>env@iarc.fr</email>
for access to it.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>ICMD data cannot be deposited publicly as these data originate from 27 research institutions across 22 countries with different legal and ethical frameworks. The authors confirm that researchers seeking the analysis dataset for this work are able to apply to the Section of Environment and Radiation, IARC, by email: <email>env@iarc.fr</email>
for access to it.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
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