Riparian plant litter quality increases with latitude
Identifieur interne : 000C98 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000C97; suivant : 000C99Riparian plant litter quality increases with latitude
Auteurs : Luz Boyero [Espagne] ; Manuel A. S. Graça [Portugal] ; Alan M. Tonin ; Javier Pérez [Espagne] ; Andrew J. Swafford [États-Unis] ; Ver Nica Ferreira [Portugal] ; Andrea Landeira-Dabarca [Portugal, Espagne] ; Markos A. Alexandrou [États-Unis] ; Mark O. Gessner [Allemagne] ; Brendan G. Mckie [Suède] ; Ricardo J. Albari O [Argentine] ; Leon A. Barmuta ; Marcos Callisto ; Julián Chará [Colombie] ; Eric Chauvet [France] ; Checo Col N-Gaud [États-Unis] ; David Dudgeon ; Andrea C. Encalada [Portugal, Équateur] ; Ricardo Figueroa [Chili] ; Alexander S. Flecker [États-Unis] ; Tadeusz Fleituch [Pologne] ; André Frainer [Suède, Norvège] ; José F. Gonçalves Jr. ; Julie E. Helson ; Tomoya Iwata [Japon] ; Jude Mathooko [Kenya] ; Charles M Rimba [Kenya] ; Catherine M. Pringle [États-Unis] ; Alonso Ramírez [États-Unis] ; Christopher M. Swan [États-Unis] ; Catherine M. Yule [Malaisie] ; Richard G. PearsonSource :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Plant litter represents a major basal resource in streams, where its decomposition is partly regulated by litter traits. Litter-trait variation may determine the latitudinal gradient in decomposition in streams, which is mainly microbial in the tropics and detritivore-mediated at high latitudes. However, this hypothesis remains untested, as we lack information on large-scale trait variation for riparian litter. Variation cannot easily be inferred from existing leaf-trait databases, since nutrient resorption can cause traits of litter and green leaves to diverge. Here we present the first global-scale assessment of riparian litter quality by determining latitudinal variation (spanning 107°) in litter traits (nutrient concentrations; physical and chemical defences) of 151 species from 24 regions and their relationships with environmental factors and phylogeny. We hypothesized that litter quality would increase with latitude (despite variation within regions) and traits would be correlated to produce ‘syndromes’ resulting from phylogeny and environmental variation. We found lower litter quality and higher nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in the tropics. Traits were linked but showed no phylogenetic signal, suggesting that syndromes were environmentally determined. Poorer litter quality and greater phosphorus limitation towards the equator may restrict detritivore-mediated decomposition, contributing to the predominance of microbial decomposers in tropical streams.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10640-3
PubMed: 28874830
PubMed Central: 5585321
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12650.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University,</institution>
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Umeå, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Umeå</wicri:regionArea>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10919.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,</institution>
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9037 Tromsø, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goncalves Jr, Jose F" sort="Goncalves Jr, Jose F" uniqKey="Goncalves Jr J" first="José F." last="Gonçalves Jr.">José F. Gonçalves Jr.</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7632.0</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Limnologia/AquaRiparia, Departamento de Ecologia, IB, Universidade de Brasília,</institution>
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70910-900 Brasília, Federal District Brazil</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Federal District Brazil</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helson, Julie E" sort="Helson, Julie E" uniqKey="Helson J" first="Julie E." last="Helson">Julie E. Helson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id>
<institution>Surface and Groundwater Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto,</institution>
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Ontario, M1C 1A4 Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">M1C 1A4 Canada</wicri:noCountry>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata, Tomoya" sort="Iwata, Tomoya" uniqKey="Iwata T" first="Tomoya" last="Iwata">Tomoya Iwata</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267500.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Yamanashi, 400-8510 Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Yamanashi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathooko, Jude" sort="Mathooko, Jude" uniqKey="Mathooko J" first="Jude" last="Mathooko">Jude Mathooko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0431 4443</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8301.a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536,</institution>
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Egerton, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Egerton</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="M Rimba, Charles" sort="M Rimba, Charles" uniqKey="M Rimba C" first="Charles" last="M Rimba">Charles M Rimba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0431 4443</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8301.a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Egerton, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Egerton</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pringle, Catherine M" sort="Pringle, Catherine M" uniqKey="Pringle C" first="Catherine M." last="Pringle">Catherine M. Pringle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 738X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.213876.9</institution-id>
<institution>Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
30602 Athens, GA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>30602 Athens</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramirez, Alonso" sort="Ramirez, Alonso" uniqKey="Ramirez A" first="Alonso" last="Ramírez">Alonso Ramírez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff30">Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00919 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swan, Christopher M" sort="Swan, Christopher M" uniqKey="Swan C" first="Christopher M." last="Swan">Christopher M. Swan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff31">Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yule, Catherine M" sort="Yule, Catherine M" uniqKey="Yule C" first="Catherine M." last="Yule">Catherine M. Yule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff32"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.440425.3</institution-id>
<institution>School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Selangor, 47500 Malaysia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Selangor</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Richard G" sort="Pearson, Richard G" uniqKey="Pearson R" first="Richard G." last="Pearson">Richard G. Pearson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0474 1797</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1011.1</institution-id>
<institution>College of Science and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>James Cook University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Townsville, 4811 QLD Australia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">4811 QLD Australia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
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<idno type="pmc">5585321</idno>
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<idno type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-10640-3</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Riparian plant litter quality increases with latitude</title>
<author><name sortKey="Boyero, Luz" sort="Boyero, Luz" uniqKey="Boyero L" first="Luz" last="Boyero">Luz Boyero</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11480.3c</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Science and Technology,</institution>
<institution>University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Leioa, 48940 Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Leioa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0467 2314</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424810.b</institution-id>
<institution>IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science,</institution>
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Bilbao, 48013 Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bilbao</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0474 1797</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1011.1</institution-id>
<institution>College of Science and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>James Cook University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Townsville, 4811 QLD Australia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">4811 QLD Australia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, 41092 Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graca, Manuel A S" sort="Graca, Manuel A S" uniqKey="Graca M" first="Manuel A. S." last="Graça">Manuel A. S. Graça</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8051.c</institution-id>
<institution>MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>PT-3001-401 Coimbra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tonin, Alan M" sort="Tonin, Alan M" uniqKey="Tonin A" first="Alan M." last="Tonin">Alan M. Tonin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2238 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7632.0</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Limnologia/AquaRiparia, Departamento de Ecologia, IB, Universidade de Brasília,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
70910-900 Brasília, Federal District Brazil</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Federal District Brazil</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez, Javier" sort="Perez, Javier" uniqKey="Perez J" first="Javier" last="Pérez">Javier Pérez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121671098</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11480.3c</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Science and Technology,</institution>
<institution>University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Leioa, 48940 Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Leioa</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="J Swafford, Andrew" sort="J Swafford, Andrew" uniqKey="J Swafford A" first="Andrew" last="J. Swafford">Andrew J. Swafford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9676</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.133342.4</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Ver Nica" sort="Ferreira, Ver Nica" uniqKey="Ferreira V" first="Ver Nica" last="Ferreira">Ver Nica Ferreira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9511 4342</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8051.c</institution-id>
<institution>MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>PT-3001-401 Coimbra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landeira Dabarca, Andrea" sort="Landeira Dabarca, Andrea" uniqKey="Landeira Dabarca A" first="Andrea" last="Landeira-Dabarca">Andrea Landeira-Dabarca</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9511 4342</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8051.c</institution-id>
<institution>MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>PT-3001-401 Coimbra</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2097 6738</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6312.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
36330 Vigo, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>36330 Vigo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="A Alexandrou, Markos" sort="A Alexandrou, Markos" uniqKey="A Alexandrou M" first="Markos" last="A. Alexandrou">Markos A. Alexandrou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Wildlands Conservation Science, LLC, P.O. Box 1846, Lompoc, CA 93438 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Wildlands Conservation Science, LLC, P.O. Box 1846, Lompoc</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gessner, Mark O" sort="Gessner, Mark O" uniqKey="Gessner M" first="Mark O." last="Gessner">Mark O. Gessner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Stechlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Stechlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2292 8254</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6734.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
10587 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>10587 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckie, Brendan G" sort="Mckie, Brendan G" uniqKey="Mckie B" first="Brendan G." last="Mckie">Brendan G. Mckie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8578 2742</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6341.0</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>SE-75007 Uppsala</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Albari O, Ricardo J" sort="Albari O, Ricardo J" uniqKey="Albari O R" first="Ricardo J." last="Albari O">Ricardo J. Albari O</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1945 2152</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.423606.5</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional Comahue, Quintral 1250,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
8400 Bariloche, Argentina</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>8400 Bariloche</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barmuta, Leon A" sort="Barmuta, Leon A" uniqKey="Barmuta L" first="Leon A." last="Barmuta">Leon A. Barmuta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 826X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1009.8</institution-id>
<institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Tasmania 7001 Australia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Callisto, Marcos" sort="Callisto, Marcos" uniqKey="Callisto M" first="Marcos" last="Callisto">Marcos Callisto</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2181 4888</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8430.f</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Ecologia de Bentos, Departamento Biologia Geral, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">MG Brazil</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chara, Julian" sort="Chara, Julian" uniqKey="Chara J" first="Julián" last="Chará">Julián Chará</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.473276.3</institution-id>
<institution>Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria (CIPAV), Carrera 25 No. 6-62,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cali, Colombia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cali</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chauvet, Eric" sort="Chauvet, Eric" uniqKey="Chauvet E" first="Eric" last="Chauvet">Eric Chauvet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff17"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 1689</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11417.32</institution-id>
<institution>EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
31062 Toulouse, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>31062 Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Col N Gaud, Checo" sort="Col N Gaud, Checo" uniqKey="Col N Gaud C" first="Checo" last="Col N-Gaud">Checo Col N-Gaud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0657 525X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256302.0</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Statesboro, Georgia 30458 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Statesboro</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dudgeon, David" sort="Dudgeon, David" uniqKey="Dudgeon D" first="David" last="Dudgeon">David Dudgeon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121742757</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.194645.b</institution-id>
<institution>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Hong Kong, SAR China</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">SAR China</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Encalada, Andrea C" sort="Encalada, Andrea C" uniqKey="Encalada A" first="Andrea C." last="Encalada">Andrea C. Encalada</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9511 4342</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8051.c</institution-id>
<institution>MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>PT-3001-401 Coimbra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff20"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9008 4711</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412251.1</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, P.O. Box 17,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
1200 841 Quito, Ecuador</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Équateur</country>
<wicri:regionArea>1200 841 Quito</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Ricardo" sort="Figueroa, Ricardo" uniqKey="Figueroa R" first="Ricardo" last="Figueroa">Ricardo Figueroa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2298 9663</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5380.e</institution-id>
<institution>Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro de Recursos Hidricos para la Agricultura y la Minería, Universidad de Concepción,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Concepción, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Concepción</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flecker, Alexander S" sort="Flecker, Alexander S" uniqKey="Flecker A" first="Alexander S." last="Flecker">Alexander S. Flecker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff22"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">000000041936877X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5386.8</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ithaca, NY 14853 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Ithaca</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleituch, Tadeusz" sort="Fleituch, Tadeusz" uniqKey="Fleituch T" first="Tadeusz" last="Fleituch">Tadeusz Fleituch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.450925.f</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
31-120 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>31-120 Kraków</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frainer, Andre" sort="Frainer, Andre" uniqKey="Frainer A" first="André" last="Frainer">André Frainer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff24"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1034 3451</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12650.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Umeå, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Umeå</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122595234</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10919.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
9037 Tromsø, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goncalves Jr, Jose F" sort="Goncalves Jr, Jose F" uniqKey="Goncalves Jr J" first="José F." last="Gonçalves Jr.">José F. Gonçalves Jr.</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2238 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7632.0</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Limnologia/AquaRiparia, Departamento de Ecologia, IB, Universidade de Brasília,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
70910-900 Brasília, Federal District Brazil</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Federal District Brazil</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helson, Julie E" sort="Helson, Julie E" uniqKey="Helson J" first="Julie E." last="Helson">Julie E. Helson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id>
<institution>Surface and Groundwater Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ontario, M1C 1A4 Canada</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">M1C 1A4 Canada</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata, Tomoya" sort="Iwata, Tomoya" uniqKey="Iwata T" first="Tomoya" last="Iwata">Tomoya Iwata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff27"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0291 3581</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267500.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Yamanashi, 400-8510 Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Yamanashi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mathooko, Jude" sort="Mathooko, Jude" uniqKey="Mathooko J" first="Jude" last="Mathooko">Jude Mathooko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0431 4443</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8301.a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Egerton, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Egerton</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="M Rimba, Charles" sort="M Rimba, Charles" uniqKey="M Rimba C" first="Charles" last="M Rimba">Charles M Rimba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0431 4443</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8301.a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Egerton, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Egerton</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pringle, Catherine M" sort="Pringle, Catherine M" uniqKey="Pringle C" first="Catherine M." last="Pringle">Catherine M. Pringle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 738X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.213876.9</institution-id>
<institution>Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
30602 Athens, GA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>30602 Athens</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramirez, Alonso" sort="Ramirez, Alonso" uniqKey="Ramirez A" first="Alonso" last="Ramírez">Alonso Ramírez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff30">Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00919 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swan, Christopher M" sort="Swan, Christopher M" uniqKey="Swan C" first="Christopher M." last="Swan">Christopher M. Swan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff31">Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yule, Catherine M" sort="Yule, Catherine M" uniqKey="Yule C" first="Catherine M." last="Yule">Catherine M. Yule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff32"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.440425.3</institution-id>
<institution>School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Selangor, 47500 Malaysia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Selangor</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Richard G" sort="Pearson, Richard G" uniqKey="Pearson R" first="Richard G." last="Pearson">Richard G. Pearson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0474 1797</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1011.1</institution-id>
<institution>College of Science and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>James Cook University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Townsville, 4811 QLD Australia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">4811 QLD Australia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Plant litter represents a major basal resource in streams, where its decomposition is partly regulated by litter traits. Litter-trait variation may determine the latitudinal gradient in decomposition in streams, which is mainly microbial in the tropics and detritivore-mediated at high latitudes. However, this hypothesis remains untested, as we lack information on large-scale trait variation for riparian litter. Variation cannot easily be inferred from existing leaf-trait databases, since nutrient resorption can cause traits of litter and green leaves to diverge. Here we present the first global-scale assessment of riparian litter quality by determining latitudinal variation (spanning 107°) in litter traits (nutrient concentrations; physical and chemical defences) of 151 species from 24 regions and their relationships with environmental factors and phylogeny. We hypothesized that litter quality would increase with latitude (despite variation within regions) and traits would be correlated to produce ‘syndromes’ resulting from phylogeny and environmental variation. We found lower litter quality and higher nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in the tropics. Traits were linked but showed no phylogenetic signal, suggesting that syndromes were environmentally determined. Poorer litter quality and greater phosphorus limitation towards the equator may restrict detritivore-mediated decomposition, contributing to the predominance of microbial decomposers in tropical streams.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28874830</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5585321</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10640</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-10640-3</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Riparian plant litter quality increases with latitude</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Boyero</surname>
<given-names>Luz</given-names>
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<address><email>luz.boyero@ehu.eus</email>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Graça</surname>
<given-names>Manuel A. S.</given-names>
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<given-names>Alan M.</given-names>
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<given-names>Javier</given-names>
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<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
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<given-names>Verónica</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Landeira-Dabarca</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref>
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<given-names>Markos</given-names>
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<given-names>Mark O.</given-names>
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<given-names>Brendan G.</given-names>
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<given-names>Julián</given-names>
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<given-names>Eric</given-names>
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<given-names>David</given-names>
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<given-names>Andrea C.</given-names>
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<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
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<given-names>Alexander S.</given-names>
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<given-names>André</given-names>
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<given-names>José F.</given-names>
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<given-names>Julie E.</given-names>
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<given-names>Tomoya</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathooko</surname>
<given-names>Jude</given-names>
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<given-names>Charles</given-names>
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<given-names>Catherine M.</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Alonso</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Swan</surname>
<given-names>Christopher M.</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yule</surname>
<given-names>Catherine M.</given-names>
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<given-names>Richard G.</given-names>
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<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11480.3c</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Science and Technology,</institution>
<institution>University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),</institution>
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Leioa, 48940 Spain</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0467 2314</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424810.b</institution-id>
<institution>IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science,</institution>
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Bilbao, 48013 Spain</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1011.1</institution-id>
<institution>College of Science and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>James Cook University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Townsville, 4811 QLD Australia</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, 41092 Spain</aff>
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<institution>MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
PT-3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2238 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7632.0</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Limnologia/AquaRiparia, Departamento de Ecologia, IB, Universidade de Brasília,</institution>
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70910-900 Brasília, Federal District Brazil</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9676</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.133342.4</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2097 6738</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6312.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
36330 Vigo, Spain</aff>
<aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>
Wildlands Conservation Science, LLC, P.O. Box 1846, Lompoc, CA 93438 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>
Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 16775 Stechlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2292 8254</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6734.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
10587 Berlin, Germany</aff>
<aff id="Aff12"><label>12</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8578 2742</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6341.0</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="Aff13"><label>13</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1945 2152</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.423606.5</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional Comahue, Quintral 1250,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
8400 Bariloche, Argentina</aff>
<aff id="Aff14"><label>14</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 826X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1009.8</institution-id>
<institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia</aff>
<aff id="Aff15"><label>15</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2181 4888</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8430.f</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Ecologia de Bentos, Departamento Biologia Geral, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil</aff>
<aff id="Aff16"><label>16</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.473276.3</institution-id>
<institution>Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria (CIPAV), Carrera 25 No. 6-62,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Cali, Colombia</aff>
<aff id="Aff17"><label>17</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 1689</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11417.32</institution-id>
<institution>EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
31062 Toulouse, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff18"><label>18</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0657 525X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256302.0</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Statesboro, Georgia 30458 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff19"><label>19</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121742757</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.194645.b</institution-id>
<institution>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Hong Kong, SAR China</aff>
<aff id="Aff20"><label>20</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9008 4711</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412251.1</institution-id>
<institution>Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, P.O. Box 17,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
1200 841 Quito, Ecuador</aff>
<aff id="Aff21"><label>21</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2298 9663</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5380.e</institution-id>
<institution>Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro de Recursos Hidricos para la Agricultura y la Minería, Universidad de Concepción,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Concepción, Chile</aff>
<aff id="Aff22"><label>22</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">000000041936877X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5386.8</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ithaca, NY 14853 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff23"><label>23</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.450925.f</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
31-120 Kraków, Poland</aff>
<aff id="Aff24"><label>24</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1034 3451</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12650.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Umeå, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="Aff25"><label>25</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122595234</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10919.30</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
9037 Tromsø, Norway</aff>
<aff id="Aff26"><label>26</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id>
<institution>Surface and Groundwater Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ontario, M1C 1A4 Canada</aff>
<aff id="Aff27"><label>27</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0291 3581</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267500.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Yamanashi, 400-8510 Japan</aff>
<aff id="Aff28"><label>28</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0431 4443</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8301.a</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Egerton, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff29"><label>29</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 738X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.213876.9</institution-id>
<institution>Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
30602 Athens, GA USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff30"><label>30</label>
Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00919 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff31"><label>31</label>
Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA</aff>
<aff id="Aff32"><label>32</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.440425.3</institution-id>
<institution>School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Selangor, 47500 Malaysia</aff>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2017</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>5</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>10562</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2017</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">Plant litter represents a major basal resource in streams, where its decomposition is partly regulated by litter traits. Litter-trait variation may determine the latitudinal gradient in decomposition in streams, which is mainly microbial in the tropics and detritivore-mediated at high latitudes. However, this hypothesis remains untested, as we lack information on large-scale trait variation for riparian litter. Variation cannot easily be inferred from existing leaf-trait databases, since nutrient resorption can cause traits of litter and green leaves to diverge. Here we present the first global-scale assessment of riparian litter quality by determining latitudinal variation (spanning 107°) in litter traits (nutrient concentrations; physical and chemical defences) of 151 species from 24 regions and their relationships with environmental factors and phylogeny. We hypothesized that litter quality would increase with latitude (despite variation within regions) and traits would be correlated to produce ‘syndromes’ resulting from phylogeny and environmental variation. We found lower litter quality and higher nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in the tropics. Traits were linked but showed no phylogenetic signal, suggesting that syndromes were environmentally determined. Poorer litter quality and greater phosphorus limitation towards the equator may restrict detritivore-mediated decomposition, contributing to the predominance of microbial decomposers in tropical streams.</p>
</abstract>
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<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2017</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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