Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie
Identifieur interne : 000622 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000621; suivant : 000623Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie
Auteurs : Ali Teymoori [Australie] ; Jolanda Jetten [Australie] ; Brock Bastian [Australie] ; Amarina Ariyanto [Indonésie] ; Frédérique Autin [Suisse] ; Nadia Ayub [Pakistan] ; Constantina Badea [France] ; Tomasz Besta [Pologne] ; Fabrizio Butera [Suisse] ; Rui Costa-Lopes [Portugal] ; Lijuan Cui [République populaire de Chine] ; Carole Fantini [Belgique] ; Gillian Finchilescu [Afrique du Sud] ; Lowell Gaertner [États-Unis] ; Mario Gollwitzer [Allemagne] ; Ángel G Mez [Espagne] ; Roberto González [Chili] ; Ying Yi Hong [Singapour] ; Dorthe H J Jensen [Danemark] ; Minoru Karasawa [Japon] ; Thomas Kessler [Allemagne] ; Olivier Klein [Belgique] ; Marcus Lima [Brésil] ; Tuuli Anna M Hönen [Finlande] ; Laura Megevand [Portugal] ; Thomas Morton [Royaume-Uni] ; Paola Paladino [Italie] ; Tibor Polya [Hongrie] ; Aleksejs Ruza [Lettonie] ; Wan Shahrazad [Malaisie] ; Sushama Sharma [Inde] ; Ana Raquel Torres [Brésil] ; Anne Marthe Van Der Bles [Pays-Bas] ; Michael Wohl [Canada]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as ‘a state of society’
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158370
PubMed: 27383133
PubMed Central: 4934700
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Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Bles, Anne Marthe" sort="Van Der Bles, Anne Marthe" uniqKey="Van Der Bles A" first="Anne Marthe" last="Van Der Bles">Anne Marthe Van Der Bles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff030"><addr-line>University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Groningen, Groningen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Michael" sort="Wohl, Michael" uniqKey="Wohl M" first="Michael" last="Wohl">Michael Wohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Carleton University, Ottawa, 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Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland, Brisbane</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jetten, Jolanda" sort="Jetten, Jolanda" uniqKey="Jetten J" first="Jolanda" last="Jetten">Jolanda Jetten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Queensland, Brisbane</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastian, Brock" sort="Bastian, Brock" uniqKey="Bastian B" first="Brock" last="Bastian">Brock Bastian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Melbourne, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ariyanto, Amarina" sort="Ariyanto, Amarina" uniqKey="Ariyanto A" first="Amarina" last="Ariyanto">Amarina Ariyanto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Indonesia, Jakarta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Autin, Frederique" sort="Autin, Frederique" uniqKey="Autin F" first="Frédérique" last="Autin">Frédérique Autin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayub, Nadia" sort="Ayub, Nadia" uniqKey="Ayub N" first="Nadia" last="Ayub">Nadia Ayub</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Business Management, Karachi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Badea, Constantina" sort="Badea, Constantina" uniqKey="Badea C" first="Constantina" last="Badea">Constantina Badea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Besta, Tomasz" sort="Besta, Tomasz" uniqKey="Besta T" first="Tomasz" last="Besta">Tomasz Besta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butera, Fabrizio" sort="Butera, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Butera F" first="Fabrizio" last="Butera">Fabrizio Butera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa Lopes, Rui" sort="Costa Lopes, Rui" uniqKey="Costa Lopes R" first="Rui" last="Costa-Lopes">Rui Costa-Lopes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Lisbon, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, Lijuan" sort="Cui, Lijuan" uniqKey="Cui L" first="Lijuan" last="Cui">Lijuan Cui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>East China Normal University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>East China Normal University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fantini, Carole" sort="Fantini, Carole" uniqKey="Fantini C" first="Carole" last="Fantini">Carole Fantini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Finchilescu, Gillian" sort="Finchilescu, Gillian" uniqKey="Finchilescu G" first="Gillian" last="Finchilescu">Gillian Finchilescu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaertner, Lowell" sort="Gaertner, Lowell" uniqKey="Gaertner L" first="Lowell" last="Gaertner">Lowell Gaertner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gollwitzer, Mario" sort="Gollwitzer, Mario" uniqKey="Gollwitzer M" first="Mario" last="Gollwitzer">Mario Gollwitzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Philipps University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez, Angel" sort="G Mez, Angel" uniqKey="G Mez A" first="Ángel" last="G Mez">Ángel G Mez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Roberto" sort="Gonzalez, Roberto" uniqKey="Gonzalez R" first="Roberto" last="González">Roberto González</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Ying Yi" sort="Hong, Ying Yi" uniqKey="Hong Y" first="Ying Yi" last="Hong">Ying Yi Hong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Nanyang Technological University, Singapore</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Dorthe H J" sort="Jensen, Dorthe H J" uniqKey="Jensen D" first="Dorthe H J" last="Jensen">Dorthe H J Jensen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karasawa, Minoru" sort="Karasawa, Minoru" uniqKey="Karasawa M" first="Minoru" last="Karasawa">Minoru Karasawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Nagoya University, Nagoya</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Thomas" sort="Kessler, Thomas" uniqKey="Kessler T" first="Thomas" last="Kessler">Thomas Kessler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>University of Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Jena, Jena, Thuringia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Olivier" sort="Klein, Olivier" uniqKey="Klein O" first="Olivier" last="Klein">Olivier Klein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lima, Marcus" sort="Lima, Marcus" uniqKey="Lima M" first="Marcus" last="Lima">Marcus Lima</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Honen, Tuuli Anna" sort="M Honen, Tuuli Anna" uniqKey="M Honen T" first="Tuuli Anna" last="M Hönen">Tuuli Anna M Hönen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Megevand, Laura" sort="Megevand, Laura" uniqKey="Megevand L" first="Laura" last="Megevand">Laura Megevand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morton, Thomas" sort="Morton, Thomas" uniqKey="Morton T" first="Thomas" last="Morton">Thomas Morton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Exeter, Exeter, England</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paladino, Paola" sort="Paladino, Paola" uniqKey="Paladino P" first="Paola" last="Paladino">Paola Paladino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>University of Trento, Trento, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Trento, Trento</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polya, Tibor" sort="Polya, Tibor" uniqKey="Polya T" first="Tibor" last="Polya">Tibor Polya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruza, Aleksejs" sort="Ruza, Aleksejs" uniqKey="Ruza A" first="Aleksejs" last="Ruza">Aleksejs Ruza</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff026"><addr-line>Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Daugavpils University, Daugavpils</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahrazad, Wan" sort="Shahrazad, Wan" uniqKey="Shahrazad W" first="Wan" last="Shahrazad">Wan Shahrazad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff027"><addr-line>National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>National University of Malaysia, Bangi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Sushama" sort="Sharma, Sushama" uniqKey="Sharma S" first="Sushama" last="Sharma">Sushama Sharma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff028"><addr-line>Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Ana Raquel" sort="Torres, Ana Raquel" uniqKey="Torres A" first="Ana Raquel" last="Torres">Ana Raquel Torres</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff029"><addr-line>Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Bles, Anne Marthe" sort="Van Der Bles, Anne Marthe" uniqKey="Van Der Bles A" first="Anne Marthe" last="Van Der Bles">Anne Marthe Van Der Bles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff030"><addr-line>University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Groningen, Groningen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Michael" sort="Wohl, Michael" uniqKey="Wohl M" first="Michael" last="Wohl">Michael Wohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff031"><addr-line>Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as ‘a state of society’ <italic>and</italic> as a ‘state of mind’, we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the ‘state of society’. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey=" Dnanes, M" uniqKey=" Dnanes M">M Ådnanes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Genov, N" uniqKey="Genov N">N Genov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heydari, A" uniqKey="Heydari A">A Heydari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teymoori, A" uniqKey="Teymoori A">A Teymoori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haghish, E" uniqKey="Haghish E">E Haghish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamadi, B" uniqKey="Mohamadi B">B Mohamadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heydari, A" uniqKey="Heydari A">A Heydari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teymoori, A" uniqKey="Teymoori A">A Teymoori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasiri, H" uniqKey="Nasiri H">H Nasiri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopes, Ca" uniqKey="Lopes C">CA Lopes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frade, C" uniqKey="Frade C">C Frade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jamieson, R" uniqKey="Jamieson R">R Jamieson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggiero, V" uniqKey="Ruggiero V">V. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27383133</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4934700</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158370</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-51144</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematical and Statistical Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistical Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Factor Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistics (Mathematics)</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistical Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Factor Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Economics</subject><subj-group><subject>Labor Economics</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Economics</subject><subj-group><subject>Human Capital</subject><subj-group><subject>Economics of Poverty</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sociology</subject><subj-group><subject>Social Research</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Research Assessment</subject><subj-group><subject>Research Validity</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sociology</subject><subj-group><subject>Education</subject><subj-group><subject>Schools</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sociology</subject><subj-group><subject>Social Systems</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Measuring Anomie</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teymoori</surname><given-names>Ali</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jetten</surname><given-names>Jolanda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bastian</surname><given-names>Brock</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ariyanto</surname><given-names>Amarina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Autin</surname><given-names>Frédérique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ayub</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Badea</surname><given-names>Constantina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Besta</surname><given-names>Tomasz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Butera</surname><given-names>Fabrizio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa-Lopes</surname><given-names>Rui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cui</surname><given-names>Lijuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fantini</surname><given-names>Carole</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Finchilescu</surname><given-names>Gillian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gaertner</surname><given-names>Lowell</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gollwitzer</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gómez</surname><given-names>Ángel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>González</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>Ying Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>Dorthe Høj</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karasawa</surname><given-names>Minoru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kessler</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>Olivier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>Marcus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mähönen</surname><given-names>Tuuli Anna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff021"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Megevand</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morton</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paladino</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Polya</surname><given-names>Tibor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruza</surname><given-names>Aleksejs</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff026"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shahrazad</surname><given-names>Wan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff027"><sup>27</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Sushama</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname><given-names>Ana Raquel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff029"><sup>29</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Bles</surname><given-names>Anne Marthe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff030"><sup>30</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wohl</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff031"><sup>31</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff008"><label>8</label><addr-line>University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff009"><label>9</label><addr-line>East China Normal University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff010"><label>10</label><addr-line>Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff011"><label>11</label><addr-line>University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff012"><label>12</label><addr-line>University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff013"><label>13</label><addr-line>Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff014"><label>14</label><addr-line>Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff015"><label>15</label><addr-line>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff016"><label>16</label><addr-line>Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff017"><label>17</label><addr-line>Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff018"><label>18</label><addr-line>Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff019"><label>19</label><addr-line>University of Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff020"><label>20</label><addr-line>Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff021"><label>21</label><addr-line>University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff022"><label>22</label><addr-line>ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff023"><label>23</label><addr-line>University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff024"><label>24</label><addr-line>University of Trento, Trento, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff025"><label>25</label><addr-line>Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff026"><label>26</label><addr-line>Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff027"><label>27</label><addr-line>National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff028"><label>28</label><addr-line>Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff029"><label>29</label><addr-line>Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff030"><label>30</label><addr-line>University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff031"><label>31</label><addr-line>Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Eriksson</surname><given-names>Kimmo</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Mälardalen University, SWEDEN</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: AT JJ BB. Performed the experiments: AT AA FA NA CB TB FB RCL LC CF GF LG MG AG RG YYH DHJ MK TK OK ML TAM LM TM PP TP AR WS SS ART AMV MW. Analyzed the data: AT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AT JJ BB. Wrote the paper: AT JJ BB.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>a.teymoori@uq.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e0158370</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0</ext-link> public domain dedication.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0158370.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as ‘a state of society’ <italic>and</italic> as a ‘state of mind’, we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the ‘state of society’. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution>Australian Research Council's Discovery Project funding scheme</institution></funding-source><award-id>DP120100053</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Jetten</surname><given-names>Jolanda</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution>Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies</institution></funding-source><award-id>FONDAP 15130009</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>González</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award003"><funding-source><institution>Anillos CONICYT</institution></funding-source><award-id>SOC1103</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>González</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This research was supported by a Discovery grant from the Australian Research Council's Discovery Project funding scheme (DP120100053) to Jolanda Jetten and funding from the Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (FONDAP 15130009) and Anillos CONICYT (SOC1103) to Roberto González.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="7"></table-count><page-count count="27"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>Data are available on Dryad. DOI: doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.s700k">10.5061/dryad.s700k</ext-link>.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>Data are available on Dryad. DOI: doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.s700k">10.5061/dryad.s700k</ext-link>.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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