Geographic Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Metropolitan Centres in France and Australia
Identifieur interne : 000547 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000546; suivant : 000548Geographic Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Metropolitan Centres in France and Australia
Auteurs : Catherine Paquet [Canada] ; Basile Chaix [France] ; Natasha J. Howard ; Neil T. Coffee ; Robert J. Adams ; Anne W. Taylor ; Frédérique Thomas ; Mark Daniel [Australie]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Understanding how health outcomes are spatially distributed represents a first step in investigating the scale and nature of environmental influences on health and has important implications for statistical power and analytic efficiency. Using Australian and French cohort data, this study aimed to describe and compare the extent of geographic variation, and the implications for analytic efficiency, across geographic units, countries and a range of cardiometabolic parameters (Body Mass Index (BMI) waist circumference, blood pressure, resting heart rate, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, HbA1c). Geographic clustering was assessed using Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) coefficients in biomedical cohorts from Adelaide (Australia,
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050519
PubMed: 27213423
PubMed Central: 4881144
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<series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Understanding how health outcomes are spatially distributed represents a first step in investigating the scale and nature of environmental influences on health and has important implications for statistical power and analytic efficiency. Using Australian and French cohort data, this study aimed to describe and compare the extent of geographic variation, and the implications for analytic efficiency, across geographic units, countries and a range of cardiometabolic parameters (Body Mass Index (BMI) waist circumference, blood pressure, resting heart rate, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, HbA<sub>1c</sub>
). Geographic clustering was assessed using Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) coefficients in biomedical cohorts from Adelaide (Australia, <italic>n</italic>
= 3893) and Paris (France, <italic>n</italic>
= 6430) for eight geographic administrative units. The median ICC was 0.01 suggesting 1% of risk factor variance attributable to variation between geographic units. Clustering differed by cardiometabolic parameters, administrative units and countries and was greatest for BMI and resting heart rate in the French sample, HbA<sub>1c</sub>
in the Australian sample, and for smaller geographic units. Analytic inefficiency due to clustering was greatest for geographic units in which participants were nested in fewer, larger geographic units. Differences observed in geographic clustering across risk factors have implications for choice of geographic unit in sampling and analysis, and highlight potential cross-country differences in the distribution, or role, of environmental features related to cardiometabolic health.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27213423</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4881144</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13050519</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-13-00519</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Geographic Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Metropolitan Centres in France and Australia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paquet</surname>
<given-names>Catherine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00519">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00519">2</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijerph-13-00519" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chaix</surname>
<given-names>Basile</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-13-00519">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-13-00519">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Howard</surname>
<given-names>Natasha J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00519">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coffee</surname>
<given-names>Neil T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00519">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adams</surname>
<given-names>Robert J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-13-00519">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>Anne W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-13-00519">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>Frédérique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-ijerph-13-00519">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daniel</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00519">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7-ijerph-13-00519">7</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Tchounwou</surname>
<given-names>Paul B.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00519"><label>1</label>
Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia;<email>natasha.howard@unisa.edu.au</email>
(N.J.H.);<email>neil.coffee@unisa.edu.au</email>
(N.T.C.);<email>mark.daniel@unisa.edu.au</email>
(M.D.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00519"><label>2</label>
Research Center of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00519"><label>3</label>
Inserm, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nemesis Team, Paris 75012, France;<email>basile.chaix@iplesp.upmc.fr</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af4-ijerph-13-00519"><label>4</label>
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nemesis Team, Paris 75012, France</aff>
<aff id="af5-ijerph-13-00519"><label>5</label>
Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia;<email>robert.adams@adelaide.edu.au</email>
(R.J.A.);<email>anne.taylor@adelaide.edu.au</email>
(A.W.T.)</aff>
<aff id="af6-ijerph-13-00519"><label>6</label>
Centre d’Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, Paris 75116, France;<email>Thomas@ipc.asso.fr</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af7-ijerph-13-00519"><label>7</label>
Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-13-00519"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>catherine.paquet@unisa.edu.au</email>
; Tel.: +61-8-8302-2615</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>519</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Understanding how health outcomes are spatially distributed represents a first step in investigating the scale and nature of environmental influences on health and has important implications for statistical power and analytic efficiency. Using Australian and French cohort data, this study aimed to describe and compare the extent of geographic variation, and the implications for analytic efficiency, across geographic units, countries and a range of cardiometabolic parameters (Body Mass Index (BMI) waist circumference, blood pressure, resting heart rate, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, HbA<sub>1c</sub>
). Geographic clustering was assessed using Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) coefficients in biomedical cohorts from Adelaide (Australia, <italic>n</italic>
= 3893) and Paris (France, <italic>n</italic>
= 6430) for eight geographic administrative units. The median ICC was 0.01 suggesting 1% of risk factor variance attributable to variation between geographic units. Clustering differed by cardiometabolic parameters, administrative units and countries and was greatest for BMI and resting heart rate in the French sample, HbA<sub>1c</sub>
in the Australian sample, and for smaller geographic units. Analytic inefficiency due to clustering was greatest for geographic units in which participants were nested in fewer, larger geographic units. Differences observed in geographic clustering across risk factors have implications for choice of geographic unit in sampling and analysis, and highlight potential cross-country differences in the distribution, or role, of environmental features related to cardiometabolic health.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Intra-Class Correlation</kwd>
<kwd>cross-country comparison</kwd>
<kwd>geographic clustering</kwd>
<kwd>geographic variation</kwd>
<kwd>cardiometabolic risk factors</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="ijerph-13-00519-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Study regions, Adelaide, South Australia and Paris, France.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00519-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00519-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00519-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Descriptive statistics for Australian (Adelaide) and French (Paris) administrative geographic units analysed between studies.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin">Characteristic</th>
<th colspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Australian Geographic Units</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">French Geographic Units</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD <sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of geographic units</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">767</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1866</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Total population count <sup>1</sup>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">480</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2264</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6170</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,883</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82,788</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2432</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7983</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,509</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q1–Q3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">342–629</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1063–3737</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2357–9622</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,525–26,957</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,442–99,688</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2087–2942</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6939–9169</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,705–53,577</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Size (area)</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median (km<sup>2</sup>
)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.80</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q1–Q3 (km<sup>2</sup>
)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17–0.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01–2.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.39–12.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.04–24.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.06–94.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07–0.34</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29–1.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.67–8.92</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Number of participants</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">581</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q1–Q3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3–7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9–40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37–124</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133–255</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530–908</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6–13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19–62</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coefficient of Variation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.09</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arithmetic Mean</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">659.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmonic Mean</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.43</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">459.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.59</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Population and Housing Census, 2006 French population Census. <sup>2</sup>
Abbreviations: CD, Census Collection District; POA, Postal Area; SLA, Statistical Local Area; LGA, Local Government Area; IRIS, Ilôts regroupés pour l’information statistique; TRIRIS: Groups of around three IRIS areas.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00519-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00519-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Descriptive statistics for population-based, metropolitan area Australian and French biomedical cohort participants.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin">Measure</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Adelaide, Australia (<italic>n</italic>
= 3893)</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Paris, France (<italic>n</italic>
= 6430)</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean (SD) or <italic>n</italic>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean (SD) or <italic>n</italic>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.5 (16.4)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.6 (11.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Gender</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1851 (47.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4197 (65.3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2042 (52.5%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2233 (34.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">University education <sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">446 (11.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2472 (38.4%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3327 (88.2%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3905 (60.7%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Missing</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (0.8%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Annual Income <sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,362 (26,027) AUD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,000 AUD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19,858 (13,591) €</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,800 €</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.8 (5.5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4 (4.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Waist girth (cm)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.4 (13.0)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.9 (10.8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.1 (14.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.7 (11.9)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128 (18.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127.5 (17.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.6 (10.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6 (10.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Resting heart rate</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.7 (10.2)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.6 (92.3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.8 (50.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">202.8 (40.8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">201.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214.7 (38.5)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.8 (14.7)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3 (13.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.6 (25.1)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.4 (14.6)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HbA<sub>1c</sub>
(%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6 (0.8)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>
Australian sample: University graduates; French sample: At least two years of university education; <sup>2</sup>
Australian sample: Household income; French sample: Income per consumption unit [<xref rid="B32-ijerph-13-00519" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
], average exchange rate (1999–2006): 1 AUD = 0.60 €.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00519-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00519-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Variance components, ICC and design effect for Adelaide, Australia, sample (<italic>n</italic>
= 3893).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geographic Unit</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Between-Cluster Variance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Within-Cluster Variance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC <sup>2</sup>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Design Effect</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>BMI</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.57</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.55</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Waist girth</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214.68</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213.85</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213.95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214.57</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.61</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Diastolic blood pressure</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Systolic blood pressure</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">345.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">341.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">345.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">345.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA <sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>HDL-C</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">212.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">214.86</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215.13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215.06</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">216.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.68</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1"><bold>Total Cholesterol</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.04</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1644.79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1659.67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA, SLA, LGA <sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Triglycerides</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8477.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8454.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8452.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8444.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8477.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Fasting glucose</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">613.10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">620.19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.68</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">620.68</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">622.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">625.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.44</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>HbA<sub>1C</sub>
</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.91</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.98</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.36</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.87</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.16</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>
Non-convergence of the model; <sup>2</sup>
ICCs were calculated on variance estimates reported with four decimal points. Abbreviations: ICC, Intra-Class Correlation; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CD, Census Collection District; POA, Postal Area; SLA, Statistical Local Area; LGA, Local Government Area.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00519-t004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00519-t004_Table 4</object-id>
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Variance components, ICC and design effect for Paris, France, sample (<italic>n</italic>
= 6430).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geographic Unit</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Between-Cluster Variance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Within-Cluster Variance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC <sup>2</sup>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Design Effect</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>BMI</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.34</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.09</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Waist girth</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Diastolic blood pressure</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.29</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110.79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Systolic blood pressure</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.70</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.85</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">293.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Resting heart rate</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.80</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.65</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>HDL-C</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182.55</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.56</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183.63</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184.69</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Total Cholesterol</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1454.94</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.93</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1467.96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1476.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Triglycerides</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2542.59</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS <sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2550.26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Fasting glucose</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities <sup>1</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>
Non-convergence of the model; <sup>2</sup>
ICCs were calculated on variance estimates reported with four decimal points. Abbreviations: ICC, Intra-Class Correlation; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IRIS, Ilôts regroupés pour l’information statistique; TRIRIS: Groups of around three IRIS areas.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00519-t005" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00519-t005_Table 5</object-id>
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Mean Intra-Class Correlation and design effect according to geographic unit, Australia and France samples.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Geographic Unit</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ICC (%)</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Design Effect</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pooled Estimate</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Australia</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50, 2.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">State Suburb</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41, 2.49</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">POA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04, 2.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14, 2.35</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.57</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LGA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.22, 2.15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.97</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>France</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07, 3.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRIRIS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74, 2.79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Municipalities</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53, 2.18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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