Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients
Identifieur interne : 000D79 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000D78; suivant : 000D80Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients
Auteurs : Federico Coccolini [Italie] ; Giulia Montori [Italie] ; Fausto Catena [Italie] ; Yoram Kluger [Israël] ; Walter Biffl [États-Unis] ; Ernest E. Moore [États-Unis] ; Viktor Reva [Russie] ; Camilla Bing [Italie] ; Miklosh Bala [Israël] ; Paola Fugazzola [Italie] ; Hany Bahouth [Israël] ; Ingo Marzi [Allemagne] ; George Velmahos [États-Unis] ; Rao Ivatury [États-Unis] ; Kjetil Soreide [Norvège] ; Tal Horer [Suède] ; Richard Ten Broek [Pays-Bas] ; Bruno M. Pereira [Brésil] ; Gustavo P. Fraga [Brésil] ; Kenji Inaba [États-Unis] ; Joseph Kashuk [Israël] ; Neil Parry ; Peter T. Masiakos [États-Unis] ; Konstantinos S. Mylonas [États-Unis] ; Andrew Kirkpatrick ; Fikri Abu-Zidan [Émirats arabes unis] ; Carlos Augusto Gomes [Brésil] ; Simone Vasilij Benatti [Italie] ; Noel Naidoo [Afrique du Sud] ; Francesco Salvetti [Italie] ; Stefano Maccatrozzo [Italie] ; Vanni Agnoletti [Italie] ; Emiliano Gamberini [Italie] ; Leonardo Solaini [Italie] ; Antonio Costanzo [Italie] ; Andrea Celotti [Italie] ; Matteo Tomasoni [Italie] ; Vladimir Khokha [Biélorussie] ; Catherine Arvieux [France] ; Lena Napolitano [États-Unis] ; Lauri Handolin [Finlande] ; Michele Pisano [Italie] ; Stefano Magnone [Italie] ; David A. Spain [États-Unis] ; Marc De Moya [États-Unis] ; Kimberly A. Davis [États-Unis] ; Nicola De Angelis [France] ; Ari Leppaniemi [Finlande] ; Paula Ferrada [États-Unis] ; Rifat Latifi [États-Unis] ; David Costa Navarro [Espagne] ; Yashuiro Otomo [Japon] ; Raul Coimbra [États-Unis] ; Ronald V. Maier [États-Unis] ; Frederick Moore [États-Unis] ; Sandro Rizoli ; Boris Sakakushev [Bulgarie] ; Joseph M. Galante [États-Unis] ; Osvaldo Chiara [Italie] ; Stefania Cimbanassi [Italie] ; Alain Chichom Mefire [Cameroun] ; Dieter Weber [Australie] ; Marco Ceresoli [Italie] ; Andrew B. Peitzman ; Liban Wehlie [Somalie] ; Massimo Sartelli [Italie] ; Salomone Di Saverio [Italie] ; Luca Ansaloni [Italie]Source :
- World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES [ 1749-7922 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology especially considering the modern tools for bleeding management. Thus, the management of splenic trauma should be ultimately multidisciplinary and based on the physiology of the patient, the anatomy of the injury, and the associated lesions. Lastly, as the management of adults and children must be different, children should always be treated in dedicated pediatric trauma centers. In fact, the vast majority of pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma can be managed non-operatively. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of splenic trauma and the management guidelines.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0151-4
PubMed: 28828034
PubMed Central: 5562999
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Neil Parry<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0626 7267</institution-id>
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Le document en format XML
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Orebro, Sweden</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Ten Broek, Richard" sort="Ten Broek, Richard" uniqKey="Ten Broek R" first="Richard" last="Ten Broek">Richard Ten Broek</name>
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Nijmegen, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Pereira, Bruno M" sort="Pereira, Bruno M" uniqKey="Pereira B" first="Bruno M." last="Pereira">Bruno M. Pereira</name>
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<institution>University of Campinas,</institution>
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Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Fraga, Gustavo P" sort="Fraga, Gustavo P" uniqKey="Fraga G" first="Gustavo P." last="Fraga">Gustavo P. Fraga</name>
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Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Inaba, Kenji" sort="Inaba, Kenji" uniqKey="Inaba K" first="Kenji" last="Inaba">Kenji Inaba</name>
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Los Angeles, CA USA</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Kashuk, Joseph" sort="Kashuk, Joseph" uniqKey="Kashuk J" first="Joseph" last="Kashuk">Joseph Kashuk</name>
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<institution>Department of Surgery, Assia Medical Group,</institution>
<institution>Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine,</institution>
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Tel Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Tel Aviv</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Parry, Neil" sort="Parry, Neil" uniqKey="Parry N" first="Neil" last="Parry">Neil Parry</name>
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<institution>Victoria Hospital,</institution>
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London, ON Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">ON Canada</wicri:noCountry>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Masiakos, Peter T" sort="Masiakos, Peter T" uniqKey="Masiakos P" first="Peter T." last="Masiakos">Peter T. Masiakos</name>
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Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Mylonas, Konstantinos S" sort="Mylonas, Konstantinos S" uniqKey="Mylonas K" first="Konstantinos S." last="Mylonas">Konstantinos S. Mylonas</name>
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Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
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<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Kirkpatrick, Andrew" sort="Kirkpatrick, Andrew" uniqKey="Kirkpatrick A" first="Andrew" last="Kirkpatrick">Andrew Kirkpatrick</name>
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<institution>General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Foothills Medical Centre,</institution>
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Calgary, AB Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">AB Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abu Zidan, Fikri" sort="Abu Zidan, Fikri" uniqKey="Abu Zidan F" first="Fikri" last="Abu-Zidan">Fikri Abu-Zidan</name>
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<institution>Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,</institution>
<institution>UAE University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Émirats arabes unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Al-Ain</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gomes, Carlos Augusto" sort="Gomes, Carlos Augusto" uniqKey="Gomes C" first="Carlos Augusto" last="Gomes">Carlos Augusto Gomes</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411198.4</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Juiz de Fora, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Juiz de Fora</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benatti, Simone Vasilij" sort="Benatti, Simone Vasilij" uniqKey="Benatti S" first="Simone Vasilij" last="Benatti">Simone Vasilij Benatti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>Infectivolgy Department,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Noel" sort="Naidoo, Noel" uniqKey="Naidoo N" first="Noel" last="Naidoo">Noel Naidoo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff24"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 4123</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16463.36</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of KwaZulu-Natal,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Durban</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salvetti, Francesco" sort="Salvetti, Francesco" uniqKey="Salvetti F" first="Francesco" last="Salvetti">Francesco Salvetti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maccatrozzo, Stefano" sort="Maccatrozzo, Stefano" uniqKey="Maccatrozzo S" first="Stefano" last="Maccatrozzo">Stefano Maccatrozzo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agnoletti, Vanni" sort="Agnoletti, Vanni" uniqKey="Agnoletti V" first="Vanni" last="Agnoletti">Vanni Agnoletti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 8744</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414682.d</institution-id>
<institution>Anesthesia Department,</institution>
<institution>Bufalini Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cesena, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cesena</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gamberini, Emiliano" sort="Gamberini, Emiliano" uniqKey="Gamberini E" first="Emiliano" last="Gamberini">Emiliano Gamberini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 8744</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414682.d</institution-id>
<institution>Anesthesia Department,</institution>
<institution>Bufalini Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cesena, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cesena</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Solaini, Leonardo" sort="Solaini, Leonardo" uniqKey="Solaini L" first="Leonardo" last="Solaini">Leonardo Solaini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costanzo, Antonio" sort="Costanzo, Antonio" uniqKey="Costanzo A" first="Antonio" last="Costanzo">Antonio Costanzo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Celotti, Andrea" sort="Celotti, Andrea" uniqKey="Celotti A" first="Andrea" last="Celotti">Andrea Celotti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tomasoni, Matteo" sort="Tomasoni, Matteo" uniqKey="Tomasoni M" first="Matteo" last="Tomasoni">Matteo Tomasoni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khokha, Vladimir" sort="Khokha, Vladimir" uniqKey="Khokha V" first="Vladimir" last="Khokha">Vladimir Khokha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff26">General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir, Belarus</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Biélorussie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arvieux, Catherine" sort="Arvieux, Catherine" uniqKey="Arvieux C" first="Catherine" last="Arvieux">Catherine Arvieux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff27"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.450307.5</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Clin. Univ. de Chirurgie Digestive et de l’Urgence, CHUGA-CHU Grenoble Alpes UGA-Université Grenoble Alpes,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Grenoble, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Grenoble</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Napolitano, Lena" sort="Napolitano, Lena" uniqKey="Napolitano L" first="Lena" last="Napolitano">Lena Napolitano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 2336</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412590.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Michigan Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Handolin, Lauri" sort="Handolin, Lauri" uniqKey="Handolin L" first="Lauri" last="Handolin">Lauri Handolin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 5666</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15485.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Unit,</institution>
<institution>Helsinki University Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pisano, Michele" sort="Pisano, Michele" uniqKey="Pisano M" first="Michele" last="Pisano">Michele Pisano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Magnone, Stefano" sort="Magnone, Stefano" uniqKey="Magnone S" first="Stefano" last="Magnone">Stefano Magnone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spain, David A" sort="Spain, David A" uniqKey="Spain D" first="David A." last="Spain">David A. Spain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368956</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.168010.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Stanford University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Stanford, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Stanford</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Moya, Marc" sort="De Moya, Marc" uniqKey="De Moya M" first="Marc" last="De Moya">Marc De Moya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davis, Kimberly A" sort="Davis, Kimberly A" uniqKey="Davis K" first="Kimberly A." last="Davis">Kimberly A. Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff31"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417307.6</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Yale-New Haven Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
New Haven, CT USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>New Haven</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Angelis, Nicola" sort="De Angelis, Nicola" uniqKey="De Angelis N" first="Nicola" last="De Angelis">Nicola De Angelis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff32">Hopital Heri Mondor, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hopital Heri Mondor, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leppaniemi, Ari" sort="Leppaniemi, Ari" uniqKey="Leppaniemi A" first="Ari" last="Leppaniemi">Ari Leppaniemi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff33">General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferrada, Paula" sort="Ferrada, Paula" uniqKey="Ferrada P" first="Paula" last="Ferrada">Paula Ferrada</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Latifi, Rifat" sort="Latifi, Rifat" uniqKey="Latifi R" first="Rifat" last="Latifi">Rifat Latifi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff34"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0476 8324</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417052.5</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Westchester Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Westchester, NY USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Westchester</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro, David Costa" sort="Navarro, David Costa" uniqKey="Navarro D" first="David Costa" last="Navarro">David Costa Navarro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff35">Colorectal Surgery Unit, Trauma Care Committee, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Colorectal Surgery Unit, Trauma Care Committee, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Otomo, Yashuiro" sort="Otomo, Yashuiro" uniqKey="Otomo Y" first="Yashuiro" last="Otomo">Yashuiro Otomo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1014 9130</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.265073.5</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center,</institution>
<institution>Tokyo Medical and Dental University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coimbra, Raul" sort="Coimbra, Raul" uniqKey="Coimbra R" first="Raul" last="Coimbra">Raul Coimbra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff37"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.420234.3</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>UC San Diego Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
San Diego, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>San Diego</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maier, Ronald V" sort="Maier, Ronald V" uniqKey="Maier R" first="Ronald V." last="Maier">Ronald V. Maier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122986657</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.34477.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of Washington,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Seattle, WA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, Frederick" sort="Moore, Frederick" uniqKey="Moore F" first="Frederick" last="Moore">Frederick Moore</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff39">Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Surgery, Gainesville</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rizoli, Sandro" sort="Rizoli, Sandro" uniqKey="Rizoli S" first="Sandro" last="Rizoli">Sandro Rizoli</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff40"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415502.7</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Care Service,</institution>
<institution>St Michael’s Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Toronto, ON Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">ON Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakakushev, Boris" sort="Sakakushev, Boris" uniqKey="Sakakushev B" first="Boris" last="Sakakushev">Boris Sakakushev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff41"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 0380</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.35371.33</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Medical University, University Hospital St George,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Plovdiv, Bulgaria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Plovdiv</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galante, Joseph M" sort="Galante, Joseph M" uniqKey="Galante J" first="Joseph M." last="Galante">Joseph M. Galante</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9752 8549</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413079.8</institution-id>
<institution>Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of California, Davis Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Davis, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Davis</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiara, Osvaldo" sort="Chiara, Osvaldo" uniqKey="Chiara O" first="Osvaldo" last="Chiara">Osvaldo Chiara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416200.1</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Team,</institution>
<institution>Ospedale Niguarda,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Milan, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Milan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cimbanassi, Stefania" sort="Cimbanassi, Stefania" uniqKey="Cimbanassi S" first="Stefania" last="Cimbanassi">Stefania Cimbanassi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416200.1</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Team,</institution>
<institution>Ospedale Niguarda,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Milan, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Milan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefire, Alain Chichom" sort="Mefire, Alain Chichom" uniqKey="Mefire A" first="Alain Chichom" last="Mefire">Alain Chichom Mefire</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff44"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2288 3199</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.29273.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery and Obstetric and Gynecology,</institution>
<institution>University of Buea,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Buea, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Buea</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, Dieter" sort="Weber, Dieter" uniqKey="Weber D" first="Dieter" last="Weber">Dieter Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff45"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0453 3875</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416195.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Royal Perth Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Perth, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Perth</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ceresoli, Marco" sort="Ceresoli, Marco" uniqKey="Ceresoli M" first="Marco" last="Ceresoli">Marco Ceresoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peitzman, Andrew B" sort="Peitzman, Andrew B" uniqKey="Peitzman A" first="Andrew B." last="Peitzman">Andrew B. Peitzman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff46"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9000</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21925.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>University of Pittsburgh,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Pittsburgh, Pensylvania USA</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Pensylvania USA</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wehlie, Liban" sort="Wehlie, Liban" uniqKey="Wehlie L" first="Liban" last="Wehlie">Liban Wehlie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff47">General Surgery Department, Ayaan Hospital, Mogadisho, Somalia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Somalie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Ayaan Hospital, Mogadisho</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sartelli, Massimo" sort="Sartelli, Massimo" uniqKey="Sartelli M" first="Massimo" last="Sartelli">Massimo Sartelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff48">General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Di Saverio, Salomone" sort="Di Saverio, Salomone" uniqKey="Di Saverio S" first="Salomone" last="Di Saverio">Salomone Di Saverio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 7093</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416290.8</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Maggiore Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bologna, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bologna</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansaloni, Luca" sort="Ansaloni, Luca" uniqKey="Ansaloni L" first="Luca" last="Ansaloni">Luca Ansaloni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">28828034</idno>
<idno type="pmc">5562999</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562999</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:5562999</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/s13017-017-0151-4</idno>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients</title>
<author><name sortKey="Coccolini, Federico" sort="Coccolini, Federico" uniqKey="Coccolini F" first="Federico" last="Coccolini">Federico Coccolini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Montori, Giulia" sort="Montori, Giulia" uniqKey="Montori G" first="Giulia" last="Montori">Giulia Montori</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Catena, Fausto" sort="Catena, Fausto" uniqKey="Catena F" first="Fausto" last="Catena">Fausto Catena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kluger, Yoram" sort="Kluger, Yoram" uniqKey="Kluger Y" first="Yoram" last="Kluger">Yoram Kluger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 8111</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413731.3</institution-id>
<institution>Division of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Rambam Health Care Campus,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Haifa, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Haifa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Biffl, Walter" sort="Biffl, Walter" uniqKey="Biffl W" first="Walter" last="Biffl">Walter Biffl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415594.8</institution-id>
<institution>Acute Care Surgery,</institution>
<institution>The Queen’s Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Honolulu, HI USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Honolulu</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, Ernest E" sort="Moore, Ernest E" uniqKey="Moore E" first="Ernest E." last="Moore">Ernest E. Moore</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0369 638X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.239638.5</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Denver Health Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Denver, CO USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Denver</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reva, Viktor" sort="Reva, Viktor" uniqKey="Reva V" first="Viktor" last="Reva">Viktor Reva</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">General and Emergency Surgery, Sergei Kirov Military Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General and Emergency Surgery, Sergei Kirov Military Academy, Saint Petersburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bing, Camilla" sort="Bing, Camilla" uniqKey="Bing C" first="Camilla" last="Bing">Camilla Bing</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">General and Emergency Surgery Department, Empoli Hospital, Empoli, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General and Emergency Surgery Department, Empoli Hospital, Empoli</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bala, Miklosh" sort="Bala, Miklosh" uniqKey="Bala M" first="Miklosh" last="Bala">Miklosh Bala</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2221 2926</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17788.31</institution-id>
<institution>General and Emergency Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Hadassah Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jerusalem, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fugazzola, Paola" sort="Fugazzola, Paola" uniqKey="Fugazzola P" first="Paola" last="Fugazzola">Paola Fugazzola</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bahouth, Hany" sort="Bahouth, Hany" uniqKey="Bahouth H" first="Hany" last="Bahouth">Hany Bahouth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 8111</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413731.3</institution-id>
<institution>Division of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Rambam Health Care Campus,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Haifa, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Haifa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marzi, Ingo" sort="Marzi, Ingo" uniqKey="Marzi I" first="Ingo" last="Marzi">Ingo Marzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9721</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7839.5</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Universitätsklinikum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Velmahos, George" sort="Velmahos, George" uniqKey="Velmahos G" first="George" last="Velmahos">George Velmahos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ivatury, Rao" sort="Ivatury, Rao" uniqKey="Ivatury R" first="Rao" last="Ivatury">Rao Ivatury</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0458 8737</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.224260.0</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Virginia Commonwealth University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Richmond, VA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Richmond</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soreide, Kjetil" sort="Soreide, Kjetil" uniqKey="Soreide K" first="Kjetil" last="Soreide">Kjetil Soreide</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0627 2891</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412835.9</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Stavanger University Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Stavanger, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stavanger</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horer, Tal" sort="Horer, Tal" uniqKey="Horer T" first="Tal" last="Horer">Tal Horer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0123 6208</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412367.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Orebro, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Orebro</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff50">Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University, Obreo, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University, Obreo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ten Broek, Richard" sort="Ten Broek, Richard" uniqKey="Ten Broek R" first="Richard" last="Ten Broek">Richard Ten Broek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nijmegen, Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nijmegen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pereira, Bruno M" sort="Pereira, Bruno M" uniqKey="Pereira B" first="Bruno M." last="Pereira">Bruno M. Pereira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 2494</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411087.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma/Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Campinas,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Campinas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fraga, Gustavo P" sort="Fraga, Gustavo P" uniqKey="Fraga G" first="Gustavo P." last="Fraga">Gustavo P. Fraga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 2494</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411087.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma/Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Campinas,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Campinas, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Campinas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Inaba, Kenji" sort="Inaba, Kenji" uniqKey="Inaba K" first="Kenji" last="Inaba">Kenji Inaba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0084 1895</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411409.9</institution-id>
<institution>Division of Trauma and Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>LAC+USC Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Los Angeles, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kashuk, Joseph" sort="Kashuk, Joseph" uniqKey="Kashuk J" first="Joseph" last="Kashuk">Joseph Kashuk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff17"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0546</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12136.37</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery, Assia Medical Group,</institution>
<institution>Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tel Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Tel Aviv</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parry, Neil" sort="Parry, Neil" uniqKey="Parry N" first="Neil" last="Parry">Neil Parry</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0626 7267</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416847.8</institution-id>
<institution>General and Trauma Surgery Department, London Health Sciences Centre,</institution>
<institution>Victoria Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
London, ON Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">ON Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Masiakos, Peter T" sort="Masiakos, Peter T" uniqKey="Masiakos P" first="Peter T." last="Masiakos">Peter T. Masiakos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Pediatric Trauma Service,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mylonas, Konstantinos S" sort="Mylonas, Konstantinos S" uniqKey="Mylonas K" first="Konstantinos S." last="Mylonas">Konstantinos S. Mylonas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Pediatric Trauma Service,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kirkpatrick, Andrew" sort="Kirkpatrick, Andrew" uniqKey="Kirkpatrick A" first="Andrew" last="Kirkpatrick">Andrew Kirkpatrick</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0469 2139</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414959.4</institution-id>
<institution>General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Foothills Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Calgary, AB Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">AB Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abu Zidan, Fikri" sort="Abu Zidan, Fikri" uniqKey="Abu Zidan F" first="Fikri" last="Abu-Zidan">Fikri Abu-Zidan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2193 6666</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.43519.3a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,</institution>
<institution>UAE University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Émirats arabes unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Al-Ain</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gomes, Carlos Augusto" sort="Gomes, Carlos Augusto" uniqKey="Gomes C" first="Carlos Augusto" last="Gomes">Carlos Augusto Gomes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff22"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2170 9332</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411198.4</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Juiz de Fora, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Juiz de Fora</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benatti, Simone Vasilij" sort="Benatti, Simone Vasilij" uniqKey="Benatti S" first="Simone Vasilij" last="Benatti">Simone Vasilij Benatti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>Infectivolgy Department,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Noel" sort="Naidoo, Noel" uniqKey="Naidoo N" first="Noel" last="Naidoo">Noel Naidoo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff24"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 4123</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16463.36</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of KwaZulu-Natal,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Durban</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salvetti, Francesco" sort="Salvetti, Francesco" uniqKey="Salvetti F" first="Francesco" last="Salvetti">Francesco Salvetti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maccatrozzo, Stefano" sort="Maccatrozzo, Stefano" uniqKey="Maccatrozzo S" first="Stefano" last="Maccatrozzo">Stefano Maccatrozzo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agnoletti, Vanni" sort="Agnoletti, Vanni" uniqKey="Agnoletti V" first="Vanni" last="Agnoletti">Vanni Agnoletti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 8744</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414682.d</institution-id>
<institution>Anesthesia Department,</institution>
<institution>Bufalini Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cesena, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cesena</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gamberini, Emiliano" sort="Gamberini, Emiliano" uniqKey="Gamberini E" first="Emiliano" last="Gamberini">Emiliano Gamberini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 8744</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414682.d</institution-id>
<institution>Anesthesia Department,</institution>
<institution>Bufalini Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cesena, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cesena</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Solaini, Leonardo" sort="Solaini, Leonardo" uniqKey="Solaini L" first="Leonardo" last="Solaini">Leonardo Solaini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costanzo, Antonio" sort="Costanzo, Antonio" uniqKey="Costanzo A" first="Antonio" last="Costanzo">Antonio Costanzo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Celotti, Andrea" sort="Celotti, Andrea" uniqKey="Celotti A" first="Andrea" last="Celotti">Andrea Celotti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tomasoni, Matteo" sort="Tomasoni, Matteo" uniqKey="Tomasoni M" first="Matteo" last="Tomasoni">Matteo Tomasoni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khokha, Vladimir" sort="Khokha, Vladimir" uniqKey="Khokha V" first="Vladimir" last="Khokha">Vladimir Khokha</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff26">General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir, Belarus</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Biélorussie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arvieux, Catherine" sort="Arvieux, Catherine" uniqKey="Arvieux C" first="Catherine" last="Arvieux">Catherine Arvieux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff27"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.450307.5</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Clin. Univ. de Chirurgie Digestive et de l’Urgence, CHUGA-CHU Grenoble Alpes UGA-Université Grenoble Alpes,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Grenoble, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Grenoble</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Napolitano, Lena" sort="Napolitano, Lena" uniqKey="Napolitano L" first="Lena" last="Napolitano">Lena Napolitano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 2336</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412590.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Michigan Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Handolin, Lauri" sort="Handolin, Lauri" uniqKey="Handolin L" first="Lauri" last="Handolin">Lauri Handolin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 5666</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15485.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Unit,</institution>
<institution>Helsinki University Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pisano, Michele" sort="Pisano, Michele" uniqKey="Pisano M" first="Michele" last="Pisano">Michele Pisano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Magnone, Stefano" sort="Magnone, Stefano" uniqKey="Magnone S" first="Stefano" last="Magnone">Stefano Magnone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spain, David A" sort="Spain, David A" uniqKey="Spain D" first="David A." last="Spain">David A. Spain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368956</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.168010.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Stanford University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Stanford, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Stanford</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Moya, Marc" sort="De Moya, Marc" uniqKey="De Moya M" first="Marc" last="De Moya">Marc De Moya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davis, Kimberly A" sort="Davis, Kimberly A" uniqKey="Davis K" first="Kimberly A." last="Davis">Kimberly A. Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff31"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417307.6</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Yale-New Haven Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
New Haven, CT USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>New Haven</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Angelis, Nicola" sort="De Angelis, Nicola" uniqKey="De Angelis N" first="Nicola" last="De Angelis">Nicola De Angelis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff32">Hopital Heri Mondor, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hopital Heri Mondor, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leppaniemi, Ari" sort="Leppaniemi, Ari" uniqKey="Leppaniemi A" first="Ari" last="Leppaniemi">Ari Leppaniemi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff33">General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferrada, Paula" sort="Ferrada, Paula" uniqKey="Ferrada P" first="Paula" last="Ferrada">Paula Ferrada</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Latifi, Rifat" sort="Latifi, Rifat" uniqKey="Latifi R" first="Rifat" last="Latifi">Rifat Latifi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff34"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0476 8324</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417052.5</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Westchester Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Westchester, NY USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Westchester</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro, David Costa" sort="Navarro, David Costa" uniqKey="Navarro D" first="David Costa" last="Navarro">David Costa Navarro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff35">Colorectal Surgery Unit, Trauma Care Committee, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Colorectal Surgery Unit, Trauma Care Committee, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Otomo, Yashuiro" sort="Otomo, Yashuiro" uniqKey="Otomo Y" first="Yashuiro" last="Otomo">Yashuiro Otomo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1014 9130</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.265073.5</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center,</institution>
<institution>Tokyo Medical and Dental University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coimbra, Raul" sort="Coimbra, Raul" uniqKey="Coimbra R" first="Raul" last="Coimbra">Raul Coimbra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff37"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.420234.3</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>UC San Diego Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
San Diego, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>San Diego</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maier, Ronald V" sort="Maier, Ronald V" uniqKey="Maier R" first="Ronald V." last="Maier">Ronald V. Maier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122986657</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.34477.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of Washington,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Seattle, WA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, Frederick" sort="Moore, Frederick" uniqKey="Moore F" first="Frederick" last="Moore">Frederick Moore</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff39">Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Surgery, Gainesville</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rizoli, Sandro" sort="Rizoli, Sandro" uniqKey="Rizoli S" first="Sandro" last="Rizoli">Sandro Rizoli</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff40"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415502.7</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Care Service,</institution>
<institution>St Michael’s Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Toronto, ON Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">ON Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakakushev, Boris" sort="Sakakushev, Boris" uniqKey="Sakakushev B" first="Boris" last="Sakakushev">Boris Sakakushev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff41"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 0380</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.35371.33</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Medical University, University Hospital St George,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Plovdiv, Bulgaria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Plovdiv</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galante, Joseph M" sort="Galante, Joseph M" uniqKey="Galante J" first="Joseph M." last="Galante">Joseph M. Galante</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9752 8549</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413079.8</institution-id>
<institution>Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of California, Davis Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Davis, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Davis</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiara, Osvaldo" sort="Chiara, Osvaldo" uniqKey="Chiara O" first="Osvaldo" last="Chiara">Osvaldo Chiara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416200.1</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Team,</institution>
<institution>Ospedale Niguarda,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Milan, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Milan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cimbanassi, Stefania" sort="Cimbanassi, Stefania" uniqKey="Cimbanassi S" first="Stefania" last="Cimbanassi">Stefania Cimbanassi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416200.1</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Team,</institution>
<institution>Ospedale Niguarda,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Milan, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Milan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefire, Alain Chichom" sort="Mefire, Alain Chichom" uniqKey="Mefire A" first="Alain Chichom" last="Mefire">Alain Chichom Mefire</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff44"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2288 3199</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.29273.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery and Obstetric and Gynecology,</institution>
<institution>University of Buea,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Buea, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Buea</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, Dieter" sort="Weber, Dieter" uniqKey="Weber D" first="Dieter" last="Weber">Dieter Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff45"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0453 3875</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416195.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Royal Perth Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Perth, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Perth</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ceresoli, Marco" sort="Ceresoli, Marco" uniqKey="Ceresoli M" first="Marco" last="Ceresoli">Marco Ceresoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peitzman, Andrew B" sort="Peitzman, Andrew B" uniqKey="Peitzman A" first="Andrew B." last="Peitzman">Andrew B. Peitzman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff46"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9000</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21925.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>University of Pittsburgh,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Pittsburgh, Pensylvania USA</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Pensylvania USA</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wehlie, Liban" sort="Wehlie, Liban" uniqKey="Wehlie L" first="Liban" last="Wehlie">Liban Wehlie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff47">General Surgery Department, Ayaan Hospital, Mogadisho, Somalia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Somalie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General Surgery Department, Ayaan Hospital, Mogadisho</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sartelli, Massimo" sort="Sartelli, Massimo" uniqKey="Sartelli M" first="Massimo" last="Sartelli">Massimo Sartelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff48">General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Di Saverio, Salomone" sort="Di Saverio, Salomone" uniqKey="Di Saverio S" first="Salomone" last="Di Saverio">Salomone Di Saverio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 7093</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416290.8</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Maggiore Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bologna, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bologna</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansaloni, Luca" sort="Ansaloni, Luca" uniqKey="Ansaloni L" first="Luca" last="Ansaloni">Luca Ansaloni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1749-7922</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology especially considering the modern tools for bleeding management. Thus, the management of splenic trauma should be ultimately multidisciplinary and based on the physiology of the patient, the anatomy of the injury, and the associated lesions. Lastly, as the management of adults and children must be different, children should always be treated in dedicated pediatric trauma centers. In fact, the vast majority of pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma can be managed non-operatively. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of splenic trauma and the management guidelines.</p>
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<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5562999</article-id>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13017-017-0151-4</article-id>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff20">20</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abu-Zidan</surname>
<given-names>Fikri</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>fabuzidan@uaeu.ac.ae</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff21">21</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gomes</surname>
<given-names>Carlos Augusto</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>caxiaogomes@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benatti</surname>
<given-names>Simone Vasilij</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>sbenatti@asst-pg23.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff23">23</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naidoo</surname>
<given-names>Noel</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>noel.naidoo@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff24">24</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salvetti</surname>
<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>francisalvetti@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maccatrozzo</surname>
<given-names>Stefano</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>stefanomacca@me.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Agnoletti</surname>
<given-names>Vanni</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>vanni.agnoletti@auslromagna.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff25">25</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gamberini</surname>
<given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>egamberini74@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff25">25</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Solaini</surname>
<given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>leonardosolaini@googlemail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costanzo</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>antocosta987@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Celotti</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>ceil85@hotmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tomasoni</surname>
<given-names>Matteo</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>matteotomasoni83@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khokha</surname>
<given-names>Vladimir</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>docvladimir@yandex.by</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff26">26</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arvieux</surname>
<given-names>Catherine</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>carvieux@chu-grenoble.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff27">27</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Napolitano</surname>
<given-names>Lena</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>lenan@med.umich.ed</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff28">28</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Handolin</surname>
<given-names>Lauri</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>lauri.handolin@pp.inet.fi</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff29">29</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pisano</surname>
<given-names>Michele</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>mpisano@asst-pg23.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnone</surname>
<given-names>Stefano</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>smagnone@asst-pg23.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spain</surname>
<given-names>David A.</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>dspain@stanford.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff30">30</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Moya</surname>
<given-names>Marc</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>mdemoya@mgh.harvard.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davis</surname>
<given-names>Kimberly A.</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>kimberly.davis@yale.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff31">31</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Angelis</surname>
<given-names>Nicola</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>nic.deangelis@yahoo.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff32">32</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leppaniemi</surname>
<given-names>Ari</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>ari.leppaniemi@hus.fi</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff33">33</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrada</surname>
<given-names>Paula</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>paula.ferrada@vcuhealth.org</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Latifi</surname>
<given-names>Rifat</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Rifat.Latifi@wmchealth.org</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff34">34</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarro</surname>
<given-names>David Costa</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>dcostacir@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff35">35</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Otomo</surname>
<given-names>Yashuiro</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>clubtomo@me.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff36">36</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coimbra</surname>
<given-names>Raul</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>rcoimbra@ucsd.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff37">37</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maier</surname>
<given-names>Ronald V.</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>ronmaier@uw.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff38">38</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>Frederick</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Frederick.Moore@surgery.ufl.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff39">39</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rizoli</surname>
<given-names>Sandro</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>rizolis@smh.ca</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff40">40</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sakakushev</surname>
<given-names>Boris</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>bsakakushev@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff41">41</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galante</surname>
<given-names>Joseph M.</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>jmgalante@ucdavis.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff42">42</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiara</surname>
<given-names>Osvaldo</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>ochiara@yahoo.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff43">43</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cimbanassi</surname>
<given-names>Stefania</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>scimbanassi@yahoo.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff43">43</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mefire</surname>
<given-names>Alain Chichom</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>alainchichom@yahoo.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff44">44</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>Dieter</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>dietergweber@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff45">45</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ceresoli</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>marco.ceresoli89@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peitzman</surname>
<given-names>Andrew B.</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>peitzmanab@upmc.edu</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff46">46</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wehlie</surname>
<given-names>Liban</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>drlibanwehliye@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff47">47</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sartelli</surname>
<given-names>Massimo</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>massimosartelli@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff48">48</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Saverio</surname>
<given-names>Salomone</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>salo75@inwind.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff49">49</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ansaloni</surname>
<given-names>Luca</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>lansaloni@asst-pg23.it</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.zza OMS 1, 24128 Bergamo, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 8111</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413731.3</institution-id>
<institution>Division of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Rambam Health Care Campus,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Haifa, Israel</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415594.8</institution-id>
<institution>Acute Care Surgery,</institution>
<institution>The Queen’s Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Honolulu, HI USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0369 638X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.239638.5</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Denver Health Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Denver, CO USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>
General and Emergency Surgery, Sergei Kirov Military Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>
General and Emergency Surgery Department, Empoli Hospital, Empoli, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2221 2926</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17788.31</institution-id>
<institution>General and Emergency Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Hadassah Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jerusalem, Israel</aff>
<aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9721</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7839.5</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Universitätsklinikum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Frankfurt, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0458 8737</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.224260.0</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Virginia Commonwealth University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Richmond, VA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff12"><label>12</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0627 2891</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412835.9</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Stavanger University Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Stavanger, Norway</aff>
<aff id="Aff13"><label>13</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0123 6208</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412367.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Orebro, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="Aff14"><label>14</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nijmegen, Netherlands</aff>
<aff id="Aff15"><label>15</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 2494</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411087.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma/Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Campinas,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Campinas, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="Aff16"><label>16</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0084 1895</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411409.9</institution-id>
<institution>Division of Trauma and Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>LAC+USC Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Los Angeles, CA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff17"><label>17</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0546</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12136.37</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery, Assia Medical Group,</institution>
<institution>Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tel Aviv, Israel</aff>
<aff id="Aff18"><label>18</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0626 7267</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416847.8</institution-id>
<institution>General and Trauma Surgery Department, London Health Sciences Centre,</institution>
<institution>Victoria Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
London, ON Canada</aff>
<aff id="Aff19"><label>19</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id>
<institution>Pediatric Trauma Service,</institution>
<institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Boston, MA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff20"><label>20</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0469 2139</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414959.4</institution-id>
<institution>General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Foothills Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Calgary, AB Canada</aff>
<aff id="Aff21"><label>21</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2193 6666</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.43519.3a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,</institution>
<institution>UAE University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates</aff>
<aff id="Aff22"><label>22</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2170 9332</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411198.4</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Juiz de Fora, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="Aff23"><label>23</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0004 1757 8431</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.460094.f</institution-id>
<institution>Infectivolgy Department,</institution>
<institution>Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bergamo, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff24"><label>24</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0723 4123</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16463.36</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of KwaZulu-Natal,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Durban, South Africa</aff>
<aff id="Aff25"><label>25</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 8744</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414682.d</institution-id>
<institution>Anesthesia Department,</institution>
<institution>Bufalini Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cesena, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff26"><label>26</label>
General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir, Belarus</aff>
<aff id="Aff27"><label>27</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.450307.5</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Clin. Univ. de Chirurgie Digestive et de l’Urgence, CHUGA-CHU Grenoble Alpes UGA-Université Grenoble Alpes,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Grenoble, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff28"><label>28</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 2336</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412590.b</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>University of Michigan Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff29"><label>29</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9950 5666</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15485.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Unit,</institution>
<institution>Helsinki University Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Helsinki, Finland</aff>
<aff id="Aff30"><label>30</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368956</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.168010.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Stanford University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Stanford, CA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff31"><label>31</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417307.6</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care,</institution>
<institution>Yale-New Haven Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
New Haven, CT USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff32"><label>32</label>
Hopital Heri Mondor, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff33"><label>33</label>
General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</aff>
<aff id="Aff34"><label>34</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0476 8324</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417052.5</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Westchester Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Westchester, NY USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff35"><label>35</label>
Colorectal Surgery Unit, Trauma Care Committee, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain</aff>
<aff id="Aff36"><label>36</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1014 9130</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.265073.5</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center,</institution>
<institution>Tokyo Medical and Dental University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tokyo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="Aff37"><label>37</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.420234.3</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>UC San Diego Health System,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
San Diego, USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff38"><label>38</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122986657</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.34477.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of Washington,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Seattle, WA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff39"><label>39</label>
Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff40"><label>40</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415502.7</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma and Acute Care Service,</institution>
<institution>St Michael’s Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Toronto, ON Canada</aff>
<aff id="Aff41"><label>41</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 0380</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.35371.33</institution-id>
<institution>General Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Medical University, University Hospital St George,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Plovdiv, Bulgaria</aff>
<aff id="Aff42"><label>42</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9752 8549</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413079.8</institution-id>
<institution>Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,</institution>
<institution>University of California, Davis Medical Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Davis, CA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff43"><label>43</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416200.1</institution-id>
<institution>Trauma Team,</institution>
<institution>Ospedale Niguarda,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Milan, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff44"><label>44</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2288 3199</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.29273.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Surgery and Obstetric and Gynecology,</institution>
<institution>University of Buea,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Buea, Cameroon</aff>
<aff id="Aff45"><label>45</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0453 3875</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416195.e</institution-id>
<institution>Department of General Surgery,</institution>
<institution>Royal Perth Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Perth, Australia</aff>
<aff id="Aff46"><label>46</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9000</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21925.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>University of Pittsburgh,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Pittsburgh, Pensylvania USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff47"><label>47</label>
General Surgery Department, Ayaan Hospital, Mogadisho, Somalia</aff>
<aff id="Aff48"><label>48</label>
General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff49"><label>49</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 7093</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416290.8</institution-id>
<institution>General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department,</institution>
<institution>Maggiore Hospital,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Bologna, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff50"><label>50</label>
Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University, Obreo, Sweden</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<elocation-id>40</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2017</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology especially considering the modern tools for bleeding management. Thus, the management of splenic trauma should be ultimately multidisciplinary and based on the physiology of the patient, the anatomy of the injury, and the associated lesions. Lastly, as the management of adults and children must be different, children should always be treated in dedicated pediatric trauma centers. In fact, the vast majority of pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma can be managed non-operatively. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of splenic trauma and the management guidelines.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Spleen</kwd>
<kwd>Trauma</kwd>
<kwd>Adult</kwd>
<kwd>Pediatric</kwd>
<kwd>Classification</kwd>
<kwd>Guidelines</kwd>
<kwd>Embolization</kwd>
<kwd>Surgery</kwd>
<kwd>Non-operative</kwd>
<kwd>Conservative</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2017</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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