RNA Seq analysis of the Eimeria tenella gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis
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Auteurs : Robert A. Walker [Suisse] ; Philippa A. Sharman ; Catherine M. Miller ; Christoph Lippuner [Suisse] ; Michal Okoniewski [Suisse] ; Ramon M. Eichenberger [Suisse] ; Chandra Ramakrishnan [Suisse] ; Fabien Brossier [France] ; Peter Deplazes [Suisse] ; Adrian B. Hehl [Suisse] ; Nicholas C. SmithSource :
- BMC Genomics [ 1471-2164 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The protozoan
Comparisons between the sequenced transcriptomes of
The need for novel vaccine candidates capable of controlling coccidiosis is rising and this panel of gametocyte targets represents an invaluable resource for development of future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission, not just in
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6
PubMed: 25765081
PubMed Central: 4345034
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Robert A. Walker<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Eichenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramakrishnan, Chandra" sort="Ramakrishnan, Chandra" uniqKey="Ramakrishnan C" first="Chandra" last="Ramakrishnan">Chandra Ramakrishnan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brossier, Fabien" sort="Brossier, Fabien" uniqKey="Brossier F" first="Fabien" last="Brossier">Fabien Brossier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deplazes, Peter" sort="Deplazes, Peter" uniqKey="Deplazes P" first="Peter" last="Deplazes">Peter Deplazes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hehl, Adrian B" sort="Hehl, Adrian B" uniqKey="Hehl A" first="Adrian B" last="Hehl">Adrian B. Hehl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nicholas C" sort="Smith, Nicholas C" uniqKey="Smith N" first="Nicholas C" last="Smith">Nicholas C. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25765081</idno><idno type="pmc">4345034</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345034</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4345034</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A77</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A77</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A54</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A54</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">RNA Seq analysis of the <italic>Eimeria tenella</italic> gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis</title><author><name sortKey="Walker, Robert A" sort="Walker, Robert A" uniqKey="Walker R" first="Robert A" last="Walker">Robert A. Walker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharman, Philippa A" sort="Sharman, Philippa A" uniqKey="Sharman P" first="Philippa A" last="Sharman">Philippa A. Sharman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Catherine M" sort="Miller, Catherine M" uniqKey="Miller C" first="Catherine M" last="Miller">Catherine M. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lippuner, Christoph" sort="Lippuner, Christoph" uniqKey="Lippuner C" first="Christoph" last="Lippuner">Christoph Lippuner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Farm Animal, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Farm Animal, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okoniewski, Michal" sort="Okoniewski, Michal" uniqKey="Okoniewski M" first="Michal" last="Okoniewski">Michal Okoniewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichenberger, Ramon M" sort="Eichenberger, Ramon M" uniqKey="Eichenberger R" first="Ramon M" last="Eichenberger">Ramon M. Eichenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramakrishnan, Chandra" sort="Ramakrishnan, Chandra" uniqKey="Ramakrishnan C" first="Chandra" last="Ramakrishnan">Chandra Ramakrishnan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brossier, Fabien" sort="Brossier, Fabien" uniqKey="Brossier F" first="Fabien" last="Brossier">Fabien Brossier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deplazes, Peter" sort="Deplazes, Peter" uniqKey="Deplazes P" first="Peter" last="Deplazes">Peter Deplazes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hehl, Adrian B" sort="Hehl, Adrian B" uniqKey="Hehl A" first="Adrian B" last="Hehl">Adrian B. Hehl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nicholas C" sort="Smith, Nicholas C" uniqKey="Smith N" first="Nicholas C" last="Smith">Nicholas C. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">QLD 4878 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Genomics</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2164</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The protozoan <italic>Eimeria tenella</italic> is a common parasite of chickens, causing avian coccidiosis, a disease of on-going concern to agricultural industries. The high prevalence of <italic>E. tenella</italic> can be attributed to the resilient oocyst stage, which is transmitted between hosts in the environment. As in related Coccidia, development of the eimerian oocyst appears to be dependent on completion of the parasite’s sexual cycle. RNA Seq transcriptome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the biology of <italic>E. tenella</italic> sexual stages (gametocytes) and the potential to identify targets for blocking parasite transmission.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Comparisons between the sequenced transcriptomes of <italic>E. tenella</italic> gametocytes and two asexual developmental stages, merozoites and sporozoites, revealed upregulated gametocyte transcription of 863 genes. Many of these genes code for proteins involved in coccidian sexual biology, such as oocyst wall biosynthesis and fertilisation, and some of these were characterised in more depth. Thus, macrogametocyte-specific expression and localisation was confirmed for two proteins destined for incorporation into the oocyst wall, as well as for a subtilisin protease and an oxidoreductase. Homologues of an oocyst wall protein and oxidoreductase were found in the related coccidian, <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, and shown to be macrogametocyte-specific. In addition, a microgametocyte gamete fusion protein, EtHAP2, was discovered.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The need for novel vaccine candidates capable of controlling coccidiosis is rising and this panel of gametocyte targets represents an invaluable resource for development of future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission, not just in <italic>Eimeria</italic> but in other Coccidia, including <italic>Toxoplasma</italic>, where transmission blocking is a relatively unexplored strategy.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shirley, Mw" uniqKey="Shirley M">MW Shirley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ivens, A" uniqKey="Ivens A">A Ivens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruber, A" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Genomics</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Genomics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Genomics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25765081</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4345034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1298</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>RNA Seq analysis of the <italic>Eimeria tenella</italic> gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>Robert A</given-names></name><address><email>robert.walker1@jcu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharman</surname><given-names>Philippa A</given-names></name><address><email>philippasharman@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>Catherine M</given-names></name><address><email>kate.miller1@jcu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lippuner</surname><given-names>Christoph</given-names></name><address><email>christoph.lippuner@dkf.unibe.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okoniewski</surname><given-names>Michal</given-names></name><address><email>michal.okoniewski@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eichenberger</surname><given-names>Ramon M</given-names></name><address><email>ramon.eichenberger@uzh.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramakrishnan</surname><given-names>Chandra</given-names></name><address><email>chandra.ramakrishnan@uzh.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brossier</surname><given-names>Fabien</given-names></name><address><email>nicholas.smith@jcu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deplazes</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><address><email>deplazesp@access.uzh.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hehl</surname><given-names>Adrian B</given-names></name><address><email>adrian.hehl@uzh.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Nicholas C</given-names></name><address><email>nicholas.smith@jcu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>Department of Farm Animal, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label></label>Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label></label>Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>94</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Walker et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The protozoan <italic>Eimeria tenella</italic> is a common parasite of chickens, causing avian coccidiosis, a disease of on-going concern to agricultural industries. The high prevalence of <italic>E. tenella</italic> can be attributed to the resilient oocyst stage, which is transmitted between hosts in the environment. As in related Coccidia, development of the eimerian oocyst appears to be dependent on completion of the parasite’s sexual cycle. RNA Seq transcriptome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the biology of <italic>E. tenella</italic> sexual stages (gametocytes) and the potential to identify targets for blocking parasite transmission.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Comparisons between the sequenced transcriptomes of <italic>E. tenella</italic> gametocytes and two asexual developmental stages, merozoites and sporozoites, revealed upregulated gametocyte transcription of 863 genes. Many of these genes code for proteins involved in coccidian sexual biology, such as oocyst wall biosynthesis and fertilisation, and some of these were characterised in more depth. Thus, macrogametocyte-specific expression and localisation was confirmed for two proteins destined for incorporation into the oocyst wall, as well as for a subtilisin protease and an oxidoreductase. Homologues of an oocyst wall protein and oxidoreductase were found in the related coccidian, <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, and shown to be macrogametocyte-specific. In addition, a microgametocyte gamete fusion protein, EtHAP2, was discovered.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The need for novel vaccine candidates capable of controlling coccidiosis is rising and this panel of gametocyte targets represents an invaluable resource for development of future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission, not just in <italic>Eimeria</italic> but in other Coccidia, including <italic>Toxoplasma</italic>, where transmission blocking is a relatively unexplored strategy.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd><italic>Eimeria tenella</italic></kwd><kwd>RNA Seq</kwd><kwd>Microgametocyte</kwd><kwd>Macrogametocyte</kwd><kwd>Oocyst</kwd><kwd>Fertilisation</kwd><kwd>Transmission</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2015</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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