The Development of Functional Overreaching Is Associated with a Faster Heart Rate Recovery in Endurance Athletes
Identifieur interne : 000338 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000337; suivant : 000339The Development of Functional Overreaching Is Associated with a Faster Heart Rate Recovery in Endurance Athletes
Auteurs : Anaël Aubry [France] ; Christophe Hausswirth [France] ; Julien Louis [France, Royaume-Uni] ; Aaron J. Coutts [Australie] ; Martin Buchheit [France, Australie] ; Yann Le Meur [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate recovery (HRR) may represent an effective marker of functional overreaching (f-OR) in endurance athletes.
Thirty-one experienced male triathletes were tested (10 control and 21 overload subjects) before (Pre), and immediately after an overload training period (Mid) and after a 2-week taper (Post). Physiological responses were assessed during an incremental cycling protocol to exhaustion, including heart rate, catecholamine release and blood lactate concentration. Ten participants from the overload group developed signs of f-OR at Mid (i.e. -2.1 ± 0.8% change in performance associated with concomitant high perceived fatigue). Additionally, only the f-OR group demonstrated a 99% chance of increase in HRR during the overload period (+8 ± 5 bpm, large effect size). Concomitantly, this group also revealed a >80% chance of decreasing blood lactate (-11 ± 14%, large), plasma norepinephrine (-12 ± 37%, small) and plasma epinephrine peak concentrations (-51 ± 22%, moderate). These blood measures returned to baseline levels at Post. HRR change was negatively correlated to changes in performance, peak HR and peak blood metabolites concentrations.
These findings suggest that i) a faster HRR is not systematically associated with improved physical performance, ii) changes in HRR should be interpreted in the context of the specific training phase, the athletes perceived level of fatigue and the performance response; and, iii) the faster HRR associated with f-OR may be induced by a decreased central command and by a lower chemoreflex activity.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139754
PubMed: 26488766
PubMed Central: 4619310
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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hausswirth, Christophe" sort="Hausswirth, Christophe" uniqKey="Hausswirth C" first="Christophe" last="Hausswirth">Christophe Hausswirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louis, Julien" sort="Louis, Julien" uniqKey="Louis J" first="Julien" last="Louis">Julien Louis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly building, L3 3AF, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly building, L3 3AF, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coutts, Aaron J" sort="Coutts, Aaron J" uniqKey="Coutts A" first="Aaron J." last="Coutts">Aaron J. Coutts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buchheit, Martin" sort="Buchheit, Martin" uniqKey="Buchheit M" first="Martin" last="Buchheit">Martin Buchheit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Meur, Yann" sort="Le Meur, Yann" uniqKey="Le Meur Y" first="Yann" last="Le Meur">Yann Le Meur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Purpose</title><p>The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate recovery (HRR) may represent an effective marker of functional overreaching (f-OR) in endurance athletes.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods and Results</title><p>Thirty-one experienced male triathletes were tested (10 control and 21 overload subjects) before (Pre), and immediately after an overload training period (Mid) and after a 2-week taper (Post). Physiological responses were assessed during an incremental cycling protocol to exhaustion, including heart rate, catecholamine release and blood lactate concentration. Ten participants from the overload group developed signs of f-OR at Mid (i.e. -2.1 ± 0.8% change in performance associated with concomitant high perceived fatigue). Additionally, only the f-OR group demonstrated a 99% chance of increase in HRR during the overload period (+8 ± 5 bpm, large effect size). Concomitantly, this group also revealed a >80% chance of decreasing blood lactate (-11 ± 14%, large), plasma norepinephrine (-12 ± 37%, small) and plasma epinephrine peak concentrations (-51 ± 22%, moderate). These blood measures returned to baseline levels at Post. HRR change was negatively correlated to changes in performance, peak HR and peak blood metabolites concentrations.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusion</title><p>These findings suggest that i) a faster HRR is not systematically associated with improved physical performance, ii) changes in HRR should be interpreted in the context of the specific training phase, the athletes perceived level of fatigue and the performance response; and, iii) the faster HRR associated with f-OR may be induced by a decreased central command and by a lower chemoreflex activity.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meeusen, R" uniqKey="Meeusen R">R Meeusen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duclos, M" uniqKey="Duclos M">M Duclos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, C" uniqKey="Foster C">C Foster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fry, A" uniqKey="Fry A">A Fry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gleeson, M" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26488766</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4619310</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0139754</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-23745</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Development of Functional Overreaching Is Associated with a Faster Heart Rate Recovery in Endurance Athletes</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Heart Rate Recovery in Overreached Athletes</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aubry</surname><given-names>Anaël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hausswirth</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Louis</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coutts</surname><given-names>Aaron J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Buchheit</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Le Meur</surname><given-names>Yann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), EA, 7370, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly building, L3 3AF, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Sacchetti</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Rome Foro Italico, ITALY</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>Dr. Martin Buchheit is affiliated with the Paris St. Germain Football Club. The authors have no other competing interests to declare.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: CH YLM. Performed the experiments: AA JL YLM. Analyzed the data: AA AJC MB YLM. Wrote the paper: AA CH AJC MB YLM.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ These aurthors are co-last authors on this work.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>yann.le-meur@insep.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>e0139754</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Aubry et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0139754.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Purpose</title><p>The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate recovery (HRR) may represent an effective marker of functional overreaching (f-OR) in endurance athletes.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods and Results</title><p>Thirty-one experienced male triathletes were tested (10 control and 21 overload subjects) before (Pre), and immediately after an overload training period (Mid) and after a 2-week taper (Post). Physiological responses were assessed during an incremental cycling protocol to exhaustion, including heart rate, catecholamine release and blood lactate concentration. Ten participants from the overload group developed signs of f-OR at Mid (i.e. -2.1 ± 0.8% change in performance associated with concomitant high perceived fatigue). Additionally, only the f-OR group demonstrated a 99% chance of increase in HRR during the overload period (+8 ± 5 bpm, large effect size). Concomitantly, this group also revealed a >80% chance of decreasing blood lactate (-11 ± 14%, large), plasma norepinephrine (-12 ± 37%, small) and plasma epinephrine peak concentrations (-51 ± 22%, moderate). These blood measures returned to baseline levels at Post. HRR change was negatively correlated to changes in performance, peak HR and peak blood metabolites concentrations.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusion</title><p>These findings suggest that i) a faster HRR is not systematically associated with improved physical performance, ii) changes in HRR should be interpreted in the context of the specific training phase, the athletes perceived level of fatigue and the performance response; and, iii) the faster HRR associated with f-OR may be induced by a decreased central command and by a lower chemoreflex activity.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The authors received funding for research on which this article is based from the French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP, Paris, France), the French Ministry of Sport Grant No. 11-I-0036, and a French Anti-Doping Agency grant (AFLD, Paris, France).</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count><table-count count="2"></table-count><page-count count="16"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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