Functional traits drive the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition among multiple arid-zone species
Identifieur interne : 000805 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000804; suivant : 000806Functional traits drive the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition among multiple arid-zone species
Auteurs : Xu Pan [République populaire de Chine] ; Yao-Bin Song [République populaire de Chine] ; Guo-Fang Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Yu-Kun Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Xue-Hua Ye [République populaire de Chine] ; William K. Cornwell [Australie] ; Andreas Prinzing [France] ; Ming Dong [République populaire de Chine] ; Johannes H. C. CornelissenSource :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
In arid zones, strong solar radiation has important consequences for ecosystem processes. To better understand carbon and nutrient dynamics, it is important to know the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition of different arid-zone species. Here we investigated: (1) whether such contribution varies among plant species at given irradiance regime, (2) whether interspecific variation in such contribution correlates with interspecific variation in the decomposition rate under shade; and (3) whether this correlation can be explained by leaf traits. We conducted a factorial experiment to determine the effects of solar radiation and environmental moisture for the mass loss and the decomposition constant
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DOI: 10.1038/srep13217
PubMed: 26282711
PubMed Central: 4539537
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William K. Cornwell<affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales</institution>, Sydney,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Functional traits drive the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition among multiple arid-zone species</title><author><name sortKey="Pan, Xu" sort="Pan, Xu" uniqKey="Pan X" first="Xu" last="Pan">Xu Pan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Yao Bin" sort="Song, Yao Bin" uniqKey="Song Y" first="Yao-Bin" last="Song">Yao-Bin Song</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Guo Fang" sort="Liu, Guo Fang" uniqKey="Liu G" first="Guo-Fang" last="Liu">Guo-Fang Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Yu Kun" sort="Hu, Yu Kun" uniqKey="Hu Y" first="Yu-Kun" last="Hu">Yu-Kun Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Xue Hua" sort="Ye, Xue Hua" uniqKey="Ye X" first="Xue-Hua" last="Ye">Xue-Hua Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornwell, William K" sort="Cornwell, William K" uniqKey="Cornwell W" first="William K." last="Cornwell">William K. Cornwell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales</institution>, Sydney,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prinzing, Andreas" sort="Prinzing, Andreas" uniqKey="Prinzing A" first="Andreas" last="Prinzing">Andreas Prinzing</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, Rennes,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Ming" sort="Dong, Ming" uniqKey="Dong M" first="Ming" last="Dong">Ming Dong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornelissen, Johannes H C" sort="Cornelissen, Johannes H C" uniqKey="Cornelissen J" first="Johannes H. C." last="Cornelissen">Johannes H. C. Cornelissen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26282711</idno><idno type="pmc">4539537</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539537</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4539537</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep13217</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000805</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000805</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Functional traits drive the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition among multiple arid-zone species</title><author><name sortKey="Pan, Xu" sort="Pan, Xu" uniqKey="Pan X" first="Xu" last="Pan">Xu Pan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Yao Bin" sort="Song, Yao Bin" uniqKey="Song Y" first="Yao-Bin" last="Song">Yao-Bin Song</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Guo Fang" sort="Liu, Guo Fang" uniqKey="Liu G" first="Guo-Fang" last="Liu">Guo-Fang Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Yu Kun" sort="Hu, Yu Kun" uniqKey="Hu Y" first="Yu-Kun" last="Hu">Yu-Kun Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Xue Hua" sort="Ye, Xue Hua" uniqKey="Ye X" first="Xue-Hua" last="Ye">Xue-Hua Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornwell, William K" sort="Cornwell, William K" uniqKey="Cornwell W" first="William K." last="Cornwell">William K. Cornwell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales</institution>, Sydney,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prinzing, Andreas" sort="Prinzing, Andreas" uniqKey="Prinzing A" first="Andreas" last="Prinzing">Andreas Prinzing</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, Rennes,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Ming" sort="Dong, Ming" uniqKey="Dong M" first="Ming" last="Dong">Ming Dong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornelissen, Johannes H C" sort="Cornelissen, Johannes H C" uniqKey="Cornelissen J" first="Johannes H. C." last="Cornelissen">Johannes H. C. Cornelissen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">the Netherlands</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In arid zones, strong solar radiation has important consequences for ecosystem processes. To better understand carbon and nutrient dynamics, it is important to know the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition of different arid-zone species. Here we investigated: (1) whether such contribution varies among plant species at given irradiance regime, (2) whether interspecific variation in such contribution correlates with interspecific variation in the decomposition rate under shade; and (3) whether this correlation can be explained by leaf traits. We conducted a factorial experiment to determine the effects of solar radiation and environmental moisture for the mass loss and the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic>-values of 13 species litters collected in Northern China. The contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition varied significantly among species. Solar radiation accelerated decomposition in particular in the species that already decompose quickly under shade. Functional traits, notably specific leaf area, might predict the interspecific variation in that contribution. Our results provide the first empirical evidence for how the effect of solar radiation on decomposition varies among multiple species. Thus, the effect of solar radiation on the carbon flux between biosphere and atmosphere may depend on the species composition of the vegetation.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Vuuren, M M I" uniqKey="Van Vuuren M">M. M. I. Van Vuuren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berendse, F" uniqKey="Berendse F">F. Berendse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Visser, W D" uniqKey="Visser W">W. D. Visser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vitousek, P M" uniqKey="Vitousek P">P. M. Vitousek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, D R" uniqKey="Turner D">D. R. Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parton, W J" uniqKey="Parton W">W. J. Parton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanford, R L" uniqKey="Sanford R">R. L. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26282711</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4539537</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep13217</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep13217</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Functional traits drive the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition among multiple arid-zone species</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pan</surname><given-names>Xu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Yao-Bin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Guo-Fang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Yu-Kun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Xue-Hua</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornwell</surname><given-names>William K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prinzing</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornelissen</surname><given-names>Johannes H.C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Ecological Science, VU University</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>the Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales</institution>, Sydney,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, Rennes,<country>France</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>dongming@hznu.edu.cn</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>08</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>13217</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In arid zones, strong solar radiation has important consequences for ecosystem processes. To better understand carbon and nutrient dynamics, it is important to know the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition of different arid-zone species. Here we investigated: (1) whether such contribution varies among plant species at given irradiance regime, (2) whether interspecific variation in such contribution correlates with interspecific variation in the decomposition rate under shade; and (3) whether this correlation can be explained by leaf traits. We conducted a factorial experiment to determine the effects of solar radiation and environmental moisture for the mass loss and the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic>-values of 13 species litters collected in Northern China. The contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition varied significantly among species. Solar radiation accelerated decomposition in particular in the species that already decompose quickly under shade. Functional traits, notably specific leaf area, might predict the interspecific variation in that contribution. Our results provide the first empirical evidence for how the effect of solar radiation on decomposition varies among multiple species. Thus, the effect of solar radiation on the carbon flux between biosphere and atmosphere may depend on the species composition of the vegetation.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Summary of leaf litter decomposition rates among 13 arid-zone species:</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) the mass loss dynamics of 13 species during three harvests (6 months, 9 months, 12 months); (<bold>b</bold>) the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic>-value (<italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub>, <italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub>) of 13 species. The empty circles stand for leaf litter decomposition rates under unshaded conditions (<italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub>); the solid circles for those under shaded conditions (<italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub>). Period 1-3 represent the duration between three harvests: 0–6 months, 6–9 months and 9–12 months. The Y-axis stands for the 13 species, abbreviated as: NT—<italic>Nitraria tangutorum</italic>, LD—<italic>Lespedeza davurica,</italic> CK—<italic>Caragana korshinskii</italic>, SG—<italic>Salix gordejevii</italic>, AL—<italic>Alhagi sparsifolia</italic>, LC—<italic>Leymus chinensis</italic>, AP—<italic>Agriophyllum pungens</italic>, SK—<italic>Stipa krylovii</italic>, CM—<italic>Calligonum mongolicum</italic>, HL—<italic>Hedysarum laeve</italic>, SC—<italic>Salix cheilophila</italic>, AS—<italic>Achnatherum sibiricum</italic>, AC—<italic>Agropyron cristatum</italic>. Each error bar represents one standard error (se).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep13217-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Relationship between the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition (<italic>k</italic><sub><italic>1</italic></sub>–<italic>k</italic><sub><italic>2</italic></sub>) and leaf litter decomposition rates: with solar radiation (empty circle) and under shade (solid circle).</title><p>Regression line was drawn where the correlation was significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). The statistics for these relationships are as follows: with solar radiation: <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = 0.78, <italic>P</italic> < 0.01; under shade: <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = 0.47, <italic>P</italic> = 0.10.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep13217-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Relationships between functional traits (N, SLA) and <italic>k</italic> values of the decomposition rate under shade (<italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub>) and the contribution of solar radiation to leaf litter decomposition (<italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub>–<italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub>).</title><p>The statistics for these relationships are as follows: (<bold>a</bold>) <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = 0.68, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01; (b) <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = −0.04, <italic>P</italic> = 0.90; (<bold>c</bold>) <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = 0.57, <italic>P</italic> = 0.04; (<bold>d</bold>) <italic>N</italic> = 13, r = 0.62, <italic>P</italic> = 0.03. Note that significance of these relationships remained the same when removing the outlier in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3a,b</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep13217-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Explanation of the contribution of solar radiation to the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic> and mass loss over time.</title><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1a</xref> is drawn based on the average mass losses of all 13 species in our study under unshaded and shaded conditions; exponential models were selected to fit the mass remaining during decomposition; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4b,c</xref> show possible effects of solar radiation (<italic>Calligonum mongolicum</italic> and <italic>Agriophyllum pungens</italic> respectively) on the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic> and mass loss over time. The slope of tangent lines stands for the <italic>k</italic>. The light grey areas stand for the decomposition under shaded conditions which was induced mostly by microbial decomposition; the forward diagonal shaded areas stand for the decomposition under unshaded conditions which was induced by solar radiation, such as visible light and UV radiation, directly and indirectly through interactions with microbes and other factors. Note that the moisture treatments were not considered here and therefore the mass loss data under different moisture levels were treated as more replicates under different solar radiation treatments.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep13217-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Summary of results of linear regression model.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center" char="."></col><col align="center" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dependent variable</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Independent variable</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>df</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>130.0</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Substrate moisture</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">1.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.263</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>45.7</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Substrate moisture</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>6.2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>0.015</bold></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub>–<italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>12.6</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold><0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Substrate moisture</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.107</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>The dependent variables are the decomposition constant <italic>k</italic>-values and combinations thereof, where <italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub> stands for the decomposition rate at full solar radiation and <italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub> stands for the decomposition rate under shade. The independent variables are species identity and substrate moisture treatments (adding water or not). Significance is shown in bold (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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