The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds
Identifieur interne : 000832 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000831; suivant : 000833The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds
Auteurs : Christian Betzler [Allemagne] ; Gregor P. Eberli [États-Unis] ; Dick Kroon [Royaume-Uni] ; James D. Wright [États-Unis] ; Peter K. Swart [États-Unis] ; Bejugam Nagender Nath [Inde] ; Carlos A. Alvarez-Zarikian [États-Unis] ; Montserrat Alonso-García [Portugal] ; Or M. Bialik [Israël] ; Clara L. Bl Ttler [États-Unis] ; Junhua Adam Guo [États-Unis] ; Sébastien Haffen [France] ; Senay Horozal [Corée du Sud] ; Mayuri Inoue [Japon] ; Luigi Jovane [Brésil] ; Luca Lanci [Italie] ; Juan Carlos Laya [États-Unis] ; Anna Ling Hui Mee [États-Unis] ; Thomas Lüdmann [Allemagne] ; Masatoshi Nakakuni [Japon] ; Kaoru Niino [Japon] ; Loren M. Petruny [États-Unis] ; Santi D. Pratiwi [Japon] ; John J. G. Reijmer [Pays-Bas] ; Jesús Reolid [Allemagne] ; Angela L. Slagle [États-Unis] ; Craig R. Sloss [Australie] ; Xiang Su ; Zhengquan Yao ; Jeremy R. Young [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment’s content of particulate organic matter. A weaker ‘proto-monsoon’ existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system.
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DOI: 10.1038/srep29838
PubMed: 27436574
PubMed Central: 4951686
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Xiang Su<affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA)</institution>, #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao Shandong Province 266061,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology</institution>, Qingdao,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology</institution>, Qingdao,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Bialik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa</institution>, Carmel 31905,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bl Ttler, Clara L" sort="Bl Ttler, Clara L" uniqKey="Bl Ttler C" first="Clara L." last="Bl Ttler">Clara L. Bl Ttler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University</institution>, Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ 08544,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Junhua Adam" sort="Guo, Junhua Adam" uniqKey="Guo J" first="Junhua Adam" last="Guo">Junhua Adam Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield</institution>, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haffen, Sebastien" sort="Haffen, Sebastien" uniqKey="Haffen S" first="Sébastien" last="Haffen">Sébastien Haffen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Physical Properties Specialist, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie, Universite de Lorraine, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault</institution>, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54501,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horozal, Senay" sort="Horozal, Senay" uniqKey="Horozal S" first="Senay" last="Horozal">Senay Horozal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)</institution>, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, Mayuri" sort="Inoue, Mayuri" uniqKey="Inoue M" first="Mayuri" last="Inoue">Mayuri Inoue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University</institution>, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka 700-8530,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovane, Luigi" sort="Jovane, Luigi" uniqKey="Jovane L" first="Luigi" last="Jovane">Luigi Jovane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo</institution>, SP 05508-120,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lanci, Luca" sort="Lanci, Luca" uniqKey="Lanci L" first="Luca" last="Lanci">Luca Lanci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Università di Urbino</institution>, Via S. Chiara 27, Urbino 61029,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laya, Juan Carlos" sort="Laya, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Laya J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Laya">Juan Carlos Laya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University</institution>, Mail Stop 3115, College Station TX 77843-3115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mee, Anna Ling Hui" sort="Mee, Anna Ling Hui" uniqKey="Mee A" first="Anna Ling Hui" last="Mee">Anna Ling Hui Mee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami</institution>, Miami FL 33149,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ludmann, Thomas" sort="Ludmann, Thomas" uniqKey="Ludmann T" first="Thomas" last="Lüdmann">Thomas Lüdmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakakuni, Masatoshi" sort="Nakakuni, Masatoshi" uniqKey="Nakakuni M" first="Masatoshi" last="Nakakuni">Masatoshi Nakakuni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Soka University</institution>, 1-236 Tangi-cyo, Hachioji-shi Tokyo 192-0003,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niino, Kaoru" sort="Niino, Kaoru" uniqKey="Niino K" first="Kaoru" last="Niino">Kaoru Niino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University</institution>, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruny, Loren M" sort="Petruny, Loren M" uniqKey="Petruny L" first="Loren M." last="Petruny">Loren M. Petruny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Environmental Science and Policy Department, David King Hall Rm 3005, MSN 5F2, George Mason University, University Drive</institution>, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pratiwi, Santi D" sort="Pratiwi, Santi D" uniqKey="Pratiwi S" first="Santi D." last="Pratiwi">Santi D. Pratiwi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology and Materials Engineering for Resources, Akita University</institution>, 1-1 Teagata-Gakuencho, Akita 010-8502<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reijmer, John J G" sort="Reijmer, John J G" uniqKey="Reijmer J" first="John J. G." last="Reijmer">John J. G. Reijmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV</institution> Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reolid, Jesus" sort="Reolid, Jesus" uniqKey="Reolid J" first="Jesús" last="Reolid">Jesús Reolid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slagle, Angela L" sort="Slagle, Angela L" uniqKey="Slagle A" first="Angela L." last="Slagle">Angela L. Slagle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Borehole Bldg. 61 Route 9W</institution>, Palisades NY 10964,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sloss, Craig R" sort="Sloss, Craig R" uniqKey="Sloss C" first="Craig R." last="Sloss">Craig R. Sloss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Queensland</institution>, R-Block 317, 2 George Street, Brisbane Queensland 4001,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Xiang" sort="Su, Xiang" uniqKey="Su X" first="Xiang" last="Su">Xiang Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Zhengquan" sort="Yao, Zhengquan" uniqKey="Yao Z" first="Zhengquan" last="Yao">Zhengquan Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA)</institution>, #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao Shandong Province 266061,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology</institution>, Qingdao,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Jeremy R" sort="Young, Jeremy R" uniqKey="Young J" first="Jeremy R." last="Young">Jeremy R. Young</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London</institution>, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27436574</idno><idno type="pmc">4951686</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951686</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4951686</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep29838</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000833</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000833</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000832</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000832</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds</title><author><name sortKey="Betzler, Christian" sort="Betzler, Christian" uniqKey="Betzler C" first="Christian" last="Betzler">Christian Betzler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eberli, Gregor P" sort="Eberli, Gregor P" uniqKey="Eberli G" first="Gregor P." last="Eberli">Gregor P. Eberli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami</institution>, Miami FL 33149,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kroon, Dick" sort="Kroon, Dick" uniqKey="Kroon D" first="Dick" last="Kroon">Dick Kroon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, The King’s Buildings</institution>, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, James D" sort="Wright, James D" uniqKey="Wright J" first="James D." last="Wright">James D. Wright</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey</institution>, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8066,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swart, Peter K" sort="Swart, Peter K" uniqKey="Swart P" first="Peter K." last="Swart">Peter K. Swart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami</institution>, Miami FL 33149,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nath, Bejugam Nagender" sort="Nath, Bejugam Nagender" uniqKey="Nath B" first="Bejugam Nagender" last="Nath">Bejugam Nagender Nath</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography</institution>, Dona Paula Goa 403004,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez Zarikian, Carlos A" sort="Alvarez Zarikian, Carlos A" uniqKey="Alvarez Zarikian C" first="Carlos A." last="Alvarez-Zarikian">Carlos A. Alvarez-Zarikian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University</institution>, Discovery Drive, College Station TX 77845,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso Garcia, Montserrat" sort="Alonso Garcia, Montserrat" uniqKey="Alonso Garcia M" first="Montserrat" last="Alonso-García">Montserrat Alonso-García</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos</institution>, Avenida de Brasilia 6, 1449-006 Lisboa,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve</institution>, Faro,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bialik, Or M" sort="Bialik, Or M" uniqKey="Bialik O" first="Or M." last="Bialik">Or M. Bialik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa</institution>, Carmel 31905,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bl Ttler, Clara L" sort="Bl Ttler, Clara L" uniqKey="Bl Ttler C" first="Clara L." last="Bl Ttler">Clara L. Bl Ttler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University</institution>, Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ 08544,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Junhua Adam" sort="Guo, Junhua Adam" uniqKey="Guo J" first="Junhua Adam" last="Guo">Junhua Adam Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield</institution>, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haffen, Sebastien" sort="Haffen, Sebastien" uniqKey="Haffen S" first="Sébastien" last="Haffen">Sébastien Haffen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Physical Properties Specialist, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie, Universite de Lorraine, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault</institution>, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54501,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horozal, Senay" sort="Horozal, Senay" uniqKey="Horozal S" first="Senay" last="Horozal">Senay Horozal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)</institution>, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, Mayuri" sort="Inoue, Mayuri" uniqKey="Inoue M" first="Mayuri" last="Inoue">Mayuri Inoue</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University</institution>, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka 700-8530,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovane, Luigi" sort="Jovane, Luigi" uniqKey="Jovane L" first="Luigi" last="Jovane">Luigi Jovane</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo</institution>, SP 05508-120,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lanci, Luca" sort="Lanci, Luca" uniqKey="Lanci L" first="Luca" last="Lanci">Luca Lanci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Università di Urbino</institution>, Via S. Chiara 27, Urbino 61029,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laya, Juan Carlos" sort="Laya, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Laya J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Laya">Juan Carlos Laya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University</institution>, Mail Stop 3115, College Station TX 77843-3115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mee, Anna Ling Hui" sort="Mee, Anna Ling Hui" uniqKey="Mee A" first="Anna Ling Hui" last="Mee">Anna Ling Hui Mee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami</institution>, Miami FL 33149,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ludmann, Thomas" sort="Ludmann, Thomas" uniqKey="Ludmann T" first="Thomas" last="Lüdmann">Thomas Lüdmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakakuni, Masatoshi" sort="Nakakuni, Masatoshi" uniqKey="Nakakuni M" first="Masatoshi" last="Nakakuni">Masatoshi Nakakuni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Soka University</institution>, 1-236 Tangi-cyo, Hachioji-shi Tokyo 192-0003,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niino, Kaoru" sort="Niino, Kaoru" uniqKey="Niino K" first="Kaoru" last="Niino">Kaoru Niino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University</institution>, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruny, Loren M" sort="Petruny, Loren M" uniqKey="Petruny L" first="Loren M." last="Petruny">Loren M. Petruny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Environmental Science and Policy Department, David King Hall Rm 3005, MSN 5F2, George Mason University, University Drive</institution>, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pratiwi, Santi D" sort="Pratiwi, Santi D" uniqKey="Pratiwi S" first="Santi D." last="Pratiwi">Santi D. Pratiwi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology and Materials Engineering for Resources, Akita University</institution>, 1-1 Teagata-Gakuencho, Akita 010-8502<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reijmer, John J G" sort="Reijmer, John J G" uniqKey="Reijmer J" first="John J. G." last="Reijmer">John J. G. Reijmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV</institution> Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reolid, Jesus" sort="Reolid, Jesus" uniqKey="Reolid J" first="Jesús" last="Reolid">Jesús Reolid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slagle, Angela L" sort="Slagle, Angela L" uniqKey="Slagle A" first="Angela L." last="Slagle">Angela L. Slagle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Borehole Bldg. 61 Route 9W</institution>, Palisades NY 10964,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sloss, Craig R" sort="Sloss, Craig R" uniqKey="Sloss C" first="Craig R." last="Sloss">Craig R. Sloss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Queensland</institution>, R-Block 317, 2 George Street, Brisbane Queensland 4001,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Xiang" sort="Su, Xiang" uniqKey="Su X" first="Xiang" last="Su">Xiang Su</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Zhengquan" sort="Yao, Zhengquan" uniqKey="Yao Z" first="Zhengquan" last="Yao">Zhengquan Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA)</institution>, #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao Shandong Province 266061,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology</institution>, Qingdao,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">P.R. China</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Jeremy R" sort="Young, Jeremy R" uniqKey="Young J" first="Jeremy R." last="Young">Jeremy R. Young</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London</institution>, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment’s content of particulate organic matter. A weaker ‘proto-monsoon’ existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kroon, D" uniqKey="Kroon D">D. Kroon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steens, T" uniqKey="Steens T">T. Steens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Troelstra, S R" uniqKey="Troelstra S">S. R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27436574</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4951686</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep29838</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep29838</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Betzler</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eberli</surname><given-names>Gregor P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kroon</surname><given-names>Dick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>James D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Swart</surname><given-names>Peter K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nath</surname><given-names>Bejugam Nagender</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvarez-Zarikian</surname><given-names>Carlos A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso-García</surname><given-names>Montserrat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bialik</surname><given-names>Or M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blättler</surname><given-names>Clara L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Junhua Adam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haffen</surname><given-names>Sébastien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Horozal</surname><given-names>Senay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Inoue</surname><given-names>Mayuri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jovane</surname><given-names>Luigi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lanci</surname><given-names>Luca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laya</surname><given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mee</surname><given-names>Anna Ling Hui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lüdmann</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakakuni</surname><given-names>Masatoshi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niino</surname><given-names>Kaoru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petruny</surname><given-names>Loren M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pratiwi</surname><given-names>Santi D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reijmer</surname><given-names>John J. G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reolid</surname><given-names>Jesús</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slagle</surname><given-names>Angela L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sloss</surname><given-names>Craig R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Xiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yao</surname><given-names>Zhengquan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a26">26</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Jeremy R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a28">28</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg</institution>, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami</institution>, Miami FL 33149,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, The King’s Buildings</institution>, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey</institution>, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8066,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography</institution>, Dona Paula Goa 403004,<country>India</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University</institution>, Discovery Drive, College Station TX 77845,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a7"><label>7</label><institution>Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos</institution>, Avenida de Brasilia 6, 1449-006 Lisboa,<country>Portugal</country></aff><aff id="a8"><label>8</label><institution>Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve</institution>, Faro,<country>Portugal</country></aff><aff id="a9"><label>9</label><institution>Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa</institution>, Carmel 31905,<country>Israel</country></aff><aff id="a10"><label>10</label><institution>Department of Geosciences, Princeton University</institution>, Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ 08544,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a11"><label>11</label><institution>Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield</institution>, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a12"><label>12</label><institution>Physical Properties Specialist, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie, Universite de Lorraine, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault</institution>, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54501,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a13"><label>13</label><institution>Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)</institution>, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350,<country>Korea</country></aff><aff id="a14"><label>14</label><institution>Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University</institution>, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka 700-8530,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a15"><label>15</label><institution>Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo</institution>, SP 05508-120,<country>Brazil</country></aff><aff id="a16"><label>16</label><institution>Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Università di Urbino</institution>, Via S. Chiara 27, Urbino 61029,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="a17"><label>17</label><institution>Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University</institution>, Mail Stop 3115, College Station TX 77843-3115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a18"><label>18</label><institution>Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Soka University</institution>, 1-236 Tangi-cyo, Hachioji-shi Tokyo 192-0003,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a19"><label>19</label><institution>Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University</institution>, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a20"><label>20</label><institution>Environmental Science and Policy Department, David King Hall Rm 3005, MSN 5F2, George Mason University, University Drive</institution>, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a21"><label>21</label><institution>Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology and Materials Engineering for Resources, Akita University</institution>, 1-1 Teagata-Gakuencho, Akita 010-8502<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a22"><label>22</label><institution>Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV</institution> Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a23"><label>23</label><institution>Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Borehole Bldg. 61 Route 9W</institution>, Palisades NY 10964,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a24"><label>24</label><institution>Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Queensland</institution>, R-Block 317, 2 George Street, Brisbane Queensland 4001,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a25"><label>25</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301,<country>P.R. China</country></aff><aff id="a26"><label>26</label><institution>Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA)</institution>, #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao Shandong Province 266061,<country>P.R. China</country></aff><aff id="a27"><label>27</label><institution>Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology</institution>, Qingdao,<country>P.R. China</country></aff><aff id="a28"><label>28</label><institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London</institution>, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>christian.betzler@uni-hamburg.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>29838</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment’s content of particulate organic matter. A weaker ‘proto-monsoon’ existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Location of the Maldives with main wind directions. (<bold>B</bold>) Inner Sea with two rows of atolls. (<bold>C</bold>) Satellite and multibeam imagery with position of IODP Expedition 359 sites. The seaway connecting the Inner Sea with the Indian Ocean formed through the demise of two N-S oriented continuous carbonate banks. Demise occurred in steps, as shown by the occurrence of drowned relict banks. The tear-drop shapes of the drowned atolls indicate the presence of a west-directed current flowing through the newly formed marine passage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. White lines: position of seismic line shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figs 2</xref> and S1. Maps were produced using the program Esri ArcMap 10.1 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.esri.com">www.esri.com</ext-link>). Bathymetric data in A and B were exported as Geotiffs from the application GeoMapApp 3.6.0 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.geomapapp.org">www.geomapapp.org</ext-link>). In C, Worldwind satellite images (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/java">http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/java</ext-link>) were merged with multibeam data acquired during the cruises M74/4 and SO236.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29838-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Seismic line and sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the Inner Sea illustrates the abrupt onset of current-controlled drifts (yellow) overlying a package of sea-level controlled carbonate platform strata.</title><p>PS and DS denote the sequence boundaries defined in the platform and in the drift succession respectively. Three carbonate platform growth packages are differentiated: a lower to middle Miocene aggrading to prograding package, a dominantly aggrading middle Miocene package followed by a Middle Miocene prograding package. This seismic line provides a detail of a line cross-cutting the entire Inner Sea of the Maldives (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Figure S1</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29838-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>–<bold>D</bold>) Age-depths plots for the sites used in this study. The age of the switch from sea-level controlled platform growth (blue) to the current-dominated sedimentation (yellow) varies in a narrow range of 13.1 to 12.8 Ma with an outlier of 12.2. Ma at Site U1468 Ma. 12.9 Ma is used herein as a median age value. The beginning and the end of platform growth during the Miocene Climate Optimum is dated at ~17.2 Ma and ~15.1 Ma, respectively. Planktonic foraminifer and calcareous nannoplankton datums are listed in Tables S1 and S2 (Methods, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Materials</xref>). Colors refer to the sediment packages differentiated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figs 2</xref> and S1.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29838-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Age of sequence boundaries; (<bold>B</bold>) total gamma ray in downhole logs for Sites U1467 and U1468. For Site U1467, core measurements were used for the upper interval of the succession (no downhole logs available). (<bold>C</bold>) Mn/Ca ratios at Sites U1466, U1468, and U1471. Black line shows a 3 point running average. (<bold>D</bold>) Magnetic susceptibility from downhole logs at Sites U1467 and U1468. (<bold>E</bold>) Stratigraphic breaks and changes, variations of the dust influx and of the OMZ and timing of SAM and Proto-Monsoon as proposed in this study. (<bold>F</bold>) Deep sea oxygen isotope record<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>, timing of the eastern Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) expansion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>, timing of the middle Miocene climate optimum (MCO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>, Mi-events 1–4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>, and restriction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref> as well as final closure of the eastern Tethys seaway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29838-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Calcareous nannofossil events considered for Expedition 359.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Event</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Age (Ma)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Emiliania huxleyi</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Pseudoemiliania lacunosa</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0,44</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>G. lumina</italic>/ small <italic>Gephyrocapsa</italic> interval</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Calcidiscus macintyrei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Discoaster brouweri</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Discoaster pentaradiatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus abies</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Discoaster quinqueramus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5,59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Nicklithus amplificus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Discoaster berggrenii/quinqueramus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8,29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO base small <italic>Reticulofenester</italic> interval</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8,79</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Discoaster hamatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9,53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Discoaster hamatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10,55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Coronocycus nitescens</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LCO <italic>Cyclicargolithus floridanus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus heteromorphus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13,53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Sphenolithus heteromorphus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">17,71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus belemnos</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">17,95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">18.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Sphenolithus belemnos</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19,03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO <italic>Sphenolithus delphix</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus delphix</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23,11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO <italic>Sphenolithus ciperoensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24,04</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>Ages are based on ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>. FO: first occurrence; LO: last occurrence.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Planktonic foraminifer datum events considered to reconstruct the chronology of Expedition 359 sediment cores.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Datum</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Age (Ma)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Zone/Subzone</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globigerinoides ruber</italic> (pink)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0,12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PT1b</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globorotalia tosaensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0,61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PT1b/PT1a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globigerinoides fistulosus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1,88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL6/PT1a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globorotalia limbata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2,39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globigerinoides fistulosus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,33</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Dentoglobigerina altispira</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL4/PL5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globorotalia margaritae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL2/PL3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Sphaeroidinella dehiscens sensu lato</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5,53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">PL1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globorotalia tumida</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5,57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M14/PL1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globoquadrina dehiscens</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5,92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Globorotalia lenguaensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6,14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M13b/M14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Neogloboquadrina acostaensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9,83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M12/M13a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Paragloborotalia mayeri</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10,46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M11/M12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Fohsella fohsi</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11,79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M9b/M10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Fohsella fohsi</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13,41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M9a/M8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Orbulina suturalis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15,1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M5b/M6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Paragloborotalia kugleri</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21,12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">M1b/M2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">FO</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Paragloborotalia kugleri</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22,96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Oligocene/M1a</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p>Ages are based on ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>. 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