Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder
Identifieur interne : 001C18 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001C17; suivant : 001C19Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder
Auteurs : Michael Bauer [Allemagne] ; Tasha Glenn [États-Unis] ; Martin Alda ; Ole A. Andreassen [Norvège] ; Raffaella Ardau [Italie] ; Frank Bellivier [France] ; Michael Berk [Australie] ; Thomas D. Bjella [Norvège] ; Letizia Bossini [Italie] ; Maria Del Zompo [Italie] ; Seetal Dodd [Australie] ; Andrea Fagiolini [Italie] ; Mark A. Frye [États-Unis] ; Ana Gonzalez-Pinto [Espagne] ; Chantal Henry [France] ; Flávio Kapczinski [Brésil] ; Sebastian Kliwicki [Pologne] ; Barbara König [Autriche] ; Mauricio Kunz [Brésil] ; Beny Lafer [Brésil] ; Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo [Colombie] ; Mirko Manchia ; Wendy Marsh [États-Unis] ; M Nica Martinez-Cengotitabengoa [Espagne] ; Ingrid Melle [Norvège] ; Gunnar Morken [Norvège] ; Rodrigo Munoz [États-Unis] ; Fabiano G. Nery [Brésil] ; Claire O Onovan ; Andrea Pfennig [Allemagne] ; Danilo Quiroz [Chili] ; Natalie Rasgon [États-Unis] ; Andreas Reif [Allemagne] ; Janusz Rybakowski [Pologne] ; Kemal Sagduyu [États-Unis] ; Christian Simhandl [Autriche] ; Carla Torrent [Espagne] ; Eduard Vieta [Espagne] ; Mark Zetin [États-Unis] ; Peter C. Whybrow [États-Unis]Source :
- Bipolar disorders [ 1398-5647 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset.
Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset.
The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= −4.724, 95% CI: −8.124 to −1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each country’s median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile.
The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01025.x
PubMed: 22612720
PubMed Central: 3525652
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Martin Alda<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpital H. Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berk, Michael" sort="Berk, Michael" uniqKey="Berk M" first="Michael" last="Berk">Michael Berk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Deakin University, Geelong, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Deakin University, Geelong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjella, Thomas D" sort="Bjella, Thomas D" uniqKey="Bjella T" first="Thomas D" last="Bjella">Thomas D. Bjella</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bossini, Letizia" sort="Bossini, Letizia" uniqKey="Bossini L" first="Letizia" last="Bossini">Letizia Bossini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zompo, Maria Del" sort="Zompo, Maria Del" uniqKey="Zompo M" first="Maria Del" last="Zompo">Maria Del Zompo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodd, Seetal" sort="Dodd, Seetal" uniqKey="Dodd S" first="Seetal" last="Dodd">Seetal Dodd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Deakin University, Geelong, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Deakin University, Geelong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagiolini, Andrea" sort="Fagiolini, Andrea" uniqKey="Fagiolini A" first="Andrea" last="Fagiolini">Andrea Fagiolini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frye, Mark A" sort="Frye, Mark A" uniqKey="Frye M" first="Mark A" last="Frye">Mark A. Frye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Pinto, Ana" sort="Gonzalez Pinto, Ana" uniqKey="Gonzalez Pinto A" first="Ana" last="Gonzalez-Pinto">Ana Gonzalez-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henry, Chantal" sort="Henry, Chantal" uniqKey="Henry C" first="Chantal" last="Henry">Chantal Henry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Créteil, F-94010, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Créteil, F-94010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapczinski, Flavio" sort="Kapczinski, Flavio" uniqKey="Kapczinski F" first="Flávio" last="Kapczinski">Flávio Kapczinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kliwicki, Sebastian" sort="Kliwicki, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kliwicki S" first="Sebastian" last="Kliwicki">Sebastian Kliwicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konig, Barbara" sort="Konig, Barbara" uniqKey="Konig B" first="Barbara" last="König">Barbara König</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunz, Mauricio" sort="Kunz, Mauricio" uniqKey="Kunz M" first="Mauricio" last="Kunz">Mauricio Kunz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lafer, Beny" sort="Lafer, Beny" uniqKey="Lafer B" first="Beny" last="Lafer">Beny Lafer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Jaramillo, Carlos" sort="Lopez Jaramillo, Carlos" uniqKey="Lopez Jaramillo C" first="Carlos" last="Lopez-Jaramillo">Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manchia, Mirko" sort="Manchia, Mirko" uniqKey="Manchia M" first="Mirko" last="Manchia">Mirko Manchia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marsh, Wendy" sort="Marsh, Wendy" uniqKey="Marsh W" first="Wendy" last="Marsh">Wendy Marsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Cengotitabengoa, M Nica" sort="Martinez Cengotitabengoa, M Nica" uniqKey="Martinez Cengotitabengoa M" first="M Nica" last="Martinez-Cengotitabengoa">M Nica Martinez-Cengotitabengoa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melle, Ingrid" sort="Melle, Ingrid" uniqKey="Melle I" first="Ingrid" last="Melle">Ingrid Melle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morken, Gunnar" sort="Morken, Gunnar" uniqKey="Morken G" first="Gunnar" last="Morken">Gunnar Morken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munoz, Rodrigo" sort="Munoz, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Munoz R" first="Rodrigo" last="Munoz">Rodrigo Munoz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nery, Fabiano G" sort="Nery, Fabiano G" uniqKey="Nery F" first="Fabiano G" last="Nery">Fabiano G. Nery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onovan, Claire" sort="O Onovan, Claire" uniqKey="O Onovan C" first="Claire" last="O Onovan">Claire O Onovan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfennig, Andrea" sort="Pfennig, Andrea" uniqKey="Pfennig A" first="Andrea" last="Pfennig">Andrea Pfennig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quiroz, Danilo" sort="Quiroz, Danilo" uniqKey="Quiroz D" first="Danilo" last="Quiroz">Danilo Quiroz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasgon, Natalie" sort="Rasgon, Natalie" uniqKey="Rasgon N" first="Natalie" last="Rasgon">Natalie Rasgon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rybakowski, Janusz" sort="Rybakowski, Janusz" uniqKey="Rybakowski J" first="Janusz" last="Rybakowski">Janusz Rybakowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sagduyu, Kemal" sort="Sagduyu, Kemal" uniqKey="Sagduyu K" first="Kemal" last="Sagduyu">Kemal Sagduyu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simhandl, Christian" sort="Simhandl, Christian" uniqKey="Simhandl C" first="Christian" last="Simhandl">Christian Simhandl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrent, Carla" sort="Torrent, Carla" uniqKey="Torrent C" first="Carla" last="Torrent">Carla Torrent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieta, Eduard" sort="Vieta, Eduard" uniqKey="Vieta E" first="Eduard" last="Vieta">Eduard Vieta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zetin, Mark" sort="Zetin, Mark" uniqKey="Zetin M" first="Mark" last="Zetin">Mark Zetin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whybrow, Peter C" sort="Whybrow, Peter C" uniqKey="Whybrow P" first="Peter C" last="Whybrow">Peter C. Whybrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22612720</idno><idno type="pmc">3525652</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525652</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3525652</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01025.x</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001D62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001D62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001C18</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001C18</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder</title><author><name sortKey="Bauer, Michael" sort="Bauer, Michael" uniqKey="Bauer M" first="Michael" last="Bauer">Michael Bauer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glenn, Tasha" sort="Glenn, Tasha" uniqKey="Glenn T" first="Tasha" last="Glenn">Tasha Glenn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alda, Martin" sort="Alda, Martin" uniqKey="Alda M" first="Martin" last="Alda">Martin Alda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreassen, Ole A" sort="Andreassen, Ole A" uniqKey="Andreassen O" first="Ole A" last="Andreassen">Ole A. Andreassen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardau, Raffaella" sort="Ardau, Raffaella" uniqKey="Ardau R" first="Raffaella" last="Ardau">Raffaella Ardau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellivier, Frank" sort="Bellivier, Frank" uniqKey="Bellivier F" first="Frank" last="Bellivier">Frank Bellivier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpital H. Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpital H. Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berk, Michael" sort="Berk, Michael" uniqKey="Berk M" first="Michael" last="Berk">Michael Berk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Deakin University, Geelong, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Deakin University, Geelong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjella, Thomas D" sort="Bjella, Thomas D" uniqKey="Bjella T" first="Thomas D" last="Bjella">Thomas D. Bjella</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bossini, Letizia" sort="Bossini, Letizia" uniqKey="Bossini L" first="Letizia" last="Bossini">Letizia Bossini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zompo, Maria Del" sort="Zompo, Maria Del" uniqKey="Zompo M" first="Maria Del" last="Zompo">Maria Del Zompo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodd, Seetal" sort="Dodd, Seetal" uniqKey="Dodd S" first="Seetal" last="Dodd">Seetal Dodd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Deakin University, Geelong, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Deakin University, Geelong</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagiolini, Andrea" sort="Fagiolini, Andrea" uniqKey="Fagiolini A" first="Andrea" last="Fagiolini">Andrea Fagiolini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frye, Mark A" sort="Frye, Mark A" uniqKey="Frye M" first="Mark A" last="Frye">Mark A. Frye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Pinto, Ana" sort="Gonzalez Pinto, Ana" uniqKey="Gonzalez Pinto A" first="Ana" last="Gonzalez-Pinto">Ana Gonzalez-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henry, Chantal" sort="Henry, Chantal" uniqKey="Henry C" first="Chantal" last="Henry">Chantal Henry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Créteil, F-94010, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Créteil, F-94010</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapczinski, Flavio" sort="Kapczinski, Flavio" uniqKey="Kapczinski F" first="Flávio" last="Kapczinski">Flávio Kapczinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kliwicki, Sebastian" sort="Kliwicki, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kliwicki S" first="Sebastian" last="Kliwicki">Sebastian Kliwicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konig, Barbara" sort="Konig, Barbara" uniqKey="Konig B" first="Barbara" last="König">Barbara König</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunz, Mauricio" sort="Kunz, Mauricio" uniqKey="Kunz M" first="Mauricio" last="Kunz">Mauricio Kunz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lafer, Beny" sort="Lafer, Beny" uniqKey="Lafer B" first="Beny" last="Lafer">Beny Lafer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Jaramillo, Carlos" sort="Lopez Jaramillo, Carlos" uniqKey="Lopez Jaramillo C" first="Carlos" last="Lopez-Jaramillo">Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manchia, Mirko" sort="Manchia, Mirko" uniqKey="Manchia M" first="Mirko" last="Manchia">Mirko Manchia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marsh, Wendy" sort="Marsh, Wendy" uniqKey="Marsh W" first="Wendy" last="Marsh">Wendy Marsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Cengotitabengoa, M Nica" sort="Martinez Cengotitabengoa, M Nica" uniqKey="Martinez Cengotitabengoa M" first="M Nica" last="Martinez-Cengotitabengoa">M Nica Martinez-Cengotitabengoa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melle, Ingrid" sort="Melle, Ingrid" uniqKey="Melle I" first="Ingrid" last="Melle">Ingrid Melle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morken, Gunnar" sort="Morken, Gunnar" uniqKey="Morken G" first="Gunnar" last="Morken">Gunnar Morken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munoz, Rodrigo" sort="Munoz, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Munoz R" first="Rodrigo" last="Munoz">Rodrigo Munoz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nery, Fabiano G" sort="Nery, Fabiano G" uniqKey="Nery F" first="Fabiano G" last="Nery">Fabiano G. Nery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onovan, Claire" sort="O Onovan, Claire" uniqKey="O Onovan C" first="Claire" last="O Onovan">Claire O Onovan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NS Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfennig, Andrea" sort="Pfennig, Andrea" uniqKey="Pfennig A" first="Andrea" last="Pfennig">Andrea Pfennig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quiroz, Danilo" sort="Quiroz, Danilo" uniqKey="Quiroz D" first="Danilo" last="Quiroz">Danilo Quiroz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasgon, Natalie" sort="Rasgon, Natalie" uniqKey="Rasgon N" first="Natalie" last="Rasgon">Natalie Rasgon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rybakowski, Janusz" sort="Rybakowski, Janusz" uniqKey="Rybakowski J" first="Janusz" last="Rybakowski">Janusz Rybakowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sagduyu, Kemal" sort="Sagduyu, Kemal" uniqKey="Sagduyu K" first="Kemal" last="Sagduyu">Kemal Sagduyu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simhandl, Christian" sort="Simhandl, Christian" uniqKey="Simhandl C" first="Christian" last="Simhandl">Christian Simhandl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torrent, Carla" sort="Torrent, Carla" uniqKey="Torrent C" first="Carla" last="Torrent">Carla Torrent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieta, Eduard" sort="Vieta, Eduard" uniqKey="Vieta E" first="Eduard" last="Vieta">Eduard Vieta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A25">Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zetin, Mark" sort="Zetin, Mark" uniqKey="Zetin M" first="Mark" last="Zetin">Mark Zetin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whybrow, Peter C" sort="Whybrow, Peter C" uniqKey="Whybrow P" first="Peter C" last="Whybrow">Peter C. Whybrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Bipolar disorders</title><idno type="ISSN">1398-5647</idno><idno type="eISSN">1399-5618</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Objective</title><p id="P1">Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Method</title><p id="P2">Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P3">The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= −4.724, 95% CI: −8.124 to −1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each country’s median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P4">The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">100883596</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">22211</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Bipolar Disord</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Bipolar Disord</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Bipolar disorders</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1398-5647</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1399-5618</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22612720</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3525652</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01025.x</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">CAMS2451</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bauer</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glenn</surname><given-names>Tasha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alda</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andreassen</surname><given-names>Ole A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ardau</surname><given-names>Raffaella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bellivier</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berk</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bjella</surname><given-names>Thomas D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bossini</surname><given-names>Letizia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zompo</surname><given-names>Maria Del</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dodd</surname><given-names>Seetal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fagiolini</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frye</surname><given-names>Mark A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonzalez-Pinto</surname><given-names>Ana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henry</surname><given-names>Chantal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kapczinski</surname><given-names>Flávio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kliwicki</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>König</surname><given-names>Barbara</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kunz</surname><given-names>Mauricio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lafer</surname><given-names>Beny</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez-Jaramillo</surname><given-names>Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manchia</surname><given-names>Mirko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marsh</surname><given-names>Wendy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez-Cengotitabengoa</surname><given-names>Mónica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melle</surname><given-names>Ingrid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morken</surname><given-names>Gunnar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Munoz</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nery</surname><given-names>Fabiano G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O’Donovan</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pfennig</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quiroz</surname><given-names>Danilo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rasgon</surname><given-names>Natalie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reif</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rybakowski</surname><given-names>Janusz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sagduyu</surname><given-names>Kemal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simhandl</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torrent</surname><given-names>Carla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vieta</surname><given-names>Eduard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zetin</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whybrow</surname><given-names>Peter C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A27">27</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari, Italy</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpital H. Mondor, APHP, INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine and FondaMental Fondation, Créteil, France</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Deakin University, Geelong, Australia</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Department of Neurosciences ‘B.B. Brodie’, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Department of Psychiatry, & Psychology, Integrated Mood Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Department of Psychiatry, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, University of the Basque Country. CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S 955, Créteil, F-94010, France</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Mood Disorders Program, Fundacion San Vicente de Paul, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, and St Olavs’ University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Mood Disorder Clinic EFESO, Santiago, Chile</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Corresponding author: Michael Bauer, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Fax: +49-30-450-51 79 62, <email>michael.bauer@uniklinikim-dresden.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>654</fpage><lpage>663</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 John Wiley and Sons A/S</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Objective</title><p id="P1">Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Method</title><p id="P2">Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P3">The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= −4.724, 95% CI: −8.124 to −1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each country’s median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P4">The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>age of onset</kwd><kwd>bipolar disorder</kwd><kwd>solar insolation</kwd><kwd>sunlight</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="Canada">Canadian Institutes of Health Research : </funding-source><award-id>64410 || </award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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