Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops</title><author><name sortKey="Klein, Alexandra Maria" sort="Klein, Alexandra Maria" uniqKey="Klein A" first="Alexandra-Maria" last="Klein">Alexandra-Maria Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaissiere, Bernard E" sort="Vaissiere, Bernard E" uniqKey="Vaissiere B" first="Bernard E" last="Vaissière">Bernard E. Vaissière</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pollinisation Entomophile, UMR 406 INRA-UAPV Ecologie des Invertébrés</institution><addr-line>84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cane, James H" sort="Cane, James H" uniqKey="Cane J" first="James H" last="Cane">James H. Cane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University</institution><addr-line>Logan, UT 84322, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf" sort="Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf" uniqKey="Steffan Dewenter I" first="Ingolf" last="Steffan-Dewenter">Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunningham, Saul A" sort="Cunningham, Saul A" uniqKey="Cunningham S" first="Saul A" last="Cunningham">Saul A. Cunningham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>CSIRO Entomology</institution><addr-line>Box 1700 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kremen, Claire" sort="Kremen, Claire" uniqKey="Kremen C" first="Claire" last="Kremen">Claire Kremen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California</institution><addr-line>137 Mulford Hall no. 3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tscharntke, Teja" sort="Tscharntke, Teja" uniqKey="Tscharntke T" first="Teja" last="Tscharntke">Teja Tscharntke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17164193</idno><idno type="pmc">1702377</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1702377</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1702377</idno><idno type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2006.3721</idno><date when="2006">2006</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F02</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F02</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops</title><author><name sortKey="Klein, Alexandra Maria" sort="Klein, Alexandra Maria" uniqKey="Klein A" first="Alexandra-Maria" last="Klein">Alexandra-Maria Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaissiere, Bernard E" sort="Vaissiere, Bernard E" uniqKey="Vaissiere B" first="Bernard E" last="Vaissière">Bernard E. Vaissière</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pollinisation Entomophile, UMR 406 INRA-UAPV Ecologie des Invertébrés</institution><addr-line>84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cane, James H" sort="Cane, James H" uniqKey="Cane J" first="James H" last="Cane">James H. Cane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University</institution><addr-line>Logan, UT 84322, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf" sort="Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf" uniqKey="Steffan Dewenter I" first="Ingolf" last="Steffan-Dewenter">Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cunningham, Saul A" sort="Cunningham, Saul A" uniqKey="Cunningham S" first="Saul A" last="Cunningham">Saul A. Cunningham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>CSIRO Entomology</institution><addr-line>Box 1700 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kremen, Claire" sort="Kremen, Claire" uniqKey="Kremen C" first="Claire" last="Kremen">Claire Kremen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California</institution><addr-line>137 Mulford Hall no. 3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tscharntke, Teja" sort="Tscharntke, Teja" uniqKey="Tscharntke T" first="Teja" last="Tscharntke">Teja Tscharntke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-8452</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-2954</idno><imprint><date when="2006">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSPB</journal-id><journal-title>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8452</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2954</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name> <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17164193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1702377</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rspb20063721</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rspb.2006.3721</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>Alexandra-Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vaissière</surname><given-names>Bernard E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cane</surname><given-names>James H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steffan-Dewenter</surname><given-names>Ingolf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>Saul A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kremen</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tscharntke</surname><given-names>Teja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Agroecology, University of Göttingen</institution><addr-line>Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pollinisation Entomophile, UMR 406 INRA-UAPV Ecologie des Invertébrés</institution><addr-line>84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University</institution><addr-line>Logan, UT 84322, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>CSIRO Entomology</institution><addr-line>Box 1700 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California</institution><addr-line>137 Mulford Hall no. 3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Author for correspondence (<email>aklein2@gwdg.de</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>07</day><month>2</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>274</volume><issue>1608</issue><fpage>303</fpage><lpage>313</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>7</month><year>2006</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>This journal is © 2006 The Royal Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p>The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>agriculture</kwd><kwd>conservation</kwd><kwd>pollination</kwd><kwd>biodiversity</kwd><kwd>spatial ecology</kwd><kwd>wild bees</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Crop selection pathway to estimate the annual world production that is influenced by animal pollination (electronic supplementary material 1; lower left side) and to evaluate the levels of dependence on animal pollination for crops important in the global market (electronic supplementary material 2; right side). Single crops are crops directly listed with their production by the FAO and commodity crops are combined to a commodity with an aggregated production value.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rspb20063721f01"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Relative importance of animal pollination for the leading global crops and commodities used for human food and selected by their annual production in 2004. We considered crops and commodities with an annual production greater than 4 000 000 Metric tonnes (Mt) as these comprise 99% of the 2004 total crop production listed for human food. The number of crops and the production are listed according to their production increase with pollinators (see electronic supplementary material 1 for details). Single crops and commodity crops in NES<sup>*</sup> commodities are separated. The category ‘unknown’ includes only commodity crops for the number of crops while the ‘unknown’ production is the production of the leading commodities, as the production value of each commodity crop is not known. Crops in the ‘increase’ category could be classified into three sub-categories with the following number of species and total production figure for the individual crops: production increase with pollinators for plant parts that we consume (fruits and/or seeds: 26 crops with 12 108 Mt=55%); increase in seed production with pollinators to produce the vegetative parts that we consume (six crops with 2108 Mt=9%); and increase in seed production with animals for breeding alone, as the plants reproduce vegetatively and we consume the vegetative parts (seven crops with 8108 Mt=36%). NES<sup>*</sup> is an abbreviation for not elsewhere specified; leading commodities are fresh vegetables NES, fresh fruits NES, fresh tropical fruits NES, roots and tubers NES and pulses NES. Commodity crops are included based on a questionnaire that countries fill out to include important crops for the world market which are not listed as single crops.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rspb20063721f02"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination. The selected crops are those included directly in the production list published by the FAO for 2004 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib36">FAOSTAT 2005</xref>). We further included commodity crops for which the production was pooled in commodities with an annual 2004 commodity production greater than 4 000 000 Metric tonnes (Mt). Only crops that produce fruits or seeds for direct human use as food were considered. We did not include: (i) crops for which seeds are only used for breeding or to grow vegetable parts for direct human use or for forage, and (ii) crops known to be only wind-pollinated, passively self-pollinated or reproduced vegetatively. <bold>Essential</bold>, pollinators essential for most varieties (production reduction by 90% more, comparing experiments with and without animal pollinators); <bold>high</bold>, animal pollinators are extreme (40 to less than 90% reduction); <bold>modest</bold>, animal pollinators are clearly beneficial (10 to less than 40% reduction); <bold>little</bold>, some evidence suggests that animal pollinators are beneficial (greater than 0 to less than 10% reduction); <bold>no increase</bold>, no production increase with animal-mediated pollination; <bold>unknown</bold>, empirical studies are missing.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rspb20063721f03"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Expected relationship between the loss of animal-mediated crop pollination function (pollination variable usually measured as fruit or seed set in pollination studies and the variation usually measured as the coefficient of variation in the number or yield of fruits indicating crop production stability) and the effect of isolation from near-natural habitats (which means the area and distance of the main nesting and foraging habitats for the pollinators). Expected relationships in the absence of pollinator introduction are given for crops which are independent of animal pollination and for crops depending on animal pollination. Mean, solid line; variation, dashed line.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rspb20063721f04"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pollinator and pollination limitation in crop plants in response to land-use and landscape changes. (Significance <sup>*</sup><italic>p</italic><0.05; <sup>**</sup><italic>p</italic><0.01; <sup>***</sup><italic>p</italic><0.001.)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">species name (common crop name)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">land-use and landscape variable</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pollination variable and significance level of reduction</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">reference</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona squamosa</italic> × <italic>A. cherimola</italic> (sugar apple)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison of sites near and far from forest fragments</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">pollinator diversity<sup>***</sup> (fruit set reduction with pollinator exclusion<sup>***</sup>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib8">Blanche & Cunningham (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica napus</italic> and <italic>B. rapa</italic> (turnip rape, canola and oilseed rape)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison of organic, conventional and genetically modified (GM) fields</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of seeds per silique from a flower sample<sup>***</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib64">Morandin & Winston (2005)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">proportional area of uncultivated land around fields within a 750 m radius</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of seeds per silique from a flower sample<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">Morandin & Winston (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic> (watermelon)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison of organic versus conventional fields</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of pollen grains/stigma, n.s.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kremen <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib57">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">proportional area of oak woodland and chaparral habitat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of pollen grains/stigma<sup>***</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kremen <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib57">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus paradisi</italic> (grapefruit)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distance from forest</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of pollen grains/stigma<sup>*</sup> number of pollen tubes/stigma<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib23">Chacoff (2006)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib22">Chacoff & Aizen (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic> (coffee)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">coffee plants near, intermediate and far from forest fragments</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of pollen grains/stigma<sup>***</sup>, fruit set<sup>*</sup>, seed mass<sup>**</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib80">Ricketts (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib81">Ricketts <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distance from forest</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruit set<sup>**</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Klein <italic>et al</italic>. (2003<italic>a</italic>)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">plant diversity</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruit set<sup>**</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib53">Klein <italic>et al</italic>. (2003<italic>a</italic>)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">coffee monocultures versus agroforestry</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruit set<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib33">De Marco & Coelho (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison sites near and far from forest fragments</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruit set<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib33">De Marco & Coelho (2004)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea canephora</italic> (coffee)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distance from forest</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruit set<sup>**</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib54">Klein <italic>et al</italic>. (2003<italic>b</italic>)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dimocarpus longan</italic> (longan fruit)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison sites near and far from forest fragments</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of fruits per centimetre panicle<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib9">Blanche <italic>et al</italic>. (in press)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> (sunflower)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">proportional area of natural habitat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">wild bee diversity and abundance<sup>***</sup> (estimated increase in seed set via single visit studies)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">Greenleaf & Kremen (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">organic versus conventional farm management</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">wild bee diversity and abundance, n.s.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">Greenleaf & Kremen (2006)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersicon esculentum</italic> (tomato)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distance to natural habitat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bombus vosnesenskii</italic> abundance<sup>***</sup>; <italic>Anthophora urbana</italic> abundance, n.s. (fruit set and fruit weight reduction with pollinator exclusion for variety with exserted stigma)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib40">Greenleaf & Kremen (in press)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Macadamia integrifolia</italic> (macadamia nut)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">percentage of eucalyptus forest surrounding orchards</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trigona</italic> abundance (seed set reduction with pollinator exclusion<sup>*</sup> and only <italic>Trigona</italic> pollinated<sup>*</sup>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">Heard (1994)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib43">Heard & Exley (1994)</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">comparison of sites near and far from forest fragments</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">number of fruits/raceme<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib9">Blanche <italic>et al</italic>. (in press)</xref></td></tr></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Species list of known pollinators for global crops that are grown for direct human consumption.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pollinator group</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">species</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">honey bees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apis cerana</italic> Fabr., <italic>A. dorsata</italic> Fabr., <italic>A. florea</italic> Fabr. and <italic>A. mellifera</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">stingless bees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melipona favosa</italic> Fabr., <italic>M. subnitida</italic> Ducke, <italic>M. quadrifasciata</italic> Lepeletier, <italic>Nanotrigona perilampoides</italic> Cresson, <italic>N. testaceicornis</italic> Lepeletier, <italic>Trigona cupira</italic> Sm., <italic>T. iridipennis</italic> Smith, <italic>T.</italic> (<italic>Lepidotrigona</italic>) <italic>terminata</italic> Smith, <italic>T.</italic> (<italic>Tetragonoula</italic>) <italic>minangkabau</italic> Sakagami, <italic>T. toracica</italic> Smith and <italic>Scaptotrigona depilis</italic> Moure</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bumble bees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bombus affinis</italic> Cresson, <italic>B. californicus</italic> F. Smith, <italic>B. hortorum</italic> L., <italic>B. hypnorum</italic> L., <italic>B. impatiens</italic> Cresson, <italic>B. lapidarius</italic> L., <italic>B.</italic> (<italic>Thoracobombus</italic>) <italic>pascuorum</italic> Scop., <italic>B. sonorus</italic> L., <italic>B. terrestris</italic> L. and <italic>B. vosnesenskii</italic> Radoszkowski</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">solitary bees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amegilla chlorocyanea</italic> Cockerell, <italic>A.</italic> (<italic>Zonamegilla</italic>) <italic>holmesi</italic> Rayment, <italic>Andrena ilerda</italic> Cam., <italic>Anthophora pilipes</italic> Fabr., <italic>Centris tarsata</italic> Smith, <italic>Creightonella frontalis</italic> Fabr., <italic>Habropoda laboriosa</italic> Fabr., <italic>Halictus tripartitus</italic> Cockerell, <italic>Megachile</italic> (<italic>Delomegachile</italic>) <italic>addenda</italic> Cresson, <italic>M. rotundata</italic> Fabr., <italic>Osmia aglaia</italic> Sandhouse, <italic>O. cornifrons</italic> Radoszkowski, <italic>O. cornuta</italic> Latreille, <italic>O. lignaria lignaria</italic> Say, <italic>O. lignaria propinqua</italic> Cresson, <italic>O. ribifloris</italic> Cockerell, <italic>Peponapis limitaris</italic> Cockerell, <italic>P. pruinosa</italic> Say, <italic>Pithitis smaragdula</italic> Fabr., <italic>Xylocopa</italic> (<italic>Zonohirsuta</italic>) <italic>dejeanii</italic> Lepeletier, <italic>Xylocopa frontalis</italic> Oliver and <italic>Xylocopa suspecta</italic> Moure</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">wasps</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Blastophaga psenes</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">hover flies and other flies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eristalis cerealis</italic> Fabr., <italic>E. tenax</italic> L. and <italic>Trichometallea pollinosa</italic> Townsend</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">beetles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carpophilus hemipterus</italic> L. and <italic>Carpophilus mutilatus</italic> Erichson</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">thrips</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips hawaiiensis</italic> Morgan and <italic>Haplothrips</italic> (<italic>Haplothrips</italic>) <italic>tenuipennis</italic> Bagnall</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">birds</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Turdus merula</italic> L. and <italic>Acridotheres tristis</italic> L.</td></tr></table></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002F02 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002F02 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |