African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus
Identifieur interne : 001998 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001997; suivant : 001999African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus
Auteurs : Linda Duval [France] ; Mathieu Fourment [Cambodge, Australie] ; Eric Nerrienet [Cambodge, Cameroun] ; Dominique Rousset [Cameroun] ; Serge A. Sadeuh [Cameroun] ; Steven M. Goodman [Madagascar] ; Nicole V. Andriaholinirina [Madagascar] ; Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia [Madagascar] ; Richard E. Paul [France] ; Vincent Robert [France] ; Francisco J. Ayala [États-Unis] ; Frédéric Ariey [France]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
We investigated two mitochondrial genes (
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005435107
PubMed: 20498054
PubMed Central: 2890828
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">African apes as reservoirs of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> and the origin and diversification of the <italic>Laverania</italic> subgenus</title><author><name sortKey="Duval, Linda" sort="Duval, Linda" uniqKey="Duval L" first="Linda" last="Duval">Linda Duval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</institution>, 75005 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Laboratoire de Pathogénie Virale,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Paris</institution>, 75015 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>Macquarie University</institution>, Sydney 2109,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerrienet, Eric" sort="Nerrienet, Eric" uniqKey="Nerrienet E" first="Eric" last="Nerrienet">Eric Nerrienet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratoire HIV et Hépatites,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rousset, Dominique" sort="Rousset, Dominique" uniqKey="Rousset D" first="Dominique" last="Rousset">Dominique Rousset</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeuh, Serge A" sort="Sadeuh, Serge A" uniqKey="Sadeuh S" first="Serge A." last="Sadeuh">Serge A. Sadeuh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Steven M" sort="Goodman, Steven M" uniqKey="Goodman S" first="Steven M." last="Goodman">Steven M. Goodman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Field Museum of Natural History</institution>, Chicago, IL 60605, and Association Vahatra, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andriaholinirina, Nicole V" sort="Andriaholinirina, Nicole V" uniqKey="Andriaholinirina N" first="Nicole V." last="Andriaholinirina">Nicole V. Andriaholinirina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Département de Biologie Animale et Ecologie,<institution>Faculté des Sciences</institution>, Mahajanga,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona" sort="Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona" uniqKey="Randrianarivelojosia M" first="Milijaona" last="Randrianarivelojosia">Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Unité Paludisme,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Madagascar</institution>, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Richard E" sort="Paul, Richard E" uniqKey="Paul R" first="Richard E." last="Paul">Richard E. Paul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Laboratoire de Pathogénie Virale,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Paris</institution>, 75015 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, Vincent" sort="Robert, Vincent" uniqKey="Robert V" first="Vincent" last="Robert">Vincent Robert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</institution>, 75005 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Unité de Recherche Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, Unité de Recherche 16,<institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement</institution>, 34000 Montpellier,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayala, Francisco J" sort="Ayala, Francisco J" uniqKey="Ayala F" first="Francisco J." last="Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Irvine</institution>, Irvine, CA 92697</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>, Irvine</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ariey, Frederic" sort="Ariey, Frederic" uniqKey="Ariey F" first="Frédéric" last="Ariey">Frédéric Ariey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country> and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea> and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20498054</idno><idno type="pmc">2890828</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890828</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2890828</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1005435107</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B40</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B40</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001998</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001998</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">African apes as reservoirs of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> and the origin and diversification of the <italic>Laverania</italic> subgenus</title><author><name sortKey="Duval, Linda" sort="Duval, Linda" uniqKey="Duval L" first="Linda" last="Duval">Linda Duval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</institution>, 75005 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Laboratoire de Pathogénie Virale,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Paris</institution>, 75015 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>Macquarie University</institution>, Sydney 2109,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerrienet, Eric" sort="Nerrienet, Eric" uniqKey="Nerrienet E" first="Eric" last="Nerrienet">Eric Nerrienet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratoire HIV et Hépatites,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rousset, Dominique" sort="Rousset, Dominique" uniqKey="Rousset D" first="Dominique" last="Rousset">Dominique Rousset</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeuh, Serge A" sort="Sadeuh, Serge A" uniqKey="Sadeuh S" first="Serge A." last="Sadeuh">Serge A. Sadeuh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Steven M" sort="Goodman, Steven M" uniqKey="Goodman S" first="Steven M." last="Goodman">Steven M. Goodman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Field Museum of Natural History</institution>, Chicago, IL 60605, and Association Vahatra, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andriaholinirina, Nicole V" sort="Andriaholinirina, Nicole V" uniqKey="Andriaholinirina N" first="Nicole V." last="Andriaholinirina">Nicole V. Andriaholinirina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Département de Biologie Animale et Ecologie,<institution>Faculté des Sciences</institution>, Mahajanga,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona" sort="Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona" uniqKey="Randrianarivelojosia M" first="Milijaona" last="Randrianarivelojosia">Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Unité Paludisme,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Madagascar</institution>, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Richard E" sort="Paul, Richard E" uniqKey="Paul R" first="Richard E." last="Paul">Richard E. Paul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Laboratoire de Pathogénie Virale,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Paris</institution>, 75015 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, Vincent" sort="Robert, Vincent" uniqKey="Robert V" first="Vincent" last="Robert">Vincent Robert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</institution>, 75005 Paris,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Unité de Recherche Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, Unité de Recherche 16,<institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement</institution>, 34000 Montpellier,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayala, Francisco J" sort="Ayala, Francisco J" uniqKey="Ayala F" first="Francisco J." last="Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Irvine</institution>, Irvine, CA 92697</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>, Irvine</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ariey, Frederic" sort="Ariey, Frederic" uniqKey="Ariey F" first="Frédéric" last="Ariey">Frédéric Ariey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country> and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea> and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We investigated two mitochondrial genes (<italic>cytb</italic> and <italic>cox1</italic>), one plastid gene (<italic>tufA</italic>), and one nuclear gene (<italic>ldh</italic>) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from Cameroon and one lemur from Madagascar. One gorilla sample is related to <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. The second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined <italic>Plasmodium gaboni</italic> than to the <italic>P. falciparum–Plasmodium reichenowi</italic> clade, but distinct from both. Two chimpanzee samples are <italic>P. falciparum</italic>. A third sample is <italic>P. reichenowi</italic> and two others are <italic>P. gaboni</italic>. The other chimpanzee samples are different from those in the ape clade: two are <italic>Plasmodium ovale</italic>, and one is <italic>Plasmodium malariae</italic>. That is, we have found three human <italic>Plasmodium</italic> parasites in chimpanzees. Four chimpanzee samples were mixed: one species was <italic>P. reichenowi</italic>; the other species was <italic>P. gaboni</italic> in three samples and <italic>P. ovale</italic> in the fourth sample. The lemur sample, provisionally named <italic>Plasmodium malagasi</italic>, is a sister lineage to the large cluster of primate parasites that does not include <italic>P. falciparum</italic> or ape parasites, suggesting that the <italic>falciparum</italic> + ape parasite cluster (<italic>Laverania</italic> clade) may have evolved from a parasite present in hosts not ancestral to the primates. If malignant malaria were eradicated from human populations, chimpanzees, in addition to gorillas, might serve as a reservoir for <italic>P. falciparum</italic>.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20498054</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2890828</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201005435</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1005435107</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>African apes as reservoirs of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> and the origin and diversification of the <italic>Laverania</italic> subgenus</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duval</surname><given-names>Linda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fourment</surname><given-names>Mathieu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nerrienet</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rousset</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sadeuh</surname><given-names>Serge A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goodman</surname><given-names>Steven M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andriaholinirina</surname><given-names>Nicole V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Randrianarivelojosia</surname><given-names>Milijaona</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>Richard E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Robert</surname><given-names>Vincent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ayala</surname><given-names>Francisco J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ariey</surname><given-names>Frédéric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504,<institution>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</institution>, 75005 Paris,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Laboratoire de Pathogénie Virale,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Paris</institution>, 75015 Paris,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Unité de Virologie,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>Macquarie University</institution>, Sydney 2109,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>Laboratoire HIV et Hépatites,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Unité de Virologie,<institution>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun</institution>, Yaoundé, Cameroun;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup><institution>Field Museum of Natural History</institution>, Chicago, IL 60605, and Association Vahatra, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Département de Biologie Animale et Ecologie,<institution>Faculté des Sciences</institution>, Mahajanga,<country>Madagascar</country>;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Unité Paludisme,<institution>Institut Pasteur de Madagascar</institution>, Antananarivo,<country>Madagascar</country>;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>Unité de Recherche Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, Unité de Recherche 16,<institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement</institution>, 34000 Montpellier,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Irvine</institution>, Irvine, CA 92697; and</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire,<institution>Institut Pasteur du Cambodge</institution>, Phnom Penh,<country>Cambodia</country> and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence may be addressed: <email>lduval@pasteur.fr</email> or <email>fjayala@uci.edu</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, April 21, 2010 (sent for review February 26, 2010)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: L.D., E.N., V.R., and F.A. designed research; L.D., D.R., S.A.S., N.V.A., and M.R. performed research; L.D., M.F., F.J.A., and F.A. analyzed data; and L.D., E.N., S.M.G., R.E.P., V.R., F.J.A., and F.A. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>107</volume><issue>23</issue><fpage>10561</fpage><lpage>10566</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201005435.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>We investigated two mitochondrial genes (<italic>cytb</italic> and <italic>cox1</italic>), one plastid gene (<italic>tufA</italic>), and one nuclear gene (<italic>ldh</italic>) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from Cameroon and one lemur from Madagascar. One gorilla sample is related to <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. The second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined <italic>Plasmodium gaboni</italic> than to the <italic>P. falciparum–Plasmodium reichenowi</italic> clade, but distinct from both. Two chimpanzee samples are <italic>P. falciparum</italic>. A third sample is <italic>P. reichenowi</italic> and two others are <italic>P. gaboni</italic>. The other chimpanzee samples are different from those in the ape clade: two are <italic>Plasmodium ovale</italic>, and one is <italic>Plasmodium malariae</italic>. That is, we have found three human <italic>Plasmodium</italic> parasites in chimpanzees. Four chimpanzee samples were mixed: one species was <italic>P. reichenowi</italic>; the other species was <italic>P. gaboni</italic> in three samples and <italic>P. ovale</italic> in the fourth sample. The lemur sample, provisionally named <italic>Plasmodium malagasi</italic>, is a sister lineage to the large cluster of primate parasites that does not include <italic>P. falciparum</italic> or ape parasites, suggesting that the <italic>falciparum</italic> + ape parasite cluster (<italic>Laverania</italic> clade) may have evolved from a parasite present in hosts not ancestral to the primates. If malignant malaria were eradicated from human populations, chimpanzees, in addition to gorillas, might serve as a reservoir for <italic>P. falciparum</italic>.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>ape malaria</kwd><kwd>human malaria</kwd><kwd><italic>Plasmodium malagasi</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Plasmodium</italic> phylogeny</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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