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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force</title><author><name sortKey="Galon, Jerome" sort="Galon, Jerome" uniqKey="Galon J" first="Jérôme" last="Galon">Jérôme Galon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pages, Franck" sort="Pages, Franck" uniqKey="Pages F" first="Franck" last="Pagès">Franck Pagès</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marincola, Francesco M" sort="Marincola, Francesco M" uniqKey="Marincola F" first="Francesco M" last="Marincola">Francesco M. Marincola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angell, Helen K" sort="Angell, Helen K" uniqKey="Angell H" first="Helen K" last="Angell">Helen K. Angell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurin, Magdalena" sort="Thurin, Magdalena" uniqKey="Thurin M" first="Magdalena" last="Thurin">Magdalena Thurin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lugli, Alessandro" sort="Lugli, Alessandro" uniqKey="Lugli A" first="Alessandro" last="Lugli">Alessandro Lugli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zlobec, Inti" sort="Zlobec, Inti" uniqKey="Zlobec I" first="Inti" last="Zlobec">Inti Zlobec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Anne" sort="Berger, Anne" uniqKey="Berger A" first="Anne" last="Berger">Anne Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bifulco, Carlo" sort="Bifulco, Carlo" uniqKey="Bifulco C" first="Carlo" last="Bifulco">Carlo Bifulco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Botti, Gerardo" sort="Botti, Gerardo" uniqKey="Botti G" first="Gerardo" last="Botti">Gerardo Botti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatangelo, Fabiana" sort="Tatangelo, Fabiana" uniqKey="Tatangelo F" first="Fabiana" last="Tatangelo">Fabiana Tatangelo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Britten, Cedrik M" sort="Britten, Cedrik M" uniqKey="Britten C" first="Cedrik M" last="Britten">Cedrik M. Britten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreiter, Sebastian" sort="Kreiter, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kreiter S" first="Sebastian" last="Kreiter">Sebastian Kreiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chouchane, Lotfi" sort="Chouchane, Lotfi" uniqKey="Chouchane L" first="Lotfi" last="Chouchane">Lotfi Chouchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delrio, Paolo" sort="Delrio, Paolo" uniqKey="Delrio P" first="Paolo" last="Delrio">Paolo Delrio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Colorectal Surgery Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arndt, Hartmann" sort="Arndt, Hartmann" uniqKey="Arndt H" first="Hartmann" last="Arndt">Hartmann Arndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I14">Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asslaber, Martin" sort="Asslaber, Martin" uniqKey="Asslaber M" first="Martin" last="Asslaber">Martin Asslaber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I15">Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maio, Michele" sort="Maio, Michele" uniqKey="Maio M" first="Michele" last="Maio">Michele Maio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I16">Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masucci, Giuseppe V" sort="Masucci, Giuseppe V" uniqKey="Masucci G" first="Giuseppe V" last="Masucci">Giuseppe V. Masucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I17">Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihm, Martin" sort="Mihm, Martin" uniqKey="Mihm M" first="Martin" last="Mihm">Martin Mihm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I18">Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vidal Vanaclocha, Fernando" sort="Vidal Vanaclocha, Fernando" uniqKey="Vidal Vanaclocha F" first="Fernando" last="Vidal-Vanaclocha">Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I19">CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine and HM-Hospital of Madrid Scientific Foundation, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, James P" sort="Allison, James P" uniqKey="Allison J" first="James P" last="Allison">James P. Allison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I20">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnjatic, Sacha" sort="Gnjatic, Sacha" uniqKey="Gnjatic S" first="Sacha" last="Gnjatic">Sacha Gnjatic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I20">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakansson, Leif" sort="Hakansson, Leif" uniqKey="Hakansson L" first="Leif" last="Hakansson">Leif Hakansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I21">University of Lund, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huber, Christoph" sort="Huber, Christoph" uniqKey="Huber C" first="Christoph" last="Huber">Christoph Huber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh Jasuja, Harpreet" sort="Singh Jasuja, Harpreet" uniqKey="Singh Jasuja H" first="Harpreet" last="Singh-Jasuja">Harpreet Singh-Jasuja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I22">Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ottensmeier, Christian" sort="Ottensmeier, Christian" uniqKey="Ottensmeier C" first="Christian" last="Ottensmeier">Christian Ottensmeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I23">Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwierzina, Heinz" sort="Zwierzina, Heinz" uniqKey="Zwierzina H" first="Heinz" last="Zwierzina">Heinz Zwierzina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I24">Department Haematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laghi, Luigi" sort="Laghi, Luigi" uniqKey="Laghi L" first="Luigi" last="Laghi">Luigi Laghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I25">Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grizzi, Fabio" sort="Grizzi, Fabio" uniqKey="Grizzi F" first="Fabio" last="Grizzi">Fabio Grizzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I25">Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohashi, Pamela S" sort="Ohashi, Pamela S" uniqKey="Ohashi P" first="Pamela S" last="Ohashi">Pamela S. Ohashi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I26">Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Patricia A" sort="Shaw, Patricia A" uniqKey="Shaw P" first="Patricia A" last="Shaw">Patricia A. Shaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Blaise A" sort="Clarke, Blaise A" uniqKey="Clarke B" first="Blaise A" last="Clarke">Blaise A. Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wouters, Bradly G" sort="Wouters, Bradly G" uniqKey="Wouters B" first="Bradly G" last="Wouters">Bradly G. Wouters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Yutaka" sort="Kawakami, Yutaka" uniqKey="Kawakami Y" first="Yutaka" last="Kawakami">Yutaka Kawakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I28">Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hazama, Shoichi" sort="Hazama, Shoichi" uniqKey="Hazama S" first="Shoichi" last="Hazama">Shoichi Hazama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I29">Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuno, Kiyotaka" sort="Okuno, Kiyotaka" uniqKey="Okuno K" first="Kiyotaka" last="Okuno">Kiyotaka Okuno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I30">Department of Surgery, Kinki University, School of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ena" sort="Wang, Ena" uniqKey="Wang E" first="Ena" last="Wang">Ena Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Donnell Tormey, Jill" sort="O Donnell Tormey, Jill" uniqKey="O Donnell Tormey J" first="Jill" last="O'Donnell-Tormey">Jill O'Donnell-Tormey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I31">Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagorce, Christine" sort="Lagorce, Christine" uniqKey="Lagorce C" first="Christine" last="Lagorce">Christine Lagorce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I32">Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pawelec, Graham" sort="Pawelec, Graham" uniqKey="Pawelec G" first="Graham" last="Pawelec">Graham Pawelec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I33">Center for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nishimura, Michael I" sort="Nishimura, Michael I" uniqKey="Nishimura M" first="Michael I" last="Nishimura">Michael I. Nishimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I34">Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Robert" sort="Hawkins, Robert" uniqKey="Hawkins R" first="Robert" last="Hawkins">Robert Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I35">School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lapointe, Rejean" sort="Lapointe, Rejean" uniqKey="Lapointe R" first="Réjean" last="Lapointe">Réjean Lapointe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I36">Research Center, University Hospital, Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada ; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundqvist, Andreas" sort="Lundqvist, Andreas" uniqKey="Lundqvist A" first="Andreas" last="Lundqvist">Andreas Lundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I37">Karolinska Institutet Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khleif, Samir N" sort="Khleif, Samir N" uniqKey="Khleif S" first="Samir N" last="Khleif">Samir N. Khleif</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I38">Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogino, Shuji" sort="Ogino, Shuji" uniqKey="Ogino S" first="Shuji" last="Ogino">Shuji Ogino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I39">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gibbs, Peter" sort="Gibbs, Peter" uniqKey="Gibbs P" first="Peter" last="Gibbs">Peter Gibbs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I40">Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waring, Paul" sort="Waring, Paul" uniqKey="Waring P" first="Paul" last="Waring">Paul Waring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I41">Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Noriyuki" sort="Sato, Noriyuki" uniqKey="Sato N" first="Noriyuki" last="Sato">Noriyuki Sato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I42">Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torigoe, Toshihiko" sort="Torigoe, Toshihiko" uniqKey="Torigoe T" first="Toshihiko" last="Torigoe">Toshihiko Torigoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I42">Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Itoh, Kyogo" sort="Itoh, Kyogo" uniqKey="Itoh K" first="Kyogo" last="Itoh">Kyogo Itoh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I43">Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Prabhu S" sort="Patel, Prabhu S" uniqKey="Patel P" first="Prabhu S" last="Patel">Prabhu S. Patel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I44">The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shukla, Shilin N" sort="Shukla, Shilin N" uniqKey="Shukla S" first="Shilin N" last="Shukla">Shilin N. Shukla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I44">The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmqvist, Richard" sort="Palmqvist, Richard" uniqKey="Palmqvist R" first="Richard" last="Palmqvist">Richard Palmqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I45">Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagtegaal, Iris D" sort="Nagtegaal, Iris D" uniqKey="Nagtegaal I" first="Iris D" last="Nagtegaal">Iris D. Nagtegaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I46">Pathology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yili" sort="Wang, Yili" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yili" last="Wang">Yili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I47">Institute for Cancer Research, Center of Translational medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong university, Xian, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Arrigo, Corrado" sort="D Arrigo, Corrado" uniqKey="D Arrigo C" first="Corrado" last="D'Arrigo">Corrado D'Arrigo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I48">Department of Histopathology, Dorset County Hospital, DCHFT, NHS, Dorchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kopetz, Scott" sort="Kopetz, Scott" uniqKey="Kopetz S" first="Scott" last="Kopetz">Scott Kopetz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I49">MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinicrope, Frank A" sort="Sinicrope, Frank A" uniqKey="Sinicrope F" first="Frank A" last="Sinicrope">Frank A. Sinicrope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I50">Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trinchieri, Giorgio" sort="Trinchieri, Giorgio" uniqKey="Trinchieri G" first="Giorgio" last="Trinchieri">Giorgio Trinchieri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I51">Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Frederick and Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gajewski, Thomas F" sort="Gajewski, Thomas F" uniqKey="Gajewski T" first="Thomas F" last="Gajewski">Thomas F. Gajewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I52">University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ascierto, Paolo A" sort="Ascierto, Paolo A" uniqKey="Ascierto P" first="Paolo A" last="Ascierto">Paolo A. Ascierto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I53">Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I54">Fondazione Melanoma Onlus, Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Bernard A" sort="Fox, Bernard A" uniqKey="Fox B" first="Bernard A" last="Fox">Bernard A. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I55">Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I56">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23034130</idno><idno type="pmc">3554496</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554496</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3554496</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1479-5876-10-205</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E62</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force</title><author><name sortKey="Galon, Jerome" sort="Galon, Jerome" uniqKey="Galon J" first="Jérôme" last="Galon">Jérôme Galon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pages, Franck" sort="Pages, Franck" uniqKey="Pages F" first="Franck" last="Pagès">Franck Pagès</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marincola, Francesco M" sort="Marincola, Francesco M" uniqKey="Marincola F" first="Francesco M" last="Marincola">Francesco M. Marincola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angell, Helen K" sort="Angell, Helen K" uniqKey="Angell H" first="Helen K" last="Angell">Helen K. Angell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurin, Magdalena" sort="Thurin, Magdalena" uniqKey="Thurin M" first="Magdalena" last="Thurin">Magdalena Thurin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lugli, Alessandro" sort="Lugli, Alessandro" uniqKey="Lugli A" first="Alessandro" last="Lugli">Alessandro Lugli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zlobec, Inti" sort="Zlobec, Inti" uniqKey="Zlobec I" first="Inti" last="Zlobec">Inti Zlobec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Anne" sort="Berger, Anne" uniqKey="Berger A" first="Anne" last="Berger">Anne Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bifulco, Carlo" sort="Bifulco, Carlo" uniqKey="Bifulco C" first="Carlo" last="Bifulco">Carlo Bifulco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Department of Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Botti, Gerardo" sort="Botti, Gerardo" uniqKey="Botti G" first="Gerardo" last="Botti">Gerardo Botti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatangelo, Fabiana" sort="Tatangelo, Fabiana" uniqKey="Tatangelo F" first="Fabiana" last="Tatangelo">Fabiana Tatangelo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Britten, Cedrik M" sort="Britten, Cedrik M" uniqKey="Britten C" first="Cedrik M" last="Britten">Cedrik M. Britten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreiter, Sebastian" sort="Kreiter, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kreiter S" first="Sebastian" last="Kreiter">Sebastian Kreiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chouchane, Lotfi" sort="Chouchane, Lotfi" uniqKey="Chouchane L" first="Lotfi" last="Chouchane">Lotfi Chouchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delrio, Paolo" sort="Delrio, Paolo" uniqKey="Delrio P" first="Paolo" last="Delrio">Paolo Delrio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Colorectal Surgery Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arndt, Hartmann" sort="Arndt, Hartmann" uniqKey="Arndt H" first="Hartmann" last="Arndt">Hartmann Arndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I14">Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asslaber, Martin" sort="Asslaber, Martin" uniqKey="Asslaber M" first="Martin" last="Asslaber">Martin Asslaber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I15">Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maio, Michele" sort="Maio, Michele" uniqKey="Maio M" first="Michele" last="Maio">Michele Maio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I16">Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masucci, Giuseppe V" sort="Masucci, Giuseppe V" uniqKey="Masucci G" first="Giuseppe V" last="Masucci">Giuseppe V. Masucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I17">Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihm, Martin" sort="Mihm, Martin" uniqKey="Mihm M" first="Martin" last="Mihm">Martin Mihm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I18">Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vidal Vanaclocha, Fernando" sort="Vidal Vanaclocha, Fernando" uniqKey="Vidal Vanaclocha F" first="Fernando" last="Vidal-Vanaclocha">Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I19">CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine and HM-Hospital of Madrid Scientific Foundation, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, James P" sort="Allison, James P" uniqKey="Allison J" first="James P" last="Allison">James P. Allison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I20">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnjatic, Sacha" sort="Gnjatic, Sacha" uniqKey="Gnjatic S" first="Sacha" last="Gnjatic">Sacha Gnjatic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I20">Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakansson, Leif" sort="Hakansson, Leif" uniqKey="Hakansson L" first="Leif" last="Hakansson">Leif Hakansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I21">University of Lund, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huber, Christoph" sort="Huber, Christoph" uniqKey="Huber C" first="Christoph" last="Huber">Christoph Huber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh Jasuja, Harpreet" sort="Singh Jasuja, Harpreet" uniqKey="Singh Jasuja H" first="Harpreet" last="Singh-Jasuja">Harpreet Singh-Jasuja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I22">Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ottensmeier, Christian" sort="Ottensmeier, Christian" uniqKey="Ottensmeier C" first="Christian" last="Ottensmeier">Christian Ottensmeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I23">Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwierzina, Heinz" sort="Zwierzina, Heinz" uniqKey="Zwierzina H" first="Heinz" last="Zwierzina">Heinz Zwierzina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I24">Department Haematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laghi, Luigi" sort="Laghi, Luigi" uniqKey="Laghi L" first="Luigi" last="Laghi">Luigi Laghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I25">Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grizzi, Fabio" sort="Grizzi, Fabio" uniqKey="Grizzi F" first="Fabio" last="Grizzi">Fabio Grizzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I25">Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohashi, Pamela S" sort="Ohashi, Pamela S" uniqKey="Ohashi P" first="Pamela S" last="Ohashi">Pamela S. Ohashi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I26">Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Patricia A" sort="Shaw, Patricia A" uniqKey="Shaw P" first="Patricia A" last="Shaw">Patricia A. Shaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Blaise A" sort="Clarke, Blaise A" uniqKey="Clarke B" first="Blaise A" last="Clarke">Blaise A. Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wouters, Bradly G" sort="Wouters, Bradly G" uniqKey="Wouters B" first="Bradly G" last="Wouters">Bradly G. Wouters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I27">Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Yutaka" sort="Kawakami, Yutaka" uniqKey="Kawakami Y" first="Yutaka" last="Kawakami">Yutaka Kawakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I28">Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hazama, Shoichi" sort="Hazama, Shoichi" uniqKey="Hazama S" first="Shoichi" last="Hazama">Shoichi Hazama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I29">Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuno, Kiyotaka" sort="Okuno, Kiyotaka" uniqKey="Okuno K" first="Kiyotaka" last="Okuno">Kiyotaka Okuno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I30">Department of Surgery, Kinki University, School of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ena" sort="Wang, Ena" uniqKey="Wang E" first="Ena" last="Wang">Ena Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Donnell Tormey, Jill" sort="O Donnell Tormey, Jill" uniqKey="O Donnell Tormey J" first="Jill" last="O'Donnell-Tormey">Jill O'Donnell-Tormey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I31">Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagorce, Christine" sort="Lagorce, Christine" uniqKey="Lagorce C" first="Christine" last="Lagorce">Christine Lagorce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I32">Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pawelec, Graham" sort="Pawelec, Graham" uniqKey="Pawelec G" first="Graham" last="Pawelec">Graham Pawelec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I33">Center for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nishimura, Michael I" sort="Nishimura, Michael I" uniqKey="Nishimura M" first="Michael I" last="Nishimura">Michael I. Nishimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I34">Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Robert" sort="Hawkins, Robert" uniqKey="Hawkins R" first="Robert" last="Hawkins">Robert Hawkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I35">School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lapointe, Rejean" sort="Lapointe, Rejean" uniqKey="Lapointe R" first="Réjean" last="Lapointe">Réjean Lapointe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I36">Research Center, University Hospital, Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada ; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundqvist, Andreas" sort="Lundqvist, Andreas" uniqKey="Lundqvist A" first="Andreas" last="Lundqvist">Andreas Lundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I37">Karolinska Institutet Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khleif, Samir N" sort="Khleif, Samir N" uniqKey="Khleif S" first="Samir N" last="Khleif">Samir N. Khleif</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I38">Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogino, Shuji" sort="Ogino, Shuji" uniqKey="Ogino S" first="Shuji" last="Ogino">Shuji Ogino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I39">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gibbs, Peter" sort="Gibbs, Peter" uniqKey="Gibbs P" first="Peter" last="Gibbs">Peter Gibbs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I40">Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waring, Paul" sort="Waring, Paul" uniqKey="Waring P" first="Paul" last="Waring">Paul Waring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I41">Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Noriyuki" sort="Sato, Noriyuki" uniqKey="Sato N" first="Noriyuki" last="Sato">Noriyuki Sato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I42">Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torigoe, Toshihiko" sort="Torigoe, Toshihiko" uniqKey="Torigoe T" first="Toshihiko" last="Torigoe">Toshihiko Torigoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I42">Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Itoh, Kyogo" sort="Itoh, Kyogo" uniqKey="Itoh K" first="Kyogo" last="Itoh">Kyogo Itoh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I43">Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Prabhu S" sort="Patel, Prabhu S" uniqKey="Patel P" first="Prabhu S" last="Patel">Prabhu S. Patel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I44">The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shukla, Shilin N" sort="Shukla, Shilin N" uniqKey="Shukla S" first="Shilin N" last="Shukla">Shilin N. Shukla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I44">The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmqvist, Richard" sort="Palmqvist, Richard" uniqKey="Palmqvist R" first="Richard" last="Palmqvist">Richard Palmqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I45">Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagtegaal, Iris D" sort="Nagtegaal, Iris D" uniqKey="Nagtegaal I" first="Iris D" last="Nagtegaal">Iris D. Nagtegaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I46">Pathology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yili" sort="Wang, Yili" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yili" last="Wang">Yili Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I47">Institute for Cancer Research, Center of Translational medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong university, Xian, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Arrigo, Corrado" sort="D Arrigo, Corrado" uniqKey="D Arrigo C" first="Corrado" last="D'Arrigo">Corrado D'Arrigo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I48">Department of Histopathology, Dorset County Hospital, DCHFT, NHS, Dorchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kopetz, Scott" sort="Kopetz, Scott" uniqKey="Kopetz S" first="Scott" last="Kopetz">Scott Kopetz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I49">MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinicrope, Frank A" sort="Sinicrope, Frank A" uniqKey="Sinicrope F" first="Frank A" last="Sinicrope">Frank A. Sinicrope</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I50">Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trinchieri, Giorgio" sort="Trinchieri, Giorgio" uniqKey="Trinchieri G" first="Giorgio" last="Trinchieri">Giorgio Trinchieri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I51">Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Frederick and Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gajewski, Thomas F" sort="Gajewski, Thomas F" uniqKey="Gajewski T" first="Thomas F" last="Gajewski">Thomas F. Gajewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I52">University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ascierto, Paolo A" sort="Ascierto, Paolo A" uniqKey="Ascierto P" first="Paolo A" last="Ascierto">Paolo A. Ascierto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I53">Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I54">Fondazione Melanoma Onlus, Napoli, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Bernard A" sort="Fox, Bernard A" uniqKey="Fox B" first="Bernard A" last="Fox">Bernard A. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I55">Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I56">Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Translational Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1479-5876</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the ‘Immunoscore’ into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Locker, Gy" uniqKey="Locker G">GY Locker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, S" uniqKey="Hamilton S">S Hamilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, J" uniqKey="Harris J">J Harris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jessup, Jm" uniqKey="Jessup J">JM Jessup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kemeny, N" uniqKey="Kemeny N">N Kemeny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Js" uniqKey="Macdonald J">JS Macdonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Somerfield, Mr" uniqKey="Somerfield M">MR Somerfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayes, Df" uniqKey="Hayes D">DF Hayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bast, Rc" uniqKey="Bast R">RC 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Transl Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Transl Med</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Translational Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1479-5876</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23034130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3554496</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1479-5876-10-205</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1479-5876-10-205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Galon</surname><given-names>Jérôme</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><email>jerome.galon@crc.jussieu.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Pagès</surname><given-names>Franck</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>franck.pages@egp.aphp.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Marincola</surname><given-names>Francesco M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref><email>fmarincola@mail.cc.nih.gov</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Angell</surname><given-names>Helen K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>helen.angell@crc.jussieu.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Thurin</surname><given-names>Magdalena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><email>thurinm@mail.nih.gov</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Lugli</surname><given-names>Alessandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref><email>alessandro.lugli@pathology.unibe.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Zlobec</surname><given-names>Inti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref><email>inti.zlobec@pathology.unibe.ch</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Berger</surname><given-names>Anne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>anne.berger@egp.aphp.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>Bifulco</surname><given-names>Carlo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref><email>carlo.bifulco@providence.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A10"><name><surname>Botti</surname><given-names>Gerardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref><email>g.botti@istitutotumori.na.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A11"><name><surname>Tatangelo</surname><given-names>Fabiana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref><email>f.tatangelo@istitutotumori.na.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A12"><name><surname>Britten</surname><given-names>Cedrik M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref><email>cedrik.britten@tron-mainz.de</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A13"><name><surname>Kreiter</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref><email>sebastian.kreiter@tron-mainz.de</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A14"><name><surname>Chouchane</surname><given-names>Lotfi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I12">12</xref><email>loc2008@qatar-med.cornell.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A15"><name><surname>Delrio</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I13">13</xref><email>delrio.paolo@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A16"><name><surname>Arndt</surname><given-names>Hartmann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I14">14</xref><email>Hartmann@uk-erlangen.de</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A17"><name><surname>Asslaber</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I15">15</xref><email>martin.asslaber@medunigraz.at</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A18"><name><surname>Maio</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I16">16</xref><email>mmaio@cro.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A19"><name><surname>Masucci</surname><given-names>Giuseppe V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I17">17</xref><email>giuseppe.masucci@ki.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A20"><name><surname>Mihm</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I18">18</xref><email>mihm.martin@mgh.harvard.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A21"><name><surname>Vidal-Vanaclocha</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I19">19</xref><email>fernando.vidalvanaclocha@ceu.es</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A22"><name><surname>Allison</surname><given-names>James P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I20">20</xref><email>Allisonj@mskcc.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A23"><name><surname>Gnjatic</surname><given-names>Sacha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I20">20</xref><email>gnjatics@mskcc.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A24"><name><surname>Hakansson</surname><given-names>Leif</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I21">21</xref><email>canimguide@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A25"><name><surname>Huber</surname><given-names>Christoph</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref><email>huberchristoph1@me.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A26"><name><surname>Singh-Jasuja</surname><given-names>Harpreet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I22">22</xref><email>singh@immatics.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A27"><name><surname>Ottensmeier</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I23">23</xref><email>Cho@soton.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib 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rid="I27">27</xref><email>patricia.shaw@uhn.ca</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A33"><name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>Blaise A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I27">27</xref><email>blaise.clarke@uhn.ca</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A34"><name><surname>Wouters</surname><given-names>Bradly G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I27">27</xref><email>bwouters@uhnresearch.ca</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A35"><name><surname>Kawakami</surname><given-names>Yutaka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I28">28</xref><email>yutakawa@z5.keio.jp</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A36"><name><surname>Hazama</surname><given-names>Shoichi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I29">29</xref><email>hazama@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A37"><name><surname>Okuno</surname><given-names>Kiyotaka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I30">30</xref><email>okuno@surg.med.kindai.ac.jp</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A38"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref><email>EWang@cc.nih.gov</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A39"><name><surname>O'Donnell-Tormey</surname><given-names>Jill</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I31">31</xref><email>jtormey@cancerresearch.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A40"><name><surname>Lagorce</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I32">32</xref><email>christine.lagorce@avc.aphp.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A41"><name><surname>Pawelec</surname><given-names>Graham</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I33">33</xref><email>graham.pawelec@uni-tuebingen.de</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A42"><name><surname>Nishimura</surname><given-names>Michael I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I34">34</xref><email>mnishimura@lumc.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A43"><name><surname>Hawkins</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I35">35</xref><email>RHawkins@picr.man.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A44"><name><surname>Lapointe</surname><given-names>Réjean</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I36">36</xref><email>rejean.lapointe@umontreal.ca</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A45"><name><surname>Lundqvist</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I37">37</xref><email>Andreas.Lundqvist@ki.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A46"><name><surname>Khleif</surname><given-names>Samir N</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I38">38</xref><email>skhleif@georgiahealth.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A47"><name><surname>Ogino</surname><given-names>Shuji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I39">39</xref><email>Shuji_Ogino@dfci.harvard.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A48"><name><surname>Gibbs</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I40">40</xref><email>Peter.Gibbs@mh.org.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A49"><name><surname>Waring</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I41">41</xref><email>pwaring@unimelb.edu.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A50"><name><surname>Sato</surname><given-names>Noriyuki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I42">42</xref><email>nsatou@sapmed.ac.jp</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A51"><name><surname>Torigoe</surname><given-names>Toshihiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I42">42</xref><email>torigoe@sapmed.ac.jp</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A52"><name><surname>Itoh</surname><given-names>Kyogo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I43">43</xref><email>kyogo@med.kurume-u.ac</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A53"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Prabhu S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I44">44</xref><email>prabhudas_p@hotmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A54"><name><surname>Shukla</surname><given-names>Shilin N</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I44">44</xref><email>shilinshukla@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A55"><name><surname>Palmqvist</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I45">45</xref><email>richard.palmqvist@medbio.umu.se</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A56"><name><surname>Nagtegaal</surname><given-names>Iris D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I46">46</xref><email>I.Nagtegaal@pathol.umcn.nl</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A57"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yili</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I47">47</xref><email>wangyili@mail.xjtu.edu.cn</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A58"><name><surname>D'Arrigo</surname><given-names>Corrado</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I48">48</xref><email>corrado.darrigo@dchft.nhs.uk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A59"><name><surname>Kopetz</surname><given-names>Scott</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I49">49</xref><email>SKopetz@mdanderson.org</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A60"><name><surname>Sinicrope</surname><given-names>Frank A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I50">50</xref><email>Sinicrope.Frank@mayo.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A61"><name><surname>Trinchieri</surname><given-names>Giorgio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I51">51</xref><email>trinchig@niaid.nih.gov</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A62"><name><surname>Gajewski</surname><given-names>Thomas F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I52">52</xref><email>tgajewsk@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A63"><name><surname>Ascierto</surname><given-names>Paolo A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I53">53</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I54">54</xref><email>paolo.ascierto@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A64"><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>Bernard A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I55">55</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I56">56</xref><email>foxb@foxlab.org</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, HEGP, Paris, France</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Milwaukee, WI, USA</aff><aff id="I6"><label>6</label>Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="I7"><label>7</label>Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="I8"><label>8</label>Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I9"><label>9</label>Department of Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</aff><aff id="I10"><label>10</label>Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</aff><aff id="I11"><label>11</label>TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany</aff><aff id="I12"><label>12</label>Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar</aff><aff id="I13"><label>13</label>Colorectal Surgery Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G.Pascale", Naples, Italy</aff><aff id="I14"><label>14</label>Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany</aff><aff id="I15"><label>15</label>Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria</aff><aff id="I16"><label>16</label>Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="I17"><label>17</label>Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="I18"><label>18</label>Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114-2696, USA</aff><aff id="I19"><label>19</label>CEU-San Pablo University School of Medicine and HM-Hospital of Madrid Scientific Foundation, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain</aff><aff id="I20"><label>20</label>Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA</aff><aff id="I21"><label>21</label>University of Lund, Lund, Sweden</aff><aff id="I22"><label>22</label>Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="I23"><label>23</label>Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="I24"><label>24</label>Department Haematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria</aff><aff id="I25"><label>25</label>Molecular Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="I26"><label>26</label>Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada</aff><aff id="I27"><label>27</label>Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiology & Radiation Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada</aff><aff id="I28"><label>28</label>Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan</aff><aff id="I29"><label>29</label>Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan</aff><aff id="I30"><label>30</label>Department of Surgery, Kinki University, School of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan</aff><aff id="I31"><label>31</label>Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY, USA</aff><aff id="I32"><label>32</label>Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France</aff><aff id="I33"><label>33</label>Center for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany</aff><aff id="I34"><label>34</label>Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL, USA</aff><aff id="I35"><label>35</label>School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK</aff><aff id="I36"><label>36</label>Research Center, University Hospital, Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada ; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada</aff><aff id="I37"><label>37</label>Karolinska Institutet Department of Oncology-Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="I38"><label>38</label>Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA</aff><aff id="I39"><label>39</label>Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="I40"><label>40</label>Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="I41"><label>41</label>Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="I42"><label>42</label>Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan</aff><aff id="I43"><label>43</label>Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan</aff><aff id="I44"><label>44</label>The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India</aff><aff id="I45"><label>45</label>Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</aff><aff id="I46"><label>46</label>Pathology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="I47"><label>47</label>Institute for Cancer Research, Center of Translational medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong university, Xian, China</aff><aff id="I48"><label>48</label>Department of Histopathology, Dorset County Hospital, DCHFT, NHS, Dorchester, UK</aff><aff id="I49"><label>49</label>MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA</aff><aff id="I50"><label>50</label>Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA</aff><aff id="I51"><label>51</label>Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Frederick and Bethesda, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="I52"><label>52</label>University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</aff><aff id="I53"><label>53</label>Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy</aff><aff id="I54"><label>54</label>Fondazione Melanoma Onlus, Napoli, Italy</aff><aff id="I55"><label>55</label>Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA</aff><aff id="I56"><label>56</label>Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2012 Galon et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Galon et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/10/1/205"></self-uri><abstract><p>Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the ‘Immunoscore’ into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Conventional clinical and pathological risk prediction in cancer patients is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical removal of the primary tumor. The histopathological characteristics used can include: the size of the tumor; tissue integrity; atypical cell morphology; histological grade; aberrant expression of protein and genetic markers; evidence of malignant transformation, senescence and proliferation; characteristics of the invasive margin (IM); depth of invasion; and the extent of vascularization. In addition, histological or radiological analyzes of tumor-draining and regional lymph nodes, as well as of distant organs, are carried out looking to identify evidence of metastases. In accordance with this classification system, the evaluation of cancer progression is performed longitudinally and then applied to estimate patient prognosis. The parameters used to predict disease-free (DFS), disease-specific (DSS) and overall (OS) survival are taken from statistical analysis of patients with similar disease progression characteristics and corresponding clinical outcome. Tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on the extent of the tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence of metastases (M). This classification, based only on tumor invasion parameters, has been shown to be valuable in estimating the outcome of patients with a variety of cancers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>].</p><p>However, these traditional classification tools provide limited information in estimating patient post-operative outcome. It is well known that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same histological tumor stage [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. In some patients, advanced stage cancer can remain stable for years, and although rare, partial or full regression of metastatic tumors can occur spontaneously [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. In contrast, relapse, rapid tumor progression and patient death is associated with approximately 20-25% of TNM I/II stage patients, despite complete surgical resection and no evidence of residual tumor burden or distant metastasis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>].</p><p>The predictive accuracy of this traditional staging system relies on the assumption that tumor progression is largely a cell-autonomous process. The focus of this classification is solely on the tumor cells and fails to consider and incorporate the effects of the host immune response [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Histopathological analysis of tumors has revealed the infiltration of inflammatory and lymphocytic cells [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]. Detailed intra-tumor analysis illustrates that these immune infiltrates are not randomly distributed. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells appear to be localized and organized within dense infiltrates in the center of the tumor (CT), at the IM of tumoral nests and in adjacent tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). The presence of immune cells may reflect a distinct underlying biology of the tumor, as gene expression profiling and other assays have revealed the presence of a broad signature of inflammation. This signature includes evidence for innate immune activation, chemokines for innate and adaptive cell recruitment, immune effector molecules, and expression of immunoregulatory factors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. Immune infiltrates are heterogeneous between tumor types, and are diverse from patient to patient. All immune cell types may be found in a tumor, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, naïve and memory lymphocytes, B cells and T lymphocytes (which include various subsets of T cell: T<sub>H</sub>1, T<sub>H</sub>2, T<sub>H</sub>17, regulatory T cells (T<sub>REGS</sub>), T follicular helper cells (T<sub>FH</sub>) and cytotoxic T cells). The analysis of the location, density and functional orientation of different immune cell populations (termed the immune contexture [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]) in large collections of annotated human tumors has allowed the identification of components that are beneficial for patients and those that are deleterious [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. Nonetheless, to implement any new tumor biomarker including immune infiltrates for routine clinical use, careful evaluation of its laboratory validity and clinical utility is essential [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p><p>Since tumor molecular features and immune reactions are inter-related, a comprehensive assessment of these factors is critical [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]. Examining the effects of tumor-host interactions on clinical outcome and prognosis clearly represents an evolving interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology, the paradigm of which has recently been established [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. Pathological immunity evaluation may provide novel information on prognosis and help identify patient cohorts more likely to benefit from immunotherapy.</p><sec><title>A new classification of cancer based on the tumor microenvironment</title><p>Increasing literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>] and meeting reports [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>] support the hypothesis that cancer development is influenced by the host immune system. A common theme has emerged, emphasizing the critical need to evaluate systemic and local immunological biomarkers. It is in agreement that this may offer powerful prognostic information and facilitate clinical decision-making regarding the need for systemic therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Numerous data collected from large cohorts of human cancers (with sample sizes n = 415, 599 and 602, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>], respectively) demonstrated that the number, type and location of tumor immune infiltrates in primary tumors, are prognostic for DFS and OS. Altogether these immune parameters are designated as the immune contexture [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. Notably, two large studies (with sample sizes n = 843 and 768, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>], respectively) have shown that tumor immune infiltrate patterns and subsets in colorectal cancer are significant prognostic biomarkers, even after adjusting for stage, lymph node count, and well-established prognostic tumor molecular biomarkers including microsatellite instability (MSI), <italic>BRAF</italic> mutation, and LINE- hypomethylation.</p><p>A potential clinical translation of these observations is the establishment of an Immunoscore, based on the numeration of two lymphocyte populations (CD3/CD45RO, CD3/CD8 or CD8/CD45RO), both in the CT and in the IM of tumors, as a clinically useful prognostic marker [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. For instance, colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with local tumor, no detectable lymph node or distant metastasis are usually treated by surgery alone. However, 20-25% of these patients will have recurrence of their disease indicating that occult metastases were already present at the time of curative surgery. No tumor-associated marker predicts recurrence in these patients. The Immunoscore (“I”) utilizes the numeration of CD8 and CD45RO cells in the CT and the IM of resected tumors to provide a score ranging from Immunoscore 0 (“I”0), when low densities of both cell types are found in both regions, to Immunoscore 4 (“I”4), when high densities are found in both regions. This Immunoscore approach was applied to 2 large independent cohorts (n = 602). Only 4.8% of patients with a high “I”4, relapsed after 5 years and 86.2% were alive. In comparison, 72% of patients with a low score (“I”0 and “I”1) experience tumor recurrence and only 27.5% were alive at five years. These “I”0 and “I”1 patients potentially could have benefited from adjuvant therapy, had the Immunoscore been incorporated into the tumor staging [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>].</p><p>The Immunoscore classification, demonstrating the prevalence of immune infiltrates, potentially has a prognostic significance superior to that of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification system. For all patients with CRC stages I/II/III, multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the immune criteria remained highly significantly associated with prognosis. In contrast, the histopathologic staging system (T stage, N stage, and tumor differentiation) was no longer significant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. Tumor invasion was shown to be statistically dependent on the nature of the host-immune reaction. Indeed, the immune pattern remained the only significant criteria over the classical AJCC/UICC TNM-classification for DFS and OS, and led to an editorial entitled “TNM staging in colorectal cancer: T is for T cell and M is for memory” accompanying the publication by Mlecnik and Broussard et al. in the Journal of Clinical Oncology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. It has thus been suggested that the prevalence of post-surgical immune infiltrates, and not tumor status, is the key indicator for reoccurrence, metastasis and therefore clinical outcome.</p><p>These results suggest that once human cancer becomes clinically detectable, the adaptive immune response may play a critical role in preventing tumor recurrence. The ability of effector-memory T cells to recall previously encountered antigens leads to a protective response. Following primary exposure to antigen, memory T cells disseminate and are maintained for long periods of time [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. The trafficking properties and the long-lasting antitumor capacity of memory T cells could result in long-term immunity in human cancer.</p><p>Although first described in CRC, the impact of the immune cytotoxic and memory T cell phenotype has been demonstrated in many other human tumors and appears to be a general phenomenon [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. It is interesting to note that the implications of this immune phenotype apply not only to various organs of cancer origin (such as breast, colon, lung, head and neck, kidney, bladder, ovary, prostate), but also to various cancer cell types (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell cancer, melanoma, etc).</p><p>A recent Nature Cancer Review meta-analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>] summarizes the impact of immune cells including B cells, NK cells, myeloid derived suppressor clls MDSC, macrophages, and all subsets of T cells on clinical outcome from more than 120 published articles. Beyond colorectal cancer, a strong T cell infiltration associated with good clinical outcome has been reported in many different tumours, including melanoma, head and neck, breast, bladder, urothelial, ovarian, esophageal, renal, prostatic, pancreatic, cervical, medulloblastoma, merkel cell carcinoma, hepatocellular, gastric, and lung cancers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. Thus, high densities of T cells (CD3+), of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), and of memory T cells (CD45RO+) were clearly associated with a longer DFS (after surgical resection of the primary tumour) and/or OS.</p><p>The prognostic impact of other immune cells such as B cells, NK cells, MDSC, macrophages, and subset of T-helper populations, (T<sub>H</sub>2, T<sub>H</sub>17, T<sub>REG</sub> cells) may differ depending on the type of cancer, and on the cancer stage [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. In contrast, T cells, cytotoxic T cells, T<sub>H</sub>1 cells, and memory T cells were strongly associated with good clinical outcome for all cancer types [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. Thus, general characteristics emerge in which cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and T<sub>H</sub>1 cells are associated with prolonged survival.</p></sec><sec><title>The Immunoscore as a new approach for the classification of cancer</title><p>Considering the important role of the host immune signature in controlling tumor progression, it is now imperative to initiate the incorporation of the Immunoscore as a component of cancer classification [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>] and a prognostic tool [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. This strategy has a dual advantage: firstly, it appears to be the strongest prognostic factor for DFS and OS, particularly in early stage cancers and secondly, it could allude to potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy. Current immunohistochemical technologies allow the application of such analyses by laboratories concerned with routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors.</p><p>The inherent complexity of immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variability, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent tissue region selection criteria, combined with differences in conjunction with qualitative and semi-quantitative criteria to measure immune infiltration, all contribute to the variability of the results obtained, and raise the concern that specialized protocols and training may be required. It is therefore essential to pursue assay uniformity to reduce these limitations. Many markers, signatures, and methods have been described to evaluate the prognosis of cancer patients. Yet, very few such markers and laboratory assays are used in clinical practice. Thus, we believe that harmonization of an assay evaluating the “inflammation”, i.e. the Immunoscore of the tumor is essential. Analytical and clinical validation of the assay is required before the Immunoscore will reach clinical applicability for individual patients. However, current immunohistochemical technologies allow the application and cross-validation of such analysis in laboratories performing routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors. In order to be able to compare results in the future, and for the development of more effective prognostic and predictive markers to improve clinical decision-making, it is important to perform a standardized set of experiments. Assay harmonization should minimize data variability and allow worldwide correlations of Immunoscore results with clinical outcomes. Harmonization guidelines resulting from this process are expected to be simple to implement and will improve assay performance. Effective large-scale assay harmonization efforts have already been conducted for commonly used immunological assays of peripheral blood immune cell populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p><p>A fundamental parameter to determine the Immunoscore will include the immune cell density, calculated by numerical quantification of two lymphocyte populations, cytotoxic and memory T cells at the CT and the IM of tumors. This core criterion will establish prognosis of patient clinical outcome, regardless of the absence of other cancer associated prognostic markers, such as in early tumor stage (I/II) patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]. In human cancers, a high density of T<sub>H</sub>1/cytotoxic memory T lymphocytes, located both in the CT and IM of the primary tumor, is associated with long DFS and OS, in addition to low risk of relapse and metastasis. This was particularly illustrated in CRC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>], and should be applicable to most human tumors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. Thus, this Immunoscore classification may help identify the high-risk patients who would benefit the most from adjuvant therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Impact on response to cancer therapies</title><p>Whether the immune contexture of the primary tumor predicts therapeutic responses is of paramount importance for patient clinical management. Data based on immune signatures have established that a strong immune component is predictive of good response to chemotherapy in breast cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>], a tumor in which a high lymphocyte infiltrate is associated with higher response rate in neo-adjuvant therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. In hepatic metastases of CRC, high CD8 infiltrates in the IM predicts better response to chemotherapy and prolonged survival [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. In melanoma, an immune signature displaying high expression of T<sub>H</sub>1 and cytotoxicity-associated genes, correlates with favorable clinical outcome to several different therapeutic vaccines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. In addition, high numbers of CD8 T cell infiltrates within metastatic melanoma correlated with prolonged survival [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]. However, the high T<sub>H</sub>1 and cytotoxic immune response associated with prolonged survival in patients receiving adjuvant therapies may not be a prediction of response to the therapy, but rather the fact that the host-immune response within the tumor protects the patient and prolongs patient life. To assess the impact of the Immunoscore as a predictive marker, it should be evaluated prospectively in randomized clinical trials.</p></sec><sec><title>An open access call for a broad participation to the development of a task force dedicated to the evaluation of the Immunoscore in cancer patients</title><p>Over the past few years, the area of immune regulation at the level of the tumor microenvironment has gained a forefront position in cancer research, in CRC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>], in melanoma [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>] and all other cancer types [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. The Immunoscore was initially described several years ago [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>], and more recently advances have been made in the development of the Immunoscore as a prognostic factor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>] that could be used in routine testing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. In an effort to promote the utilization of such Immunoscore in routine clinical settings worldwide, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), the European Academy of Tumor Immunology (EATI), and “La Fondazione Melanoma Onlus”, initiated a task force on “Immunoscoring as a New Possible Approach for the Classification of Cancer” that took place in Naples, Italy, February 13<sup>th</sup>, 2012 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. This perspective represents a follow-up on this initiative, originally announced in a J Transl Med. editorial in January 2012 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. The working group, composed of international expert pathologists and immunologists, identified a strategy for the organization of worldwide participation by various groups for the validation of the Immunoscore. The objectives of the meeting included discussing: the role of immune system in cancer; a review of the AJCC/UICC-TNM classification of CRC; the role of the microenvironment in melanoma biology; the review of the AJCC classification of melanoma; the relevance of HLA-A2 in cancer prognosis and tumor malignancy; data utilizing the Immunoscore and a proposal for standardizing the operating procedures for the Immunoscore quantification. Furthermore, the international working group evaluated the feasibility of using the Immunoscore for the classification of cancer. Evidence-based selection of specific markers and their combinations for the Immunoscore was discussed including biological rationale, clinical use, synthetic meta-analysis of the Immunoscore, analytical performance, reagents availability and testing, metrics for decision making, cross-laboratory validation of methodology and identification of potential problems during development of other markers. Practical aspects of the validation of the assay by participating centers were proposed including consideration of cancer types, cancer stages, and the definition of a working group of pathologists for the validation phase.</p><p>CRC has been most comprehensively studied and the prognostic significance of immunologic parameters has been best validated, thus special emphasis will be placed in this disease for this formal validation. As neo-adjuvant treatments are nowadays recommended for rectal cancer, it may be advisable to separate the validation of colon cancers and rectal cancers. Other cancer types, including melanoma and breast cancers were additionally discussed and their validation will follow. An independent international consensus panel of expert laboratories discussed cross-laboratory assay validation for the development of an Immunoscore prognostic method. As evaluation of cytotoxic memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (CD3<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>, CD45RO<sup>+</sup>, Granzyme B<sup>+</sup> (GZMB)) provides the best method to discriminate patient outcome, any combination of two of these aforementioned markers should have similar statistical power. Because of technical difficulties including background noise (CD45RO) and granular staining (GZMB), it was decided to employ the two easiest membrane stains, CD3 and CD8. Thus, the combination of two markers (CD3<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup>) in two regions (CT and IM) was agreed for validation in standard clinical practice. Precise quantification will be performed on whole slide sections (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). For harmonization of the assay and reproducibility of the method, all laboratories agreed to test the prognostic value of specific immune cell infiltration following the recommended initial guidelines. The inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry underscored the urgent need to reach assay harmonization. The components of the Immunoscore are listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>. Additional markers could be added subsequently to refine the methodology even further if required. After worldwide validation, a consensus detailed protocol will be available.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Immunoscore definition and method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1479-5876-10-205-1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Current Immunoscore procedure and reagents</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Procedure</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Current recommended steps</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Tumor selection<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Block which is the most infiltrated by the immune cells and containing the core of the tumor (CT) and the invasive margin (IM)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Sample preparation<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2 paraffin sections of 4-microns of the tumor block deposited in deionized water on Superfrost-plus slides<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Immuno-histochemistry (IHC)<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2 single stainings using IVD certified antibodies<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Antigen retrieval<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">CC1 tris-based buffer pH8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Primary antibody<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">CD3 (2GV6, Ventana) and CD8 (C8/144, Dako)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Primary antibody diluant<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">K 004 (Clinisciences) for CD8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Secondary reagents<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Ultraview TM DAB (Ventana)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Counterstaining<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Hematoxillin II (Ventana)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Autostrainer<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Benchmark XT (Ventana)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Scanner<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">NanoZoomer 2.0-HT (Hammamatsu)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Digital pathology<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Architect XD software (Definiens)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Immunoscore quantification</td><td align="left">Immunoscore Plug-in (INSERM / AP-HP)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>To be used globally in a routine manner, evaluation of a novel marker should have the following characteristics: pathology-based, feasible in routine settings, simple, inexpensive, rapid, robust, reproducible, quantitative, standardized, and powerful. The Immunoscore fulfills all these keys aspects summarized in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Characteristics of a good marker and of the Immunoscore</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Must be</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Immunoscore</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>Characteristics</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Routine<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Technic to be performed by pathologist using bright field and precise cell evaluation<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Feasible<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Established pathology technics, using 2 regular whole slide FFPE section<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Inexpensive<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Automatized immunohistochemistry<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rapid<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">2 simple staining less costly than complicated molecular techniccs<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Robust<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Autostainers, scanner, and digital pathology reduce the time to perform an Immunoscore<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Reproducible<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Two strong membrane staining, with no background, allowing the numeration of individual cells<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Quantitative<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Inter-observers variability is removed by the use of digital pathology, taking into account cell location and counts<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Standardized<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Standardized operating procedure should be performed to insure reproducibility and worldwide comparisons<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Pathology-base<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">YES<hr></hr></td><td align="left" valign="bottom">Necessity of pathologist expertise to validate cell type, cell location, and cell counts performed by digital pathology<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Powerful</td><td align="left">YES</td><td align="left">The immunoscore has a prognostic value highly significant even in Cox multivariate including TNM classification<sup>13</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>The purpose of the Immunoscore worldwide task force is to validate these points.</p><p>The goals of the first ongoing initiative are the following:</p><p>1) to demonstrate the feasibility and reproducibility of the Immunoscore.</p><p>2) to validate the major prognostic power of the Immunoscore in routine settings for patients with colon cancer stage I/II/III.</p><p>3) to demonstrate the utility of the Immunoscore to predict stage II colon cancer patients with high risk of recurrence.</p><p>Thus, the benefit of the Immunoscore worldwide study would be to validate the feasibility, reproducibility, and prognostic value of the routine Immunoscore on colon cancer patients.</p><p>The goals of the next initiatives will be the following:</p><p>1) promote the worldwide use of the Immunoscore as a routine testing for cancer classification.</p><p>2) to validate the major prognostic power of the Immunoscore for patients with other cancer types (melanoma, breast, ovarian, endometrial, etc…).</p><p>3) to demonstrate the utility of the Immunoscore to predict response to treatments in clinical trials.</p><p>In the inaugural World Immunotherapy Council meeting (February 21<sup>st</sup> - 24<sup>th</sup> 2012, Curacao), the Immunoscore task force, led by the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), received the support from several additional cancer immunology societies including; Biotherapy Development Association (BDA); Canadian Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CCIC); Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC) of the Cancer Research Institute (CRI); Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT); Committee for Tumor Immunology and Bio-therapy (TIBT); European Academy of Tumor Immunology (EATI); European Society for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy (ESCII); Italian Network for Tumor Biotherapy (NIBIT); Japanese Association of Cancer Immunology (JACI); Nordic Center for Development of Antitumor Vaccines (NCV-network); Progress in Vaccination Against Cancer (PIVAC); Adoptive engineered T cell Targeting to Activate Cancer Killing (ATTACK) and the Tumor Vaccine and Cell Therapy Working Group (TVACT). These groups share a clinical or basic interest in the immunobiology of the tumor microenvironment and will collaborate with worldwide expert pathologists to assess the validity of this new approach. Following the Immunoscore Workshop and the World Immunotherapy Council meeting, 22 international expert centers agreed to participate in this visionary enterprise. These participants represent 22 Centers Worldwide from 16 countries including Asia, India, Europe, North America, Australia, and Middle East (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>). Additionally, pathologist associations and other medical specialty groups have been invited to participate.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Worldwide expert centers participating in the Immunoscore task force.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1479-5876-10-205-2"></graphic></fig><p>A preliminary summary of this effort will be presented during the “Workshop on Tumor Microenvironment” prior to the SITC annual meeting (October 24<sup>th</sup> - 25<sup>th</sup> 2012, Maryland, USA). Finally a “Workshop on Immunoscore” (December 5<sup>th</sup> 2012, Naples, Italy), will lead to the preparation of a summary document providing recommendations for the harmonization and implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer TNM-I (Immune).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature demonstrated the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the current classification, and that has been demonstrated to be superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification in colorectal cancer. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the ‘Immunoscore’ into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Given the power of a proper immune evaluation of cancer patients, the Immunoscore is likely to be important for the field of cancer, beyond the field of tumor-immunology. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune). It is hoped that this effort will better define the prognosis of cancer patients, better identify patients at high-risk of tumor recurrence, to improve the quality of life by predicting and stratifying patients who will benefit from adjuvant therapies and, ultimately, to help save the lives of patients with cancer.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>JG is coordinating this Immunoscore initiative, conceived the study, and wrote the manuscript. JG, FP initiated the Immunoscore project. FP, CL, AB, JG performed the initial experiments related to the Immunoscore. HKA participated in the drafting of the manuscript. FMM, TAG, BAF, JG from the SITC, initiated a task force and organized meetings on Immunoscore. PAA, from La Fondazione Melanoma Onlus organized initial meetings on Immunoscore. AL, CB, GB, FT, PD, AH, MA, LL, MM, FG, FP, FMM, BAF, JG were experts involved in the design of the immunoscore study, and expert pathologists participating to the inaugural Immunoscore workshop. MT, JPA, SO, GT, with their expertise, supported the Immunoscore initiative. GVM, SG, LH, CH, HSJ, CO, HZ, PSO, JODT, GP, MIN, RH, RL, AL, SNK, TF, BAF, JG, were experts participating to the WIC meeting and supporting the Immunoscore initiative. FP, AL, IZ, AB, CB, GB, FT, LC, PD, AH, MA, MM, FVV, LL, FG, PSO, PAS, BAC, BGW, YK, SH, CL, PG, PW, NS, TT, KI, RP, IDN, YW, CDA, SK, FAS, PAA, BAF, JG are expert participants of the initial worldwide Immunoscore task force study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors wish to acknowledge the following organizations, whose representatives contributed to this manuscript: Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC); European Academy of Tumor Immunology (EATI); La Fondazione Melanoma Onlus; National Cancer Institute, USA (NCI); Institut National du Cancer, France (INCa); Biotherapy Development Association (BDA); Canadian Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CCIC); Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC); Cancer Research Institute (CRI); Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT); Committee for Tumor Immunology and Bio-therapy (TIBT); European Society for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy (ESCII); Italian Network for Tumor Biotherapy (NIBIT); Japanese Association of Cancer Immunology (JACI); Nordic Center for Development of Antitumor Vaccines (NCV-network); Progress in Vaccination Against Cancer (PIVAC); Adoptive engineered T cell 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