Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses
Identifieur interne : 002E45 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002E44; suivant : 002E46Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses
Auteurs : Aysu Okbay ; Bart M L. Baselmans ; Jan-Emmanuel De Neve ; Patrick Turley ; Michel G. Nivard ; Mark Alan Fontana ; S Fleur W. Meddens ; Richard Karlsson Linnér ; Cornelius A. Rietveld ; Jaime Derringer ; Jacob Gratten ; James J. Lee ; Jimmy Z. Liu ; Ronald De Vlaming ; Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia ; Jadwiga Buchwald ; Alana Cavadino ; Alexis C. Frazier-Wood ; Gail Davies ; Nicholas A. Furlotte ; Victoria Garfield ; Marie Henrike Geisel ; Juan R. Gonzalez ; Saskia Haitjema ; Robert Karlsson ; Sander W. Van Der Laan ; Karl-Heinz Ladwig ; Jari Lahti ; Sven J. Van Der Lee ; Michael B. Miller ; Penelope A. Lind ; Tian Liu ; Lindsay Matteson ; Evelin Mihailov ; Camelia C. Minica ; Ilja M. Nolte ; Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori ; Peter J. Van Der Most ; Christopher Oldmeadow ; Yong Qian ; Olli Raitakari ; Rajesh Rawal ; Anu Realo ; Rico Rueedi ; Börge Schmidt ; Albert V. Smith ; Evie Stergiakouli ; Toshiko Tanaka ; Kent Taylor ; Gudmar Thorleifsson ; Juho Wedenoja ; Juergen Wellmann ; Harm-Jan Westra ; Sara M. Willems ; Wei Zhao ; Najaf Amin ; Andrew Bakshi ; Sven Bergmann ; Gyda Bjornsdottir ; Patricia A. Boyle ; Samantha Cherney ; Simon R. Cox ; Oliver S P. Davis ; Jun Ding ; Nese Direk ; Peter Eibich ; Rebecca T. Emeny ; Ghazaleh Fatemifar ; Jessica D. Faul ; Luigi Ferrucci ; Andreas J. Forstner ; Christian Gieger ; Richa Gupta ; Tamara B. Harris ; Juliette M. Harris ; Elizabeth G. Holliday ; Jouke-Jan Hottenga ; Philip L. De Jager ; Marika A. Kaakinen ; Eero Kajantie ; Ville Karhunen ; Ivana Kolcic ; Meena Kumari ; Lenore J. Launer ; Lude Franke ; Ruifang Li-Gao ; David C. Liewald ; Marisa Koini ; Anu Loukola ; Pedro Marques-Vidal ; Grant W. Montgomery ; Miriam A. Mosing ; Lavinia Paternoster ; Alison Pattie ; Katja E. Petrovic ; Laura Pulkki-R Back ; Lydia Quaye ; Katri R Ikkönen ; Igor Rudan ; Rodney J. Scott ; Jennifer A. Smith ; Angelina R. Sutin ; Maciej Trzaskowski ; Anna E. Vinkhuyzen ; Lei Yu ; Delilah Zabaneh ; John R. Attia ; David A. Bennett ; Klaus Berger ; Lars Bertram ; Dorret I. Boomsma ; Harold Snieder ; Shun-Chiao Chang ; Francesco Cucca ; Ian J. Deary ; Cornelia M. Van Duijn ; Johan G. Eriksson ; Ute Bültmann ; Eco J C. De Geus ; Patrick J F. Groenen ; Vilmundur Gudnason ; Torben Hansen ; Catharine A. Hartman ; Claire M A. Haworth ; Caroline Hayward ; Andrew C. Heath ; David A. Hinds ; Elina Hyppönen ; William G. Iacono ; Marjo-Riitta J Rvelin ; Karl-Heinz Jöckel ; Jaakko Kaprio ; Sharon L R. Kardia ; Liisa Keltikangas-J Rvinen ; Peter Kraft ; Laura D. Kubzansky ; Terho Lehtim Ki ; Patrik K E. Magnusson ; Nicholas G. Martin ; Matt Mcgue ; Andres Metspalu ; Melinda Mills ; Renée De Mutsert ; Albertine J. Oldehinkel ; Gerard Pasterkamp ; Nancy L. Pedersen ; Robert Plomin ; Ozren Polasek ; Christine Power ; Stephen S. Rich ; Frits R. Rosendaal ; Hester M. Den Ruijter ; David Schlessinger ; Helena Schmidt ; Rauli Svento ; Reinhold Schmidt ; Behrooz Z. Alizadeh ; Thorkild I A. S Rensen ; Tim D. Spector ; John M. Starr ; Kari Stefansson ; Andrew Steptoe ; Antonio Terracciano ; Unnur Thorsteinsdottir ; A Roy Thurik ; Nicholas J. Timpson ; Henning Tiemeier ; André G. Uitterlinden ; Peter Vollenweider ; Gert G. Wagner ; David R. Weir ; Jian Yang ; Dalton C. Conley ; George Davey Smith ; Albert Hofman ; Magnus Johannesson ; David I. Laibson ; Sarah E. Medland ; Michelle N. Meyer ; Joseph K. Pickrell ; T Nu Esko ; Robert F. Krueger ; Jonathan P. Beauchamp ; Philipp D. Koellinger ; Daniel J. Benjamin ; Meike Bartels ; David CesariniSource :
- Nature genetics [ 1061-4036 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3552
PubMed: 27089181
PubMed Central: 4884152
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PMC:4884152Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses</title><author><name sortKey="Okbay, Aysu" sort="Okbay, Aysu" uniqKey="Okbay A" first="Aysu" last="Okbay">Aysu Okbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baselmans, Bart M L" sort="Baselmans, Bart M L" uniqKey="Baselmans B" first="Bart M L" last="Baselmans">Bart M L. Baselmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" sort="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" uniqKey="De Neve J" first="Jan-Emmanuel" last="De Neve">Jan-Emmanuel De Neve</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turley, Patrick" sort="Turley, Patrick" uniqKey="Turley P" first="Patrick" last="Turley">Patrick Turley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nivard, Michel G" sort="Nivard, Michel G" uniqKey="Nivard M" first="Michel G" last="Nivard">Michel G. Nivard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontana, Mark Alan" sort="Fontana, Mark Alan" uniqKey="Fontana M" first="Mark Alan" last="Fontana">Mark Alan Fontana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, S Fleur W" sort="Meddens, S Fleur W" uniqKey="Meddens S" first="S Fleur W" last="Meddens">S Fleur W. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linner, Richard Karlsson" sort="Linner, Richard Karlsson" uniqKey="Linner R" first="Richard Karlsson" last="Linnér">Richard Karlsson Linnér</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A" last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derringer, Jaime" sort="Derringer, Jaime" uniqKey="Derringer J" first="Jaime" last="Derringer">Jaime Derringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Psychology, University of Illinois, Illinois, Champaign, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gratten, Jacob" sort="Gratten, Jacob" uniqKey="Gratten J" first="Jacob" last="Gratten">Jacob Gratten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, James J" sort="Lee, James J" uniqKey="Lee J" first="James J" last="Lee">James J. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jimmy Z" sort="Liu, Jimmy Z" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jimmy Z" last="Liu">Jimmy Z. Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vlaming, Ronald" sort="De Vlaming, Ronald" uniqKey="De Vlaming R" first="Ronald" last="De Vlaming">Ronald De Vlaming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S" last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buchwald, Jadwiga" sort="Buchwald, Jadwiga" uniqKey="Buchwald J" first="Jadwiga" last="Buchwald">Jadwiga Buchwald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavadino, Alana" sort="Cavadino, Alana" uniqKey="Cavadino A" first="Alana" last="Cavadino">Alana Cavadino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frazier Wood, Alexis C" sort="Frazier Wood, Alexis C" uniqKey="Frazier Wood A" first="Alexis C" last="Frazier-Wood">Alexis C. Frazier-Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlotte, Nicholas A" sort="Furlotte, Nicholas A" uniqKey="Furlotte N" first="Nicholas A" last="Furlotte">Nicholas A. Furlotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garfield, Victoria" sort="Garfield, Victoria" uniqKey="Garfield V" first="Victoria" last="Garfield">Victoria Garfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geisel, Marie Henrike" sort="Geisel, Marie Henrike" uniqKey="Geisel M" first="Marie Henrike" last="Geisel">Marie Henrike Geisel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Juan R" sort="Gonzalez, Juan R" uniqKey="Gonzalez J" first="Juan R" last="Gonzalez">Juan R. Gonzalez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haitjema, Saskia" sort="Haitjema, Saskia" uniqKey="Haitjema S" first="Saskia" last="Haitjema">Saskia Haitjema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlsson, Robert" sort="Karlsson, Robert" uniqKey="Karlsson R" first="Robert" last="Karlsson">Robert Karlsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Laan, Sander W" sort="Van Der Laan, Sander W" uniqKey="Van Der Laan S" first="Sander W" last="Van Der Laan">Sander W. Van Der Laan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" sort="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Ladwig K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Ladwig">Karl-Heinz Ladwig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Lee, Sven J" sort="Van Der Lee, Sven J" uniqKey="Van Der Lee S" first="Sven J" last="Van Der Lee">Sven J. Van Der Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael B" sort="Miller, Michael B" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael B" last="Miller">Michael B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A" last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matteson, Lindsay" sort="Matteson, Lindsay" uniqKey="Matteson L" first="Lindsay" last="Matteson">Lindsay Matteson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minica, Camelia C" sort="Minica, Camelia C" uniqKey="Minica C" first="Camelia C" last="Minica">Camelia C. Minica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nolte, Ilja M" sort="Nolte, Ilja M" uniqKey="Nolte I" first="Ilja M" last="Nolte">Ilja M. Nolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" sort="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" uniqKey="Mook Kanamori D" first="Dennis O" last="Mook-Kanamori">Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J" last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldmeadow, Christopher" sort="Oldmeadow, Christopher" uniqKey="Oldmeadow C" first="Christopher" last="Oldmeadow">Christopher Oldmeadow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qian, Yong" sort="Qian, Yong" uniqKey="Qian Y" first="Yong" last="Qian">Yong Qian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rawal, Rajesh" sort="Rawal, Rajesh" uniqKey="Rawal R" first="Rajesh" last="Rawal">Rajesh Rawal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Realo, Anu" sort="Realo, Anu" uniqKey="Realo A" first="Anu" last="Realo">Anu Realo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rueedi, Rico" sort="Rueedi, Rico" uniqKey="Rueedi R" first="Rico" last="Rueedi">Rico Rueedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Borge" sort="Schmidt, Borge" uniqKey="Schmidt B" first="Börge" last="Schmidt">Börge Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V" last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stergiakouli, Evie" sort="Stergiakouli, Evie" uniqKey="Stergiakouli E" first="Evie" last="Stergiakouli">Evie Stergiakouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, Toshiko" sort="Tanaka, Toshiko" uniqKey="Tanaka T" first="Toshiko" last="Tanaka">Toshiko Tanaka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Kent" sort="Taylor, Kent" uniqKey="Taylor K" first="Kent" last="Taylor">Kent Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" sort="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" uniqKey="Thorleifsson G" first="Gudmar" last="Thorleifsson">Gudmar Thorleifsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedenoja, Juho" sort="Wedenoja, Juho" uniqKey="Wedenoja J" first="Juho" last="Wedenoja">Juho Wedenoja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wellmann, Juergen" sort="Wellmann, Juergen" uniqKey="Wellmann J" first="Juergen" last="Wellmann">Juergen Wellmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willems, Sara M" sort="Willems, Sara M" uniqKey="Willems S" first="Sara M" last="Willems">Sara M. Willems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakshi, Andrew" sort="Bakshi, Andrew" uniqKey="Bakshi A" first="Andrew" last="Bakshi">Andrew Bakshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergmann, Sven" sort="Bergmann, Sven" uniqKey="Bergmann S" first="Sven" last="Bergmann">Sven Bergmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" sort="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" uniqKey="Bjornsdottir G" first="Gyda" last="Bjornsdottir">Gyda Bjornsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Patricia A" sort="Boyle, Patricia A" uniqKey="Boyle P" first="Patricia A" last="Boyle">Patricia A. Boyle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cherney, Samantha" sort="Cherney, Samantha" uniqKey="Cherney S" first="Samantha" last="Cherney">Samantha Cherney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Simon R" sort="Cox, Simon R" uniqKey="Cox S" first="Simon R" last="Cox">Simon R. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Oliver S P" sort="Davis, Oliver S P" uniqKey="Davis O" first="Oliver S P" last="Davis">Oliver S P. Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Jun" sort="Ding, Jun" uniqKey="Ding J" first="Jun" last="Ding">Jun Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Direk, Nese" sort="Direk, Nese" uniqKey="Direk N" first="Nese" last="Direk">Nese Direk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eibich, Peter" sort="Eibich, Peter" uniqKey="Eibich P" first="Peter" last="Eibich">Peter Eibich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emeny, Rebecca T" sort="Emeny, Rebecca T" uniqKey="Emeny R" first="Rebecca T" last="Emeny">Rebecca T. Emeny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fatemifar, Ghazaleh" sort="Fatemifar, Ghazaleh" uniqKey="Fatemifar G" first="Ghazaleh" last="Fatemifar">Ghazaleh Fatemifar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">The Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D" last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrucci, Luigi" sort="Ferrucci, Luigi" uniqKey="Ferrucci L" first="Luigi" last="Ferrucci">Luigi Ferrucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forstner, Andreas J" sort="Forstner, Andreas J" uniqKey="Forstner A" first="Andreas J" last="Forstner">Andreas J. Forstner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Richa" sort="Gupta, Richa" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Richa" last="Gupta">Richa Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B" last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Juliette M" sort="Harris, Juliette M" uniqKey="Harris J" first="Juliette M" last="Harris">Juliette M. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holliday, Elizabeth G" sort="Holliday, Elizabeth G" uniqKey="Holliday E" first="Elizabeth G" last="Holliday">Elizabeth G. Holliday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika A" sort="Kaakinen, Marika A" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika A" last="Kaakinen">Marika A. Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kajantie, Eero" sort="Kajantie, Eero" uniqKey="Kajantie E" first="Eero" last="Kajantie">Eero Kajantie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karhunen, Ville" sort="Karhunen, Ville" uniqKey="Karhunen V" first="Ville" last="Karhunen">Ville Karhunen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolcic, Ivana" sort="Kolcic, Ivana" uniqKey="Kolcic I" first="Ivana" last="Kolcic">Ivana Kolcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumari, Meena" sort="Kumari, Meena" uniqKey="Kumari M" first="Meena" last="Kumari">Meena Kumari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J" last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li Gao, Ruifang" sort="Li Gao, Ruifang" uniqKey="Li Gao R" first="Ruifang" last="Li-Gao">Ruifang Li-Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C" sort="Liewald, David C" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C" last="Liewald">David C. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koini, Marisa" sort="Koini, Marisa" uniqKey="Koini M" first="Marisa" last="Koini">Marisa Koini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W" last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosing, Miriam A" sort="Mosing, Miriam A" uniqKey="Mosing M" first="Miriam A" last="Mosing">Miriam A. Mosing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paternoster, Lavinia" sort="Paternoster, Lavinia" uniqKey="Paternoster L" first="Lavinia" last="Paternoster">Lavinia Paternoster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pattie, Alison" sort="Pattie, Alison" uniqKey="Pattie A" first="Alison" last="Pattie">Alison Pattie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrovic, Katja E" sort="Petrovic, Katja E" uniqKey="Petrovic K" first="Katja E" last="Petrovic">Katja E. Petrovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pulkki R Back, Laura" sort="Pulkki R Back, Laura" uniqKey="Pulkki R Back L" first="Laura" last="Pulkki-R Back">Laura Pulkki-R Back</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaye, Lydia" sort="Quaye, Lydia" uniqKey="Quaye L" first="Lydia" last="Quaye">Lydia Quaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Ikkonen, Katri" sort="R Ikkonen, Katri" uniqKey="R Ikkonen K" first="Katri" last="R Ikkönen">Katri R Ikkönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J" last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A" last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sutin, Angelina R" sort="Sutin, Angelina R" uniqKey="Sutin A" first="Angelina R" last="Sutin">Angelina R. Sutin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trzaskowski, Maciej" sort="Trzaskowski, Maciej" uniqKey="Trzaskowski M" first="Maciej" last="Trzaskowski">Maciej Trzaskowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinkhuyzen, Anna E" sort="Vinkhuyzen, Anna E" uniqKey="Vinkhuyzen A" first="Anna E" last="Vinkhuyzen">Anna E. Vinkhuyzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Lei" sort="Yu, Lei" uniqKey="Yu L" first="Lei" last="Yu">Lei Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zabaneh, Delilah" sort="Zabaneh, Delilah" uniqKey="Zabaneh D" first="Delilah" last="Zabaneh">Delilah Zabaneh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, John R" sort="Attia, John R" uniqKey="Attia J" first="John R" last="Attia">John R. Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A" last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Klaus" sort="Berger, Klaus" uniqKey="Berger K" first="Klaus" last="Berger">Klaus Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Lübeck Interdisciplinary platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I" last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snieder, Harold" sort="Snieder, Harold" uniqKey="Snieder H" first="Harold" last="Snieder">Harold Snieder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Shun Chiao" sort="Chang, Shun Chiao" uniqKey="Chang S" first="Shun-Chiao" last="Chang">Shun-Chiao Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cucca, Francesco" sort="Cucca, Francesco" uniqKey="Cucca F" first="Francesco" last="Cucca">Francesco Cucca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J" last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M" last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G" last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bultmann, Ute" sort="Bultmann, Ute" uniqKey="Bultmann U" first="Ute" last="Bültmann">Ute Bültmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Geus, Eco J C" sort="De Geus, Eco J C" uniqKey="De Geus E" first="Eco J C" last="De Geus">Eco J C. De Geus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenen, Patrick J F" sort="Groenen, Patrick J F" uniqKey="Groenen P" first="Patrick J F" last="Groenen">Patrick J F. Groenen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Torben" sort="Hansen, Torben" uniqKey="Hansen T" first="Torben" last="Hansen">Torben Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartman, Catharine A" sort="Hartman, Catharine A" uniqKey="Hartman C" first="Catharine A" last="Hartman">Catharine A. Hartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haworth, Claire M A" sort="Haworth, Claire M A" uniqKey="Haworth C" first="Claire M A" last="Haworth">Claire M A. Haworth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Andrew C" sort="Heath, Andrew C" uniqKey="Heath A" first="Andrew C" last="Heath">Andrew C. Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinds, David A" sort="Hinds, David A" uniqKey="Hinds D" first="David A" last="Hinds">David A. Hinds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacono, William G" sort="Iacono, William G" uniqKey="Iacono W" first="William G" last="Iacono">William G. Iacono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="J Rvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="J Rvelin">Marjo-Riitta J Rvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Department for Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L R" last="Kardia">Sharon L R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keltikangas J Rvinen, Liisa" sort="Keltikangas J Rvinen, Liisa" uniqKey="Keltikangas J Rvinen L" first="Liisa" last="Keltikangas-J Rvinen">Liisa Keltikangas-J Rvinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kubzansky, Laura D" sort="Kubzansky, Laura D" uniqKey="Kubzansky L" first="Laura D" last="Kubzansky">Laura D. Kubzansky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K E" last="Magnusson">Patrik K E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G" last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgue, Matt" sort="Mcgue, Matt" uniqKey="Mcgue M" first="Matt" last="Mcgue">Matt Mcgue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Melinda" sort="Mills, Melinda" uniqKey="Mills M" first="Melinda" last="Mills">Melinda Mills</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Mutsert, Renee" sort="De Mutsert, Renee" uniqKey="De Mutsert R" first="Renée" last="De Mutsert">Renée De Mutsert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" sort="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" uniqKey="Oldehinkel A" first="Albertine J" last="Oldehinkel">Albertine J. Oldehinkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pasterkamp, Gerard" sort="Pasterkamp, Gerard" uniqKey="Pasterkamp G" first="Gerard" last="Pasterkamp">Gerard Pasterkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Nancy L" sort="Pedersen, Nancy L" uniqKey="Pedersen N" first="Nancy L" last="Pedersen">Nancy L. Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, Robert" sort="Plomin, Robert" uniqKey="Plomin R" first="Robert" last="Plomin">Robert Plomin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Christine" sort="Power, Christine" uniqKey="Power C" first="Christine" last="Power">Christine Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S" last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosendaal, Frits R" sort="Rosendaal, Frits R" uniqKey="Rosendaal F" first="Frits R" last="Rosendaal">Frits R. Rosendaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Den Ruijter, Hester M" sort="Den Ruijter, Hester M" uniqKey="Den Ruijter H" first="Hester M" last="Den Ruijter">Hester M. Den Ruijter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlessinger, David" sort="Schlessinger, David" uniqKey="Schlessinger D" first="David" last="Schlessinger">David Schlessinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svento, Rauli" sort="Svento, Rauli" uniqKey="Svento R" first="Rauli" last="Svento">Rauli Svento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" sort="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" uniqKey="Alizadeh B" first="Behrooz Z" last="Alizadeh">Behrooz Z. Alizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I A" last="S Rensen">Thorkild I A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D" last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starr, John M" sort="Starr, John M" uniqKey="Starr J" first="John M" last="Starr">John M. Starr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefansson, Kari" sort="Stefansson, Kari" uniqKey="Stefansson K" first="Kari" last="Stefansson">Kari Stefansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steptoe, Andrew" sort="Steptoe, Andrew" uniqKey="Steptoe A" first="Andrew" last="Steptoe">Andrew Steptoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" sort="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" uniqKey="Thorsteinsdottir U" first="Unnur" last="Thorsteinsdottir">Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurik, A Roy" sort="Thurik, A Roy" uniqKey="Thurik A" first="A Roy" last="Thurik">A Roy Thurik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Panteia, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J" last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G" last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Gert G" sort="Wagner, Gert G" uniqKey="Wagner G" first="Gert G" last="Wagner">Gert G. Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">School of Economics and Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R" last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, Dalton C" sort="Conley, Dalton C" uniqKey="Conley D" first="Dalton C" last="Conley">Dalton C. Conley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laibson, David I" sort="Laibson, David I" uniqKey="Laibson D" first="David I" last="Laibson">David I. Laibson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E" last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Michelle N" sort="Meyer, Michelle N" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Michelle N" last="Meyer">Michelle N. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Department of Bioethics, Clarkson University, Schenectady, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickrell, Joseph K" sort="Pickrell, Joseph K" uniqKey="Pickrell J" first="Joseph K" last="Pickrell">Joseph K. Pickrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krueger, Robert F" sort="Krueger, Robert F" uniqKey="Krueger R" first="Robert F" last="Krueger">Robert F. Krueger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" sort="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Beauchamp J" first="Jonathan P" last="Beauchamp">Jonathan P. Beauchamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp D" sort="Koellinger, Philipp D" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp D" last="Koellinger">Philipp D. Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J" last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartels, Meike" sort="Bartels, Meike" uniqKey="Bartels M" first="Meike" last="Bartels">Meike Bartels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesarini, David" sort="Cesarini, David" uniqKey="Cesarini D" first="David" last="Cesarini">David Cesarini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27089181</idno><idno type="pmc">4884152</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884152</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4884152</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ng.3552</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E45</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses</title><author><name sortKey="Okbay, Aysu" sort="Okbay, Aysu" uniqKey="Okbay A" first="Aysu" last="Okbay">Aysu Okbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baselmans, Bart M L" sort="Baselmans, Bart M L" uniqKey="Baselmans B" first="Bart M L" last="Baselmans">Bart M L. Baselmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" sort="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" uniqKey="De Neve J" first="Jan-Emmanuel" last="De Neve">Jan-Emmanuel De Neve</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turley, Patrick" sort="Turley, Patrick" uniqKey="Turley P" first="Patrick" last="Turley">Patrick Turley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nivard, Michel G" sort="Nivard, Michel G" uniqKey="Nivard M" first="Michel G" last="Nivard">Michel G. Nivard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontana, Mark Alan" sort="Fontana, Mark Alan" uniqKey="Fontana M" first="Mark Alan" last="Fontana">Mark Alan Fontana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, S Fleur W" sort="Meddens, S Fleur W" uniqKey="Meddens S" first="S Fleur W" last="Meddens">S Fleur W. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linner, Richard Karlsson" sort="Linner, Richard Karlsson" uniqKey="Linner R" first="Richard Karlsson" last="Linnér">Richard Karlsson Linnér</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A" last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derringer, Jaime" sort="Derringer, Jaime" uniqKey="Derringer J" first="Jaime" last="Derringer">Jaime Derringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Psychology, University of Illinois, Illinois, Champaign, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gratten, Jacob" sort="Gratten, Jacob" uniqKey="Gratten J" first="Jacob" last="Gratten">Jacob Gratten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, James J" sort="Lee, James J" uniqKey="Lee J" first="James J" last="Lee">James J. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jimmy Z" sort="Liu, Jimmy Z" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jimmy Z" last="Liu">Jimmy Z. Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vlaming, Ronald" sort="De Vlaming, Ronald" uniqKey="De Vlaming R" first="Ronald" last="De Vlaming">Ronald De Vlaming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S" last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buchwald, Jadwiga" sort="Buchwald, Jadwiga" uniqKey="Buchwald J" first="Jadwiga" last="Buchwald">Jadwiga Buchwald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavadino, Alana" sort="Cavadino, Alana" uniqKey="Cavadino A" first="Alana" last="Cavadino">Alana Cavadino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frazier Wood, Alexis C" sort="Frazier Wood, Alexis C" uniqKey="Frazier Wood A" first="Alexis C" last="Frazier-Wood">Alexis C. Frazier-Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlotte, Nicholas A" sort="Furlotte, Nicholas A" uniqKey="Furlotte N" first="Nicholas A" last="Furlotte">Nicholas A. Furlotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garfield, Victoria" sort="Garfield, Victoria" uniqKey="Garfield V" first="Victoria" last="Garfield">Victoria Garfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geisel, Marie Henrike" sort="Geisel, Marie Henrike" uniqKey="Geisel M" first="Marie Henrike" last="Geisel">Marie Henrike Geisel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Juan R" sort="Gonzalez, Juan R" uniqKey="Gonzalez J" first="Juan R" last="Gonzalez">Juan R. Gonzalez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haitjema, Saskia" sort="Haitjema, Saskia" uniqKey="Haitjema S" first="Saskia" last="Haitjema">Saskia Haitjema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlsson, Robert" sort="Karlsson, Robert" uniqKey="Karlsson R" first="Robert" last="Karlsson">Robert Karlsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Laan, Sander W" sort="Van Der Laan, Sander W" uniqKey="Van Der Laan S" first="Sander W" last="Van Der Laan">Sander W. Van Der Laan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" sort="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Ladwig K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Ladwig">Karl-Heinz Ladwig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Lee, Sven J" sort="Van Der Lee, Sven J" uniqKey="Van Der Lee S" first="Sven J" last="Van Der Lee">Sven J. Van Der Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael B" sort="Miller, Michael B" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael B" last="Miller">Michael B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A" last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matteson, Lindsay" sort="Matteson, Lindsay" uniqKey="Matteson L" first="Lindsay" last="Matteson">Lindsay Matteson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minica, Camelia C" sort="Minica, Camelia C" uniqKey="Minica C" first="Camelia C" last="Minica">Camelia C. Minica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nolte, Ilja M" sort="Nolte, Ilja M" uniqKey="Nolte I" first="Ilja M" last="Nolte">Ilja M. Nolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" sort="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" uniqKey="Mook Kanamori D" first="Dennis O" last="Mook-Kanamori">Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J" last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldmeadow, Christopher" sort="Oldmeadow, Christopher" uniqKey="Oldmeadow C" first="Christopher" last="Oldmeadow">Christopher Oldmeadow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qian, Yong" sort="Qian, Yong" uniqKey="Qian Y" first="Yong" last="Qian">Yong Qian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rawal, Rajesh" sort="Rawal, Rajesh" uniqKey="Rawal R" first="Rajesh" last="Rawal">Rajesh Rawal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Realo, Anu" sort="Realo, Anu" uniqKey="Realo A" first="Anu" last="Realo">Anu Realo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rueedi, Rico" sort="Rueedi, Rico" uniqKey="Rueedi R" first="Rico" last="Rueedi">Rico Rueedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Borge" sort="Schmidt, Borge" uniqKey="Schmidt B" first="Börge" last="Schmidt">Börge Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V" last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stergiakouli, Evie" sort="Stergiakouli, Evie" uniqKey="Stergiakouli E" first="Evie" last="Stergiakouli">Evie Stergiakouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, Toshiko" sort="Tanaka, Toshiko" uniqKey="Tanaka T" first="Toshiko" last="Tanaka">Toshiko Tanaka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Kent" sort="Taylor, Kent" uniqKey="Taylor K" first="Kent" last="Taylor">Kent Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" sort="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" uniqKey="Thorleifsson G" first="Gudmar" last="Thorleifsson">Gudmar Thorleifsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedenoja, Juho" sort="Wedenoja, Juho" uniqKey="Wedenoja J" first="Juho" last="Wedenoja">Juho Wedenoja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wellmann, Juergen" sort="Wellmann, Juergen" uniqKey="Wellmann J" first="Juergen" last="Wellmann">Juergen Wellmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willems, Sara M" sort="Willems, Sara M" uniqKey="Willems S" first="Sara M" last="Willems">Sara M. Willems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakshi, Andrew" sort="Bakshi, Andrew" uniqKey="Bakshi A" first="Andrew" last="Bakshi">Andrew Bakshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergmann, Sven" sort="Bergmann, Sven" uniqKey="Bergmann S" first="Sven" last="Bergmann">Sven Bergmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" sort="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" uniqKey="Bjornsdottir G" first="Gyda" last="Bjornsdottir">Gyda Bjornsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Patricia A" sort="Boyle, Patricia A" uniqKey="Boyle P" first="Patricia A" last="Boyle">Patricia A. Boyle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cherney, Samantha" sort="Cherney, Samantha" uniqKey="Cherney S" first="Samantha" last="Cherney">Samantha Cherney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Simon R" sort="Cox, Simon R" uniqKey="Cox S" first="Simon R" last="Cox">Simon R. Cox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Oliver S P" sort="Davis, Oliver S P" uniqKey="Davis O" first="Oliver S P" last="Davis">Oliver S P. Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Jun" sort="Ding, Jun" uniqKey="Ding J" first="Jun" last="Ding">Jun Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Direk, Nese" sort="Direk, Nese" uniqKey="Direk N" first="Nese" last="Direk">Nese Direk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eibich, Peter" sort="Eibich, Peter" uniqKey="Eibich P" first="Peter" last="Eibich">Peter Eibich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emeny, Rebecca T" sort="Emeny, Rebecca T" uniqKey="Emeny R" first="Rebecca T" last="Emeny">Rebecca T. Emeny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fatemifar, Ghazaleh" sort="Fatemifar, Ghazaleh" uniqKey="Fatemifar G" first="Ghazaleh" last="Fatemifar">Ghazaleh Fatemifar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">The Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D" last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrucci, Luigi" sort="Ferrucci, Luigi" uniqKey="Ferrucci L" first="Luigi" last="Ferrucci">Luigi Ferrucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forstner, Andreas J" sort="Forstner, Andreas J" uniqKey="Forstner A" first="Andreas J" last="Forstner">Andreas J. Forstner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Richa" sort="Gupta, Richa" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Richa" last="Gupta">Richa Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B" last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Juliette M" sort="Harris, Juliette M" uniqKey="Harris J" first="Juliette M" last="Harris">Juliette M. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holliday, Elizabeth G" sort="Holliday, Elizabeth G" uniqKey="Holliday E" first="Elizabeth G" last="Holliday">Elizabeth G. Holliday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika A" sort="Kaakinen, Marika A" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika A" last="Kaakinen">Marika A. Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kajantie, Eero" sort="Kajantie, Eero" uniqKey="Kajantie E" first="Eero" last="Kajantie">Eero Kajantie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karhunen, Ville" sort="Karhunen, Ville" uniqKey="Karhunen V" first="Ville" last="Karhunen">Ville Karhunen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolcic, Ivana" sort="Kolcic, Ivana" uniqKey="Kolcic I" first="Ivana" last="Kolcic">Ivana Kolcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumari, Meena" sort="Kumari, Meena" uniqKey="Kumari M" first="Meena" last="Kumari">Meena Kumari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J" last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li Gao, Ruifang" sort="Li Gao, Ruifang" uniqKey="Li Gao R" first="Ruifang" last="Li-Gao">Ruifang Li-Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C" sort="Liewald, David C" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C" last="Liewald">David C. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koini, Marisa" sort="Koini, Marisa" uniqKey="Koini M" first="Marisa" last="Koini">Marisa Koini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W" last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosing, Miriam A" sort="Mosing, Miriam A" uniqKey="Mosing M" first="Miriam A" last="Mosing">Miriam A. Mosing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paternoster, Lavinia" sort="Paternoster, Lavinia" uniqKey="Paternoster L" first="Lavinia" last="Paternoster">Lavinia Paternoster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pattie, Alison" sort="Pattie, Alison" uniqKey="Pattie A" first="Alison" last="Pattie">Alison Pattie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrovic, Katja E" sort="Petrovic, Katja E" uniqKey="Petrovic K" first="Katja E" last="Petrovic">Katja E. Petrovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pulkki R Back, Laura" sort="Pulkki R Back, Laura" uniqKey="Pulkki R Back L" first="Laura" last="Pulkki-R Back">Laura Pulkki-R Back</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaye, Lydia" sort="Quaye, Lydia" uniqKey="Quaye L" first="Lydia" last="Quaye">Lydia Quaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Ikkonen, Katri" sort="R Ikkonen, Katri" uniqKey="R Ikkonen K" first="Katri" last="R Ikkönen">Katri R Ikkönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J" last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A" last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sutin, Angelina R" sort="Sutin, Angelina R" uniqKey="Sutin A" first="Angelina R" last="Sutin">Angelina R. Sutin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trzaskowski, Maciej" sort="Trzaskowski, Maciej" uniqKey="Trzaskowski M" first="Maciej" last="Trzaskowski">Maciej Trzaskowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinkhuyzen, Anna E" sort="Vinkhuyzen, Anna E" uniqKey="Vinkhuyzen A" first="Anna E" last="Vinkhuyzen">Anna E. Vinkhuyzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Lei" sort="Yu, Lei" uniqKey="Yu L" first="Lei" last="Yu">Lei Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zabaneh, Delilah" sort="Zabaneh, Delilah" uniqKey="Zabaneh D" first="Delilah" last="Zabaneh">Delilah Zabaneh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, John R" sort="Attia, John R" uniqKey="Attia J" first="John R" last="Attia">John R. Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A" last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Klaus" sort="Berger, Klaus" uniqKey="Berger K" first="Klaus" last="Berger">Klaus Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Lübeck Interdisciplinary platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I" last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snieder, Harold" sort="Snieder, Harold" uniqKey="Snieder H" first="Harold" last="Snieder">Harold Snieder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Shun Chiao" sort="Chang, Shun Chiao" uniqKey="Chang S" first="Shun-Chiao" last="Chang">Shun-Chiao Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cucca, Francesco" sort="Cucca, Francesco" uniqKey="Cucca F" first="Francesco" last="Cucca">Francesco Cucca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J" last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M" last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G" last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bultmann, Ute" sort="Bultmann, Ute" uniqKey="Bultmann U" first="Ute" last="Bültmann">Ute Bültmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Geus, Eco J C" sort="De Geus, Eco J C" uniqKey="De Geus E" first="Eco J C" last="De Geus">Eco J C. De Geus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenen, Patrick J F" sort="Groenen, Patrick J F" uniqKey="Groenen P" first="Patrick J F" last="Groenen">Patrick J F. Groenen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Torben" sort="Hansen, Torben" uniqKey="Hansen T" first="Torben" last="Hansen">Torben Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartman, Catharine A" sort="Hartman, Catharine A" uniqKey="Hartman C" first="Catharine A" last="Hartman">Catharine A. Hartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haworth, Claire M A" sort="Haworth, Claire M A" uniqKey="Haworth C" first="Claire M A" last="Haworth">Claire M A. Haworth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Andrew C" sort="Heath, Andrew C" uniqKey="Heath A" first="Andrew C" last="Heath">Andrew C. Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinds, David A" sort="Hinds, David A" uniqKey="Hinds D" first="David A" last="Hinds">David A. Hinds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacono, William G" sort="Iacono, William G" uniqKey="Iacono W" first="William G" last="Iacono">William G. Iacono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="J Rvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="J Rvelin">Marjo-Riitta J Rvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Department for Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L R" last="Kardia">Sharon L R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keltikangas J Rvinen, Liisa" sort="Keltikangas J Rvinen, Liisa" uniqKey="Keltikangas J Rvinen L" first="Liisa" last="Keltikangas-J Rvinen">Liisa Keltikangas-J Rvinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kubzansky, Laura D" sort="Kubzansky, Laura D" uniqKey="Kubzansky L" first="Laura D" last="Kubzansky">Laura D. Kubzansky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K E" last="Magnusson">Patrik K E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G" last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgue, Matt" sort="Mcgue, Matt" uniqKey="Mcgue M" first="Matt" last="Mcgue">Matt Mcgue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Melinda" sort="Mills, Melinda" uniqKey="Mills M" first="Melinda" last="Mills">Melinda Mills</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Mutsert, Renee" sort="De Mutsert, Renee" uniqKey="De Mutsert R" first="Renée" last="De Mutsert">Renée De Mutsert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" sort="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" uniqKey="Oldehinkel A" first="Albertine J" last="Oldehinkel">Albertine J. Oldehinkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pasterkamp, Gerard" sort="Pasterkamp, Gerard" uniqKey="Pasterkamp G" first="Gerard" last="Pasterkamp">Gerard Pasterkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Nancy L" sort="Pedersen, Nancy L" uniqKey="Pedersen N" first="Nancy L" last="Pedersen">Nancy L. Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, Robert" sort="Plomin, Robert" uniqKey="Plomin R" first="Robert" last="Plomin">Robert Plomin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Christine" sort="Power, Christine" uniqKey="Power C" first="Christine" last="Power">Christine Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S" last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosendaal, Frits R" sort="Rosendaal, Frits R" uniqKey="Rosendaal F" first="Frits R" last="Rosendaal">Frits R. Rosendaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Den Ruijter, Hester M" sort="Den Ruijter, Hester M" uniqKey="Den Ruijter H" first="Hester M" last="Den Ruijter">Hester M. Den Ruijter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlessinger, David" sort="Schlessinger, David" uniqKey="Schlessinger D" first="David" last="Schlessinger">David Schlessinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svento, Rauli" sort="Svento, Rauli" uniqKey="Svento R" first="Rauli" last="Svento">Rauli Svento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" sort="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" uniqKey="Alizadeh B" first="Behrooz Z" last="Alizadeh">Behrooz Z. Alizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I A" last="S Rensen">Thorkild I A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D" last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starr, John M" sort="Starr, John M" uniqKey="Starr J" first="John M" last="Starr">John M. Starr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefansson, Kari" sort="Stefansson, Kari" uniqKey="Stefansson K" first="Kari" last="Stefansson">Kari Stefansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steptoe, Andrew" sort="Steptoe, Andrew" uniqKey="Steptoe A" first="Andrew" last="Steptoe">Andrew Steptoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" sort="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" uniqKey="Thorsteinsdottir U" first="Unnur" last="Thorsteinsdottir">Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurik, A Roy" sort="Thurik, A Roy" uniqKey="Thurik A" first="A Roy" last="Thurik">A Roy Thurik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Panteia, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J" last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G" last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Gert G" sort="Wagner, Gert G" uniqKey="Wagner G" first="Gert G" last="Wagner">Gert G. Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">School of Economics and Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R" last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, Dalton C" sort="Conley, Dalton C" uniqKey="Conley D" first="Dalton C" last="Conley">Dalton C. Conley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laibson, David I" sort="Laibson, David I" uniqKey="Laibson D" first="David I" last="Laibson">David I. Laibson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E" last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Michelle N" sort="Meyer, Michelle N" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Michelle N" last="Meyer">Michelle N. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Department of Bioethics, Clarkson University, Schenectady, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickrell, Joseph K" sort="Pickrell, Joseph K" uniqKey="Pickrell J" first="Joseph K" last="Pickrell">Joseph K. Pickrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krueger, Robert F" sort="Krueger, Robert F" uniqKey="Krueger R" first="Robert F" last="Krueger">Robert F. Krueger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" sort="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Beauchamp J" first="Jonathan P" last="Beauchamp">Jonathan P. Beauchamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp D" sort="Koellinger, Philipp D" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp D" last="Koellinger">Philipp D. Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J" last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartels, Meike" sort="Bartels, Meike" uniqKey="Bartels M" first="Meike" last="Bartels">Meike Bartels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesarini, David" sort="Cesarini, David" uniqKey="Cesarini D" first="David" last="Cesarini">David Cesarini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">1061-4036</idno><idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (<italic>N</italic> = 298,420), depressive symptoms (<italic>N</italic> = 161,460), and neuroticism (<italic>N</italic> = 170,910). We identified three variants associated with subjective well-being, two with depressive symptoms, and eleven with neuroticism, including two inversion polymorphisms. The two depressive symptoms loci replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M1" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>≈</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> strengthen the overall credibility of the findings, and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal/pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kendler, Ks" uniqKey="Kendler K">KS Kendler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, J" uniqKey="Myers J">J Myers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weiss, A" uniqKey="Weiss A">A Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, Tc" uniqKey="Bates T">TC Bates</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luciano, M" uniqKey="Luciano M">M Luciano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bartels, M" uniqKey="Bartels M">M Bartels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cacioppo, Jt" uniqKey="Cacioppo J">JT Cacioppo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Beijsterveldt, Tcem" uniqKey="Van Beijsterveldt T">TCEM van Beijsterveldt</name></author><author><name 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Genet.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature genetics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1061-4036</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1546-1718</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27089181</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4884152</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ng.3552</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">EMS68354</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Okbay</surname><given-names>Aysu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" 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rid="A144">144</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A145">145</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pickrell</surname><given-names>Joseph K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A146">146</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Esko</surname><given-names>Tõnu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A40">40</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krueger</surname><given-names>Robert F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beauchamp</surname><given-names>Jonathan P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koellinger</surname><given-names>Philipp D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benjamin</surname><given-names>Daniel J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bartels</surname><given-names>Meike</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A100">100</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cesarini</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A147">147</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A148">148</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">#</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, , The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Psychology, University of Illinois, Illinois, Champaign, USA</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, Finland</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, California, USA</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>The Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Lübeck Interdisciplinary platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</aff><aff id="A99"><label>99</label>Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK</aff><aff id="A100"><label>100</label>Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A101"><label>101</label>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A102"><label>102</label>Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</aff><aff id="A103"><label>103</label>Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A104"><label>104</label>Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A105"><label>105</label>Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A106"><label>106</label>Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A107"><label>107</label>Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A108"><label>108</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A109"><label>109</label>MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A110"><label>110</label>Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A111"><label>111</label>Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA</aff><aff id="A112"><label>112</label>Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</aff><aff id="A113"><label>113</label>Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK</aff><aff id="A114"><label>114</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK</aff><aff id="A115"><label>115</label>Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A116"><label>116</label>Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A117"><label>117</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A118"><label>118</label>Department for Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A119"><label>119</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A120"><label>120</label>Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A121"><label>121</label>Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="A122"><label>122</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="A123"><label>123</label>Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="A124"><label>124</label>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia</aff><aff id="A125"><label>125</label>Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</aff><aff id="A126"><label>126</label>Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A127"><label>127</label>Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="A128"><label>128</label>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA</aff><aff id="A129"><label>129</label>Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Austria</aff><aff id="A130"><label>130</label>Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A131"><label>131</label>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A132"><label>132</label>Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark</aff><aff id="A133"><label>133</label>Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A134"><label>134</label>Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France</aff><aff id="A135"><label>135</label>Panteia, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A136"><label>136</label>Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A137"><label>137</label>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A138"><label>138</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A139"><label>139</label>School of Economics and Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A140"><label>140</label>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="A141"><label>141</label>Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, USA</aff><aff id="A142"><label>142</label>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</aff><aff id="A143"><label>143</label>Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="A144"><label>144</label>Department of Bioethics, Clarkson University, Schenectady, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A145"><label>145</label>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A146"><label>146</label>Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A147"><label>147</label>Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A148"><label>148</label>Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><author-notes><corresp id="CR1"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHORS:</bold> Daniel Benjamin (<email>djbenjam@usc.edu</email>) or Meike Bartels (<email>m.bartels@vu.nl</email>) or Philipp Koellinger (<email>p.d.koellinger@vu.nl</email>)</corresp><fn id="FN1"><label>#</label><p id="P1">Designed and oversaw the study</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>27</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>624</fpage><lpage>633</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/ng.3552</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P2">We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (<italic>N</italic> = 298,420), depressive symptoms (<italic>N</italic> = 161,460), and neuroticism (<italic>N</italic> = 170,910). We identified three variants associated with subjective well-being, two with depressive symptoms, and eleven with neuroticism, including two inversion polymorphisms. The two depressive symptoms loci replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M1" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>≈</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> strengthen the overall credibility of the findings, and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal/pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="S1"><title>Introduction</title><p id="P3">Subjective well-being—as measured by survey questions on life satisfaction, positive affect, or happiness—is a major topic of research within psychology, economics, and epidemiology. Twin studies have found that subjective well-being is genetically correlated with depression (characterized by negative affect, anxiety, low energy, bodily aches and pains, pessimism, and other symptoms) and neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by easily experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety and fear)<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>. Depression and neuroticism have received much more attention than subjective well-being in genetic-association studies, but the discovery of associated genetic variants with either of them has proven elusive<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>.</p><p id="P4">In this paper, we report a series of separate and joint analyses of subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. Our primary analysis is a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of subjective well-being based on data from 59 cohorts (<italic>N</italic> = 298,420). This GWAS identifies three loci associated with subjective well-being at genome-wide significance (<italic>p</italic> < 5×10<sup>-8</sup>). We supplement this primary analysis with auxiliary GWAS meta-analyses of depressive symptoms (<italic>N</italic> = 180,866) and neuroticism (<italic>N</italic> = 170,910), performed by combining publicly available summary statistics from published studies with new genome-wide analyses of additional data. In these auxiliary analyses we identify two loci associated with depressive symptoms and eleven with neuroticism, including two inversion polymorphisms. In depression data from an independent sample (<italic>N</italic> = 368,890), both depressive symptoms associations replicate (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.015).</p><p id="P5">In our two joint analyses, we exploit the high genetic correlation between subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism (i) to evaluate the credibility of the 16 genome-wide significant associations across the three phenotypes, and (ii) to identify novel associations (beyond those identified by the GWAS). For (i), we investigate whether our three subjective well-being-associated SNPs “quasi-replicate” by testing them for association with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. We similarly examine the quasi-replication record of the depressive symptoms and neuroticism loci by testing them for association with subjective well-being. We find that the quasi-replication record closely matches what would be expected given our statistical power if none of the genome-wide significant associations were chance findings. These results strengthen the credibility of (most of) the original associations. For (ii), we use a “proxy phenotype” approach<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>: we treat the set of loci associated with subjective well-being at <italic>p</italic> < 10<sup>-4</sup> as candidates, and we test them for association with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. At the Bonferroni-adjusted 0.05 significance threshold, we identify two loci associated with both depressive symptoms and neuroticism and another two associated with neuroticism.</p><p id="P6">In designing our study, we faced a tradeoff between analyzing a smaller sample with a homogeneous phenotype measure versus attaining a larger sample by jointly analyzing data from multiple cohorts with heterogeneous measures. For example, in our analysis of subjective well-being, we included measures of both life satisfaction and positive affect, even though these constructs are conceptually distinct<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>. In <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 1</xref>, we present a theoretical framework for evaluating the costs and benefits of pooling heterogeneous measures. In our context, given the high genetic correlation across measures, the framework predicts that pooling increases statistical power to detect variants. This prediction is supported by our results.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S2"><title>Results</title><sec id="S3"><title>GWAS of subjective well-being</title><p id="P7">Following a pre-specified analysis plan, we conducted a sample-size-weighted meta-analysis (<italic>N</italic> = 298,420) of cohort-level GWAS summary statistics. The phenotype measure was life satisfaction, positive affect, or (in some cohorts) a measure combining life satisfaction and positive affect. We confirmed previous findings<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> of high pairwise genetic correlation between life satisfaction and positive affect using bivariate LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M2" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> = 0.981 (SE = 0.065); <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). Details on the 59 participating cohorts, their phenotype measures, genotyping, quality-control filters, and association models are provided in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>, and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">6</xref>.</p><p id="P8">As expected under polygenicity<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, we observe inflation of the median test statistic (λ<sub>GC</sub> = 1.206). The estimated intercept from LD Score regression (1.012) suggests that nearly all of the inflation is due to polygenic signal rather than bias. We also performed family-based analyses that similarly suggest minimal confounding due to population stratification (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). Using a clumping procedure (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>), we identified three approximately independent SNPs reaching genome-wide significance (“lead SNPs”). These three lead SNPs are indicated in the Manhattan plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1a</xref>) and listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. The SNPs have estimated effects in the range 0.015 to 0.018 standard deviations (SDs) per allele (each <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.01%).</p><p id="P9">We also conducted separate meta-analyses of the components of our subjective well-being measure, life satisfaction (<italic>N</italic> = 166,205) and positive affect (<italic>N</italic> = 180,281) (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). Consistent with our theoretical conclusion that pooling heterogeneous measures increased power in our context, the life satisfaction and positive affect analyses yielded fewer signals across a range of <italic>p</italic>-value thresholds than our meta-analysis of subjective well-being (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 7</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>GWAS of depressive symptoms and neuroticism</title><p id="P10">We conducted auxiliary GWAS of depressive symptoms and neuroticism (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>, and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 8</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">12</xref> for details on cohorts, phenotype measures, genotyping, association models, and quality-control filters). For depressive symptoms (<italic>N</italic> = 180,866), we meta-analyzed publicly available results from a study performed by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC)<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> together with new results from analyses of the initial release of the UK Biobank data (UKB)<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> and the Resource for Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging (GERA) Cohort<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>. In UKB (<italic>N</italic> = 105,739), we constructed a continuous phenotype measure by combining responses to two questions, which ask about the frequency in the past two weeks with which the respondent experienced feelings of unenthusiasm/disinterest and depression/hopelessness. The other cohorts had ascertained case-control data on major depressive disorder (GERA: <italic>N<sub>cases</sub></italic> = 7,231, <italic>N<sub>controls</sub></italic> = 49,316; PGC: <italic>N<sub>cases</sub></italic> = 9,240, <italic>N<sub>controls</sub></italic> = 9,519).</p><p id="P11">For neuroticism (<italic>N</italic> = 170,910), we pooled summary statistics from a published study by the Genetics of Personality Consortium (GPC)<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> with results from a new analysis of UKB data. The GPC (<italic>N</italic> = 63,661) harmonized different neuroticism batteries. In UKB (<italic>N</italic> = 107,245), our measure was the respondent’s score on a 12-item version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory Neuroticism scale<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>.</p><p id="P12">In both the depressive symptoms and neuroticism GWAS, the heterogeneous phenotypic measures are highly genetically correlated (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). As in our subjective well-being analyses, there is substantial inflation of the median test statistics (λ<sub>GC</sub> = 1.168 for depressive symptoms, λ<sub>GC</sub> = 1.317 for neuroticism), but the estimated LD Score intercepts (1.008 and 0.998, respectively) suggest that bias accounts for little or none of the inflation.</p><p id="P13">For depressive symptoms, we identified two lead SNPs, indicated in the Manhattan plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1b</xref>). For neuroticism, our meta-analysis yielded 16 loci that are independent according to our locus definition (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1c</xref>). However, 6 of these reside within a well-known inversion polymorphism<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> on chromosome 8. We established that all genome-wide significant signals in the inversion region are attributable to the inversion, and we confirmed that the inversion is associated with neuroticism in both of our neuroticism datasets, the GPC and the UKB (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). In our list of lead SNPs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>), we only retain the most strongly associated SNP from these 6 loci to tag the chromosome 8 inversion.</p><p id="P14">Another lead SNP associated with neuroticism, rs193236081, is located within a well-known inversion polymorphism on chromosome 17. We established that this association is attributable to the inversion polymorphism (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). Because this inversion yields only one significant locus and is genetically complex<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, we hereafter simply use its lead SNP as its proxy. Our neuroticism GWAS therefore identified 11 lead SNPs, two of which tag inversion polymorphisms. A concurrent neuroticism GWAS using a subset of our sample reports similar findings<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>.</p><p id="P15">As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>, the estimated effects of all lead SNPs associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism are in the range 0.020 to 0.031 SDs per allele (<italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.02% to 0.04%). In the UKB cohort we estimated the effect of an additional allele of the chromosome 8 inversion polymorphism itself on neuroticism to be 0.035 SDs (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 13</xref>). The inversion explains 0.06% of the variance in neuroticism (roughly the same as the total variance explained jointly by the 6 SNPs in the inversion region).</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Genetic overlap across subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism</title><p id="P16"><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2a</xref> shows that the three pairwise genetic correlations between our phenotypes, estimated using bivariate LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, are substantial: -0.81 (SE = 0.046) between subjective well-being and depressive symptoms, -0.75 (SE = 0.034) between subjective well-being and neuroticism, and 0.75 (SE = 0.027) between depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Using height as a negative control, we also examined pairwise genetic correlations between each of our phenotypes and height and, as expected, found all three to be modest, e.g., 0.07 with subjective well-being (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 1</xref>). The high genetic correlations between subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism may suggest that the genetic influences on these phenotypes are predominantly related to processes common across the phenotypes, such as mood, rather than being phenotype-specific.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Quasi-replication and Bayesian credibility analyses</title><p id="P17">We assessed the credibility of our findings using a standard Bayesian framework<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> in which a positive fraction of SNPs have null effects and a positive fraction have non-null effects (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). For each phenotype, the non-null effect sizes are assumed to be drawn from a normal distribution whose variance is estimated from the GWAS summary statistics. As a first analysis, for each lead SNP’s association with its phenotype, we calculated the posterior probability of null association after having observed the GWAS results. We found that, for any assumption about the fraction of non-null SNPs in the range 1% to 99%, the probability of true association always exceeds 95% for all 16 loci (and always exceeds 98% for 14 of them).</p><p id="P18">To further probe the credibility of the findings, we performed “quasi-replication” exercises (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>) in which we tested the subjective well-being lead-SNPs for association with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. We similarly tested the depressive symptoms lead-SNPs and the neuroticism lead-SNPs for association with subjective well-being. Below, we refer to the phenotype for which the lead SNP was identified as the first-stage phenotype and the phenotype used for the quasi-replication as the second-stage phenotype. To avoid sample overlap, for each quasi-replication analysis we omitted any cohorts that contributed to the GWAS of the first-stage phenotype.</p><p id="P19">Results of the quasi-replication of the three subjective well-being lead-SNPs are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3a</xref>. For ease of interpretation, the reference allele for each association in the figure is chosen such that the predicted sign of the second-stage estimate is positive. We find that two out of the three subjective well-being lead-SNPs are significantly associated with depressive symptoms (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) in the predicted direction. For neuroticism, where the second-stage sample size (<italic>N</italic> = 68,201) is about half as large, the subjective well-being-increasing allele has the predicted sign for all three SNPs, but none reach significance.</p><p id="P20"><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figures 3b and 3c</xref> show the results for the depressive symptoms and neuroticism lead-SNPs, respectively. In each panel, the blue crosses depict results from the quasi-replications where subjective well-being is the second-stage phenotype. We find that the two depressive symptoms lead-SNPs have the predicted sign for subjective well-being, and one is nominally significant (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). Finally, of the eleven neuroticism lead-SNPs, nine have the predicted sign for subjective well-being. Four of the eleven are nominally significantly associated with subjective well-being, all with the predicted sign. One of the four is the SNP tagging the inversion on chromosome 8<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>. That SNP’s association with neuroticism (and likely with subjective well-being) is driven by its correlation with the inversion (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig. 2</xref>).</p><p id="P21">To evaluate what these quasi-replication results imply about the credibility of the 16 GWAS associations, we compared the observed quasi-replication record to the quasi-replication record expected given our statistical power. We calculated statistical power using our Bayesian framework, under the hypothesis that each lead SNP has a non-null effect on both the first- and second-stage phenotypes. Our calculations take into account both the imperfect genetic correlation between the first- and second-stage phenotypes and inflation of the first-stage estimates due to the well-known problem of winner’s curse (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). Of the 19 quasi-replication tests, our calculations imply that 16.7 would be expected to yield the anticipated sign and 6.9 would be significant at the 5% level. The observed numbers are 16 and 7. Our quasi-replication results are thus consistent with the hypothesis that none of the 16 genome-wide significant associations are chance findings, and in fact strengthen the credibility of our GWAS results (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 14</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>Lookup of depressive symptoms and neuroticism lead-SNPs</title><p id="P22">Investigators of an ongoing large-scale GWAS of major depressive disorder (<italic>N</italic> = 368,890) in the 23andMe cohort shared association results for the loci identified in our depressive symptoms and neuroticism analyses (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 15</xref>)<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>. Because the depression sample overlaps with our subjective well-being sample, we did not request a lookup of the subjective well-being-associated SNPs.</p><p id="P23">In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figures 3b and 3c</xref>, the results are depicted as green crosses. For interpretational ease, we chose the reference allele so that positive coefficients imply that the estimated effect is in the predicted direction. All 13 associations have the predicted sign. Of the 11 neuroticism polymorphisms, four are significantly associated with depression at the 5% level. Both of the depressive symptoms lead-SNPs replicate (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.015), with effect sizes (0.007 and -0.007 SDs per allele), close to those predicted by our Bayesian framework (0.008 and -0.006) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 14</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 15</xref>).</p><p id="P24">Panel A of <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the results for the 16 lead SNPs identified across our separate GWA analyses of the three phenotypes. The right-most column summarizes the statistical significance of the quasi-replication and depression lookup analyses of each SNP.</p></sec><sec id="S8"><title>Proxy-phenotype analyses</title><p id="P25">To identify additional SNPs associated with depressive symptoms, we conducted a two-stage “proxy phenotype” analysis (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). In the first stage, we ran a new GWAS of subjective well-being to identify a set of candidate SNPs. Specifically, from each locus exhibiting suggestive evidence of association (<italic>p</italic> < 10<sup>-4</sup>) with subjective well-being, we retained the SNP with the lowest <italic>p</italic>-value as a candidate. In the second stage, we tested these candidates for association with depressive symptoms at the 5% significance threshold, Bonferroni-adjusted for the number of candidates. We used an analogous two-stage procedure to identify additional SNPs associated with neuroticism. The first-stage subjective well-being sample differs across the two proxy-phenotype analyses (and from the primary subjective well-being GWAS sample) because we assigned cohorts across the first and second stages so as to maximize statistical power for the overall procedure.</p><p id="P26">For depressive symptoms, there are 163 candidate SNPs. 115 of them (71%) have the predicted direction of effect on depressive symptoms, 20 are significantly associated at the 5% significance level (19 in the predicted direction), and two remain significant after Bonferroni adjustment. For neuroticism, there are 170 candidate SNPs. 129 of them (76%) have the predicted direction of effect, all 28 SNPs significant at the 5% level have the predicted sign, and four of these remain significant after Bonferroni adjustment (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 16</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">17</xref>). Two of the four are the SNPs identified in the proxy-phenotype analysis for depressive symptoms.</p><p id="P27"><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> lists the four SNPs in total identified by the proxy-phenotype analyses.</p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Biological analyses</title><p id="P28">To shed some light on possible biological mechanisms underlying our findings, we conducted several analyses.</p><p id="P29">We began by using bivariate LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> to quantify the amount of genetic overlap between each of our three phenotypes and ten neuropsychiatric and physical health phenotypes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figures 2b and c</xref> display the estimates for subjective well-being and the <italic>negative</italic> of the estimates for depressive symptoms and neuroticism (since subjective well-being is negatively genetically correlated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism). Subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism have strikingly similar patterns of pairwise genetic correlation with the other phenotypes.</p><p id="P30"><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref> shows the results for the five neuropsychiatric phenotypes we examined: Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. For four of these phenotypes, genetic correlations with depression (but not neuroticism or subjective well-being) were reported in Bulik-Sullivan et al.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>. For schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, our estimated correlations with depressive symptoms, 0.33 and 0.26, are substantially lower than Bulik-Sullivan et al.’s point estimates but contained within their 95% confidence intervals. By far the largest genetic correlations we estimate are with anxiety disorders: −0.73 with subjective well-being, 0.88 with depressive symptoms, and 0.86 with neuroticism. Genetic correlations estimated from GWAS data have not been previously reported for anxiety disorders.</p><p id="P31"><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2c</xref> shows the results for five physical health phenotypes that are known or believed to be risk factors for various adverse health outcomes: body mass index (BMI), ever-smoker status, coronary artery disease, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. The estimated genetic correlations are all small in magnitude, consistent with earlier work, although the greater precision of our estimates allows us to reject null effects in most cases. The signs are generally consistent with those of the phenotypic correlations reported in earlier work between our phenotypes and outcomes such as obesity<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, smoking<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, and cardiovascular health<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>.</p><p id="P32">Next, to investigate whether our GWAS results are enriched in particular functional categories, we applied stratified LD Score regression<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> to our meta-analysis results. In our first analysis, we report estimates for all 53 functional categories included in the “baseline model”; the results for subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism are broadly similar (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 18</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">20</xref>) and are in line with what has been found for other phenotypes<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>. In our second analysis, the categories are groupings of SNPs likely to regulate gene expression in cells of a specific tissue. The estimates for subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4a</xref>, alongside height, which is again included as a benchmark<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> (see also <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 21</xref>).</p><p id="P33">We found significant enrichment of <sc>central nervous system</sc> for all three phenotypes and, perhaps more surprisingly, enrichment of <sc>adrenal/pancreas</sc> for subjective well-being and depressive symptoms. The cause of the <sc>adrenal/pancreas</sc> enrichment is unclear, but we note that the adrenal glands produce several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, known to play important roles in the bodily regulation of mood and stress. It has been robustly found that blood serum levels of cortisol in patients afflicted by depression are elevated relative to controls<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>.</p><p id="P34">While the above analyses utilize the genome-wide data, we also conducted three analyses (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>) restricted to the 16 GWAS and four proxy-phenotype SNPs in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. In brief, we ascertained whether each SNP (or a variant in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with it) falls into any of the following three classes: (i) resides in a locus for which genome-wide significant associations with other phenotypes have been reported (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 22</xref>), (ii) is nonsynonymous (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 23</xref>), and (iii) is an eQTL in blood or in one of 14 other tissues (although the non-blood analyses are based on smaller samples) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 24</xref>). Here we highlight a few particularly interesting results.</p><p id="P35">We found that five of the 20 SNPs are in loci in which genome-wide significant associations have previously been reported. Two of these five are schizophrenia loci. Interestingly, one of them harbors the gene <italic>DRD2</italic>, which encodes the D<sub>2</sub> subtype of the dopamine receptor, a target for antipsychotic drugs<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> that is also known to play a key role in neural reward pathways<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>. Motivated by these findings, as well as by the modest genetic correlations with schizophrenia reported in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref>, we examined whether the SNPs identified in a recent study of schizophrenia<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> are enriched for association with neuroticism in our non-overlapping UKB sample (<italic>N</italic> = 107,245). We conducted several tests and found strong evidence of such enrichment (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). For example, we found that the <italic>p</italic>-values of the schizophrenia SNPs tend to be much lower than the <italic>p</italic>-values of a randomly selected set of SNPs matched on allele frequency (<italic>p</italic> = 6.50×10<sup>-71</sup>).</p><p id="P36">Perhaps the most notable pattern that emerges from our biological analyses is that the inversions on chromosomes 8 and 17 are implicated consistently across all analyses. The inversion-tagging SNP on chromosome 8 is in LD with SNPs that have previously been found to be associated with BMI<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> and triglycerides<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 22</xref>). We also conducted eQTL analyses in blood for the inversion itself and found that it is a significant <italic>cis</italic>-eQTL for 7 genes (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 24</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4b</xref>, all 7 genes are positioned in close proximity to the inversion breakpoints, suggesting that the molecular mechanism underlying the inversion’s effect on neuroticism could involve the relocation of regulatory sequences. Two of the genes (<italic>MSRA</italic>, <italic>MTMR9</italic>) are known to be highly expressed in tissues and cell types that belong to the nervous system, and two (<italic>BLK</italic>, <italic>MFHAS1</italic>) in the immune system. In the tissue-specific analyses, we found that the SNP tagging the inversion is a significant eQTL for two genes, <italic>AF131215.9</italic> (in tibial nerve and thyroid tissue analyses) and <italic>NEIL2</italic> (tibial nerve tissue), both of which are also located near the inversion breakpoint.</p><p id="P37">The SNP tagging the chromosome 17 inversion is a significant <italic>cis</italic>-eQTL for five genes in blood and is an eQTL in all 14 other tissues (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 24</xref>). It alone accounts for 151 out of the 169 significant associations identified in the 14 tissue-specific analyses. Additionally, the SNP is in near-perfect LD (<italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> > 0.97) with 11 missense variants (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 23</xref>) in three different genes, one of which is <italic>MAPT</italic>. <italic>MAPT</italic>, which is also implicated in both the blood and the other tissue-specific analyses, encodes a protein important in the stabilization of microtubules in neurons. Associations have been previously reported between SNPs in <italic>MAPT</italic> (all of which are in strong LD with our inversion-tagging SNP) and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> and progressive supranuclear palsy<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, a rare disease whose symptoms include depression and apathy.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S10"><title>Discussion</title><p id="P38">The discovery of genetic loci associated with subjective well-being, depression, and neuroticism has proven elusive. Our study identified several credible associations for two main reasons. First, our analyses had greater statistical power than prior studies because ours were conducted in larger samples. Our GWAS findings—three loci associated with subjective well-being, two with depressive symptoms, and eleven with neuroticism—support the view that GWAS can successfully identify genetic associations with highly polygenic phenotypes in sufficiently large samples<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>. A striking finding is that two of our identified associations are with inversion polymorphisms.</p><p id="P39">Second, our proxy-phenotype analyses further boosted power by exploiting the strong genetic overlap between our three phenotypes. These analyses identified two additional loci associated with neuroticism and two with both depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Through our quasi-replication tests, we also demonstrated how studying genetically overlapping phenotypes in concert can provide evidence on the credibility of GWAS findings. Our direct replication of the two genome-wide significant associations with depressive symptoms in an independent depression sample provides further confirmation of those findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2b</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 15</xref>).</p><p id="P40">We were able to assemble much larger samples than prior work in part because we combined data across heterogeneous phenotype measures. Our results reinforce the conclusions from our theoretical analysis that doing so increased our statistical power, but our strategy also has drawbacks. One is that mixing different measures may make any discovered associations more difficult to interpret. Research studying higher quality measures of the various facets of subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism is a critical next step. Our results can help facilitate such work because if the variants we identify are used as candidates, studies conducted in the smaller samples in which more fine-grained phenotype measures are available can be well powered.</p><p id="P41">Another limitation of mixing different measures is that doing so may reduce the heritability of the resulting phenotype, if the measures are influenced by different genetic factors. Indeed, our estimates of SNP-based heritability<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> for our three phenotypes are quite low: 0.040 (SE = 0.002) for subjective well-being, 0.047 (SE = 0.004) for depressive symptoms, and 0.091 (SE = 0.007) for neuroticism. We correspondingly find that polygenic scores constructed from all measured SNPs explain a low fraction of variance in independent samples: ~0.9% for subjective well-being, ~0.5% for depressive symptoms, and ~0.7% for neuroticism (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="S12">Online Methods</xref>). The low heritabilities imply that even when polygenic scores can be estimated using much larger samples than ours, they are unlikely to attain enough predictive power to be clinically useful.</p><p id="P42">According to our Bayesian calculations, the true explanatory power (corrected for winner’s curse) of the SNP with the largest posterior <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> is 0.003% for subjective well-being, 0.002% for depressive symptoms, and 0.011% for neuroticism (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 14</xref>). These effect sizes imply that in order to account for even a moderate share of the heritability, hundreds or (more likely) thousands of variants will be required. They also imply that our study’s power to detect variants of these effect sizes was not high—for example, our statistical power to detect the lead SNP with largest posterior <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> was only ~13%—which in turn means it is likely that there exist many variants with effect sizes comparable to our identified SNPs that evaded detection. These estimates suggest that many more loci will be found in studies with sample sizes realistically attainable in the near future. Consistent with this projection, when we meta-analyze the 54 SNPs reaching <italic>p</italic> < 10<sup>-5</sup> in our analyses of depressive symptoms together with the 23andMe replication sample for depression, the number of genome-wide significant associations rises from 2 to 5 (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 15</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S11"><title>URLs</title><p id="P43">Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.GTExportal.org">www.GTExportal.org</ext-link></p><p id="P44">Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC) website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thessgac.org/#!data/kuzq8">http://www.thessgac.org/#!data/kuzq8</ext-link>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S12" specific-use="web-only"><title>Online Methods</title><p id="P45">This article is accompanied by a <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref> with further details.</p><sec id="S13"><title>GWAS of subjective well-being</title><p id="P46">Genome-wide association analyses were performed at the cohort level according to a pre-specified analysis plan. Genotyping was performed using a range of common, commercially available genotyping arrays. The analysis plan instructed cohorts to upload results imputed using the HapMap2 CEU (r22.b36) reference sample<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>. We meta-analyzed summary association statistics from 59 contributing cohorts with a combined sample size of 298,420 individuals. Before meta-analysis, a uniform set of quality-control (QC) procedures were applied to the cohort-level summary statistics, including but not limited to the EasyQC<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> protocol. All analyses were restricted to European-ancestry individuals.</p><p id="P47">We performed a sample-size-weighted meta-analysis of the cohort-level summary statistics. To adjust standard errors for non-independence, we inflated them using the square root of the estimated intercept from a LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>. We also performed secondary, separate meta-analyses of positive affect (<italic>N</italic> = 180,281) and life satisfaction (<italic>N</italic> = 166,205) and a post hoc genome-wide analysis of subjective well-being in cohorts with 1000G-imputed data (<italic>N</italic> = 229,883); see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figures 4</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">6</xref>.</p><p id="P48">Detailed cohort descriptions, information about cohort-level genotyping and imputation procedures, cohort-level measures, and quality-control filters are shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">6</xref>. <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 7</xref> reports association results from the following four meta-analyses: the primary subjective well-being analysis, the life satisfaction analysis, the positive affect analysis, and the post hoc subjective well-being analysis. For each phenotype, we provide association results for the set of approximately independent SNPs that attained a <italic>p</italic>-value smaller than 10<sup>-5</sup>. We identify these SNP using the same clumping algorithm as for the lead SNPs, but with the <italic>p</italic>-value threshold set at 10<sup>-5</sup> instead of genome-wide significance.</p></sec><sec id="S14"><title>GWAS of depressive symptoms and neuroticism</title><p id="P49">Our auxiliary genome-wide association studies of DS and neuroticism were conducted in 1000G-imputed data, combining new genome-wide association analyses with publicly available summary statistics from previously published studies. We applied a similar QC protocol to that used in our primary subjective well-being analysis. In the DS meta-analysis (<italic>N</italic> = 180,866), we weighted the UKB analysis by sample size and the two case-control studies by effective sample size. In the neuroticism meta-analysis, we performed a sample-size-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis of the UKB data and the publicly available summary statistics from a previous GWAS of neuroticism.</p><p id="P50">Detailed cohort descriptions, information about cohort-level genotyping and imputation procedures and quality-control filters are provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 8</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">12</xref>. See <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 7</xref> for quantile-quantile plots of the neuroticism and DS meta-analysis results. Association results for the set of approximately independent set of SNPs that attained a <italic>p</italic>-value smaller than 10<sup>-5</sup> are supplied in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 25</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S15"><title>Population stratification</title><p id="P51">To quantify the fraction of the observed inflation of the mean test statistic that is due to bias, we used LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>. The estimated LD Score regression intercepts were all close to 1, suggesting no appreciable inflation of the test statistics attributable to population stratification in any of our subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, or neuroticism meta-analyses (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig. 8</xref>). For all three phenotypes, our estimates suggest that less than 2% of the observed inflation of the mean test statistic was accounted for by bias.</p><p id="P52">In our primary GWAS of subjective well-being, we also used two family-based analyses to test for and quantify stratification biases. These analyses used within-family (WF) estimates, the coefficients from regressing the difference in phenotype across siblings on the difference in siblings’ genotype (and controls). These WF estimates are not biased by population stratification because siblings share their ancestry entirely, and therefore differences in siblings’ genotypes cannot be due to the siblings being from different population groups. We meta-analyzed association statistics from WF analyses conducted in four cohorts.</p><p id="P53">In the first analysis, we estimated the fraction of SNPs for which the signs of the WF estimates were concordant with the signs of the estimates obtained from a GWAS identical to our primary subjective well-being GWAS except with the four family cohorts excluded. For the 112,884 approximately independent SNPs considered, we found a sign concordance of 50.83%, which is significantly greater than 50% (<italic>p</italic> = 1.04 × 10<sup>-8</sup>). Under the null hypothesis of no population stratification, the observed sign concordance matches the expected rate after winner’s curse adjustment nearly perfectly, 50.83% (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig 9</xref>).</p><p id="P54">The second analysis utilized the WF regression coefficient estimates (i.e., not only their signs) to estimate the amount of stratification bias. For each SNP <italic>j</italic>, let <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M3" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> denote the GWAS estimate, and let <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M4" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> denote the WF estimate. Under the assumption that the causal effect of each SNP is the same within families as in the population, we can decompose the estimates as: <disp-formula id="FD1"><mml:math display="block" id="M5" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula> where <italic>β<sub>j</sub></italic> is the true underlying GWAS parameter for SNP <italic>j</italic>, <italic>s<sub>j</sub></italic> is the bias due to stratification (defined to be orthogonal to <italic>β<sub>j</sub></italic> and <italic>U<sub>j</sub></italic>), and <italic>U<sub>j</sub></italic> and <italic>V<sub>j</sub></italic> are the sampling variances of the estimates with E(<italic>U<sub>j</sub></italic>) = E(<italic>V<sub>j</sub></italic>) = 0. Whenever <italic>s<sub>j</sub></italic> ≠ 0, the GWAS estimate of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M6" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> is biased away from the population parameter <italic>β<sub>j</sub></italic>. The proportion of variance in the GWAS coefficients accounted for by true genetic signals can be written as: <disp-formula id="FD2"><mml:math display="block" id="M7" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Var</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Var</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>Var</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p><p id="P55">In <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>, we show that with estimates <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M8" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M9" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (and their standard errors) from independent samples, it is possible to consistently estimate the above ratio. The 95% confidence interval for the ratio implies that between 72% and 100% of the signal in the GWAS estimates is a result of true genetic effects on subjective well-being rather than stratification.</p></sec><sec id="S16"><title>Analyses of inversion polymorphisms</title><p id="P56">Two genome-wide significant SNPs for the neuroticism analysis are located within well-known inversion polymorphisms, on chromosomes 8 and 17. Using the genotypic data available for UKB participants, we called the inversion genotypes for UKB participants using a PCA-mixture method. For both inversions, the method clearly distinguishes 3 clusters of genotypes, corresponding to inversion genotypes (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig. 10</xref>). We validated the PCA-mixture procedure using existing methods designed to call inversion genotypes<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 26</xref>).</p><p id="P57">For both inversions, we established that the inversion-tagging SNPs were always located in close proximity of the inversion region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3b</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figs. 10</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">11</xref>). <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 27</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">28</xref> list the twenty variants that most strongly correlate with the PCs that capture the inversion polymorphisms on chromosome 8 and 17, respectively. In additional analyses, we confirmed that the inversion is associated with neuroticism and subjective well-being in independent cohorts (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Tables 29</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">30</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Fig. 12</xref>-<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">13</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S17"><title>Proxy-phenotype analyses</title><p id="P58">In these analyses, we used a two-stage approach that has been successfully applied in other contexts<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>. In the first stage, we conducted a meta-analysis of our first-stage “proxy phenotype” and used our clumping procedure to identify the set of approximately independent SNPs at the <italic>p</italic>-value threshold of 10<sup>-4</sup>. In the second stage, we tested SNPs identified in stage 1 (or high-LD proxies for them) for association with a second-stage phenotype in an independent (non-overlapping) sample. In our analyses, we used our primary phenotype of subjective well-being as the proxy-phenotype. We conducted one analysis with depressive symptoms as the second-stage phenotype, and one analysis with neuroticism as the second-stage phenotype. In the analyses, we omit cohorts from the first-stage or second-stage as needed to ensure that the samples in the two stages are non-overlapping. <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 31</xref> lists the cohort restrictions imposed. These cohort restrictions, as well as the <italic>p</italic>-value threshold of 10<sup>-4</sup>, were chosen before the data were analyzed on the basis of statistical power calculations.</p><p id="P59">To test for cross-phenotype enrichment, we used a non-parametric procedure that tests whether the lead SNPs are more strongly associated with the second-stage phenotype than randomly chosen sets of SNPs with a similar distribution of allele frequencies (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>).</p><p id="P60">To test the individual lead SNPs for experiment-wide significance, we examined whether any of the lead SNPs (or their high-LD proxies) are significantly associated with the second-stage phenotype at the Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 0.05/<italic>Y</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S18"><title>Genetic correlations</title><p id="P61">We used bivariate LD Score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> to quantify the amount of genetic heterogeneity among the phenotypic measures pooled in each of our three separate meta-analyses. For subjective well-being, we estimated a pairwise correlation of 0.981 (SE = 0.065) between life satisfaction and positive affect, 0.897 (SE = 0.017) between “wellbeing” (our measure that combines life satisfaction and positive affect) and life satisfaction, and 1.031 (SE = 0.019) between positive affect and wellbeing. For depressive symptoms, we estimated a genetic correlation of 0.588 (SE = 0.242) between GERA and PGC, 0.972 (SE = 0.216) between GERA and UKB, and 0.797 (SE = 0.108) between UKB and PGC. Finally, we estimated a genetic correlation of 1.11 (SE = 0.14) between the measures of neuroticism in the UKB analyses and the summary statistics from a previously published meta-analysis<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S19"><title>Bayesian credibility analyses</title><p id="P62">To evaluate the credibility of our findings, we use a standard Bayesian framework<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> in which our prior distribution for any SNP’s effect is: <disp-formula id="FD3"><mml:math display="block" id="M10" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>~</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="1em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>with probability</mml:mtext><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="4em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>otherwise</mml:mtext><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula> Here, <italic>π</italic> is the fraction of non-null SNPs, and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M11" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> is the variance of the non-null SNPs for trait <italic>j</italic> ∈ {subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, neuroticism}. In this framework, credibility is defined as the probability that a given SNP is non-null.</p><p id="P63">We begin with univariate analyses of the GWAS results that do not incorporate the additional information from the quasi-replication analyses of the 16 lead SNPs reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. We use the three subjective well-being-associated SNPs to illustrate our approach, but we use analogous procedures when analyzing depressive symptoms and neuroticism. We calculate credibility for each value <italic>π</italic> ∈ {0.01,0.02, …,0.99}. For each assumed value of <italic>π</italic>, we estimate <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M12" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> by maximum likelihood (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). For each SNP, we use Bayes’ rule to obtain a posterior estimate of credibility for each of the assumed values of <italic>π</italic>. <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 14</xref> shows that for all considered values of <italic>π</italic> and all three SNPs, the posterior probability that the SNP is null is below 1%. Similar analyses of the depressive symptoms and neuroticism SNPs show that the posterior probability never exceeds 5%.</p><p id="P64">In our joint analyses, we consider two phenotypes with genetic correlation <italic>r<sub>g</sub></italic>. We make the simplifying assumption that the set of null SNPs is the same for both phenotypes. The joint distribution of a SNP’s effect on the two phenotypes is then given by <disp-formula id="FD4"><mml:math display="block" id="M13" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:msub><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>~</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr columnalign="left"><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>with</mml:mtext><mml:mspace width="0.2em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>probability</mml:mtext><mml:mspace width="0.2em"></mml:mspace><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign="left"><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr columnalign="left"><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr columnalign="left"><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd columnalign="left"><mml:mrow><mml:mspace width="0.1em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>otherwise</mml:mtext><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula> With coefficient estimates, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M14" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M15" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, obtained from non-overlapping samples, the variance-covariance matrix of the estimation error will be diagonal. We denote the diagonal entries of this matrix, which represent the variances of the estimation error in the two samples, by <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M16" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M17" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. This gives us the joint prior distribution <disp-formula id="FD5"><mml:math display="block" id="M18" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace width="0.7em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>with probability</mml:mtext><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtable columnalign="left"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtable><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd></mml:mtr><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mtd><mml:mtd><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="9.6em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>otherwise</mml:mtext><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p><p id="P65">To select parameter values for the prior, we use the estimates of <italic>r<sub>g</sub></italic> reported in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 1</xref>, and we estimate the parameters <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M19" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mtext>and</mml:mtext><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> from GWAS summary statistics using a maximum likelihood procedure. For this procedure, we make the standard assumption<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> that the variance of a SNP’s effect size is inversely proportional to the variance of its genotype, 2 × MAF × (1 − MAF).</p><p id="P66">The credibility estimates follow from applying Bayes’ Rule to calculate either the probability that the SNP is non-null (an event denoted <italic>C</italic>) given only the first-stage estimate, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M20" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, or the probability that the SNP is non-null conditional on the results of both the first-stage GWAS and the quasi-replication analysis, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M21" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Credibility estimates for our lead SNPs are in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 14</xref>.</p><p id="P67">To calculate the expected record of a replication or quasi-replication study, we assume that the SNP is non-null for both phenotypes. (This is analogous to a standard power calculation for a single phenotype, in which the SNP is assumed to be non-null.) Under this assumption, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M22" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M23" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> are jointly normally distributed, implying that the conditional distribution of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M24" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> given <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M25" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> is <disp-formula id="FD6"><mml:math display="block" id="M26" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>~</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula></p><p id="P68">Using this equation, we can calculate the probability that the GWAS estimates will have concordant signs across the two phenotypes, or that the GWAS estimate of the second-stage phenotype will reach some level of significance. These probabilities can be summed over the set of lead SNPs to generate the expected number of SNPs meeting the criterion.</p><p id="P69">To obtain effect-size estimates for a SNP that are adjusted for the winner’s curse (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 32</xref>), we use the mean of the posterior distribution of the SNP’s effect, conditional on the quasi-replication result and the SNP being non-null. We derive the posterior distribution and expected <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S20"><title>Lookup of depressive symptoms and neuroticism-associated SNPs in an independent depression study</title><p id="P70">We partnered with the investigators of an ongoing large-scale GWAS of major depressive symptoms (<italic>N</italic> = 368,890) to follow up on the associations identified in the depressive symptoms and neuroticism analyses. The participants of the study were all European-ancestry customers of 23andMe, a personal genomics company, who responded to online survey questions about mental health. We did not request results for the SNPs identified in the subjective well-being or proxy-phenotype analyses, since these were both conducted in samples that overlap with 23andMe’s depression sample. For details on association models, quality-control filters, and the ascertainment of depression status, we refer to the companion study<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>. The <italic>p</italic>-values we report are based on standard errors that have been inflated by the square by the intercept from an LD score regression<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S21"><title>Polygenic prediction</title><p id="P71">To evaluate the predictive power of a polygenic score derived from the subjective well-being meta-analysis results, we used two independent hold-out cohorts: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>) and the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>). To generate the weights for the polygenic score, we performed meta-analyses of the pooled subjective well-being phenotype excluding each of the holdout cohorts, applying a minimum-sample-size filter of 100,000 individuals (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). The results from these analyses are reported in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 33</xref> and depicted in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 15</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S22"><title>Biological annotation</title><p id="P72">For the biological annotation of the 20 SNPs in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>, we generated a list of LD partners for each of the original SNPs. A SNP was considered an LD partner for the original SNP if (i) its pairwise LD with the original SNP exceeded <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> = 0.6 and (ii) it was located within 250kb of the original SNP. We also generated a list of genes residing within loci tagged by our lead SNPs (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 34</xref>).</p><p id="P73">We used the NHGRI GWAS catalog<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> to determine which of our 20 SNPs (and their LD partners) were in LD with SNPs for which genome-wide significant associations have been previously reported. Since the GWAS catalog does not always include the most recent GWAS results available, we included additional recent GWAS studies. We used the tool HaploReg<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref> to identify nonsynonymous variants in LD with any of the 20 SNPs or their LD partners.</p><p id="P74">We examined whether the 20 polymorphisms in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> were associated with gene expression levels (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 24</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>). The c<italic>is</italic>-eQTL associations were performed in 4,896 peripheral-blood gene expression and genome-wide SNP samples from two Dutch cohorts measured on the Affymetrix U219 platform<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>. We also performed eQTL lookups of our 20 SNPs in the Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>. We restricted the search to the following trait-relevant tissues: hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (BA24), putamen (basal ganglia), frontal cortex (BA9), nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia), caudate (basal ganglia), cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellum, tibial nerve, thyroid, adrenal gland, and pituitary.</p><p id="P75">Finally, using a gene co-expression database<xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>, we explored the predicted functions of genes co-locating with the 20 SNPs in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD3">Supplementary Table 35</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="SM"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>Supplementary Figures</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS68354-supplement-Supplementary_Figures.docx" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="octet-stream" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e4623" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD2"><label>Supplementary Note</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS68354-supplement-Supplementary_Note.docx" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="octet-stream" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e4627" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD3"><label>Supplementary Tables</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS68354-supplement-Supplementary_Tables.xlsx" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="octet-stream" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e4631" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S23"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This research was carried out under the auspices of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC). The SSGAC seeks to facilitate studies that investigate the influence of genes on human behavior, well-being, and social-scientific outcomes using large genome-wide association study meta-analyses. The SSGAC also provides opportunities for replication and promotes the collection of accurately measured, harmonized phenotypes across cohorts. The SSGAC operates as a working group within the CHARGE consortium. This research has also been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource. The study was supported by funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (EAGER: “Workshop for the Formation of a Social Science Genetic Association Consortium”), a supplementary grant from the National Institute of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research, the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11), the Swedish Research Council (421-2013-1061), The Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, an ERC Consolidator Grant (647648 EdGe), the Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior, and the NIA/NIH through grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to NBER and R01-AG042568-02 to the University of Southern California. We are grateful to Peter M. Visscher for advice, support, and feedback. We thank Samantha Cunningham and Nishanth Galla for research assistance. A full list of acknowledgments is provided in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN2"><p id="P76"><bold>Accession Codes:</bold> For neuroticism and depressive symptoms, we provide meta-analysis results from the combined analyses for all variants. For subjective well-being, meta-analysis results for all variants are provided for the full sample excluding 23andMe, for which only up to 10,000 SNPs can be reported. Therefore, for the subjective well-being meta-analysis, we provide results for 10,000 SNPs. Meta-analysis results can be downloaded from the SSGAC website.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="FN3"><p id="P77"><bold>Author Contributions:</bold> M.B., D.J.B., D.C., J.E.D.N., P.D.K., and R.F.K. designed and oversaw the study. A.O. and B.B. were responsible for quality control and meta-analyses. Bioinformatics analyses were carried out by J.B., T.E., M.A.F., J.R.G., J.L., S.F.W.M., M.N., and H.J.W. Other follow-up analyses were conducted by M.A.F., J.B., P.T., A.O., B.B., and R.K.L. Especially major contributions to the writing and editing were made by M.B., D.J.B., J.B., D.C., J.E.D.N., P.K., A.O., and P.T. 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The <italic>x</italic>-axis is chromosomal position, and the <italic>y</italic>-axis is the significance on a −log<sub>10</sub> scale. The upper dashed line marks the threshold for genome-wide significance (<italic>p</italic> = 5×10<sup>−8</sup>); the lower line marks the threshold for nominal significance (<italic>p</italic> = 10<sup>−5</sup>). Each approximately independent genome-wide significant association (“lead SNP”) is marked by <bold>×</bold>. Each lead SNP is the lowest <italic>p</italic>-value SNP within the locus, as defined by our clumping algorithm (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Note</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-68354-f001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><title>Genetic correlations with bars representing 95% confidence intervals.</title><p>The correlations are estimated using bivariate LD Score (LDSC) regression. (<bold>a</bold>) Genetic correlations between subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism (“our three phenotypes”), as well as between our three phenotypes and height. (<bold>b</bold>) Genetic correlations between our three phenotypes and selected neuropsychiatric phenotypes. (<bold>c</bold>) Genetic correlations between our three phenotypes and selected physical health phenotypes. In (<bold>b</bold>) and (<bold>c</bold>), we report the negative of the estimated correlation with depressive symptoms and neuroticism (but not subjective well-being).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-68354-f002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><title>Quasi-replication and lookup of lead SNPs.</title><p>In quasi-replication analyses, we examined whether (<bold>a</bold>) lead SNPs identified in the subjective well-being meta-analyses are associated with depressive symptoms or neuroticism, (<bold>b</bold>) lead SNPs identified in the analyses of depressive symptoms are associated with subjective well-being, and (<bold>c</bold>) lead SNPs identified in the analyses of neuroticism are associated with subjective well-being. The quasi-replication sample is always restricted to non-overlapping cohorts. In a separate lookup exercise, we examined whether lead SNPs for depressive symptoms and neuroticism are associated with depression in an independent sample of 23andMe customers (<italic>N</italic> = 368,890). The results from this lookup are depicted as green crosses in (<bold>b</bold>) and (<bold>c</bold>). Bars represent 95% CIs (not adjusted for multiple testing). For interpretational ease, we choose the reference allele so that positive coefficients imply that the estimated effect is in the predicted direction. Listed below each lead SNP is the nearest gene.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-68354-f003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><title>Results from selected biological analyses.</title><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Estimates of the expected increase in the phenotypic variance accounted for by a SNP due to the SNP’s being in a given category (<italic>τ<sub>c</sub></italic>), divided by the LD Score heritability of the phenotype (<italic>h</italic><sup>2</sup>). Each estimate of <italic>τ<sub>c</sub></italic> comes from a separate stratified LD Score regression, controlling for the 52 functional annotation categories in the “baseline model.” The bars represent 95% CIs (not adjusted for multiple testing). To benchmark the estimates, we compare them to those obtained from a recent study of height<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>. (<bold>b</bold>) Inversion polymorphism on chromosome 8 and the 7 genes for which the inversion is a significant <italic>cis</italic>-eQTL at FDR < 0.05. The upper half of the figure shows the Manhattan plot for neuroticism for the inversion and surrounding regions. The bottom half shows the squared correlation between the SNPs and the principal component that captures the inversion. The inlay plots the relationship, for each SNP in the inversion region, between the SNP’s significance and its squared correlation with the principal component that captures the inversion.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-68354-f004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Summary of polymorphisms identified across analyses.</title></caption><table frame="void" rules="none"><tbody><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Panel A. Genome-Wide Significant Associations</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Subjective Well-Being (SWB, <italic>N</italic> = 298,420)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPID</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quasi-Repl</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs3756290</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130,951,750</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0177</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286,851</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2075677</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47,701,024</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0175</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288,454</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4958581</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152,187,729</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0153</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0027</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294,043</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">***</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Neuroticism (<italic>N</italic> = 170,908)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPID</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quasi-Repl</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2572431<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">#</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,105,077</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0283</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0035</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.039%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2×10<sup>-16</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170,908</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SWB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs193236081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">##</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44,142,332</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0284</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0045</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3×10<sup>-11</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151,297</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10960103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,699,270</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0264</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0038</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1×10<sup>-10</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165,380</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M27" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4938021</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113,364,803</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0233</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0037</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0×10<sup>-10</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">159,900</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M28" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, SWB*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs139237746</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,253,183</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0204</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0034</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170,908</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs1557341</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,127,427</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0213</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0036</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165,579</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M29" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs12938775</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,574,821</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0202</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0035</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163,283</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SWB*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs12961969</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,364,098</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0250</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0045</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156,758</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs35688236</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,582,993</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0213</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0037</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161,636</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2150462</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,316,330</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0217</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0038</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170,907</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs12903563</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78,033,735</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0198</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0036</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9×10<sup>-8</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157,562</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M30" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, SWB*</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Depressive Symptoms (DS, <italic>N</italic> = 180,866)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPID</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quasi-Repl/Repl</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs7973260</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118,375,486</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0306</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0051</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124,498</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M31" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs62100776</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,754,633</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0252</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0044</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.5×10<sup>-9</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105,739</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="M32" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>23</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, SWB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Panel B. SNPs Identified via Proxy-Phenotype Analyses of SWB Loci with <italic>p</italic>-value<10<sup>-4</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Depressive Symptoms in Non-Overlapping Cohorts</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPID</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta<sub>DS</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE<sub>DS</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic><sub>DS</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bonferroni</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N<sub>DS</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4346787<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">†</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,491,299</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.113</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.023</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0059</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8×10<sup>-5</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0160</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142,265</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4481363</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164,483,794</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.524</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0038</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1×10<sup>-4</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0499</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142,265</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="11" rowspan="1">Neuroticism in Non-Overlapping Cohorts</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPID</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EAF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta<sub>neuro</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE<sub>neuro</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic><sub>neuro</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bonferroni</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N<sub>neuro</sub></italic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10838738</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47,663,049</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0178</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0039</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0×10<sup>-6</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0009</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131,864</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10774909</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117,674,129</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0150</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0039</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2×10<sup>-4</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0203</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131,235</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs6904596</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,491,299</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-0.0264</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0072</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5×10<sup>-4</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0423</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116,335</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4481363</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164,474,719</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0151</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0040</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9×10<sup>-4</sup></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0316</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122,592</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><p id="P79">EA: effect allele. EAF: effect allele frequency. All effect sizes are reported in units of SDs per allele. “Quasi-Repl.”: phenotypes for which SNP was found to be nominally associated in quasi-replication analyses conducted in independent samples.</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p id="P80">significant at the 5%-level</p></fn><fn id="TFN3"><label>**</label><p id="P81">significant at the 1%-level</p></fn><fn id="TFN4"><label>***</label><p id="P82">significant at the 0.1%-level.</p></fn><fn id="TFN5"><label>#</label><p id="P83">inversion-tagging polymorphism on chromosome 8.</p></fn><fn id="TFN6"><label>##</label><p id="P84">inversion-tagging polymorphism on chromosome 17.</p></fn><fn id="TFN7"><label>†</label><p id="P85">proxy for rs6904596 (<italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> = 0.98).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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