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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism</title><author><name sortKey="Horikoshi, Momoko" sort="Horikoshi, Momoko" uniqKey="Horikoshi M" first="Momoko" last="Horikoshi">Momoko Horikoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaghootkar, Hanieh" sort="Yaghootkar, Hanieh" uniqKey="Yaghootkar H" first="Hanieh" last="Yaghootkar">Hanieh Yaghootkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" sort="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" uniqKey="Mook Kanamori D" first="Dennis O." last="Mook-Kanamori">Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sovio, Ulla" sort="Sovio, Ulla" uniqKey="Sovio U" first="Ulla" last="Sovio">Ulla Sovio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taal, H Rob" sort="Taal, H Rob" uniqKey="Taal H" first="H. Rob" last="Taal">H. Rob Taal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hennig, Branwen J" sort="Hennig, Branwen J" uniqKey="Hennig B" first="Branwen J." last="Hennig">Branwen J. Hennig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pourcain, Beate" sort="St Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="St Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="St. Pourcain">Beate St. Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, David M" sort="Evans, David M" uniqKey="Evans D" first="David M." last="Evans">David M. Evans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charoen, Pimphen" sort="Charoen, Pimphen" uniqKey="Charoen P" first="Pimphen" last="Charoen">Pimphen Charoen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika" sort="Kaakinen, Marika" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika" last="Kaakinen">Marika Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cousminer, Diana L" sort="Cousminer, Diana L" uniqKey="Cousminer D" first="Diana L." last="Cousminer">Diana L. Cousminer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreiner M Ller, Eskil" sort="Kreiner M Ller, Eskil" uniqKey="Kreiner M Ller E" first="Eskil" last="Kreiner-M Ller">Eskil Kreiner-M Ller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warrington, Nicole M" sort="Warrington, Nicole M" uniqKey="Warrington N" first="Nicole M." last="Warrington">Nicole M. Warrington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bustamante, Mariona" sort="Bustamante, Mariona" uniqKey="Bustamante M" first="Mariona" last="Bustamante">Mariona Bustamante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feenstra, Bjarke" sort="Feenstra, Bjarke" uniqKey="Feenstra B" first="Bjarke" last="Feenstra">Bjarke Feenstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berry, Diane J" sort="Berry, Diane J" uniqKey="Berry D" first="Diane J." last="Berry">Diane J. Berry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiering, Elisabeth" sort="Thiering, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Thiering E" first="Elisabeth" last="Thiering">Elisabeth Thiering</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfab, Thiemo" sort="Pfab, Thiemo" uniqKey="Pfab T" first="Thiemo" last="Pfab">Thiemo Pfab</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Medizinische Klinik für Nephrologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Sheila J" sort="Barton, Sheila J" uniqKey="Barton S" first="Sheila J." last="Barton">Sheila J. Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shields, Beverley M" sort="Shields, Beverley M" uniqKey="Shields B" first="Beverley M." last="Shields">Beverley M. Shields</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkhof, Marjan" sort="Kerkhof, Marjan" uniqKey="Kerkhof M" first="Marjan" last="Kerkhof">Marjan Kerkhof</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" sort="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen E" first="Elisabeth M." last="Van Leeuwen">Elisabeth M. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulford, Anthony J" sort="Fulford, Anthony J" uniqKey="Fulford A" first="Anthony J." last="Fulford">Anthony J. Fulford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutalik, Zoltan" sort="Kutalik, Zoltan" uniqKey="Kutalik Z" first="Zoltán" last="Kutalik">Zoltán Kutalik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Den Hoed, Marcel" sort="Den Hoed, Marcel" uniqKey="Den Hoed M" first="Marcel" last="Den Hoed">Marcel Den Hoed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, Anubha" sort="Mahajan, Anubha" uniqKey="Mahajan A" first="Anubha" last="Mahajan">Anubha Mahajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindi, Virpi" sort="Lindi, Virpi" uniqKey="Lindi V" first="Virpi" last="Lindi">Virpi Lindi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goh, Liang Kee" sort="Goh, Liang Kee" uniqKey="Goh L" first="Liang-Kee" last="Goh">Liang-Kee Goh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ying" sort="Wu, Ying" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Ying" last="Wu">Ying Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli T" sort="Raitakari, Olli T" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli T." last="Raitakari">Olli T. Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harder, Marie N" sort="Harder, Marie N" uniqKey="Harder M" first="Marie N." last="Harder">Marie N. Harder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meirhaeghe, Aline" sort="Meirhaeghe, Aline" uniqKey="Meirhaeghe A" first="Aline" last="Meirhaeghe">Aline Meirhaeghe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntalla, Ioanna" sort="Ntalla, Ioanna" uniqKey="Ntalla I" first="Ioanna" last="Ntalla">Ioanna Ntalla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Dietetics - Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Rany M" sort="Salem, Rany M" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Rany M." last="Salem">Rany M. Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jameson, Karen A" sort="Jameson, Karen A" uniqKey="Jameson K" first="Karen A." last="Jameson">Karen A. Jameson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Kaixin" sort="Zhou, Kaixin" uniqKey="Zhou K" first="Kaixin" last="Zhou">Kaixin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monies, Dorota M" sort="Monies, Dorota M" uniqKey="Monies D" first="Dorota M." last="Monies">Dorota M. Monies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagou, Vasiliki" sort="Lagou, Vasiliki" uniqKey="Lagou V" first="Vasiliki" last="Lagou">Vasiliki Lagou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirin, Mirna" sort="Kirin, Mirna" uniqKey="Kirin M" first="Mirna" last="Kirin">Mirna Kirin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkinen, Jani" sort="Heikkinen, Jani" uniqKey="Heikkinen J" first="Jani" last="Heikkinen">Jani Heikkinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adair, Linda S" sort="Adair, Linda S" uniqKey="Adair L" first="Linda S." last="Adair">Linda S. Adair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkuraya, Fowzan S" sort="Alkuraya, Fowzan S" uniqKey="Alkuraya F" first="Fowzan S." last="Alkuraya">Fowzan S. Alkuraya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Pediatrics, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Odaib, Ali" sort="Al Odaib, Ali" uniqKey="Al Odaib A" first="Ali" last="Al-Odaib">Ali Al-Odaib</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amouyel, Philippe" sort="Amouyel, Philippe" uniqKey="Amouyel P" first="Philippe" last="Amouyel">Philippe Amouyel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersson, Ehm Astrid" sort="Andersson, Ehm Astrid" uniqKey="Andersson E" first="Ehm Astrid" last="Andersson">Ehm Astrid Andersson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Amanda J" sort="Bennett, Amanda J" uniqKey="Bennett A" first="Amanda J." last="Bennett">Amanda J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blakemore, Alexandra I F" sort="Blakemore, Alexandra I F" uniqKey="Blakemore A" first="Alexandra I. F." last="Blakemore">Alexandra I. F. Blakemore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buxton, Jessica L" sort="Buxton, Jessica L" uniqKey="Buxton J" first="Jessica L." last="Buxton">Jessica L. Buxton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dallongeville, Jean" sort="Dallongeville, Jean" uniqKey="Dallongeville J" first="Jean" last="Dallongeville">Jean Dallongeville</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Shikta" sort="Das, Shikta" uniqKey="Das S" first="Shikta" last="Das">Shikta Das</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Geus, Eco J C" sort="De Geus, Eco J C" uniqKey="De Geus E" first="Eco J. C." last="De Geus">Eco J. C. De Geus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estivill, Xavier" sort="Estivill, Xavier" uniqKey="Estivill X" first="Xavier" last="Estivill">Xavier Estivill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">UPF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flexeder, Claudia" sort="Flexeder, Claudia" uniqKey="Flexeder C" first="Claudia" last="Flexeder">Claudia Flexeder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froguel, Philippe" sort="Froguel, Philippe" uniqKey="Froguel P" first="Philippe" last="Froguel">Philippe Froguel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">School of Public Health, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille,1 rue Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geller, Frank" sort="Geller, Frank" uniqKey="Geller F" first="Frank" last="Geller">Frank Geller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godfrey, Keith M" sort="Godfrey, Keith M" uniqKey="Godfrey K" first="Keith M." last="Godfrey">Keith M. Godfrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottrand, Frederic" sort="Gottrand, Frederic" uniqKey="Gottrand F" first="Frédéric" last="Gottrand">Frédéric Gottrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U995, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groves, Christopher J" sort="Groves, Christopher J" uniqKey="Groves C" first="Christopher J." last="Groves">Christopher J. Groves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Torben" sort="Hansen, Torben" uniqKey="Hansen T" first="Torben" last="Hansen">Torben Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirschhorn, Joel N" sort="Hirschhorn, Joel N" uniqKey="Hirschhorn J" first="Joel N." last="Hirschhorn">Joel N. Hirschhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hollegaard, Mads V" sort="Hollegaard, Mads V" uniqKey="Hollegaard M" first="Mads V." last="Hollegaard">Mads V. Hollegaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hougaard, David M" sort="Hougaard, David M" uniqKey="Hougaard D" first="David M." last="Hougaard">David M. Hougaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inskip, Hazel M" sort="Inskip, Hazel M" uniqKey="Inskip H" first="Hazel M." last="Inskip">Hazel M. Inskip</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs, Aaron" sort="Isaacs, Aaron" uniqKey="Isaacs A" first="Aaron" last="Isaacs">Aaron Isaacs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rgensen, Torben" sort="J Rgensen, Torben" uniqKey="J Rgensen T" first="Torben" last="J Rgensen">Torben J Rgensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanaka Gantenbein, Christina" sort="Kanaka Gantenbein, Christina" uniqKey="Kanaka Gantenbein C" first="Christina" last="Kanaka-Gantenbein">Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, John P" sort="Kemp, John P" uniqKey="Kemp J" first="John P." last="Kemp">John P. Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiess, Wieland" sort="Kiess, Wieland" uniqKey="Kiess W" first="Wieland" last="Kiess">Wieland Kiess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women’s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kilpel Inen, Tuomas O" sort="Kilpel Inen, Tuomas O" uniqKey="Kilpel Inen T" first="Tuomas O." last="Kilpel Inen">Tuomas O. Kilpel Inen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klopp, Norman" sort="Klopp, Norman" uniqKey="Klopp N" first="Norman" last="Klopp">Norman Klopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Bridget A" sort="Knight, Bridget A" uniqKey="Knight B" first="Bridget A." last="Knight">Bridget A. Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuzawa, Christopher W" sort="Kuzawa, Christopher W" uniqKey="Kuzawa C" first="Christopher W." last="Kuzawa">Christopher W. Kuzawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Cells 2 Society: The Center for Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newnham, John P" sort="Newnham, John P" uniqKey="Newnham J" first="John P." last="Newnham">John P. Newnham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niinikoski, Harri" sort="Niinikoski, Harri" uniqKey="Niinikoski H" first="Harri" last="Niinikoski">Harri Niinikoski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oostra, Ben A" sort="Oostra, Ben A" uniqKey="Oostra B" first="Ben A." last="Oostra">Ben A. Oostra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Louise" sort="Pedersen, Louise" uniqKey="Pedersen L" first="Louise" last="Pedersen">Louise Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, Dirkje S" sort="Postma, Dirkje S" uniqKey="Postma D" first="Dirkje S." last="Postma">Dirkje S. Postma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ring, Susan M" sort="Ring, Susan M" uniqKey="Ring S" first="Susan M." last="Ring">Susan M. Ring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivadeneira, Fernando" sort="Rivadeneira, Fernando" uniqKey="Rivadeneira F" first="Fernando" last="Rivadeneira">Fernando Rivadeneira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Neil R" sort="Robertson, Neil R" uniqKey="Robertson N" first="Neil R." last="Robertson">Neil R. Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sebert, Sylvain" sort="Sebert, Sylvain" uniqKey="Sebert S" first="Sylvain" last="Sebert">Sylvain Sebert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simell, Olli" sort="Simell, Olli" uniqKey="Simell O" first="Olli" last="Simell">Olli Simell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slowinski, Torsten" sort="Slowinski, Torsten" uniqKey="Slowinski T" first="Torsten" last="Slowinski">Torsten Slowinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiesler, Carla M T" sort="Tiesler, Carla M T" uniqKey="Tiesler C" first="Carla M. T." last="Tiesler">Carla M. T. Tiesler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonjes, Anke" sort="Tonjes, Anke" uniqKey="Tonjes A" first="Anke" last="Tönjes">Anke Tönjes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaag, Allan" sort="Vaag, Allan" uniqKey="Vaag A" first="Allan" last="Vaag">Allan Vaag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viikari, Jorma S" sort="Viikari, Jorma S" uniqKey="Viikari J" first="Jorma S." last="Viikari">Jorma S. Viikari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vink, Jacqueline M" sort="Vink, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Vink J" first="Jacqueline M." last="Vink">Jacqueline M. Vink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vissing, Nadja Hawwa" sort="Vissing, Nadja Hawwa" uniqKey="Vissing N" first="Nadja Hawwa" last="Vissing">Nadja Hawwa Vissing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nicholas J" sort="Wareham, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nicholas J." last="Wareham">Nicholas J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witte, Daniel R" sort="Witte, Daniel R" uniqKey="Witte D" first="Daniel R." last="Witte">Daniel R. Witte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haitao" sort="Zhang, Haitao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haitao" last="Zhang">Haitao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jianhua" sort="Zhao, Jianhua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jianhua" last="Zhao">Jianhua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stumvoll, Michael" sort="Stumvoll, Michael" uniqKey="Stumvoll M" first="Michael" last="Stumvoll">Michael Stumvoll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prentice, Andrew M" sort="Prentice, Andrew M" uniqKey="Prentice A" first="Andrew M." last="Prentice">Andrew M. Prentice</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Brian F" sort="Meyer, Brian F" uniqKey="Meyer B" first="Brian F." last="Meyer">Brian F. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Ewan R" sort="Pearson, Ewan R" uniqKey="Pearson E" first="Ewan R." last="Pearson">Ewan R. Pearson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boreham, Colin A G" sort="Boreham, Colin A G" uniqKey="Boreham C" first="Colin A. G." last="Boreham">Colin A. G. Boreham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Cyrus" sort="Cooper, Cyrus" uniqKey="Cooper C" first="Cyrus" last="Cooper">Cyrus Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, Matthew W" sort="Gillman, Matthew W" uniqKey="Gillman M" first="Matthew W." last="Gillman">Matthew W. Gillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George V" sort="Dedoussis, George V" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George V." last="Dedoussis">George V. Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Dietetics - Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Luis A" sort="Moreno, Luis A" uniqKey="Moreno L" first="Luis A" last="Moreno">Luis A. Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Oluf" sort="Pedersen, Oluf" uniqKey="Pedersen O" first="Oluf" last="Pedersen">Oluf Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saarinen, Maiju" sort="Saarinen, Maiju" uniqKey="Saarinen M" first="Maiju" last="Saarinen">Maiju Saarinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohlke, Karen L" sort="Mohlke, Karen L" uniqKey="Mohlke K" first="Karen L." last="Mohlke">Karen L. Mohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saw, Seang Mei" sort="Saw, Seang Mei" uniqKey="Saw S" first="Seang-Mei" last="Saw">Seang-Mei Saw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakka, Timo A" sort="Lakka, Timo A" uniqKey="Lakka T" first="Timo A." last="Lakka">Timo A. Lakka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korner, Antje" sort="Korner, Antje" uniqKey="Korner A" first="Antje" last="Körner">Antje Körner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women’s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Ruth J F" sort="Loos, Ruth J F" uniqKey="Loos R" first="Ruth J. F." last="Loos">Ruth J. F. Loos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ong, Ken K" sort="Ong, Ken K" uniqKey="Ong K" first="Ken K." last="Ong">Ken K. Ong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koppelman, Gerard H" sort="Koppelman, Gerard H" uniqKey="Koppelman G" first="Gerard H." last="Koppelman">Gerard H. Koppelman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattersley, Andrew T" sort="Hattersley, Andrew T" uniqKey="Hattersley A" first="Andrew T." last="Hattersley">Andrew T. Hattersley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holloway, John W" sort="Holloway, John W" uniqKey="Holloway J" first="John W." last="Holloway">John W. Holloway</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocher, Berthold" sort="Hocher, Berthold" uniqKey="Hocher B" first="Berthold" last="Hocher">Berthold Hocher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Joachim" sort="Heinrich, Joachim" uniqKey="Heinrich J" first="Joachim" last="Heinrich">Joachim Heinrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Chris" sort="Power, Chris" uniqKey="Power C" first="Chris" last="Power">Chris Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbye, Mads" sort="Melbye, Mads" uniqKey="Melbye M" first="Mads" last="Melbye">Mads Melbye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guxens, M Nica" sort="Guxens, M Nica" uniqKey="Guxens M" first="M Nica" last="Guxens">M Nica Guxens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, Craig E" sort="Pennell, Craig E" uniqKey="Pennell C" first="Craig E." last="Pennell">Craig E. Pennell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Nnelykke, Klaus" sort="B Nnelykke, Klaus" uniqKey="B Nnelykke K" first="Klaus" last="B Nnelykke">Klaus B Nnelykke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widen, Elisabeth" sort="Widen, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Widen E" first="Elisabeth" last="Widén">Elisabeth Widén</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pouta, Anneli" sort="Pouta, Anneli" uniqKey="Pouta A" first="Anneli" last="Pouta">Anneli Pouta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lawlor, Debbie A" sort="Lawlor, Debbie A" uniqKey="Lawlor D" first="Debbie A." last="Lawlor">Debbie A. Lawlor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frayling, Timothy M" sort="Frayling, Timothy M" uniqKey="Frayling T" first="Timothy M." last="Frayling">Timothy M. Frayling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Mark I" sort="Mccarthy, Mark I" uniqKey="Mccarthy M" first="Mark I." last="Mccarthy">Mark I. Mccarthy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaddoe, Vincent W V" sort="Jaddoe, Vincent W V" uniqKey="Jaddoe V" first="Vincent W. V." last="Jaddoe">Vincent W. V. Jaddoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="Jarvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="Jarvelin">Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Health Protection Agency (HPA)-MRC Center, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokopenko, Inga" sort="Prokopenko, Inga" uniqKey="Prokopenko I" first="Inga" last="Prokopenko">Inga Prokopenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freathy, Rachel M" sort="Freathy, Rachel M" uniqKey="Freathy R" first="Rachel M." last="Freathy">Rachel M. Freathy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23202124</idno><idno type="pmc">3605762</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605762</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3605762</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ng.2477</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E20</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E20</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism</title><author><name sortKey="Horikoshi, Momoko" sort="Horikoshi, Momoko" uniqKey="Horikoshi M" first="Momoko" last="Horikoshi">Momoko Horikoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaghootkar, Hanieh" sort="Yaghootkar, Hanieh" uniqKey="Yaghootkar H" first="Hanieh" last="Yaghootkar">Hanieh Yaghootkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" sort="Mook Kanamori, Dennis O" uniqKey="Mook Kanamori D" first="Dennis O." last="Mook-Kanamori">Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sovio, Ulla" sort="Sovio, Ulla" uniqKey="Sovio U" first="Ulla" last="Sovio">Ulla Sovio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taal, H Rob" sort="Taal, H Rob" uniqKey="Taal H" first="H. Rob" last="Taal">H. Rob Taal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hennig, Branwen J" sort="Hennig, Branwen J" uniqKey="Hennig B" first="Branwen J." last="Hennig">Branwen J. Hennig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Pourcain, Beate" sort="St Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="St Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="St. Pourcain">Beate St. Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, David M" sort="Evans, David M" uniqKey="Evans D" first="David M." last="Evans">David M. Evans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charoen, Pimphen" sort="Charoen, Pimphen" uniqKey="Charoen P" first="Pimphen" last="Charoen">Pimphen Charoen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika" sort="Kaakinen, Marika" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika" last="Kaakinen">Marika Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cousminer, Diana L" sort="Cousminer, Diana L" uniqKey="Cousminer D" first="Diana L." last="Cousminer">Diana L. Cousminer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreiner M Ller, Eskil" sort="Kreiner M Ller, Eskil" uniqKey="Kreiner M Ller E" first="Eskil" last="Kreiner-M Ller">Eskil Kreiner-M Ller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warrington, Nicole M" sort="Warrington, Nicole M" uniqKey="Warrington N" first="Nicole M." last="Warrington">Nicole M. Warrington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bustamante, Mariona" sort="Bustamante, Mariona" uniqKey="Bustamante M" first="Mariona" last="Bustamante">Mariona Bustamante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feenstra, Bjarke" sort="Feenstra, Bjarke" uniqKey="Feenstra B" first="Bjarke" last="Feenstra">Bjarke Feenstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berry, Diane J" sort="Berry, Diane J" uniqKey="Berry D" first="Diane J." last="Berry">Diane J. Berry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thiering, Elisabeth" sort="Thiering, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Thiering E" first="Elisabeth" last="Thiering">Elisabeth Thiering</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pfab, Thiemo" sort="Pfab, Thiemo" uniqKey="Pfab T" first="Thiemo" last="Pfab">Thiemo Pfab</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Medizinische Klinik für Nephrologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Sheila J" sort="Barton, Sheila J" uniqKey="Barton S" first="Sheila J." last="Barton">Sheila J. Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shields, Beverley M" sort="Shields, Beverley M" uniqKey="Shields B" first="Beverley M." last="Shields">Beverley M. Shields</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkhof, Marjan" sort="Kerkhof, Marjan" uniqKey="Kerkhof M" first="Marjan" last="Kerkhof">Marjan Kerkhof</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" sort="Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M" uniqKey="Van Leeuwen E" first="Elisabeth M." last="Van Leeuwen">Elisabeth M. Van Leeuwen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulford, Anthony J" sort="Fulford, Anthony J" uniqKey="Fulford A" first="Anthony J." last="Fulford">Anthony J. Fulford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutalik, Zoltan" sort="Kutalik, Zoltan" uniqKey="Kutalik Z" first="Zoltán" last="Kutalik">Zoltán Kutalik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Den Hoed, Marcel" sort="Den Hoed, Marcel" uniqKey="Den Hoed M" first="Marcel" last="Den Hoed">Marcel Den Hoed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, Anubha" sort="Mahajan, Anubha" uniqKey="Mahajan A" first="Anubha" last="Mahajan">Anubha Mahajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindi, Virpi" sort="Lindi, Virpi" uniqKey="Lindi V" first="Virpi" last="Lindi">Virpi Lindi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goh, Liang Kee" sort="Goh, Liang Kee" uniqKey="Goh L" first="Liang-Kee" last="Goh">Liang-Kee Goh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ying" sort="Wu, Ying" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Ying" last="Wu">Ying Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli T" sort="Raitakari, Olli T" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli T." last="Raitakari">Olli T. Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harder, Marie N" sort="Harder, Marie N" uniqKey="Harder M" first="Marie N." last="Harder">Marie N. Harder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meirhaeghe, Aline" sort="Meirhaeghe, Aline" uniqKey="Meirhaeghe A" first="Aline" last="Meirhaeghe">Aline Meirhaeghe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntalla, Ioanna" sort="Ntalla, Ioanna" uniqKey="Ntalla I" first="Ioanna" last="Ntalla">Ioanna Ntalla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Dietetics - Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Rany M" sort="Salem, Rany M" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Rany M." last="Salem">Rany M. Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jameson, Karen A" sort="Jameson, Karen A" uniqKey="Jameson K" first="Karen A." last="Jameson">Karen A. Jameson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Kaixin" sort="Zhou, Kaixin" uniqKey="Zhou K" first="Kaixin" last="Zhou">Kaixin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monies, Dorota M" sort="Monies, Dorota M" uniqKey="Monies D" first="Dorota M." last="Monies">Dorota M. Monies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagou, Vasiliki" sort="Lagou, Vasiliki" uniqKey="Lagou V" first="Vasiliki" last="Lagou">Vasiliki Lagou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirin, Mirna" sort="Kirin, Mirna" uniqKey="Kirin M" first="Mirna" last="Kirin">Mirna Kirin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkinen, Jani" sort="Heikkinen, Jani" uniqKey="Heikkinen J" first="Jani" last="Heikkinen">Jani Heikkinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adair, Linda S" sort="Adair, Linda S" uniqKey="Adair L" first="Linda S." last="Adair">Linda S. Adair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkuraya, Fowzan S" sort="Alkuraya, Fowzan S" uniqKey="Alkuraya F" first="Fowzan S." last="Alkuraya">Fowzan S. Alkuraya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Pediatrics, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Odaib, Ali" sort="Al Odaib, Ali" uniqKey="Al Odaib A" first="Ali" last="Al-Odaib">Ali Al-Odaib</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amouyel, Philippe" sort="Amouyel, Philippe" uniqKey="Amouyel P" first="Philippe" last="Amouyel">Philippe Amouyel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersson, Ehm Astrid" sort="Andersson, Ehm Astrid" uniqKey="Andersson E" first="Ehm Astrid" last="Andersson">Ehm Astrid Andersson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Amanda J" sort="Bennett, Amanda J" uniqKey="Bennett A" first="Amanda J." last="Bennett">Amanda J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blakemore, Alexandra I F" sort="Blakemore, Alexandra I F" uniqKey="Blakemore A" first="Alexandra I. F." last="Blakemore">Alexandra I. F. Blakemore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buxton, Jessica L" sort="Buxton, Jessica L" uniqKey="Buxton J" first="Jessica L." last="Buxton">Jessica L. Buxton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dallongeville, Jean" sort="Dallongeville, Jean" uniqKey="Dallongeville J" first="Jean" last="Dallongeville">Jean Dallongeville</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Shikta" sort="Das, Shikta" uniqKey="Das S" first="Shikta" last="Das">Shikta Das</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Geus, Eco J C" sort="De Geus, Eco J C" uniqKey="De Geus E" first="Eco J. C." last="De Geus">Eco J. C. De Geus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estivill, Xavier" sort="Estivill, Xavier" uniqKey="Estivill X" first="Xavier" last="Estivill">Xavier Estivill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">UPF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flexeder, Claudia" sort="Flexeder, Claudia" uniqKey="Flexeder C" first="Claudia" last="Flexeder">Claudia Flexeder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froguel, Philippe" sort="Froguel, Philippe" uniqKey="Froguel P" first="Philippe" last="Froguel">Philippe Froguel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">School of Public Health, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille,1 rue Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geller, Frank" sort="Geller, Frank" uniqKey="Geller F" first="Frank" last="Geller">Frank Geller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godfrey, Keith M" sort="Godfrey, Keith M" uniqKey="Godfrey K" first="Keith M." last="Godfrey">Keith M. Godfrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottrand, Frederic" sort="Gottrand, Frederic" uniqKey="Gottrand F" first="Frédéric" last="Gottrand">Frédéric Gottrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U995, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groves, Christopher J" sort="Groves, Christopher J" uniqKey="Groves C" first="Christopher J." last="Groves">Christopher J. Groves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Torben" sort="Hansen, Torben" uniqKey="Hansen T" first="Torben" last="Hansen">Torben Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirschhorn, Joel N" sort="Hirschhorn, Joel N" uniqKey="Hirschhorn J" first="Joel N." last="Hirschhorn">Joel N. Hirschhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hollegaard, Mads V" sort="Hollegaard, Mads V" uniqKey="Hollegaard M" first="Mads V." last="Hollegaard">Mads V. Hollegaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hougaard, David M" sort="Hougaard, David M" uniqKey="Hougaard D" first="David M." last="Hougaard">David M. Hougaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inskip, Hazel M" sort="Inskip, Hazel M" uniqKey="Inskip H" first="Hazel M." last="Inskip">Hazel M. Inskip</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs, Aaron" sort="Isaacs, Aaron" uniqKey="Isaacs A" first="Aaron" last="Isaacs">Aaron Isaacs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rgensen, Torben" sort="J Rgensen, Torben" uniqKey="J Rgensen T" first="Torben" last="J Rgensen">Torben J Rgensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanaka Gantenbein, Christina" sort="Kanaka Gantenbein, Christina" uniqKey="Kanaka Gantenbein C" first="Christina" last="Kanaka-Gantenbein">Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, John P" sort="Kemp, John P" uniqKey="Kemp J" first="John P." last="Kemp">John P. Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiess, Wieland" sort="Kiess, Wieland" uniqKey="Kiess W" first="Wieland" last="Kiess">Wieland Kiess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women’s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kilpel Inen, Tuomas O" sort="Kilpel Inen, Tuomas O" uniqKey="Kilpel Inen T" first="Tuomas O." last="Kilpel Inen">Tuomas O. Kilpel Inen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klopp, Norman" sort="Klopp, Norman" uniqKey="Klopp N" first="Norman" last="Klopp">Norman Klopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Bridget A" sort="Knight, Bridget A" uniqKey="Knight B" first="Bridget A." last="Knight">Bridget A. Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuzawa, Christopher W" sort="Kuzawa, Christopher W" uniqKey="Kuzawa C" first="Christopher W." last="Kuzawa">Christopher W. Kuzawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Cells 2 Society: The Center for Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newnham, John P" sort="Newnham, John P" uniqKey="Newnham J" first="John P." last="Newnham">John P. Newnham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niinikoski, Harri" sort="Niinikoski, Harri" uniqKey="Niinikoski H" first="Harri" last="Niinikoski">Harri Niinikoski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oostra, Ben A" sort="Oostra, Ben A" uniqKey="Oostra B" first="Ben A." last="Oostra">Ben A. Oostra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Louise" sort="Pedersen, Louise" uniqKey="Pedersen L" first="Louise" last="Pedersen">Louise Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, Dirkje S" sort="Postma, Dirkje S" uniqKey="Postma D" first="Dirkje S." last="Postma">Dirkje S. Postma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ring, Susan M" sort="Ring, Susan M" uniqKey="Ring S" first="Susan M." last="Ring">Susan M. Ring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rivadeneira, Fernando" sort="Rivadeneira, Fernando" uniqKey="Rivadeneira F" first="Fernando" last="Rivadeneira">Fernando Rivadeneira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Neil R" sort="Robertson, Neil R" uniqKey="Robertson N" first="Neil R." last="Robertson">Neil R. Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sebert, Sylvain" sort="Sebert, Sylvain" uniqKey="Sebert S" first="Sylvain" last="Sebert">Sylvain Sebert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simell, Olli" sort="Simell, Olli" uniqKey="Simell O" first="Olli" last="Simell">Olli Simell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slowinski, Torsten" sort="Slowinski, Torsten" uniqKey="Slowinski T" first="Torsten" last="Slowinski">Torsten Slowinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiesler, Carla M T" sort="Tiesler, Carla M T" uniqKey="Tiesler C" first="Carla M. T." last="Tiesler">Carla M. T. Tiesler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonjes, Anke" sort="Tonjes, Anke" uniqKey="Tonjes A" first="Anke" last="Tönjes">Anke Tönjes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaag, Allan" sort="Vaag, Allan" uniqKey="Vaag A" first="Allan" last="Vaag">Allan Vaag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viikari, Jorma S" sort="Viikari, Jorma S" uniqKey="Viikari J" first="Jorma S." last="Viikari">Jorma S. Viikari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vink, Jacqueline M" sort="Vink, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Vink J" first="Jacqueline M." last="Vink">Jacqueline M. Vink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vissing, Nadja Hawwa" sort="Vissing, Nadja Hawwa" uniqKey="Vissing N" first="Nadja Hawwa" last="Vissing">Nadja Hawwa Vissing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nicholas J" sort="Wareham, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nicholas J." last="Wareham">Nicholas J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witte, Daniel R" sort="Witte, Daniel R" uniqKey="Witte D" first="Daniel R." last="Witte">Daniel R. Witte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haitao" sort="Zhang, Haitao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haitao" last="Zhang">Haitao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jianhua" sort="Zhao, Jianhua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jianhua" last="Zhao">Jianhua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stumvoll, Michael" sort="Stumvoll, Michael" uniqKey="Stumvoll M" first="Michael" last="Stumvoll">Michael Stumvoll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prentice, Andrew M" sort="Prentice, Andrew M" uniqKey="Prentice A" first="Andrew M." last="Prentice">Andrew M. Prentice</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Brian F" sort="Meyer, Brian F" uniqKey="Meyer B" first="Brian F." last="Meyer">Brian F. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Ewan R" sort="Pearson, Ewan R" uniqKey="Pearson E" first="Ewan R." last="Pearson">Ewan R. Pearson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boreham, Colin A G" sort="Boreham, Colin A G" uniqKey="Boreham C" first="Colin A. G." last="Boreham">Colin A. G. Boreham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Cyrus" sort="Cooper, Cyrus" uniqKey="Cooper C" first="Cyrus" last="Cooper">Cyrus Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillman, Matthew W" sort="Gillman, Matthew W" uniqKey="Gillman M" first="Matthew W." last="Gillman">Matthew W. Gillman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George V" sort="Dedoussis, George V" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George V." last="Dedoussis">George V. Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Dietetics - Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Luis A" sort="Moreno, Luis A" uniqKey="Moreno L" first="Luis A" last="Moreno">Luis A. Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Oluf" sort="Pedersen, Oluf" uniqKey="Pedersen O" first="Oluf" last="Pedersen">Oluf Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saarinen, Maiju" sort="Saarinen, Maiju" uniqKey="Saarinen M" first="Maiju" last="Saarinen">Maiju Saarinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohlke, Karen L" sort="Mohlke, Karen L" uniqKey="Mohlke K" first="Karen L." last="Mohlke">Karen L. Mohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saw, Seang Mei" sort="Saw, Seang Mei" uniqKey="Saw S" first="Seang-Mei" last="Saw">Seang-Mei Saw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakka, Timo A" sort="Lakka, Timo A" uniqKey="Lakka T" first="Timo A." last="Lakka">Timo A. Lakka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korner, Antje" sort="Korner, Antje" uniqKey="Korner A" first="Antje" last="Körner">Antje Körner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women’s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Ruth J F" sort="Loos, Ruth J F" uniqKey="Loos R" first="Ruth J. F." last="Loos">Ruth J. F. Loos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ong, Ken K" sort="Ong, Ken K" uniqKey="Ong K" first="Ken K." last="Ong">Ken K. Ong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koppelman, Gerard H" sort="Koppelman, Gerard H" uniqKey="Koppelman G" first="Gerard H." last="Koppelman">Gerard H. Koppelman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hattersley, Andrew T" sort="Hattersley, Andrew T" uniqKey="Hattersley A" first="Andrew T." last="Hattersley">Andrew T. Hattersley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holloway, John W" sort="Holloway, John W" uniqKey="Holloway J" first="John W." last="Holloway">John W. Holloway</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocher, Berthold" sort="Hocher, Berthold" uniqKey="Hocher B" first="Berthold" last="Hocher">Berthold Hocher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal Potsdam, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Joachim" sort="Heinrich, Joachim" uniqKey="Heinrich J" first="Joachim" last="Heinrich">Joachim Heinrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Chris" sort="Power, Chris" uniqKey="Power C" first="Chris" last="Power">Chris Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbye, Mads" sort="Melbye, Mads" uniqKey="Melbye M" first="Mads" last="Melbye">Mads Melbye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guxens, M Nica" sort="Guxens, M Nica" uniqKey="Guxens M" first="M Nica" last="Guxens">M Nica Guxens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pennell, Craig E" sort="Pennell, Craig E" uniqKey="Pennell C" first="Craig E." last="Pennell">Craig E. Pennell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Nnelykke, Klaus" sort="B Nnelykke, Klaus" uniqKey="B Nnelykke K" first="Klaus" last="B Nnelykke">Klaus B Nnelykke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widen, Elisabeth" sort="Widen, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Widen E" first="Elisabeth" last="Widén">Elisabeth Widén</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pouta, Anneli" sort="Pouta, Anneli" uniqKey="Pouta A" first="Anneli" last="Pouta">Anneli Pouta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lawlor, Debbie A" sort="Lawlor, Debbie A" uniqKey="Lawlor D" first="Debbie A." last="Lawlor">Debbie A. Lawlor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frayling, Timothy M" sort="Frayling, Timothy M" uniqKey="Frayling T" first="Timothy M." last="Frayling">Timothy M. Frayling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Mark I" sort="Mccarthy, Mark I" uniqKey="Mccarthy M" first="Mark I." last="Mccarthy">Mark I. Mccarthy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaddoe, Vincent W V" sort="Jaddoe, Vincent W V" uniqKey="Jaddoe V" first="Vincent W. V." last="Jaddoe">Vincent W. V. Jaddoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="Jarvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="Jarvelin">Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Health Protection Agency (HPA)-MRC Center, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokopenko, Inga" sort="Prokopenko, Inga" uniqKey="Prokopenko I" first="Inga" last="Prokopenko">Inga Prokopenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freathy, Rachel M" sort="Freathy, Rachel M" uniqKey="Freathy R" first="Rachel M." last="Freathy">Rachel M. Freathy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">1061-4036</idno><idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P3">Birth weight within the normal range is associated with a variety of adult-onset diseases, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly understood<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup>. Previous genome-wide association studies identified a variant in the <italic>ADCY5</italic> gene associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes, and a second variant, near <italic>CCNL1</italic>, with no obvious link to adult traits<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref></sup>. In an expanded genome-wide association meta-analysis and follow-up study (up to 69,308 individuals of European descent from 43 studies), we have now extended the number of genome-wide significant loci to seven, accounting for a similar proportion of variance to maternal smoking. Five of the loci are known to be associated with other phenotypes: <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> with type 2 diabetes; <italic>ADRB1</italic> with adult blood pressure; and <italic>HMGA2</italic> and <italic>LCORL</italic> with adult height. 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Genet.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature genetics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1061-4036</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1546-1718</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23202124</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3605762</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ng.2477</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">EMS50352</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Horikoshi</surname><given-names>Momoko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">118</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yaghootkar</surname><given-names>Hanieh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">118</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mook-Kanamori</surname><given-names>Dennis O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">118</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sovio</surname><given-names>Ulla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Taal</surname><given-names>H. 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saw</surname><given-names>Seang-Mei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A40">40</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A41">41</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A101">101</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lakka</surname><given-names>Timo A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A39">39</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A102">102</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Körner</surname><given-names>Antje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A75">75</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A88">88</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loos</surname><given-names>Ruth J.F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ong</surname><given-names>Ken K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vollenweider</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A103">103</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Duijn</surname><given-names>Cornelia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koppelman</surname><given-names>Gerard H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A104">104</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hattersley</surname><given-names>Andrew T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Holloway</surname><given-names>John W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A105">105</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A106">106</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hocher</surname><given-names>Berthold</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A31">31</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A107">107</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heinrich</surname><given-names>Joachim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Power</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melbye</surname><given-names>Mads</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guxens</surname><given-names>Mònica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A24">24</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pennell</surname><given-names>Craig E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bønnelykke</surname><given-names>Klaus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A20">20</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bisgaard</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A20">20</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eriksson</surname><given-names>Johan G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A108">108</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A109">109</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A110">110</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A111">111</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A112">112</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Widén</surname><given-names>Elisabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hakonarson</surname><given-names>Hakon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A92">92</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A113">113</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Uitterlinden</surname><given-names>André G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A84">84</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pouta</surname><given-names>Anneli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A114">114</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A115">115</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lawlor</surname><given-names>Debbie A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>George Davey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frayling</surname><given-names>Timothy M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCarthy</surname><given-names>Mark I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A116">116</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grant</surname><given-names>Struan F.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A92">92</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A113">113</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaddoe</surname><given-names>Vincent W.V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jarvelin</surname><given-names>Marjo-Riitta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A114">114</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A117">117</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Timpson</surname><given-names>Nicholas J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prokopenko</surname><given-names>Inga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Freathy</surname><given-names>Rachel M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">119</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">120</xref></contrib><on-behalf-of>for the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium</on-behalf-of><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A93">93</xref></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>MRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, The Gambia.</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany.</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Medizinische Klinik für Nephrologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal Potsdam, Germany.</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U744, Lille, France.</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France.</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Department of Dietetics - Nutrition, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Department of Pediatrics, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>UPF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>School of Public Health, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille,1 rue Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>Institut de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U995, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, France.</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece.</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women’s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Germany.</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>Cells 2 Society: The Center for Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Germany.</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>A complete list of members is available in a<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Note</xref>.</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland.</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA.</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A99"><label>99</label>Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A100"><label>100</label>Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark.</aff><aff id="A101"><label>101</label>Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.</aff><aff id="A102"><label>102</label>Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.</aff><aff id="A103"><label>103</label>Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.</aff><aff id="A104"><label>104</label>Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A105"><label>105</label>Human Genetics and Medical Genomics, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton.</aff><aff id="A106"><label>106</label>Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.</aff><aff id="A107"><label>107</label>Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité, Berlin, Germany.</aff><aff id="A108"><label>108</label>Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A109"><label>109</label>Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.</aff><aff id="A110"><label>110</label>Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.</aff><aff id="A111"><label>111</label>Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.</aff><aff id="A112"><label>112</label>Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.</aff><aff id="A113"><label>113</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.</aff><aff id="A114"><label>114</label>Department of Lifecourse and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.</aff><aff id="A115"><label>115</label>Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Finland.</aff><aff id="A116"><label>116</label>Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.</aff><aff id="A117"><label>117</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Health Protection Agency (HPA)-MRC Center, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.</aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="equal" id="FN1"><label>118</label><p id="P1">These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn id="FN2"><label>119</label><p id="P2">These authors jointly directed this work.</p></fn><corresp id="CR1"><label>120</label>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
</corresp><corresp id="CR0">CORRESPONDING AUTHOR CONTACT DETAILS</corresp><corresp id="CR2"><bold>Mark I. McCarthy</bold> Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Churchill Hospital Old Road, Headington Oxford OX3 7LJ UK Tel. +44 (0)1865 857298 Fax. +44 (0)1865 857299 <email>mark.mccarthy@drl.ox.ac.uk</email></corresp><corresp id="CR3"><bold>Struan F. A. Grant</bold> Center for Applied Genomics The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA Tel. +1-267-426-2795 Fax. +1-267-426-0363 <email>grants@chop.edu</email></corresp><corresp id="CR4"><bold>Vincent W. V. Jaddoe</bold> Generation R Study Group (Room AE 006) Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3000 CA, Rotterdam the Netherlands Tel. +31 (0)10 7043405 Fax. +31 (0)10 7044645 <email>v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl</email></corresp><corresp id="CR5"><bold>Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin</bold> Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W2 1PG UK Tel. +44 (0)207 5943345 Fax. +44 (0)207 4022150 <email>m.jarvelin@imperial.ac.uk</email></corresp><corresp id="CR6"><bold>Nicholas J. Timpson</bold> The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology University of Bristol Oakfield House Oakfield Grove Bristol BS8 2BN UK Tel. +44 (0)117 3310131 Fax: +44 (0)117 3310123 <email>n.j.timpson@bristol.ac.uk</email></corresp><corresp id="CR7"><bold>Inga Prokopenko</bold> Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Churchill Hospital Old Road, Headington Oxford OX3 7LJ UK Tel. +44 (0)1865 287641 Fax. +44 (0)1865 287664 <email>ingap@well.ox.ac.uk</email></corresp><corresp id="CR8"><bold>Rachel M. Freathy</bold> Genetics of Complex Traits Peninsula Medical School St. Luke’s Campus University of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK Tel. +44 (0) 1392 722925 Fax. +44 (0) 1392 722926 <email>rachel.freathy@pms.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>1</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P3">Birth weight within the normal range is associated with a variety of adult-onset diseases, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly understood<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup>. Previous genome-wide association studies identified a variant in the <italic>ADCY5</italic> gene associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes, and a second variant, near <italic>CCNL1</italic>, with no obvious link to adult traits<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref></sup>. In an expanded genome-wide association meta-analysis and follow-up study (up to 69,308 individuals of European descent from 43 studies), we have now extended the number of genome-wide significant loci to seven, accounting for a similar proportion of variance to maternal smoking. Five of the loci are known to be associated with other phenotypes: <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> with type 2 diabetes; <italic>ADRB1</italic> with adult blood pressure; and <italic>HMGA2</italic> and <italic>LCORL</italic> with adult height. Our findings highlight genetic links between fetal growth and postnatal growth and metabolism.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>085541 || WT</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="P4">To understand further the genetic factors involved in fetal growth and its association with adult diseases, we performed an expanded genome wide association study (GWAS) of birth weight in up to 26,836 individuals of European ancestry from 18 studies (Stage 1; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figures 1</xref> to <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">3</xref>; see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="S1">Online Methods</xref>). After follow-up analyses of 21 of the most strongly associated independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; <italic>P</italic> < 1×10<sup>−5</sup>) in additional European samples (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">3</xref>), we identified novel associations with birth weight at four loci (<italic>P</italic> < 5×10<sup>−8</sup>), and confirmed three previously reported associations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref></sup> (rs900400 near <italic>CCNL1</italic>, <italic>P</italic> = 3.6×10<sup>−38</sup>; rs9883204 in <italic>ADCY5</italic>, <italic>P</italic> = 5.5×10<sup>−20</sup>; rs6931514 in <italic>CDKAL1</italic>; <italic>P</italic> = 1.5×10<sup>−18</sup>), in a joint meta-analysis of up to 69,308 individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 4</xref>). The index SNPs at the four newly-associated loci were rs1042725 in <italic>HMGA2</italic> (<italic>P</italic> = 1.4×10<sup>−19</sup>), rs724577 in <italic>LCORL</italic> (<italic>P</italic> = 4.6×10<sup>−11</sup>), rs1801253 in <italic>ADRB1</italic> (<italic>P</italic> = 3.6×10<sup>−9</sup>) and rs4432842 at chromosome 5q11.2 (<italic>P</italic> = 4.6×10<sup>−8</sup>). The effect size estimates range from 0.034 SD to 0.072 SD per allele and equate approximately to changes in birth weight of 16 to 35g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). These estimates did not change materially in sensitivity analyses excluding studies with self- or parentally-reported birth weight data and those without a measure of gestational age (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 4</xref>).</p><p id="P5">Through the cellular mechanisms of gametogenesis and fertilization, fetal genotype is correlated with maternal genotype (r ≈ 0.5). Using up to 11,307 mother-child pairs from a subset of studies, we found no evidence that the seven associations we observed at <italic>P</italic> < 5×10<sup>−8</sup> are driven by the maternal, rather than the fetal, genotype (likelihood-ratio test <italic>P</italic> >0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p><p id="P6">For five of the seven confirmed associations with birth weight, correspondence with GWAS findings for adult traits (type 2 diabetes, blood pressure or height) provide clues to the biological pathways involved. Two SNPs represent the same signals as known type 2 diabetes loci: <italic>ADCY5</italic> (previously reported<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref></sup>) and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> (previously examined in smaller candidate gene studies of birth weight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref></sup>). We observed similar <italic>z</italic> score effect size estimates of the associations between each of these loci and ponderal index (calculated as weight/length<sup>3</sup> to indicate neonatal leanness), birth length and head circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>), suggesting a general effect on fetal growth. At both loci, the birth weight-lowering allele is associated with greater type 2 diabetes risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref></sup>. This observation is consistent with the fetal insulin hypothesis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref></sup>, which proposes that common genetic variation influencing insulin secretion or action, both in prenatal development and adult life, could partly explain epidemiological correlations between lower birth weight and type 2 diabetes. The type 2 diabetes risk allele at <italic>ADCY5</italic> is associated with a number of features suggesting impaired insulin secretion: higher glucose levels after fasting and 2 hours after an oral glucose challenge<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref></sup>; lower 2-hour insulin levels, adjusted for 2-hour glucose levels<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref></sup>; higher fasting proinsulin (relative to mature insulin) levels<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref></sup>; and lower Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA)-derived index of beta-cell function HOMA-B<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 5</xref>). The risk allele at <italic>CDKAL1</italic> is strongly associated with reduced insulin secretion in studies of adults<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref></sup>. Given the key role of fetal insulin in prenatal growth, we hypothesize that the <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> risk alleles reduce fetal insulin levels, which mediate the associations with birth weight.</p><p id="P7">To investigate whether type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci other than <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> influence fetal growth, we tested the associations between 47 additional, published type 2 diabetes loci and birth weight in our Stage 1 meta-analysis. We observed more associations with birth weight than expected by chance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2a</xref>), with 7 associations at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05, of which 4 achieved <italic>P</italic> < 0.01 (<italic>MTNR1B</italic>-rs1387153<italic>, KCNQ1</italic>-rs231362, <italic>HHEX</italic>- <italic>IDE</italic>-rs5015480 and <italic>GCK</italic>-rs4607517), including <italic>GCK</italic> at <italic>P</italic>=1×10<sup>−4</sup>. Meta-analysis of the <italic>HHEX-IDE</italic> result with previously published data (total <italic>n</italic> = 51,583) strengthened the evidence of association (<italic>P</italic> = 6.9×10<sup>−7</sup>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref>). The type 2 diabetes risk alleles at <italic>HHEX-IDE</italic> and <italic>KCNQ1</italic> follow <italic>ADCY5</italic> and <italic>CDKAL1</italic> in being associated with lower birth weight, providing additional support for the fetal insulin hypothesis, although the associations can only explain a small fraction of the epidemiological association.</p><p id="P8">In contrast, the type 2 diabetes risk alleles at <italic>GCK</italic> and <italic>MTNR1B</italic> were associated with higher birth weight (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref>). Higher maternal glucose levels are associated with higher offspring birth weight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref></sup>, and both the <italic>GCK</italic> and <italic>MTNR1B</italic> loci influence fasting glucose levels throughout the normal physiological range<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref></sup>. Consistent with this, and with previous studies of the <italic>GCK</italic> variant<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref></sup>, the effect size estimates we observed for <italic>GCK</italic> and <italic>MTNR1B</italic> were lower after adjustment for maternal genotype (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 5</xref>). Well-powered studies of mothers and offspring will be required to test formally the association between maternal genotype and birth weight at these loci. The lack of a fetal association at <italic>GCK</italic>-rs4607517 contrasts with the strong birth weight-lowering effects of rare, heterozygous fetal <italic>GCK</italic> mutations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref></sup>, and suggests that the common <italic>GCK</italic> variant does not influence insulin secretion until postnatal life.</p><p id="P9">The association with birth weight at <italic>ADRB1</italic> rs1801253 (Arg389Gly) links prenatal growth with blood pressure in adulthood since the same SNP is strongly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (<italic>P</italic><5×10<sup>−8</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref></sup>. Epidemiological associations between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) constitute some of the strongest evidence supporting the fetal origins of adult disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref></sup>. Most studies report a linear inverse association throughout the birth weight distribution, whereby lower birth weight is associated with higher adult SBP. There is also evidence that birth weights at the high end of the distribution are associated with higher SBP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref></sup>. Based on the majority of studies, we might therefore expect a fetal SBP-raising allele to be associated with lower birth weight. However, the birth weight-lowering allele at rs1801253 (Gly389) is associated with lower blood pressure in later life. We observed similar effect size estimates for associations between <italic>ADRB1</italic> and various birth measures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>), suggesting a general effect on fetal growth. We tested for associations between birth weight and 29 additional blood pressure loci<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref></sup> in our Stage 1 meta-analysis. While we did not observe strong evidence of deviation from the null (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2c</xref>), associations between the SBP-raising allele and lower birth weight achieved <italic>P</italic> < 0.01 at <italic>GUCY1A3/GUCY1B3</italic>-rs13139571 (<italic>P</italic>=0.0008) and <italic>CYP17A1/NT5C2</italic>-rs11191548 (<italic>P</italic>=0.009). These were little altered on adjustment for maternal genotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2d</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 7</xref>).</p><p id="P10">The associations with birth weight at the <italic>HMGA2</italic> and <italic>LCORL</italic> loci link prenatal growth with postnatal stature. At both loci, the birth weight-lowering allele is also associated with lower adult height and associations are consistent with a primary effect on birth length (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). The <italic>HMGA2</italic> SNP is also strongly associated with birth head circumference and is known to associate with head circumference in infancy and intracranial volume in adulthood<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref></sup> suggesting a general effect on growth. Variation at <italic>LCORL</italic> has also been associated with peak height velocity in infancy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref></sup>, indicating an effect on growth in childhood. When testing 178 additional published height loci<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref></sup>, we observed more associations with birth weight than expected by chance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2e</xref>), indicating that many adult height loci influence prenatal growth. Of all 180 loci, 132 show the same direction of effect size estimate with birth weight as with height (binomial sign test <italic>P</italic>=3×10<sup>−10</sup>), although there is no strong correlation between adult height and birth weight effect sizes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2f</xref>). We did not observe any evidence that these associations were driven by maternal genotypes (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 8</xref>).</p><p id="P11">The remaining two loci (near <italic>CCNL1</italic> and on chromosome 5q11.2) are not known to be associated with any other traits. The previously reported association near <italic>CCNL1</italic> represents the strongest association with birth weight, and shows a strong association with ponderal index, but relatively weak associations with birth length and head circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>), strengthening the evidence that this locus primarily acts through non-skeletal growth. In a subset of 7 studies with available postnatal data, the association had disappeared by 3 months of age (0.001 SD [95% CI: −0.030, 0.032] per rs900400 C-allele, relative to birth weight: −0.084 SD [95%CI: −0.106, −0.062]; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 9</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 6</xref>), suggesting that the growth effects of the <italic>CCNL1</italic> locus are specifically intrauterine. Little is known about the birth weight locus at chromosome 5q11.2: the nearest gene, <italic>ACTBL2</italic>, is approximately 400kb away and has no obvious link with fetal growth. Associations at this locus are similar across the different anthropometric birth measures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>) and there are no associations with adult metabolic or anthropometric traits in published studies (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 5</xref>).</p><p id="P12">We were interested to explore whether the same variants have any impact on birth weight in other ethnic groups. Using data from a range of non-European studies, including those of Middle Eastern, East and Southeast Asian and African origin (total <italic>n</italic> = 11,848; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 10</xref>), we showed that the 7 SNPs together explained between 0.32% and 1.52% of the variance in birth weight, which was similar to that in Europeans (0.76%; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 11</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figures 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">8</xref>).</p><p id="P13">To conclude, we have identified four, and confirmed three loci associated with birth weight, which explain a similar proportion of variance to maternal smoking exposure in pregnancy (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 9</xref>). The associations between five of the loci and adult traits (i) highlight biological pathways of relevance to the fetal origins of type 2 diabetes, (ii) reveal complexity in that type 2 diabetes risk alleles can be associated with either higher or lower birth weight, (iii) illuminate a novel genetic link between fetal growth and adult blood pressure and (iv) demonstrate substantial overlap between the genetics of prenatal growth and adult height.</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="S1"><title>ONLINE METHODS</title><sec id="S2"><title>Stage 1: Genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of birth weight: discovery studies, genotyping and imputation</title><p id="P14">We combined 18 population-based European studies with birth weight and GWA data available (total <italic>n</italic> = 26,836 individuals): two sub-samples from the 1958 British Birth Cohort (B58C-WTCCC, <italic>n</italic> = 2,195; B58C-T1DGC, <italic>n</italic> = 2,037); the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (ALSPAC (Discovery); <italic>n</italic> = 1,418); the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP , <italic>n</italic> = 7,380); the COpenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC-2000, <italic>n</italic> = 353); the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC, <italic>n</italic> = 1,478); the Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) study (n = 325); two sub-samples from the Generation R study (Generation R (Discovery 1), <italic>n</italic> = 1,194; Generation R (Discovery 2), <italic>n</italic> = 1,410); the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS, n = 1,566); the Lifestyle – Immune System – Allergy (LISA) study (<italic>n</italic> = 387); the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC1966; n = 4,333); two sub-samples of singleton births from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR1, n = 414; NTR2, n = 247); the Orkney Complex Disease Study (ORCADES, <italic>n</italic> = 328); the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) study (<italic>n</italic> = 368); the Raine study (RAINE, <italic>n</italic> = 1,105); and the Sorbs study (SORBS, <italic>n</italic> = 298).</p><p id="P15">While no systematic phenotypic difference is seen between the sub-samples of the 1958 British Birth Cohort, Generation R and Netherlands Twin Register, they were analyzed separately because they were genotyped on different platforms and/or at different times.</p><p id="P16">Genotypes within each study were obtained using high-density SNP arrays and then imputed for up to ~2.7 million HapMap SNPs (Phase II, release 21/22; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</ext-link>). The basic characteristics, exclusions applied (for example, individuals of non-European ancestry, related individuals), genotyping, quality control and imputation methods for each discovery sample are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Statistical analysis within discovery studies</title><p id="P17">Birth weight (BW) was transformed to a <italic>z</italic> score ([BW value – mean BW]/s.d. BW) to facilitate comparison of the data across studies. Multiple births and, where information was available (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref>), preterm births (gestational age <37 weeks) were excluded from all analyses. The association between each SNP and birth weight was assessed in each study sample using linear regression of birth weight <italic>z</italic> score against genotype using an additive genetic model, with sex and, where available, gestational age as covariables. Since gestational age was not available in all studies, we later performed a sensitivity analysis, excluding the studies that did not have this covariable (see below). The GWA analysis was performed using SNPTEST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref></sup>, mach2qtl<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref></sup>, PLINK<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink/">http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink/</ext-link>), GenABEL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref></sup> or ProbABEL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref></sup>. Details of any additional corrections for study-specific population structure are given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref>. The data annotation, exchange and storage were facilitated by the SIMBioMS platform (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.simbioms.org">http://www.simbioms.org</ext-link>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Meta-analysis of discovery studies</title><p id="P18">Prior to meta-analysis, SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.01 and poorly imputed SNPs (proper_info ≤ 0.4 (SNPTEST); r2hat ≤ 0.3 (mach2qtl)) were filtered. Genomic control (GC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref></sup> was applied to adjust the statistics generated within each cohort (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref> for individual study λ values). Inverse variance fixed-effects meta-analyses were undertaken using different software packages METAL (2009-10-10 release)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref></sup> and GWAMA (version 2.0.6)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref></sup> by two meta-analysts in parallel and compared to obtain identical results. The meta-analysis results were obtained for a total of 2,684,393 SNPs. We applied a second GC correction to adjust the overall meta-analysis statistics (λ = 1.051) before selecting 21 SNPs for follow-up, which surpassed a <italic>P</italic>-value threshold of <italic>P</italic> < 1×10<sup>−5</sup>. This additional GC correction was, however, only applied for the purpose of choosing the arbitrary significance threshold; we report here Stage 1 <italic>P</italic>-values after only the first GC correction (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 2</xref>) because a second GC correction is generally considered to be over-conservative<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref></sup>. We additionally selected SNP rs6537307 (<italic>P</italic>=4.3×10<sup>−5</sup>), which is in linkage disequilibrium with a known <italic>HHIP</italic> height-associated variant (HapMap r<sup>2</sup> = 0.58 with rs6854783<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">33</xref></sup>). Of the 22 selected SNPs, rs1004059 at <italic>SYNP02L</italic> (<italic>P</italic> = 2.3×10<sup>−6</sup>) was available in only 8 studies since its MAF was close to 0.01. After obtaining data from this SNP from all available Stage 1 studies, we observed a meta-analysis <italic>P</italic>-value of <italic>P</italic> = 6×10<sup>−5</sup>, and so did not consider it further.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Stage 2: Follow-up of lead signals in European studies</title><p id="P19">Twenty-one SNPs selected from the discovery meta-analysis were taken forward for either custom genotyping or analysis in studies with newly available genome-wide or CardioMetabochip array genotyping (the latter included 6 of the 21 SNPs). If the index SNP was unavailable, this was substituted with a closely correlated proxy from the HapMap (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 12</xref>). Of a total of 25 available studies (maximum combined <italic>n</italic> = 42,519), there were 14 studies with custom genotyping (<italic>n</italic> = 22,569 individuals), of which 2 studies later acquired additional <italic>in silico</italic> data (ALSPAC (Replication), <italic>n</italic> = 6,315 with GWA; NFBC1986, <italic>n</italic> = 4,897 with CardioMetabochip). Eight further studies had <italic>in silico</italic> GWA data (<italic>n</italic> = 13,992 individuals) and 3 further studies had <italic>in silico</italic> CardioMetabochip array data (<italic>n</italic> = 5,958 individuals). Details of these studies are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 3</xref>. Since resources for custom genotyping were limited, the total number of analyzed individuals varied by SNP, with 3 SNPs analysed in available <italic>in silico</italic> studies only (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 2</xref>). Within each study, we analysed the association between each available SNP and birth weight <italic>z</italic> score in the same way as described above for Stage 1 studies.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Combined discovery and follow-up meta-analyses</title><p id="P20">We performed fixed effects inverse variance meta-analyses of the association between each SNP and birth weight, including up to 43 discovery and follow-up samples of European descent (maximum total <italic>n</italic> = 69,308). Individual study results for any SNP showing strong evidence of deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (<italic>P</italic> <1×10<sup>−4</sup>) were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed in parallel at two different study centres, using two software packages in parallel (METAL 2009-10-10 release<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref></sup> and GWAMA ver.2.0.6<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref></sup>. We used Cochran’s <italic>Q</italic> test and the derived inconsistency statistic, <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">34</xref></sup> to assess evidence of between-study heterogeneity of effect size. Results that crossed the widely accepted genome-wide significance threshold of <italic>P</italic> < 5×10<sup>−8</sup> were considered to represent robust evidence of association.</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>Sensitivity analyses and phenotypic data quality checks</title><p id="P21">The ascertainment and availability of phenotype data varied widely among the 43 studies (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">3</xref>). For example, birth weight was measured by trained personnel in some studies, but in others was self-reported in adulthood. Gestational age was not available as a covariable in all studies. We therefore performed further analyses to verify data quality and check that the effect size estimates in our meta-analyses were not greatly influenced by poor quality data or lack of adjustment for gestational age.</p><p id="P22">To identify any studies that showed unusual relationships between birth weight and other phenotypes, we obtained from each study the percentage of variance in birth weight explained by each of sex, parity, maternal smoking, gestational age and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI as 100*adjusted-R<sup>2</sup> value from linear regression of birth weight against each individual trait. The observed relationships between birth weight and each related trait were reasonably consistent across all of the 43 studies (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 13</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Figure 9</xref>).</p><p id="P23">To assess whether adjustment for gestational age or measurement/recall bias of birth weight influenced the associations between each of the 21 SNPs and birth weight, we repeated the fixed-effects inverse-variance meta-analyses of the European results in three different sub-sets of studies: (i) studies with birth weight collected by any method that adjusted for gestational age (<italic>n</italic> = 35); (ii) studies with measured or medical record of birth weight that adjusted for gestational age only where available (<italic>n</italic> = 26); (iii) studies with measured or medical record of birth weight which also adjusted for gestational age (<italic>n</italic> = 24). We compared the effect size estimates between each of these three meta-analyses and the overall meta-analysis result (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 4</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S8"><title>Associations between birth weight and seven confirmed loci in non-European samples of varying ancestry</title><p id="P24">Using 8 study samples of varying ancestry, we investigated the 7 loci, which showed genome-wide significant associations with birth weight in the combined meta-analysis of European discovery and follow-up studies. The 8 non-European studies were from East/Southeast Asia (Chinese and Filipino), Africa (African-American, Mandinka and Moroccan), Middle East (Arab, Turkish), and South America (Surinamese) (total <italic>n</italic> = 11,848; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 10</xref>). Samples were genotyped either by custom SNP assay (2 studies), CardioMetabochip (1 study) or genome-wide chip (5 studies). The index SNP from the European meta-analysis was taken forward as the index SNP for the non-European analyses, and associations with birth weight were analysed as described above. If the index SNP was unavailable, it was substituted with a closely correlated ancestry-specific proxy from the 1000 Genomes Pilot 1 YRI and JPT+CHB samples (released June 2010), which was found using SNAP (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snap/">http://www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snap/</ext-link>; see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 12</xref>). In the 5 studies with GWA data, we considered all SNPs within 250-kb either side of the European index SNP.</p><p id="P25">We performed three analyses:
<list list-type="roman-lower" id="L1"><list-item><p id="P26">Meta-analysis of single SNP associations with birth weight: we performed fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analyses of available studies, as described above, for each of the 7 loci.</p></list-item><list-item><p id="P27"><bold>Ethnicity-specific regional analysis:</bold> we performed fixed effects inverse variance meta-analyses for SNPs within the 500 kb surrounding the 7 index SNPs in an ethnicity-specific manner for <italic>n</italic> = 2,135 East/Southeast Asian and <italic>n</italic> = 6,315 African-American samples. We plotted the association results against chromosomal position using LocusZoom (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom/">http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom/</ext-link>).</p></list-item><list-item><p id="P28"><bold>Combined genotype risk score analysis:</bold> to assess the associations between birth weight and the 7 confirmed loci in combination, we created a risk allele count (RAC) by summing the birth-weight lowering alleles at each SNP. We performed this analysis in 7 non-European studies in which 6 to 7 SNPs were available (combined <italic>n</italic> = 11,014) and one representative European Stage 2 study (NFBC1986, <italic>n</italic> = 4647). If a SNP was missing, all individuals were assigned a value of 2*frequency (HapMap, ethnicity-specific) of the birth weight-lowering allele. We performed linear regression of birth weight <italic>z</italic> score against RAC (additive model), with sex and gestational age (where available) as covariables. A genetic risk score, weighted by effect size in Europeans, gave similar results in all non-European studies (data not shown).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Variance explained</title><p id="P29">To estimate the percentage of variation in birth weight explained jointly by the 7 confirmed birth weight loci, we obtained the adjusted-R<sup>2</sup> from univariate linear regression of birth weight against risk allele count in 6 non-European studies and one European study (NFBC1986).</p></sec><sec id="S10"><title>Analysis of additional anthropometric phenotypes measured at birth: birth length, birth head circumference, ponderal index</title><p id="P30">Where available, in both Stage 1 and 2 European studies, we created within-study <italic>z</italic> scores for birth length (available from 27 studies, <italic>n</italic> = 36,084), birth head circumference (20 studies, <italic>n</italic> = 23,277), and ponderal index (calculated as birth weight/length<sup>3</sup>, 27 studies, <italic>n</italic> = 35,836). The <italic>z</italic> scores were calculated by the same method as was used for birth weight. We used linear regression to assess the association between each outcome and each of the 7 confirmed birth weight SNPs, with sex and gestational age (where available) as covariables. We combined the results across studies using fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analysis.</p></sec><sec id="S11"><title>Analysis of birth weight adjusted for birth length</title><p id="P31">Where both birth weight and birth length were available, we used linear regression to assess the association between birth weight <italic>z</italic> score and the 7 confirmed birth weight SNPs, with sex, gestational age (where available) and birth length as covariables. In the same set of samples, we again performed linear regression to assess the association between birth weight <italic>z</italic> score and SNP, with only sex and gestational age (where available) as covariables to allow direct comparison of analyses with and without adjustment for birth length. Meta-analysis was performed as above.</p></sec><sec id="S12"><title>Analysis of birth weight adjusted for maternal genotype</title><p id="P32">To assess whether the birth weight associations at the seven confirmed birth weight loci were independent of maternal genotype, we used mother-offspring pairs from up to 10 European studies with both maternal and fetal genotype available (Discovery <italic>n</italic> = 7,879, Follow-up <italic>n</italic> = 3,428, total <italic>n</italic> = 11,307). Within each study, we performed linear regression of birth weight <italic>z</italic> score against each of the SNPs, with sex, gestational age (where available) and maternal genotype as covariables. For direct comparison, we repeated this without maternal genotype, using only subjects for whom maternal genotype was available. Fixed effects inverse variance meta-analysis was performed to combine results across studies for (i) fetal genotype, and (ii) fetal genotype adjusted for maternal genotype. We performed a likelihood ratio test to compare the model fit before and after adjustment for maternal genotype.</p></sec><sec id="S13"><title>Analysis of associations between known type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, height and BMI loci and birth weight</title><p id="P33">Of the seven confirmed birth weight loci, five had previously been associated with either type 2 diabetes (<italic>CDKAL1</italic> and <italic>ADCY5</italic>), blood pressure (<italic>ADRB1</italic>) or adult height (<italic>LCORL</italic> and <italic>HMGA2</italic>). To assess whether association with birth weight is a common feature of loci associated with these adult traits, we extracted results from our Stage 1 discovery meta-analysis for 49 published type 2 diabetes SNPs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">48</xref></sup>, 180 height SNPs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref></sup> and 30 blood pressure SNPs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref></sup>. To complement these analyses, we analyzed the associations between the same sets of SNPs and birth weight <italic>z</italic> score in <italic>n</italic> = 5,327 mother-child pairs from the ALSPAC study. We adjusted for sex and gestational age, recorded the results before and after adjustment for maternal genotype and compared the fit of the two models using a likelihood ratio test to assess evidence of confounding by maternal genotype. This was particularly important for the analyses of type 2 diabetes SNPs since there is evidence that at least two of the known loci influence birth weight via the maternal genotype<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">50</xref></sup>. For each set of loci, we used the binomial probability (sign) test, available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/binomialX.html">http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/binomialX.html</ext-link>, to assess whether there was more evidence of negative or positive associations with birth weight than the 50% expected under the null.</p><p id="P34">For the <italic>HHEX-IDE</italic> (type 2 diabetes) locus, there are previously-published studies reporting associations with birth weight, not all of which overlap with our Stage 1 Discovery samples<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref></sup>. To obtain an approximate overall result for this locus, we therefore meta-analyzed (inverse variance, fixed effects) our Stage 1 result with additional published data from the ALSPAC, Inter99 and EFSOCH studies and <italic>in silico</italic> data available from Stage 2 (total n = 51,583). Two SNPs at the locus were represented in the meta-analysis: rs1111875 and rs5015480 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97). Since the effect sizes for the published studies were in grams, we first converted them to equivalent z-score values by dividing effect size estimates and 95% confidence limits by 484 (the median standard deviation of birth weight in grams, from our previous GWA study of birth weight)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S14"><title>Analysis of the associations between seven confirmed birth weight loci and adult metabolic and anthopometric traits in publicly available results of GWA meta-analyses</title><p id="P35">We looked up the 7 confirmed birth weight index SNPs in publicly available published meta-analysis datasets to assess their associations with adult metabolic and anthropometric traits: (i) fasting glucose and fasting insulin<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref></sup>, (ii) fasting proinsulin<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref></sup>, (iii) triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">51</xref></sup>, (iv) height<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref></sup> and (v) BMI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">52</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S15"><title>Analysis of the association between <italic>CCNL1</italic> and weight up to 6 months in seven studies</title><p id="P36">We used available postnatal weight data from the EFSOCH, Generation R (Discovery 1), Generation R (Discovery 2), LISA, HBCS, NFBC1966 and NFBC1986 (maximum total <italic>n</italic> = 15,090). Each study analysed weight data at the following time points, where available: birth; 1 (+/− 0.2) month; 2 (+/− 0.2) months; 3 (+/− 0.3) months; 6 (+/− 0.4) months. Within each study, we created weight-for-age <italic>z</italic> scores for each of the postnatal time points using Growth Analyser 3.0 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.growthanalyser.org">http://www.growthanalyser.org</ext-link>; Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands). The reference was a cohort of 475,588 children born between 1977 and 1981 in Sweden<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">53</xref></sup>. Birth weight was analysed as described above. At each subsequent time point, we performed linear regression of weight-for-age <italic>z</italic> score against rs900400 genotype (or designated proxy SNP, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 12</xref>), with gestational age at birth as a covariable. We combined the results across studies using fixed effects inverse variance meta-analysis.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="SM"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>1</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS50352-supplement-1.pdf" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e3145" position="anchor" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD2"><label>2</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS50352-supplement-2.xlsx" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e3149" position="anchor" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="vnd.ms-excel"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S16"><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>See <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Supplementary Note</xref>. Major funding for the research in this paper is as follows: Academy of Finland (project grants 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi), 209072, 129255, 104781, 120315, 129269, 1114194, 206374, 251360, 139900/24300796, Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE) and Biocentrum Helsinki; Arthritis Research UK; Augustinus Foundation; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL); Biomedical Research Council, Singapore BMRC 06/1/21/19/466; BIF: Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds (travel grant to AT); British Heart Foundation; C.G. Sundell Foundation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant ID MOP-82893); Cancer Research United Kingdom; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (Institute Development Award); Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana; Copenhagen Graduate School of Health Sciences; Cotswold Foundation (Research Development Award); Curtin University and Women and Infants Research Foundation; Danish Health Insurance Societies (Health Fund); Danish Medical Research Council; Danish National Research Foundation; Danish Pediatric Asthma Centre; Danish Pharmacists’ Fund; Danish Strategic Research Council; Darlington Trust; Department of Health and Social Services in Northern Ireland; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); DHFD, Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland (travel grant to MS); Diabetes UK (grants RD08/0003704, RD08/0003692); Dunhill Medical Trust; Dutch Asthma Foundation (grant 3.4.01.26, 3.2.06.022, 3.4.09.081 and 3.2.10.085CO); Dutch ministry of the environment; EFRE: Europäische Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (LIFE Child Obesity); Egmont Foundation; Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation (T.L); ENGAGE project and grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413; Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus University Rotterdam; European Commission (EURO-BLCS, Beta-JUDO, Framework 5 award QLG1-CT-2000-01643, GABRIEL (Integrated Program LSH-2004-1.2.5-1 contract number 018996), framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947), Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034), Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)); European Research Council (ERC Advanced, 230374); European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254); Exeter NHS Research and Development; Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture; Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; Finnish Social Insurance Institution; Foundation for Paediatric Research; Fundació La Marató de TV3; Fundación Roger Torné; Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241; German Diabetes Association (to AT); German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology (grants 01 AK 803 A-H, 01 IG 07015 G); German Research Foundation for the Clinical Research Group “Atherobesity” KFO 152 (KO3512/1 to AK); GlaxoSmithKline; Hagedorn Research Institute; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/02/0041, FIS PI041436, PI081151, PI041705, and PS09/00432, FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, and 09/02647); Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research at the University of Leipzig (B27 to AT, MS); Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases; Jackstädt-Foundation; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF); Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (grant 5031343 for Timo Lakka; grant 9M048 for TeLeht); The Lundbeck Foundation; Lundbeck Foundation Centre of Applied Medical Genomics for Personalized Disease Prediction, Prevention and Care (LuCAMP); March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (6-FY09-507); Medical Research Council, UK (Grant ref: 74882, G0000934, G0601653, G0500539, G0600705, G0601261, G0600331, PrevMetSyn/SALVE PS0476; MC-A760-5QX00); Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health); National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Grant ID 403981 and ID 003209); National Human Genome Research Institute; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (U01DK062418; U01HG004423; U01HG004446; U01HG004438; R01DK075787; R01HD056465; 1R01HD056465-01A; R01D0042157-01A; DK078150; TW05596; HL085144; HD054501; RR20649; ES10126; DK56350; ‘Biomedical Research Centres’ funding); NBIC/BioAssist/RK/2008.024; NHLBI grant 5R01HL087679-02 through the STAMPEED program (1RL1MH083268-01); NIH Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN); NIH/NIMH (5R01MH63706:02, MH081802); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research; Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB, NWO Genomics); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO: MagW/ZonMW (Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, 985-10-002, 40-0056-98-9032, 912-03-031); Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility; Pharmacy Foundation of 1991; PhD School of Molecular Metabolism University of Southern Denmark; Raine Medical Research Foundation; Royal Society; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; South West NHS Research and Development; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2008-00357), Turku Univ Hospital; Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO-122661); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Turku University Foundation; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; University Hospital Oulu, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland (75617); University of Bristol; University of Potsdam, Germany; University of Southampton, UK; University of Western Australia (UWA); VU University’s Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); Wellcome Trust (grants GR069224, WT088806, 068545/Z/02, 076467, 085301, 090532, 083270, 083948, 085541/Z/08/Z, WT089549; WT083431MA); Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN3"><p id="P37">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</p><p id="P38">Discussion group (decided upon analyses specific to the project): J.P.B., T.M.F., R.M.F. (co-lead/chair), S.F.A.G., M.H., V.W.V. J., M.-R.J., M.I.M., D.O.M.-K., C.E.P., I.P. (co-lead), N.J.T., H.Y.</p><p id="P39"><bold><underline>Writing group (drafted and edited manuscript):</underline></bold> T.M.F., R.M.F. (co-lead/chair), B.J.H., M.H. (co-lead), V.W.V.J., M.-R.J., M.I.M., D.O.M.-K., I.P., H.R.T., N.J.T., H.Y. (co-lead).</p><p id="P40">Meta-analyses and other key analyses:</p><p id="P41"><bold>Stage 1, Discovery meta-analysis:</bold> R.M.F. (lead), J. Heikkinen (data exchange), D.O.M.-K, I.P., U.S.</p><p id="P42"><bold>Stage 2, Follow-up and overall meta-analysis:</bold> R.M.F., M.H. (co-lead), I.P., H.Y. (co-lead).</p><p id="P43"><bold>Sensitivity meta-analyses:</bold> R.M.F., H.Y. (lead).</p><p id="P44"><bold>Analyses of known type 2 diabetes, blood pressure and height loci (including ALSPAC mother-child pair analyses):</bold> R.M.F. (lead), D.A.L., N.J.T., H.Y.</p><p id="P45"><bold>Postnatal data analysis:</bold> D.L.C., R.M.F., M. Kaakinen, D.O.M.-K. (lead), E.T., U.S.</p><p id="P46">Trans-ethnic analyses and genotype risk score analysis: M.H. (lead), I.P. (chair), N.J.T., H.Y., [CHOP] J.P.B., H.H., S.F.A.G., [CLHNS] Y.W., K.L.M., [Generation R] H.R.T., V.W.V.J., [MRC Keneba] BJ.H., A.J.F., A.M.P., [SAUDI] D.O.M.-K., F.S.A., B.F.M., [SCORM] L.-K.G., S.-M.S.</p><p id="P47"><bold>Cohort-specific contributions</bold>:</p><p id="P48"><bold>Project design:</bold> (B58C) E.H., C.P.; (ALSPAC) D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.; (BBC) B.H., M.I.M.; (CHOP) J.P.B., S.F.A.G., H.H., J.Z.; (CLHNS) L.S.A., K.L.M.; (COLAUS) P.V.; (COPSAC-2000) H.B.; (COPSAC-REGISTRY) H.B., K.B.; (DNBC) M.M.; (EFSOCH) T.M.F., A.T.H.; (EPIC/EPIC-Norfolk) K.K.O.; (Generation R) A.H., V.W.V.J., D.O.M-K.; (HBCS) J.G.E.; (HCS) C.C.; (HELENA) F.G., L.A.M.; (INMA) X.E.; (Leipzig-Kids) A.K.; (LISAplus & GINIplus) J. Heinrich; (MRC Keneba) A.J.F., B.J.H., A.M.P.; (NFBC1966/NFBC1986) M-R.J., U.S.; (NTR) D.I.B.; (ORCADES) J.F.W.; (PANIC) T.A.L.; (PIAMA) M. Kerkhof., G.H.K., D.S.P.; (RAINE) J.P.N., C.E.P.; (SAUDI) F.S.A., B.F.M.; (SCORM) L-K.G., S-M.S.; (SORBS) M. Stumvoll, A.T.; (STRIP) H.N., O.T.R., O.S.; (SWS) K.M.G., H.M.I.; (TEENAGE) G.V.D., I.N.; (YF) T.L., J.S.V.; (Young Hearts Project) C.A.G.B.</p><p id="P49"><bold>Sample collection and phenotyping:</bold> (B58C) D.J.B., E.H., C.P.; (ALSPAC) D.A.L., G.D.S.; (BBC) B.H., T.P., T.S.; (CHOP) H.H.; (CLHNS) L.S.A., C.W.K.; (COLAUS) P.V.; (COPSAC-2000) H.B., L.P., N.H.V.; (COPSAC-REGISTRY) H.B., K.B., M.V.H., D.M.H., E.K-M.; (DNBC) B.F., F.G., M.M.; (EFSOCH) A.T.H., B.A.K., B.M.S.; (EPIC/EPIC-Norfolk) K.K.O.; (ERF) B.A.O., C.M.v.D.; (Generation R) A.H., V.W.V.J., D.O.M-K., H.R.T.; (GoDARTS) E.R.P.; (HBCS) J.G.E.; (HELENA) F.G., L.A.M.; (INMA) M.G.; (Inter99) T.H., T.J., O.P., A.V., D.R.W.; (Leipzig-Kids) A.K.; (LISAplus & GINIplus) C.F.; (MRC Keneba) A.J.F.; (NFBC1966/NFBC1986) M-R.J., M. Kaakinen, A.P.; (NTR) D.I.B., E.J.C.d.G., J.M.V., G.W.; (ORCADES) J.F.W.; (PANIC) T.O.K., T.A.L., V. Lindi; (PIAMA) M. Kerkhof., G.H.K., D.S.P.; (Project Viva) M.W.G.; (RAINE) J.P.N., C.E.P.; (SAUDI) A.A-O., B.F.M., D.M.M.; (SCORM) L-K.G., S-M.S.; (SORBS) M. Stumvoll, A.T.; (STRIP) H.N., O.T.R., O.S.; (SWS) K.M.G.; (TEENAGE) C.K-G., I.N.; (YF) T.L., J.S.V.; (Young Hearts Project) C.A.G.B.</p><p id="P50"><bold>Genotyping:</bold> (B58C and B58C-Replication) A.J.B., C.J.G., M.I.M., N.R.R.; (ALSPAC) J.P.K., G.M.,S.M.R.; (BBC) A.J.B., B.H., M.I.M., T.P., N.R.R., T.S.; (CHOP) S.F.A.G., H.H.; (COPSAC-REGISTRY) M.V.H., D.M.H.; (EFSOCH) T.M.F., R.M.F.; (EPIC/EPIC-Norfolk) R.J.F.L., N.J.W., K.K.O.; (ERF) B.A.O., C.M.v.D.; (Generation R) F.R., A.G.U.; (GoDARTS) K.Z.; (HBCS) E.W.; (HCS) J.W.H.; (HELENA) J.D., A. Meirhaeghe.; (INMA) M.B.; (Inter99) E.A.A., T.H., M.N.H.; (Leipzig-Kids) A.K.; (LISAplus & GINIplus) N.K., C.M.T.T.; (MRC Keneba) B.J.H.; (NFBC1966/NFBC1986) A.I.F.B., J.L.B., P.F., M.I.M.; (NTR) J-J.H.; (ORCADES) J.F.W.; (PANIC) T.A.L., V. Lindi.; (PIAMA) M. Kerkhof, G.H.K., D.S.P.; (Project Viva) J.N.H., R.M.S.; (RAINE) J.P.N., C.E.P.; (SAUDI) B.F.M., D.M.M.; (SCORM) S-M.S.; (SORBS) M. Stumvoll; (STRIP) O.T.R.; (SWS) J.W.H.; (TEENAGE) A.J.B., C.J.G., M.I.M., N.R.R.; (YF) T.L.; (Young Hearts Project) P.A., A. Meirhaeghe.</p><p id="P51"><bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> (B58C) D.J.B.; (B58C-Replication) M.H.; (ALSPAC) D.M.E., B.S.P., N.J.T.; (BBC) B.H., M.H., T.P., T.S.; (CHOP) J.P.B., S.F.A.G., H.Z.; (CLHNS) Y.W.; (COLAUS) Z.K.; (COPSAC-2000) E.K-M.; (COPSAC-REGISTRY) E.K-M.; (DNBC) B.F., F.G.; (EFSOCH) R.M.F., H.Y.; (EPIC/EPIC-Norfolk) M.d.H., J.H.Z.; (ERF) A.I.; (Generation R) D.O.M-K., H.R.T.; (GoDARTS) E.R.P., K.Z.; (HBCS) D.L.C.; (HCS) K.A.J.; (HELENA) A. Meirhaeghe; (INMA) M.B.; (Inter99) E.A.A., M.N.H.; (Leipzig-Kids) A. Mahajan; (LISAplus & GINIplus) E.T.; (MRC Keneba) A.J.F., B.J.H.; (NFBC1966/NFBC1986) P.C., S.D., M.H., M. Kaakinen., I.P., S.S., U.S.; (NTR) J-J.H.; (ORCADES) M. Kirin; (PANIC) V. Lindi.; (PIAMA) M. Kerkhof; (Project Viva) M.W.G., J.N.H., R.M.S.; (RAINE) N.M.W.; (SAUDI) D.O.M-K.; (SCORM) L-K.G., S-M.S.; (SORBS) V.Lagou, I.P.; (STRIP) O.T.R., M. Saarinen; (SWS) S.J.B., H.M.I.; (TEENAGE) I.N., M.H.; (YF) D.L.C., E.W.; (Young Hearts Project) P.A., A. 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For each of the <italic>CCNL1</italic> (a), <italic>ADCY5</italic> (b), <italic>HMGA2</italic> (c), <italic>CDKAL1</italic> (d), <italic>5q11.2</italic> (e), <italic>LCORL</italic> (f), and <italic>ADRB1</italic> (g) regions, SNPs are plotted with their meta-analysis <italic>P</italic> values (as –log10 values) as a function of genomic position (NCBI Build 36). In each panel, the European discovery stage SNP taken forward for follow-up is represented by a purple circle (with global [discovery + follow-up] meta-analysis <italic>P</italic> value), with its discovery <italic>P</italic> value denoted by a purple diamond. Estimated recombination rates (taken from HapMap) are plotted to reflect the local LD structure around the associated SNPs and their correlated proxies (according to a blue to red scale from r<sup>2</sup> = 0 to 1, based on pairwise r<sup>2</sup> values from HapMap CEU). Gene annotations were taken from the University of California Santa Cruz genome browser.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0001"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0002"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0003"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0004"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0005"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0006"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Associations between birth weight and known type 2 diabetes (T2D; a and b), systolic blood pressure (SBP, c and d) or height (e and f) loci from the discovery meta-analysis of N=26,836 individuals. Plots a, c and e are quantile-quantile plots: the black triangles (associated with lower birth weight) and circles (associated with higher birth weight) represent observed <italic>P</italic>-values after removing the loci that achieved <italic>P</italic> < 5×10<sup>−8</sup> in the overall meta-analysis, and the black line represents expected <italic>P</italic>-values under the null. The grey area defines the approximate 95% confidence interval around the expected line. Plots b, d and f show, respectively, the T2D, SBP or height effect size (left-hand y-axis), taken from published meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref></sup>, against the birth weight effect size (x-axis), with a superimposed frequency histogram showing the number of SNPs in each category of birth weight effect size (right-hand y-axis). The odds ratios for type 2 diabetes are all obtained from the published DIAGRAM+ Consortium meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref></sup>, the largest available reference sample of European descent, and while they do not necessarily reach genome-wide significance in that sample, all loci have shown associations with type 2 diabetes at <italic>P</italic> < 5×10<sup>−8</sup> (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="S1">Online Methods</xref> for details of published studies). Effect sizes are aligned to the T2D risk allele or the SBP- or height-increasing allele. Colours indicate birth weight association <italic>P</italic>-values: P<5e-08 (red); P>=5e-08 and P<0.001 (orange); P>=0.001 and P<0.01 (yellow); P>0.01 (white). The triangles in plot f are SNPs known to be associated with age at menarche. There were more associations between height loci and higher birth weight than expected under the null, and a slight excess of associations between T2D or SBP loci and lower birth weight (binomial sign test <italic>P</italic> = 0.02, 0.09 and 3×10<sup>−10</sup> for b, d and f, respectively).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0008"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0009"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0010"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0011"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0012"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="emss-50352-f0013"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Associations between seven loci associated with birth weight and various anthropometric measures taken at birth (from joint meta-analysis of up to 69,308 individuals).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locus (Index<break></break>SNP, Effect<break></break>allele/Other<break></break>allele)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth weight<break></break>(combined meta-<break></break>analysis of<break></break>European<break></break>Discovery and<break></break>Follow-up studies)<break></break>[in grams]</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth weight,<break></break>adjusted for<break></break>maternal<break></break>genotype</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth weight,<break></break>adjusted for birth<break></break>length</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth length</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth head<break></break>circumference</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ponderal Index<break></break>(weight/length<sup>3</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>CCNL1</italic><break></break>(rs900400,<break></break>C/T)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61142</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11130</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36209</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35953</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23000</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35708</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.072 (0.006)<break></break>[−35]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.108 (0.014)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.067 (0.005)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.025 (0.007)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.033 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.090(0.008)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6E-38</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5E-14</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2E-35</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7E-04</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3E-04</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5E-28</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.109 (0.013)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.085 (0.008)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5E-18</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.81E-29</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>ADCY5</italic><break></break>(rs9883204,<break></break>C/T)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61509</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11307</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36015</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36084</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23184</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35836</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.059 (0.006)<break></break>[−29]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.077 (0.016)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.032 (0.006)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.035 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.031 (0.010)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.034 (0.010)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5E-20</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8E-07</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0E-05</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0027</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9E-04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.064 (0.014)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.058 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4E-11</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>HMGA2</italic><break></break>(rs1042725,<break></break>T/C)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68655</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9649</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35961</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36030</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23277</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35781</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.047 (0.005)<break></break>[−23]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.025 (0.015)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.018 (0.005)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.046 (0.007)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.039 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.016 (0.008)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4E-19</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.096</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5E-04</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7E-10</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.049</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.029 (0.013)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.053 (0.007)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.027</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2E-12</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>CDKAL1</italic><break></break>(rs6931514,<break></break>G/A)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68822</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9415</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35789</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35861</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22894</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35614</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.050 (0.006)<break></break>[−24]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.056 (0.017)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.026 (0.006)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.035 (0.008)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.019 (0.010)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.034 (0.009)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5E-18</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7E-05</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6E-05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.045 (0.015)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.051 (0.008)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7E-10</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>5q11.2</italic><break></break>(rs4432842,<break></break>C/T)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53619</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6136</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28465</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28532</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20222</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28290</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.034 (0.006)<break></break>[−16]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.040 (0.021)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.018 (0.006)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.023 (0.008)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.030 (0.010)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.023 (0.009)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6E-08</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.043 (0.018)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.034 (0.008)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6E-05</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>LCORL</italic><break></break>(rs724577,<break></break>C/A)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55877</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8733</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29956</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30027</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21065</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29781</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.042 (0.006)<break></break>[−20]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.078 (0.018)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.010 (0.006)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.047 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.027 (0.010)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011 (0.010)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6E-11</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0E-05</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.3E-08</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.258</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.071 (0.016)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.042 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8E-06</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="1"><italic>ADRB1</italic><break></break>(rs1801253,<break></break>G/C)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49660</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6231</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29695</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29762</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17833</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29519</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beta (SE)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.041 (0.007)<break></break>[−20]</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.029 (0.023)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.021 (0.006)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.027 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.033 (0.011)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.035 (0.009)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6E-09</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3E-04</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj beta (SE)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.036 (0.019)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.045 (0.009)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadj P-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.058</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3E-07</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><p id="P53">Results are from inverse variance, fixed-effects meta-analysis of all available study samples of European ancestry. The effect allele for each SNP is labelled on the positive strand according to HapMap. The beta value is the change in trait z score per birth weight-lowering allele from linear regression, adjusted for sex and gestational age (where available), assuming an additive genetic model. To obtain the equivalent birth weight effect in grams, we multiplied by 484g, the median birth weight standard deviation of European studies in <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref></sup>. There was little detectable heterogeneity between studies (all <italic>P</italic> > 0.01).</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p id="P54">Results are unadjusted for maternal genotype or birth length, but only in samples where maternal genotype or birth length is available (for direct comparison with the model that is adjusted for maternal genotype or birth length, respectively.)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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