Improvement in the transport critical current density and microstructure of isotopic Mg11B2 monofilament wires by optimizing the sintering temperature
Identifieur interne : 000851 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000850; suivant : 000852Improvement in the transport critical current density and microstructure of isotopic Mg11B2 monofilament wires by optimizing the sintering temperature
Auteurs : Wenbin Qiu [Australie] ; Hyunseock Jie [Australie] ; Dipak Patel [Australie] ; Yao Lu [Australie] ; Vladimir Luzin [Australie] ; Arnaud Devred [France] ; Mehmet Somer [Turquie] ; Mohammed Shahabuddin [Arabie saoudite] ; Jung Ho Kim [Australie] ; Zongqing Ma [Australie] ; Shi Xue Dou [Australie] ; Md. Shahriar Al Hossain [Australie]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Superconducting wires are widely used in fabricating magnetic coils in fusion reactors. In consideration of the stability of 11B against neutron irradiation and lower induced radio-activation properties, MgB2 superconductor with 11B serving as boron source is an alternative candidate to be used in fusion reactor with severe irradiation environment. In present work, a batch of monofilament isotopic Mg11B2 wires with amorphous 11B powder as precursor were fabricated using powder-in-tube (PIT) process at different sintering temperature, and the evolution of their microstructure and corresponding superconducting properties was systemically investigated. Accordingly, the best transport critical current density (
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DOI: 10.1038/srep36660
PubMed: 27824144
PubMed Central: 5099691
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Improvement in the transport critical current density and microstructure of isotopic Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> monofilament wires by optimizing the sintering temperature</title><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Wenbin" sort="Qiu, Wenbin" uniqKey="Qiu W" first="Wenbin" last="Qiu">Wenbin Qiu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jie, Hyunseock" sort="Jie, Hyunseock" uniqKey="Jie H" first="Hyunseock" last="Jie">Hyunseock Jie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Dipak" sort="Patel, Dipak" uniqKey="Patel D" first="Dipak" last="Patel">Dipak Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yao" sort="Lu, Yao" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yao" last="Lu">Yao Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luzin, Vladimir" sort="Luzin, Vladimir" uniqKey="Luzin V" first="Vladimir" last="Luzin">Vladimir Luzin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation (ANSTO)</institution>, Lucas Heights, NSW 2232,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devred, Arnaud" sort="Devred, Arnaud" uniqKey="Devred A" first="Arnaud" last="Devred">Arnaud Devred</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>ITER Organization</institution>, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somer, Mehmet" sort="Somer, Mehmet" uniqKey="Somer M" first="Mehmet" last="Somer">Mehmet Somer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Koc University, Chemistry Department, Rumelifeneri Yolu</institution>, TR-34450 Sariyer-Istanbul,<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahabuddin, Mohammed" sort="Shahabuddin, Mohammed" uniqKey="Shahabuddin M" first="Mohammed" last="Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University</institution>, Riyadh 11451,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jung Ho" sort="Kim, Jung Ho" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jung Ho" last="Kim">Jung Ho Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Zongqing" sort="Ma, Zongqing" uniqKey="Ma Z" first="Zongqing" last="Ma">Zongqing Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dou, Shi Xue" sort="Dou, Shi Xue" uniqKey="Dou S" first="Shi Xue" last="Dou">Shi Xue Dou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, Md Shahriar Al" sort="Hossain, Md Shahriar Al" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Md. Shahriar Al" last="Hossain">Md. Shahriar Al Hossain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27824144</idno><idno type="pmc">5099691</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099691</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5099691</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep36660</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000852</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000852</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000851</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000851</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Improvement in the transport critical current density and microstructure of isotopic Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> monofilament wires by optimizing the sintering temperature</title><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Wenbin" sort="Qiu, Wenbin" uniqKey="Qiu W" first="Wenbin" last="Qiu">Wenbin Qiu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jie, Hyunseock" sort="Jie, Hyunseock" uniqKey="Jie H" first="Hyunseock" last="Jie">Hyunseock Jie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Dipak" sort="Patel, Dipak" uniqKey="Patel D" first="Dipak" last="Patel">Dipak Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yao" sort="Lu, Yao" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yao" last="Lu">Yao Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luzin, Vladimir" sort="Luzin, Vladimir" uniqKey="Luzin V" first="Vladimir" last="Luzin">Vladimir Luzin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation (ANSTO)</institution>, Lucas Heights, NSW 2232,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devred, Arnaud" sort="Devred, Arnaud" uniqKey="Devred A" first="Arnaud" last="Devred">Arnaud Devred</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>ITER Organization</institution>, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somer, Mehmet" sort="Somer, Mehmet" uniqKey="Somer M" first="Mehmet" last="Somer">Mehmet Somer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Koc University, Chemistry Department, Rumelifeneri Yolu</institution>, TR-34450 Sariyer-Istanbul,<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahabuddin, Mohammed" sort="Shahabuddin, Mohammed" uniqKey="Shahabuddin M" first="Mohammed" last="Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University</institution>, Riyadh 11451,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jung Ho" sort="Kim, Jung Ho" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jung Ho" last="Kim">Jung Ho Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Zongqing" sort="Ma, Zongqing" uniqKey="Ma Z" first="Zongqing" last="Ma">Zongqing Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dou, Shi Xue" sort="Dou, Shi Xue" uniqKey="Dou S" first="Shi Xue" last="Dou">Shi Xue Dou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, Md Shahriar Al" sort="Hossain, Md Shahriar Al" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Md. Shahriar Al" last="Hossain">Md. Shahriar Al Hossain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Superconducting wires are widely used in fabricating magnetic coils in fusion reactors. In consideration of the stability of <sup>11</sup>B against neutron irradiation and lower induced radio-activation properties, MgB<sub>2</sub> superconductor with <sup>11</sup>B serving as boron source is an alternative candidate to be used in fusion reactor with severe irradiation environment. In present work, a batch of monofilament isotopic Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires with amorphous <sup>11</sup>B powder as precursor were fabricated using powder-in-tube (PIT) process at different sintering temperature, and the evolution of their microstructure and corresponding superconducting properties was systemically investigated. Accordingly, the best transport critical current density (<italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>) = 2 × 10<sup>4</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> was obtained at 4.2 K and 5 T, which is even comparable to multi-filament Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> isotope wires reported in other work. Surprisingly, transport <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> vanished in our wire which was heat-treated at excessively high temperature (800 °C). Combined with microstructure observation, it was found that lots of big interconnected microcracks and voids that can isolate the MgB<sub>2</sub> grains formed in this whole sample, resulting in significant deterioration in inter-grain connectivity. The results can be a constructive guide in fabricating Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires to be used as magnet coils in fusion reactor systems such as ITER-type tokamak magnet.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, N" uniqKey="Mitchell N">N. Mitchell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devred, A" uniqKey="Devred A">A. Devred</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noda, T" uniqKey="Noda T">T. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27824144</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5099691</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep36660</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep36660</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Improvement in the transport critical current density and microstructure of isotopic Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> monofilament wires by optimizing the sintering temperature</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>Wenbin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jie</surname><given-names>Hyunseock</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Dipak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Yao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luzin</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Devred</surname><given-names>Arnaud</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Somer</surname><given-names>Mehmet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shahabuddin</surname><given-names>Mohammed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Jung Ho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Zongqing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dou</surname><given-names>Shi Xue</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hossain</surname><given-names>Md. Shahriar Al</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way</institution>, North Wollongong, NSW 2500,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation (ANSTO)</institution>, Lucas Heights, NSW 2232,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>ITER Organization</institution>, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Koc University, Chemistry Department, Rumelifeneri Yolu</institution>, TR-34450 Sariyer-Istanbul,<country>Turkey</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University</institution>, Riyadh 11451,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>mzq0320@163.com</email>,</corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label><email>shahriar@uow.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>36660</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Superconducting wires are widely used in fabricating magnetic coils in fusion reactors. In consideration of the stability of <sup>11</sup>B against neutron irradiation and lower induced radio-activation properties, MgB<sub>2</sub> superconductor with <sup>11</sup>B serving as boron source is an alternative candidate to be used in fusion reactor with severe irradiation environment. In present work, a batch of monofilament isotopic Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires with amorphous <sup>11</sup>B powder as precursor were fabricated using powder-in-tube (PIT) process at different sintering temperature, and the evolution of their microstructure and corresponding superconducting properties was systemically investigated. Accordingly, the best transport critical current density (<italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>) = 2 × 10<sup>4</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> was obtained at 4.2 K and 5 T, which is even comparable to multi-filament Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> isotope wires reported in other work. Surprisingly, transport <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> vanished in our wire which was heat-treated at excessively high temperature (800 °C). Combined with microstructure observation, it was found that lots of big interconnected microcracks and voids that can isolate the MgB<sub>2</sub> grains formed in this whole sample, resulting in significant deterioration in inter-grain connectivity. The results can be a constructive guide in fabricating Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires to be used as magnet coils in fusion reactor systems such as ITER-type tokamak magnet.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Transport <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> - <italic>B</italic> performance at 4.2 K of Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires using amorphous <sup>11</sup>B isotope as the boron source.</title><p>Results from NIFS are also plotted for reference. No transport <italic>I</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> was detected in the wire treated at 800 °C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep36660-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) XRD <italic>θ–2θ</italic> patterns of all Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires sintered at different temperatures. The numbered labels (hkl) represent Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> reflections. The pound sign (hashtag) stands for unreacted Mg. A small amount of B-rich phase (with its peak marked by the plus sign) is detected only in samples sintered at 700 °C. (<bold>b</bold>) Mass fractions, obtained from Rietveld refinement, of Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> and Mg as functions of the different sintering temperatures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep36660-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Temperature dependence of the ZFC and FC dc magnetization measured in a field of 100 Oe. (<bold>b</bold>) Field dependence of the magnetic <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> at 5.0 K on the logarithmic scale (with the inset showing an enlargement of the <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> (<italic>H</italic>) at low fields) for all samples.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep36660-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>SEM micrographs of cross-sections of Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires sintered at (<bold>a</bold>) 700 °C, (<bold>b</bold>) 750 °C, and (<bold>c</bold>) 800 °C. Evolution of the surface morphology is clearly shown. Black arrows indicate big cracks. (<bold>d</bold>) SEM image of the wire sintered at 800 °C under higher magnification. White arrows indicate porous structure in the sample sintered at 800 °C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep36660-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>High-resolution SEM micrographs of longitudinal sections of Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> wires sintered at (<bold>a</bold>) 700 °C, (<bold>b</bold>) 750 °C, (<bold>c</bold>) 770 °C, and (<bold>d</bold>) 800 °C. The shapes of grains can be easily distinguished. The yellow arrows in (<bold>d</bold>) indicate clusters composed of multiple Mg<sup>11</sup>B<sub>2</sub> grains.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep36660-f5"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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