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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment</title><author><name sortKey="Okbay, Aysu" sort="Okbay, Aysu" uniqKey="Okbay A" first="Aysu" last="Okbay">Aysu Okbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" sort="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Beauchamp J" first="Jonathan P." last="Beauchamp">Jonathan P. Beauchamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontana, Mark A" sort="Fontana, Mark A" uniqKey="Fontana M" first="Mark A." last="Fontana">Mark A. Fontana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Economics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, James J" sort="Lee, James J" uniqKey="Lee J" first="James J." last="Lee">James J. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pers, Tune H" sort="Pers, Tune H" uniqKey="Pers T" first="Tune H." last="Pers">Tune H. Pers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 2116, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, DK 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A." last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turley, Patrick" sort="Turley, Patrick" uniqKey="Turley P" first="Patrick" last="Turley">Patrick Turley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Guo Bo" sort="Chen, Guo Bo" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Guo-Bo" last="Chen">Guo-Bo Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emilsson, Valur" sort="Emilsson, Valur" uniqKey="Emilsson V" first="Valur" last="Emilsson">Valur Emilsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, S Fleur W" sort="Meddens, S Fleur W" uniqKey="Meddens S" first="S. Fleur W." last="Meddens">S. Fleur W. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oskarsson, Sven" sort="Oskarsson, Sven" uniqKey="Oskarsson S" first="Sven" last="Oskarsson">Sven Oskarsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickrell, Joseph K" sort="Pickrell, Joseph K" uniqKey="Pickrell J" first="Joseph K." last="Pickrell">Joseph K. Pickrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thom, Kevin" sort="Thom, Kevin" uniqKey="Thom K" first="Kevin" last="Thom">Kevin Thom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timshel, Pascal" sort="Timshel, Pascal" uniqKey="Timshel P" first="Pascal" last="Timshel">Pascal Timshel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, 2800, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vlaming, Ronald" sort="De Vlaming, Ronald" uniqKey="De Vlaming R" first="Ronald" last="De Vlaming">Ronald De Vlaming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellaoui, Abdel" sort="Abdellaoui, Abdel" uniqKey="Abdellaoui A" first="Abdel" last="Abdellaoui">Abdel Abdellaoui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S." last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bacelis, Jonas" sort="Bacelis, Jonas" uniqKey="Bacelis J" first="Jonas" last="Bacelis">Jonas Bacelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumbach, Clemens" sort="Baumbach, Clemens" uniqKey="Baumbach C" first="Clemens" last="Baumbach">Clemens Baumbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" sort="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" uniqKey="Bjornsdottir G" first="Gyda" last="Bjornsdottir">Gyda Bjornsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brandsma, Johannes H" sort="Brandsma, Johannes H" uniqKey="Brandsma J" first="Johannes H." last="Brandsma">Johannes H. Brandsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Concas, Maria Pina" sort="Concas, Maria Pina" uniqKey="Concas M" first="Maria Pina" last="Concas">Maria Pina Concas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derringer, Jaime" sort="Derringer, Jaime" uniqKey="Derringer J" first="Jaime" last="Derringer">Jaime Derringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, Champaign, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlotte, Nicholas A" sort="Furlotte, Nicholas A" uniqKey="Furlotte N" first="Nicholas A." last="Furlotte">Nicholas A. Furlotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galesloot, Tessel E" sort="Galesloot, Tessel E" uniqKey="Galesloot T" first="Tessel E." last="Galesloot">Tessel E. Galesloot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girotto, Giorgia" sort="Girotto, Giorgia" uniqKey="Girotto G" first="Giorgia" last="Girotto">Giorgia Girotto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Richa" sort="Gupta, Richa" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Richa" last="Gupta">Richa Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Leanne M" sort="Hall, Leanne M" uniqKey="Hall L" first="Leanne M." last="Hall">Leanne M. Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Sarah E" sort="Harris, Sarah E" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Sarah E." last="Harris">Sarah E. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofer, Edith" sort="Hofer, Edith" uniqKey="Hofer E" first="Edith" last="Hofer">Edith Hofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horikoshi, Momoko" sort="Horikoshi, Momoko" uniqKey="Horikoshi M" first="Momoko" last="Horikoshi">Momoko Horikoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jennifer E" sort="Huffman, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jennifer E." last="Huffman">Jennifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaasik, Kadri" sort="Kaasik, Kadri" uniqKey="Kaasik K" first="Kadri" last="Kaasik">Kadri Kaasik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalafati, Ioanna P" sort="Kalafati, Ioanna P" uniqKey="Kalafati I" first="Ioanna P." last="Kalafati">Ioanna P. Kalafati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlsson, Robert" sort="Karlsson, Robert" uniqKey="Karlsson R" first="Robert" last="Karlsson">Robert Karlsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kong, Augustine" sort="Kong, Augustine" uniqKey="Kong A" first="Augustine" last="Kong">Augustine Kong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Lee, Sven J" sort="Van Der Lee, Sven J" uniqKey="Van Der Lee S" first="Sven J." last="Van Der Lee">Sven J. Van Der Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Leeuw, Christiaan" sort="De Leeuw, Christiaan" uniqKey="De Leeuw C" first="Christiaan" last="De Leeuw">Christiaan De Leeuw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A." last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Karl Oskar" sort="Lindgren, Karl Oskar" uniqKey="Lindgren K" first="Karl-Oskar" last="Lindgren">Karl-Oskar Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangino, Massimo" sort="Mangino, Massimo" uniqKey="Mangino M" first="Massimo" last="Mangino">Massimo Mangino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marten, Jonathan" sort="Marten, Jonathan" uniqKey="Marten J" first="Jonathan" last="Marten">Jonathan Marten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael B" sort="Miller, Michael B" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael B." last="Miller">Michael B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J." last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldmeadow, Christopher" sort="Oldmeadow, Christopher" uniqKey="Oldmeadow C" first="Christopher" last="Oldmeadow">Christopher Oldmeadow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Payton, Antony" sort="Payton, Antony" uniqKey="Payton A" first="Antony" last="Payton">Antony Payton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pervjakova, Natalia" sort="Pervjakova, Natalia" uniqKey="Pervjakova N" first="Natalia" last="Pervjakova">Natalia Pervjakova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peyrot, Wouter J" sort="Peyrot, Wouter J" uniqKey="Peyrot W" first="Wouter J." last="Peyrot">Wouter J. Peyrot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qian, Yong" sort="Qian, Yong" uniqKey="Qian Y" first="Yong" last="Qian">Yong Qian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rueedi, Rico" sort="Rueedi, Rico" uniqKey="Rueedi R" first="Rico" last="Rueedi">Rico Rueedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Borge" sort="Schmidt, Borge" uniqKey="Schmidt B" first="Börge" last="Schmidt">Börge Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schraut, Katharina E" sort="Schraut, Katharina E" uniqKey="Schraut K" first="Katharina E." last="Schraut">Katharina E. Schraut</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Jianxin" sort="Shi, Jianxin" uniqKey="Shi J" first="Jianxin" last="Shi">Jianxin Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9780, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V." last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poot, Raymond A" sort="Poot, Raymond A" uniqKey="Poot R" first="Raymond A." last="Poot">Raymond A. Poot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourcain, Beate" sort="Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="Pourcain">Beate Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teumer, Alexander" sort="Teumer, Alexander" uniqKey="Teumer A" first="Alexander" last="Teumer">Alexander Teumer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" sort="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" uniqKey="Thorleifsson G" first="Gudmar" last="Thorleifsson">Gudmar Thorleifsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Niek" sort="Verweij, Niek" uniqKey="Verweij N" first="Niek" last="Verweij">Niek Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuckovic, Dragana" sort="Vuckovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vuckovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vuckovic">Dragana Vuckovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wellmann, Juergen" sort="Wellmann, Juergen" uniqKey="Wellmann J" first="Juergen" last="Wellmann">Juergen Wellmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jingyun" sort="Yang, Jingyun" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jingyun" last="Yang">Jingyun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Zhihong" sort="Zhu, Zhihong" uniqKey="Zhu Z" first="Zhihong" last="Zhu">Zhihong Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" sort="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" uniqKey="Alizadeh B" first="Behrooz Z." last="Alizadeh">Behrooz Z. Alizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakshi, Andrew" sort="Bakshi, Andrew" uniqKey="Bakshi A" first="Andrew" last="Bakshi">Andrew Bakshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumeister, Sebastian E" sort="Baumeister, Sebastian E" uniqKey="Baumeister S" first="Sebastian E." last="Baumeister">Sebastian E. Baumeister</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biino, Ginevra" sort="Biino, Ginevra" uniqKey="Biino G" first="Ginevra" last="Biino">Ginevra Biino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, 27100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Nnelykke, Klaus" sort="B Nnelykke, Klaus" uniqKey="B Nnelykke K" first="Klaus" last="B Nnelykke">Klaus B Nnelykke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Patricia A" sort="Boyle, Patricia A" uniqKey="Boyle P" first="Patricia A." last="Boyle">Patricia A. Boyle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappuccio, Francesco P" sort="Cappuccio, Francesco P" uniqKey="Cappuccio F" first="Francesco P." last="Cappuccio">Francesco P. Cappuccio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" sort="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" uniqKey="De Neve J" first="Jan-Emmanuel" last="De Neve">Jan-Emmanuel De Neve</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demuth, Ilja" sort="Demuth, Ilja" uniqKey="Demuth I" first="Ilja" last="Demuth">Ilja Demuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin, 13347, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Jun" sort="Ding, Jun" uniqKey="Ding J" first="Jun" last="Ding">Jun Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eibich, Peter" sort="Eibich, Peter" uniqKey="Eibich P" first="Peter" last="Eibich">Peter Eibich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisele, Lewin" sort="Eisele, Lewin" uniqKey="Eisele L" first="Lewin" last="Eisele">Lewin Eisele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklund, Niina" sort="Eklund, Niina" uniqKey="Eklund N" first="Niina" last="Eklund">Niina Eklund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans68, David M" sort="Evans68, David M" uniqKey="Evans68 D" first="David M." last="Evans68">David M. Evans68</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D." last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feitosa, Mary F" sort="Feitosa, Mary F" uniqKey="Feitosa M" first="Mary F." last="Feitosa">Mary F. Feitosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forstner, Andreas J" sort="Forstner, Andreas J" uniqKey="Forstner A" first="Andreas J." last="Forstner">Andreas J. Forstner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandin, Ilaria" sort="Gandin, Ilaria" uniqKey="Gandin I" first="Ilaria" last="Gandin">Ilaria Gandin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunnarsson, Bjarni" sort="Gunnarsson, Bjarni" uniqKey="Gunnarsson B" first="Bjarni" last="Gunnarsson">Bjarni Gunnarsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halld Rsson, Bjarni V" sort="Halld Rsson, Bjarni V" uniqKey="Halld Rsson B" first="Bjarni V." last="Halld Rsson">Bjarni V. Halld Rsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, United States</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Andrew C" sort="Heath, Andrew C" uniqKey="Heath A" first="Andrew C." last="Heath">Andrew C. Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocking, Lynne J" sort="Hocking, Lynne J" uniqKey="Hocking L" first="Lynne J." last="Hocking">Lynne J. Hocking</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holliday, Elizabeth G" sort="Holliday, Elizabeth G" uniqKey="Holliday E" first="Elizabeth G." last="Holliday">Elizabeth G. Holliday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homuth, Georg" sort="Homuth, Georg" uniqKey="Homuth G" first="Georg" last="Homuth">Georg Homuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horan, Michael A" sort="Horan, Michael A" uniqKey="Horan M" first="Michael A." last="Horan">Michael A. Horan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jugessur, Astanand" sort="Jugessur, Astanand" uniqKey="Jugessur A" first="Astanand" last="Jugessur">Astanand Jugessur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika A" sort="Kaakinen, Marika A" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika A." last="Kaakinen">Marika A. Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanoni, Stavroula" sort="Kanoni, Stavroula" uniqKey="Kanoni S" first="Stavroula" last="Kanoni">Stavroula Kanoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keltigangas J Rvinen, Liisa" sort="Keltigangas J Rvinen, Liisa" uniqKey="Keltigangas J Rvinen L" first="Liisa" last="Keltigangas-J Rvinen">Liisa Keltigangas-J Rvinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M" sort="Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M" uniqKey="Kiemeney L" first="Lambertus A. L. M." last="Kiemeney">Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolcic, Ivana" sort="Kolcic, Ivana" uniqKey="Kolcic I" first="Ivana" last="Kolcic">Ivana Kolcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koskinen, Seppo" sort="Koskinen, Seppo" uniqKey="Koskinen S" first="Seppo" last="Koskinen">Seppo Koskinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraja, Aldi T" sort="Kraja, Aldi T" uniqKey="Kraja A" first="Aldi T." last="Kraja">Aldi T. Kraja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kroh, Martin" sort="Kroh, Martin" uniqKey="Kroh M" first="Martin" last="Kroh">Martin Kroh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutalik, Zoltan" sort="Kutalik, Zoltan" uniqKey="Kutalik Z" first="Zoltan" last="Kutalik">Zoltan Kutalik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latvala, Antti" sort="Latvala, Antti" uniqKey="Latvala A" first="Antti" last="Latvala">Antti Latvala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J." last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael P" sort="Lebreton, Mael P" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël P." last="Lebreton">Maël P. Lebreton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Douglas F" sort="Levinson, Douglas F" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Douglas F." last="Levinson">Douglas F. Levinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5797, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lichtenstein, Paul" sort="Lichtenstein, Paul" uniqKey="Lichtenstein P" first="Paul" last="Lichtenstein">Paul Lichtenstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lichtner, Peter" sort="Lichtner, Peter" uniqKey="Lichtner P" first="Peter" last="Lichtner">Peter Lichtner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C M" sort="Liewald, David C M" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C. M." last="Liewald">David C. M. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madden, Pamela A" sort="Madden, Pamela A" uniqKey="Madden P" first="Pamela A." last="Madden">Pamela A. Madden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Gi, Reedik" sort="M Gi, Reedik" uniqKey="M Gi R" first="Reedik" last="M Gi">Reedik M Gi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Ki Opas, Tomi" sort="M Ki Opas, Tomi" uniqKey="M Ki Opas T" first="Tomi" last="M Ki-Opas">Tomi M Ki-Opas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marioni, Riccardo E" sort="Marioni, Riccardo E" uniqKey="Marioni R" first="Riccardo E." last="Marioni">Riccardo E. Marioni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, Gerardus A" sort="Meddens, Gerardus A" uniqKey="Meddens G" first="Gerardus A." last="Meddens">Gerardus A. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Tema BV, 2131 HE Hoofddorp, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meisinger, Christa" sort="Meisinger, Christa" uniqKey="Meisinger C" first="Christa" last="Meisinger">Christa Meisinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milaneschi, Yusplitri" sort="Milaneschi, Yusplitri" uniqKey="Milaneschi Y" first="Yusplitri" last="Milaneschi">Yusplitri Milaneschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milani, Lili" sort="Milani, Lili" uniqKey="Milani L" first="Lili" last="Milani">Lili Milani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W." last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myhre, Ronny" sort="Myhre, Ronny" uniqKey="Myhre R" first="Ronny" last="Myhre">Ronny Myhre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Christopher P" sort="Nelson, Christopher P" uniqKey="Nelson C" first="Christopher P." last="Nelson">Christopher P. Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyholt, Dale R" sort="Nyholt, Dale R" uniqKey="Nyholt D" first="Dale R." last="Nyholt">Dale R. Nyholt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ollier, William E R" sort="Ollier, William E R" uniqKey="Ollier W" first="William E. R." last="Ollier">William E. R. Ollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palotie, Aarno" sort="Palotie, Aarno" uniqKey="Palotie A" first="Aarno" last="Palotie">Aarno Palotie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paternoster, Lavinia" sort="Paternoster, Lavinia" uniqKey="Paternoster L" first="Lavinia" last="Paternoster">Lavinia Paternoster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Nancy L" sort="Pedersen, Nancy L" uniqKey="Pedersen N" first="Nancy L." last="Pedersen">Nancy L. Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrovic, Katja E" sort="Petrovic, Katja E" uniqKey="Petrovic K" first="Katja E." last="Petrovic">Katja E. Petrovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porteous, David J" sort="Porteous, David J" uniqKey="Porteous D" first="David J." last="Porteous">David J. Porteous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Ikkonen, Katri" sort="R Ikkonen, Katri" uniqKey="R Ikkonen K" first="Katri" last="R Ikkönen">Katri R Ikkönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ring, Susan M" sort="Ring, Susan M" uniqKey="Ring S" first="Susan M." last="Ring">Susan M. Ring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robino, Antonietta" sort="Robino, Antonietta" uniqKey="Robino A" first="Antonietta" last="Robino">Antonietta Robino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rostapshova, Olga" sort="Rostapshova, Olga" uniqKey="Rostapshova O" first="Olga" last="Rostapshova">Olga Rostapshova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Social Impact, Arlington, VA 22201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rustichini, Aldo" sort="Rustichini, Aldo" uniqKey="Rustichini A" first="Aldo" last="Rustichini">Aldo Rustichini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomaa, Veikko" sort="Salomaa, Veikko" uniqKey="Salomaa V" first="Veikko" last="Salomaa">Veikko Salomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanders, Alan R" sort="Sanders, Alan R" uniqKey="Sanders A" first="Alan R." last="Sanders">Alan R. Sanders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201-3137, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Antti Pekka" sort="Sarin, Antti Pekka" uniqKey="Sarin A" first="Antti-Pekka" last="Sarin">Antti-Pekka Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00300, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J." last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Blair H" sort="Smith, Blair H" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Blair H." last="Smith">Blair H. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A." last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staessen, Jan A" sort="Staessen, Jan A" uniqKey="Staessen J" first="Jan A." last="Staessen">Jan A. Staessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinhagen Thiessen, Elisabeth" sort="Steinhagen Thiessen, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Steinhagen Thiessen E" first="Elisabeth" last="Steinhagen-Thiessen">Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin, 13347, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strauch, Konstantin" sort="Strauch, Konstantin" uniqKey="Strauch K" first="Konstantin" last="Strauch">Konstantin Strauch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 81377, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Martin D" sort="Tobin, Martin D" uniqKey="Tobin M" first="Martin D." last="Tobin">Martin D. Tobin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulivi, Sheila" sort="Ulivi, Sheila" uniqKey="Ulivi S" first="Sheila" last="Ulivi">Sheila Ulivi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccargiu, Simona" sort="Vaccargiu, Simona" uniqKey="Vaccargiu S" first="Simona" last="Vaccargiu">Simona Vaccargiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaye, Lydia" sort="Quaye, Lydia" uniqKey="Quaye L" first="Lydia" last="Quaye">Lydia Quaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Rooij, Frank J A" sort="Van Rooij, Frank J A" uniqKey="Van Rooij F" first="Frank J. A." last="Van Rooij">Frank J. A. Van Rooij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venturini, Cristina" sort="Venturini, Cristina" uniqKey="Venturini C" first="Cristina" last="Venturini">Cristina Venturini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E" sort="Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E" uniqKey="Vinkhuyzen A" first="Anna A. E." last="Vinkhuyzen">Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volker, Uwe" sort="Volker, Uwe" uniqKey="Volker U" first="Uwe" last="Völker">Uwe Völker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volzke, Henry" sort="Volzke, Henry" uniqKey="Volzke H" first="Henry" last="Völzke">Henry Völzke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vonk, Judith M" sort="Vonk, Judith M" uniqKey="Vonk J" first="Judith M." last="Vonk">Judith M. Vonk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vozzi, Diego" sort="Vozzi, Diego" uniqKey="Vozzi D" first="Diego" last="Vozzi">Diego Vozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waage, Johannes" sort="Waage, Johannes" uniqKey="Waage J" first="Johannes" last="Waage">Johannes Waage</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ware, Erin B" sort="Ware, Erin B" uniqKey="Ware E" first="Erin B." last="Ware">Erin B. Ware</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, John R" sort="Attia, John R" uniqKey="Attia J" first="John R." last="Attia">John R. Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A." last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Klaus" sort="Berger, Klaus" uniqKey="Berger K" first="Klaus" last="Berger">Klaus Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borecki, Ingrid B" sort="Borecki, Ingrid B" uniqKey="Borecki I" first="Ingrid B." last="Borecki">Ingrid B. Borecki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bultmann, Ute" sort="Bultmann, Ute" uniqKey="Bultmann U" first="Ute" last="Bultmann">Ute Bultmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chabris, Christopher F" sort="Chabris, Christopher F" uniqKey="Chabris C" first="Christopher F." last="Chabris">Christopher F. Chabris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cucca, Francesco" sort="Cucca, Francesco" uniqKey="Cucca F" first="Francesco" last="Cucca">Francesco Cucca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, 9042, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano), 20090, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George V" sort="Dedoussis, George V" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George V." last="Dedoussis">George V. Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A149">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A150">Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasparini, Paolo" sort="Gasparini, Paolo" uniqKey="Gasparini P" first="Paolo" last="Gasparini">Paolo Gasparini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A151">Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gejman, Pablo V" sort="Gejman, Pablo V" uniqKey="Gejman P" first="Pablo V." last="Gejman">Pablo V. Gejman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201-3137, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabe, Hans Jorgen" sort="Grabe, Hans Jorgen" uniqKey="Grabe H" first="Hans-Jörgen" last="Grabe">Hans-Jörgen Grabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A152">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A153">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, 18437, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gratten, Jacob" sort="Gratten, Jacob" uniqKey="Gratten J" first="Jacob" last="Gratten">Jacob Gratten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenen, Patrick J F" sort="Groenen, Patrick J F" uniqKey="Groenen P" first="Patrick J. F." last="Groenen">Patrick J. F. Groenen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A154">Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Harst, Pim" sort="Van Der Harst, Pim" uniqKey="Van Der Harst P" first="Pim" last="Van Der Harst">Pim Van Der Harst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A156">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinds, David A" sort="Hinds, David A" uniqKey="Hinds D" first="David A." last="Hinds">David A. Hinds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Wolfgang" sort="Hoffmann, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Hoffmann W" first="Wolfgang" last="Hoffmann">Wolfgang Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A158">Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, SA5000, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A159">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacono, William G" sort="Iacono, William G" uniqKey="Iacono W" first="William G." last="Iacono">William G. Iacono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsson, Bo" sort="Jacobsson, Bo" uniqKey="Jacobsson B" first="Bo" last="Jacobsson">Bo Jacobsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="J Rvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="J Rvelin">Marjo-Riitta J Rvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A161">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014 , Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A164">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L. R." last="Kardia">Sharon L. R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A165">Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A166">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehrer, Steven F" sort="Lehrer, Steven F" uniqKey="Lehrer S" first="Steven F." last="Lehrer">Steven F. Lehrer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122, Pudong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A168">Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L3N6, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K. E." last="Magnusson">Patrik K. E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A169">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgue, Matt" sort="Mcgue, Matt" uniqKey="Mcgue M" first="Matt" last="Mcgue">Matt Mcgue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A170">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pendleton, Neil" sort="Pendleton, Neil" uniqKey="Pendleton N" first="Neil" last="Pendleton">Neil Pendleton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A171">Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A172">Manchester Institute Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penninx, Brenda W J H" sort="Penninx, Brenda W J H" uniqKey="Penninx B" first="Brenda W. J. H." last="Penninx">Brenda W. J. H. Penninx</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perola, Markus" sort="Perola, Markus" uniqKey="Perola M" first="Markus" last="Perola">Markus Perola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Nicola" sort="Pirastu, Nicola" uniqKey="Pirastu N" first="Nicola" last="Pirastu">Nicola Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A173">Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split 21000, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posthuma, Danielle" sort="Posthuma, Danielle" uniqKey="Posthuma D" first="Danielle" last="Posthuma">Danielle Posthuma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A174">Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Christine" sort="Power, Christine" uniqKey="Power C" first="Christine" last="Power">Christine Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Province, Michael A" sort="Province, Michael A" uniqKey="Province M" first="Michael A." last="Province">Michael A. Province</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samani, Nilesh J" sort="Samani, Nilesh J" uniqKey="Samani N" first="Nilesh J." last="Samani">Nilesh J. Samani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlessinger, David" sort="Schlessinger, David" uniqKey="Schlessinger D" first="David" last="Schlessinger">David Schlessinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I. A." last="S Rensen">Thorkild I. A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D." last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefansson, Kari" sort="Stefansson, Kari" uniqKey="Stefansson K" first="Kari" last="Stefansson">Kari Stefansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" sort="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" uniqKey="Thorsteinsdottir U" first="Unnur" last="Thorsteinsdottir">Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurik, A Roy" sort="Thurik, A Roy" uniqKey="Thurik A" first="A. Roy" last="Thurik">A. Roy Thurik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A179">Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tung, Joyce Y" sort="Tung, Joyce Y" uniqKey="Tung J" first="Joyce Y." last="Tung">Joyce Y. Tung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A180">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R." last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, Dalton C" sort="Conley, Dalton C" uniqKey="Conley D" first="Dalton C." last="Conley">Dalton C. Conley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A181">Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A182">School of Medicine, New York University, NY 10016, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krueger, Robert F" sort="Krueger, Robert F" uniqKey="Krueger R" first="Robert F." last="Krueger">Robert F. Krueger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laibson, David I" sort="Laibson, David I" uniqKey="Laibson D" first="David I." last="Laibson">David I. Laibson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Michelle N" sort="Meyer, Michelle N" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Michelle N." last="Meyer">Michelle N. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A183">Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A185">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, 113 83, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visscher, Peter M" sort="Visscher, Peter M" uniqKey="Visscher P" first="Peter M." last="Visscher">Peter M. Visscher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 2116, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A186">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp D" sort="Koellinger, Philipp D" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp D." last="Koellinger">Philipp D. Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesarini, David" sort="Cesarini, David" uniqKey="Cesarini D" first="David" last="Cesarini">David Cesarini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A187">Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, 10215, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J." last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A188">Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27225129</idno><idno type="pmc">4883595</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883595</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4883595</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature17671</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D73</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment</title><author><name sortKey="Okbay, Aysu" sort="Okbay, Aysu" uniqKey="Okbay A" first="Aysu" last="Okbay">Aysu Okbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" sort="Beauchamp, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Beauchamp J" first="Jonathan P." last="Beauchamp">Jonathan P. Beauchamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontana, Mark A" sort="Fontana, Mark A" uniqKey="Fontana M" first="Mark A." last="Fontana">Mark A. Fontana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Economics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, James J" sort="Lee, James J" uniqKey="Lee J" first="James J." last="Lee">James J. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pers, Tune H" sort="Pers, Tune H" uniqKey="Pers T" first="Tune H." last="Pers">Tune H. Pers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 2116, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, DK 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A." last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turley, Patrick" sort="Turley, Patrick" uniqKey="Turley P" first="Patrick" last="Turley">Patrick Turley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Guo Bo" sort="Chen, Guo Bo" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Guo-Bo" last="Chen">Guo-Bo Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emilsson, Valur" sort="Emilsson, Valur" uniqKey="Emilsson V" first="Valur" last="Emilsson">Valur Emilsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, S Fleur W" sort="Meddens, S Fleur W" uniqKey="Meddens S" first="S. Fleur W." last="Meddens">S. Fleur W. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oskarsson, Sven" sort="Oskarsson, Sven" uniqKey="Oskarsson S" first="Sven" last="Oskarsson">Sven Oskarsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pickrell, Joseph K" sort="Pickrell, Joseph K" uniqKey="Pickrell J" first="Joseph K." last="Pickrell">Joseph K. Pickrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thom, Kevin" sort="Thom, Kevin" uniqKey="Thom K" first="Kevin" last="Thom">Kevin Thom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timshel, Pascal" sort="Timshel, Pascal" uniqKey="Timshel P" first="Pascal" last="Timshel">Pascal Timshel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, 2800, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vlaming, Ronald" sort="De Vlaming, Ronald" uniqKey="De Vlaming R" first="Ronald" last="De Vlaming">Ronald De Vlaming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellaoui, Abdel" sort="Abdellaoui, Abdel" uniqKey="Abdellaoui A" first="Abdel" last="Abdellaoui">Abdel Abdellaoui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S." last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bacelis, Jonas" sort="Bacelis, Jonas" uniqKey="Bacelis J" first="Jonas" last="Bacelis">Jonas Bacelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumbach, Clemens" sort="Baumbach, Clemens" uniqKey="Baumbach C" first="Clemens" last="Baumbach">Clemens Baumbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" sort="Bjornsdottir, Gyda" uniqKey="Bjornsdottir G" first="Gyda" last="Bjornsdottir">Gyda Bjornsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brandsma, Johannes H" sort="Brandsma, Johannes H" uniqKey="Brandsma J" first="Johannes H." last="Brandsma">Johannes H. Brandsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Concas, Maria Pina" sort="Concas, Maria Pina" uniqKey="Concas M" first="Maria Pina" last="Concas">Maria Pina Concas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derringer, Jaime" sort="Derringer, Jaime" uniqKey="Derringer J" first="Jaime" last="Derringer">Jaime Derringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, Champaign, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlotte, Nicholas A" sort="Furlotte, Nicholas A" uniqKey="Furlotte N" first="Nicholas A." last="Furlotte">Nicholas A. Furlotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galesloot, Tessel E" sort="Galesloot, Tessel E" uniqKey="Galesloot T" first="Tessel E." last="Galesloot">Tessel E. Galesloot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girotto, Giorgia" sort="Girotto, Giorgia" uniqKey="Girotto G" first="Giorgia" last="Girotto">Giorgia Girotto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Richa" sort="Gupta, Richa" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Richa" last="Gupta">Richa Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Leanne M" sort="Hall, Leanne M" uniqKey="Hall L" first="Leanne M." last="Hall">Leanne M. Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Sarah E" sort="Harris, Sarah E" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Sarah E." last="Harris">Sarah E. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofer, Edith" sort="Hofer, Edith" uniqKey="Hofer E" first="Edith" last="Hofer">Edith Hofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horikoshi, Momoko" sort="Horikoshi, Momoko" uniqKey="Horikoshi M" first="Momoko" last="Horikoshi">Momoko Horikoshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jennifer E" sort="Huffman, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jennifer E." last="Huffman">Jennifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaasik, Kadri" sort="Kaasik, Kadri" uniqKey="Kaasik K" first="Kadri" last="Kaasik">Kadri Kaasik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalafati, Ioanna P" sort="Kalafati, Ioanna P" uniqKey="Kalafati I" first="Ioanna P." last="Kalafati">Ioanna P. Kalafati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlsson, Robert" sort="Karlsson, Robert" uniqKey="Karlsson R" first="Robert" last="Karlsson">Robert Karlsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kong, Augustine" sort="Kong, Augustine" uniqKey="Kong A" first="Augustine" last="Kong">Augustine Kong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Lee, Sven J" sort="Van Der Lee, Sven J" uniqKey="Van Der Lee S" first="Sven J." last="Van Der Lee">Sven J. Van Der Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Leeuw, Christiaan" sort="De Leeuw, Christiaan" uniqKey="De Leeuw C" first="Christiaan" last="De Leeuw">Christiaan De Leeuw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A." last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Karl Oskar" sort="Lindgren, Karl Oskar" uniqKey="Lindgren K" first="Karl-Oskar" last="Lindgren">Karl-Oskar Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangino, Massimo" sort="Mangino, Massimo" uniqKey="Mangino M" first="Massimo" last="Mangino">Massimo Mangino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marten, Jonathan" sort="Marten, Jonathan" uniqKey="Marten J" first="Jonathan" last="Marten">Jonathan Marten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Michael B" sort="Miller, Michael B" uniqKey="Miller M" first="Michael B." last="Miller">Michael B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J." last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldmeadow, Christopher" sort="Oldmeadow, Christopher" uniqKey="Oldmeadow C" first="Christopher" last="Oldmeadow">Christopher Oldmeadow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Payton, Antony" sort="Payton, Antony" uniqKey="Payton A" first="Antony" last="Payton">Antony Payton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pervjakova, Natalia" sort="Pervjakova, Natalia" uniqKey="Pervjakova N" first="Natalia" last="Pervjakova">Natalia Pervjakova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peyrot, Wouter J" sort="Peyrot, Wouter J" uniqKey="Peyrot W" first="Wouter J." last="Peyrot">Wouter J. Peyrot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qian, Yong" sort="Qian, Yong" uniqKey="Qian Y" first="Yong" last="Qian">Yong Qian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rueedi, Rico" sort="Rueedi, Rico" uniqKey="Rueedi R" first="Rico" last="Rueedi">Rico Rueedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Borge" sort="Schmidt, Borge" uniqKey="Schmidt B" first="Börge" last="Schmidt">Börge Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schraut, Katharina E" sort="Schraut, Katharina E" uniqKey="Schraut K" first="Katharina E." last="Schraut">Katharina E. Schraut</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Jianxin" sort="Shi, Jianxin" uniqKey="Shi J" first="Jianxin" last="Shi">Jianxin Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9780, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V." last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poot, Raymond A" sort="Poot, Raymond A" uniqKey="Poot R" first="Raymond A." last="Poot">Raymond A. Poot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourcain, Beate" sort="Pourcain, Beate" uniqKey="Pourcain B" first="Beate" last="Pourcain">Beate Pourcain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teumer, Alexander" sort="Teumer, Alexander" uniqKey="Teumer A" first="Alexander" last="Teumer">Alexander Teumer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" sort="Thorleifsson, Gudmar" uniqKey="Thorleifsson G" first="Gudmar" last="Thorleifsson">Gudmar Thorleifsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Niek" sort="Verweij, Niek" uniqKey="Verweij N" first="Niek" last="Verweij">Niek Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuckovic, Dragana" sort="Vuckovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vuckovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vuckovic">Dragana Vuckovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wellmann, Juergen" sort="Wellmann, Juergen" uniqKey="Wellmann J" first="Juergen" last="Wellmann">Juergen Wellmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westra, Harm Jan" sort="Westra, Harm Jan" uniqKey="Westra H" first="Harm-Jan" last="Westra">Harm-Jan Westra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jingyun" sort="Yang, Jingyun" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jingyun" last="Yang">Jingyun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Zhihong" sort="Zhu, Zhihong" uniqKey="Zhu Z" first="Zhihong" last="Zhu">Zhihong Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" sort="Alizadeh, Behrooz Z" uniqKey="Alizadeh B" first="Behrooz Z." last="Alizadeh">Behrooz Z. Alizadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakshi, Andrew" sort="Bakshi, Andrew" uniqKey="Bakshi A" first="Andrew" last="Bakshi">Andrew Bakshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumeister, Sebastian E" sort="Baumeister, Sebastian E" uniqKey="Baumeister S" first="Sebastian E." last="Baumeister">Sebastian E. Baumeister</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biino, Ginevra" sort="Biino, Ginevra" uniqKey="Biino G" first="Ginevra" last="Biino">Ginevra Biino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, 27100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Nnelykke, Klaus" sort="B Nnelykke, Klaus" uniqKey="B Nnelykke K" first="Klaus" last="B Nnelykke">Klaus B Nnelykke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Patricia A" sort="Boyle, Patricia A" uniqKey="Boyle P" first="Patricia A." last="Boyle">Patricia A. Boyle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappuccio, Francesco P" sort="Cappuccio, Francesco P" uniqKey="Cappuccio F" first="Francesco P." last="Cappuccio">Francesco P. Cappuccio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" sort="De Neve, Jan Emmanuel" uniqKey="De Neve J" first="Jan-Emmanuel" last="De Neve">Jan-Emmanuel De Neve</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demuth, Ilja" sort="Demuth, Ilja" uniqKey="Demuth I" first="Ilja" last="Demuth">Ilja Demuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin, 13347, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Jun" sort="Ding, Jun" uniqKey="Ding J" first="Jun" last="Ding">Jun Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eibich, Peter" sort="Eibich, Peter" uniqKey="Eibich P" first="Peter" last="Eibich">Peter Eibich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eisele, Lewin" sort="Eisele, Lewin" uniqKey="Eisele L" first="Lewin" last="Eisele">Lewin Eisele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklund, Niina" sort="Eklund, Niina" uniqKey="Eklund N" first="Niina" last="Eklund">Niina Eklund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evans68, David M" sort="Evans68, David M" uniqKey="Evans68 D" first="David M." last="Evans68">David M. Evans68</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D." last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feitosa, Mary F" sort="Feitosa, Mary F" uniqKey="Feitosa M" first="Mary F." last="Feitosa">Mary F. Feitosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forstner, Andreas J" sort="Forstner, Andreas J" uniqKey="Forstner A" first="Andreas J." last="Forstner">Andreas J. Forstner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandin, Ilaria" sort="Gandin, Ilaria" uniqKey="Gandin I" first="Ilaria" last="Gandin">Ilaria Gandin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunnarsson, Bjarni" sort="Gunnarsson, Bjarni" uniqKey="Gunnarsson B" first="Bjarni" last="Gunnarsson">Bjarni Gunnarsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halld Rsson, Bjarni V" sort="Halld Rsson, Bjarni V" uniqKey="Halld Rsson B" first="Bjarni V." last="Halld Rsson">Bjarni V. Halld Rsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, United States</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heath, Andrew C" sort="Heath, Andrew C" uniqKey="Heath A" first="Andrew C." last="Heath">Andrew C. Heath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocking, Lynne J" sort="Hocking, Lynne J" uniqKey="Hocking L" first="Lynne J." last="Hocking">Lynne J. Hocking</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holliday, Elizabeth G" sort="Holliday, Elizabeth G" uniqKey="Holliday E" first="Elizabeth G." last="Holliday">Elizabeth G. Holliday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homuth, Georg" sort="Homuth, Georg" uniqKey="Homuth G" first="Georg" last="Homuth">Georg Homuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horan, Michael A" sort="Horan, Michael A" uniqKey="Horan M" first="Michael A." last="Horan">Michael A. Horan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L." last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jugessur, Astanand" sort="Jugessur, Astanand" uniqKey="Jugessur A" first="Astanand" last="Jugessur">Astanand Jugessur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaakinen, Marika A" sort="Kaakinen, Marika A" uniqKey="Kaakinen M" first="Marika A." last="Kaakinen">Marika A. Kaakinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanoni, Stavroula" sort="Kanoni, Stavroula" uniqKey="Kanoni S" first="Stavroula" last="Kanoni">Stavroula Kanoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keltigangas J Rvinen, Liisa" sort="Keltigangas J Rvinen, Liisa" uniqKey="Keltigangas J Rvinen L" first="Liisa" last="Keltigangas-J Rvinen">Liisa Keltigangas-J Rvinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M" sort="Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M" uniqKey="Kiemeney L" first="Lambertus A. L. M." last="Kiemeney">Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolcic, Ivana" sort="Kolcic, Ivana" uniqKey="Kolcic I" first="Ivana" last="Kolcic">Ivana Kolcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koskinen, Seppo" sort="Koskinen, Seppo" uniqKey="Koskinen S" first="Seppo" last="Koskinen">Seppo Koskinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraja, Aldi T" sort="Kraja, Aldi T" uniqKey="Kraja A" first="Aldi T." last="Kraja">Aldi T. Kraja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kroh, Martin" sort="Kroh, Martin" uniqKey="Kroh M" first="Martin" last="Kroh">Martin Kroh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutalik, Zoltan" sort="Kutalik, Zoltan" uniqKey="Kutalik Z" first="Zoltan" last="Kutalik">Zoltan Kutalik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1010, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latvala, Antti" sort="Latvala, Antti" uniqKey="Latvala A" first="Antti" last="Latvala">Antti Latvala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J." last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebreton, Mael P" sort="Lebreton, Mael P" uniqKey="Lebreton M" first="Maël P." last="Lebreton">Maël P. Lebreton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Douglas F" sort="Levinson, Douglas F" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Douglas F." last="Levinson">Douglas F. Levinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5797, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lichtenstein, Paul" sort="Lichtenstein, Paul" uniqKey="Lichtenstein P" first="Paul" last="Lichtenstein">Paul Lichtenstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lichtner, Peter" sort="Lichtner, Peter" uniqKey="Lichtner P" first="Peter" last="Lichtner">Peter Lichtner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C M" sort="Liewald, David C M" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C. M." last="Liewald">David C. M. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madden, Pamela A" sort="Madden, Pamela A" uniqKey="Madden P" first="Pamela A." last="Madden">Pamela A. Madden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Gi, Reedik" sort="M Gi, Reedik" uniqKey="M Gi R" first="Reedik" last="M Gi">Reedik M Gi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Ki Opas, Tomi" sort="M Ki Opas, Tomi" uniqKey="M Ki Opas T" first="Tomi" last="M Ki-Opas">Tomi M Ki-Opas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marioni, Riccardo E" sort="Marioni, Riccardo E" uniqKey="Marioni R" first="Riccardo E." last="Marioni">Riccardo E. Marioni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddens, Gerardus A" sort="Meddens, Gerardus A" uniqKey="Meddens G" first="Gerardus A." last="Meddens">Gerardus A. Meddens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Tema BV, 2131 HE Hoofddorp, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, George" sort="Mcmahon, George" uniqKey="Mcmahon G" first="George" last="Mcmahon">George Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meisinger, Christa" sort="Meisinger, Christa" uniqKey="Meisinger C" first="Christa" last="Meisinger">Christa Meisinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milaneschi, Yusplitri" sort="Milaneschi, Yusplitri" uniqKey="Milaneschi Y" first="Yusplitri" last="Milaneschi">Yusplitri Milaneschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milani, Lili" sort="Milani, Lili" uniqKey="Milani L" first="Lili" last="Milani">Lili Milani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W." last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myhre, Ronny" sort="Myhre, Ronny" uniqKey="Myhre R" first="Ronny" last="Myhre">Ronny Myhre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Christopher P" sort="Nelson, Christopher P" uniqKey="Nelson C" first="Christopher P." last="Nelson">Christopher P. Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyholt, Dale R" sort="Nyholt, Dale R" uniqKey="Nyholt D" first="Dale R." last="Nyholt">Dale R. Nyholt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ollier, William E R" sort="Ollier, William E R" uniqKey="Ollier W" first="William E. R." last="Ollier">William E. R. Ollier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palotie, Aarno" sort="Palotie, Aarno" uniqKey="Palotie A" first="Aarno" last="Palotie">Aarno Palotie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paternoster, Lavinia" sort="Paternoster, Lavinia" uniqKey="Paternoster L" first="Lavinia" last="Paternoster">Lavinia Paternoster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Nancy L" sort="Pedersen, Nancy L" uniqKey="Pedersen N" first="Nancy L." last="Pedersen">Nancy L. Pedersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petrovic, Katja E" sort="Petrovic, Katja E" uniqKey="Petrovic K" first="Katja E." last="Petrovic">Katja E. Petrovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porteous, David J" sort="Porteous, David J" uniqKey="Porteous D" first="David J." last="Porteous">David J. Porteous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Ikkonen, Katri" sort="R Ikkonen, Katri" uniqKey="R Ikkonen K" first="Katri" last="R Ikkönen">Katri R Ikkönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ring, Susan M" sort="Ring, Susan M" uniqKey="Ring S" first="Susan M." last="Ring">Susan M. Ring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robino, Antonietta" sort="Robino, Antonietta" uniqKey="Robino A" first="Antonietta" last="Robino">Antonietta Robino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rostapshova, Olga" sort="Rostapshova, Olga" uniqKey="Rostapshova O" first="Olga" last="Rostapshova">Olga Rostapshova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Social Impact, Arlington, VA 22201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rustichini, Aldo" sort="Rustichini, Aldo" uniqKey="Rustichini A" first="Aldo" last="Rustichini">Aldo Rustichini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomaa, Veikko" sort="Salomaa, Veikko" uniqKey="Salomaa V" first="Veikko" last="Salomaa">Veikko Salomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanders, Alan R" sort="Sanders, Alan R" uniqKey="Sanders A" first="Alan R." last="Sanders">Alan R. Sanders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201-3137, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Antti Pekka" sort="Sarin, Antti Pekka" uniqKey="Sarin A" first="Antti-Pekka" last="Sarin">Antti-Pekka Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00300, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Rodney J" sort="Scott, Rodney J" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Rodney J." last="Scott">Rodney J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Blair H" sort="Smith, Blair H" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Blair H." last="Smith">Blair H. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A." last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staessen, Jan A" sort="Staessen, Jan A" uniqKey="Staessen J" first="Jan A." last="Staessen">Jan A. Staessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinhagen Thiessen, Elisabeth" sort="Steinhagen Thiessen, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Steinhagen Thiessen E" first="Elisabeth" last="Steinhagen-Thiessen">Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin, 13347, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strauch, Konstantin" sort="Strauch, Konstantin" uniqKey="Strauch K" first="Konstantin" last="Strauch">Konstantin Strauch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 81377, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Martin D" sort="Tobin, Martin D" uniqKey="Tobin M" first="Martin D." last="Tobin">Martin D. Tobin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulivi, Sheila" sort="Ulivi, Sheila" uniqKey="Ulivi S" first="Sheila" last="Ulivi">Sheila Ulivi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccargiu, Simona" sort="Vaccargiu, Simona" uniqKey="Vaccargiu S" first="Simona" last="Vaccargiu">Simona Vaccargiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaye, Lydia" sort="Quaye, Lydia" uniqKey="Quaye L" first="Lydia" last="Quaye">Lydia Quaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Rooij, Frank J A" sort="Van Rooij, Frank J A" uniqKey="Van Rooij F" first="Frank J. A." last="Van Rooij">Frank J. A. Van Rooij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venturini, Cristina" sort="Venturini, Cristina" uniqKey="Venturini C" first="Cristina" last="Venturini">Cristina Venturini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E" sort="Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E" uniqKey="Vinkhuyzen A" first="Anna A. E." last="Vinkhuyzen">Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volker, Uwe" sort="Volker, Uwe" uniqKey="Volker U" first="Uwe" last="Völker">Uwe Völker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volzke, Henry" sort="Volzke, Henry" uniqKey="Volzke H" first="Henry" last="Völzke">Henry Völzke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vonk, Judith M" sort="Vonk, Judith M" uniqKey="Vonk J" first="Judith M." last="Vonk">Judith M. Vonk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vozzi, Diego" sort="Vozzi, Diego" uniqKey="Vozzi D" first="Diego" last="Vozzi">Diego Vozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waage, Johannes" sort="Waage, Johannes" uniqKey="Waage J" first="Johannes" last="Waage">Johannes Waage</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ware, Erin B" sort="Ware, Erin B" uniqKey="Ware E" first="Erin B." last="Ware">Erin B. Ware</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, John R" sort="Attia, John R" uniqKey="Attia J" first="John R." last="Attia">John R. Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, David A" sort="Bennett, David A" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="David A." last="Bennett">David A. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, Klaus" sort="Berger, Klaus" uniqKey="Berger K" first="Klaus" last="Berger">Klaus Berger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borecki, Ingrid B" sort="Borecki, Ingrid B" uniqKey="Borecki I" first="Ingrid B." last="Borecki">Ingrid B. Borecki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bultmann, Ute" sort="Bultmann, Ute" uniqKey="Bultmann U" first="Ute" last="Bultmann">Ute Bultmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chabris, Christopher F" sort="Chabris, Christopher F" uniqKey="Chabris C" first="Christopher F." last="Chabris">Christopher F. Chabris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cucca, Francesco" sort="Cucca, Francesco" uniqKey="Cucca F" first="Francesco" last="Cucca">Francesco Cucca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, 9042, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano), 20090, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George V" sort="Dedoussis, George V" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George V." last="Dedoussis">George V. Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A149">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A150">Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Lude" sort="Franke, Lude" uniqKey="Franke L" first="Lude" last="Franke">Lude Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasparini, Paolo" sort="Gasparini, Paolo" uniqKey="Gasparini P" first="Paolo" last="Gasparini">Paolo Gasparini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A151">Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gejman, Pablo V" sort="Gejman, Pablo V" uniqKey="Gejman P" first="Pablo V." last="Gejman">Pablo V. Gejman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201-3137, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabe, Hans Jorgen" sort="Grabe, Hans Jorgen" uniqKey="Grabe H" first="Hans-Jörgen" last="Grabe">Hans-Jörgen Grabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A152">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A153">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, 18437, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gratten, Jacob" sort="Gratten, Jacob" uniqKey="Gratten J" first="Jacob" last="Gratten">Jacob Gratten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenen, Patrick J F" sort="Groenen, Patrick J F" uniqKey="Groenen P" first="Patrick J. F." last="Groenen">Patrick J. F. Groenen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A154">Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Harst, Pim" sort="Van Der Harst, Pim" uniqKey="Van Der Harst P" first="Pim" last="Van Der Harst">Pim Van Der Harst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A156">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinds, David A" sort="Hinds, David A" uniqKey="Hinds D" first="David A." last="Hinds">David A. Hinds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Wolfgang" sort="Hoffmann, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Hoffmann W" first="Wolfgang" last="Hoffmann">Wolfgang Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, Elina" sort="Hypponen, Elina" uniqKey="Hypponen E" first="Elina" last="Hyppönen">Elina Hyppönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A158">Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, SA5000, Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A159">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacono, William G" sort="Iacono, William G" uniqKey="Iacono W" first="William G." last="Iacono">William G. Iacono</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsson, Bo" sort="Jacobsson, Bo" uniqKey="Jacobsson B" first="Bo" last="Jacobsson">Bo Jacobsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" sort="J Rvelin, Marjo Riitta" uniqKey="J Rvelin M" first="Marjo-Riitta" last="J Rvelin">Marjo-Riitta J Rvelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A161">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014 , Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A164">Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L. R." last="Kardia">Sharon L. R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A165">Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A166">Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehrer, Steven F" sort="Lehrer, Steven F" uniqKey="Lehrer S" first="Steven F." last="Lehrer">Steven F. Lehrer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122, Pudong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A168">Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L3N6, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K. E." last="Magnusson">Patrik K. E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A169">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgue, Matt" sort="Mcgue, Matt" uniqKey="Mcgue M" first="Matt" last="Mcgue">Matt Mcgue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A170">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pendleton, Neil" sort="Pendleton, Neil" uniqKey="Pendleton N" first="Neil" last="Pendleton">Neil Pendleton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A171">Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A172">Manchester Institute Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penninx, Brenda W J H" sort="Penninx, Brenda W J H" uniqKey="Penninx B" first="Brenda W. J. H." last="Penninx">Brenda W. J. H. Penninx</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perola, Markus" sort="Perola, Markus" uniqKey="Perola M" first="Markus" last="Perola">Markus Perola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Nicola" sort="Pirastu, Nicola" uniqKey="Pirastu N" first="Nicola" last="Pirastu">Nicola Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polasek">Ozren Polasek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A173">Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split 21000, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posthuma, Danielle" sort="Posthuma, Danielle" uniqKey="Posthuma D" first="Danielle" last="Posthuma">Danielle Posthuma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A174">Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Christine" sort="Power, Christine" uniqKey="Power C" first="Christine" last="Power">Christine Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Province, Michael A" sort="Province, Michael A" uniqKey="Province M" first="Michael A." last="Province">Michael A. Province</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samani, Nilesh J" sort="Samani, Nilesh J" uniqKey="Samani N" first="Nilesh J." last="Samani">Nilesh J. Samani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlessinger, David" sort="Schlessinger, David" uniqKey="Schlessinger D" first="David" last="Schlessinger">David Schlessinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I. A." last="S Rensen">Thorkild I. A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D." last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefansson, Kari" sort="Stefansson, Kari" uniqKey="Stefansson K" first="Kari" last="Stefansson">Kari Stefansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" sort="Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur" uniqKey="Thorsteinsdottir U" first="Unnur" last="Thorsteinsdottir">Unnur Thorsteinsdottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurik, A Roy" sort="Thurik, A Roy" uniqKey="Thurik A" first="A. Roy" last="Thurik">A. Roy Thurik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A179">Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tung, Joyce Y" sort="Tung, Joyce Y" uniqKey="Tung J" first="Joyce Y." last="Tung">Joyce Y. Tung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="André G." last="Uitterlinden">André G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A180">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R." last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, Dalton C" sort="Conley, Dalton C" uniqKey="Conley D" first="Dalton C." last="Conley">Dalton C. Conley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A181">Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A182">School of Medicine, New York University, NY 10016, New York, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krueger, Robert F" sort="Krueger, Robert F" uniqKey="Krueger R" first="Robert F." last="Krueger">Robert F. Krueger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofman, Albert" sort="Hofman, Albert" uniqKey="Hofman A" first="Albert" last="Hofman">Albert Hofman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laibson, David I" sort="Laibson, David I" uniqKey="Laibson D" first="David I." last="Laibson">David I. Laibson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Michelle N" sort="Meyer, Michelle N" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Michelle N." last="Meyer">Michelle N. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A183">Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jian" sort="Yang, Jian" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jian" last="Yang">Jian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A185">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, 113 83, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visscher, Peter M" sort="Visscher, Peter M" uniqKey="Visscher P" first="Peter M." last="Visscher">Peter M. Visscher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, T Nu" sort="Esko, T Nu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="T Nu" last="Esko">T Nu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 2116, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A186">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp D" sort="Koellinger, Philipp D" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp D." last="Koellinger">Philipp D. Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cesarini, David" sort="Cesarini, David" uniqKey="Cesarini D" first="David" last="Cesarini">David Cesarini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A187">Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, 10215, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J." last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A188">Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p id="P1">Educational attainment (EA) is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are also estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>. We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for EA that extends our earlier discovery sample<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We now identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioral phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because EA is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric disease.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Ca" uniqKey="Rietveld C">CA Rietveld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Ca" uniqKey="Rietveld C">CA Rietveld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulik Sullivan, Bk" uniqKey="Bulik Sullivan B">BK Bulik-Sullivan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sudlow, C" uniqKey="Sudlow C">C Sudlow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fowler, T" uniqKey="Fowler T">T Fowler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zammit, S" uniqKey="Zammit S">S Zammit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Mj" uniqKey="Owen M">MJ Owen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, F" uniqKey="Rasmussen F">F Rasmussen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tambs, K" uniqKey="Tambs K">K Tambs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sundet, Jm" uniqKey="Sundet J">JM Sundet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnus, P" uniqKey="Magnus P">P Magnus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, K" uniqKey="Berg K">K Berg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, La" uniqKey="Thompson L">LA Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Detterman, Dk" uniqKey="Detterman D">DK Detterman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plomin, R" uniqKey="Plomin R">R Plomin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulik Sullivan, B" uniqKey="Bulik Sullivan B">B Bulik-Sullivan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ardlie, Kg" uniqKey="Ardlie K">KG Ardlie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pers, Th" uniqKey="Pers T">TH Pers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Purcell, Sm" uniqKey="Purcell S">SM Purcell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krapohl, E" uniqKey="Krapohl E">E Krapohl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Branigan, Ar" uniqKey="Branigan A">AR Branigan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccallum, Kj" uniqKey="Mccallum K">KJ McCallum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freese, J" uniqKey="Freese J">J Freese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heath, Ac" uniqKey="Heath A">AC Heath</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Jian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A184">184</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johannesson</surname><given-names>Magnus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A185">185</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Visscher</surname><given-names>Peter M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A184">184</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Esko</surname><given-names>Tõnu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A114">114</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A186">186</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koellinger</surname><given-names>Philipp D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cesarini</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A187">187</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benjamin</surname><given-names>Daniel J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A188">188</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A189">189</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">#</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Economics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, USA</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 2116, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, DK 2300, Denmark</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, 2800, Denmark</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, SE 416 85, Sweden</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, Champaign, USA</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9780, USA</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, 27100, Italy</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin, 13347, Germany</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63018, USA</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, United States</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA</aff><aff id="A99"><label>99</label>Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</aff><aff id="A100"><label>100</label>Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</aff><aff id="A101"><label>101</label>Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, 9PT, UK</aff><aff id="A102"><label>102</label>Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A103"><label>103</label>Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A104"><label>104</label>Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway</aff><aff id="A105"><label>105</label>Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK</aff><aff id="A106"><label>106</label>Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland</aff><aff id="A107"><label>107</label>Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</aff><aff id="A108"><label>108</label>Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia</aff><aff id="A109"><label>109</label>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1010, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A110"><label>110</label>Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, USA</aff><aff id="A111"><label>111</label>Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A112"><label>112</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5797, USA</aff><aff id="A113"><label>113</label>LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 BZ, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A114"><label>114</label>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</aff><aff id="A115"><label>115</label>Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</aff><aff id="A116"><label>116</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A117"><label>117</label>Tema BV, 2131 HE Hoofddorp, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A118"><label>118</label>Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A119"><label>119</label>Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="A120"><label>120</label>Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia</aff><aff id="A121"><label>121</label>Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</aff><aff id="A122"><label>122</label>The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA</aff><aff id="A123"><label>123</label>Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</aff><aff id="A124"><label>124</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A125"><label>125</label>Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA</aff><aff id="A126"><label>126</label>Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy</aff><aff id="A127"><label>127</label>Social Impact, Arlington, VA 22201, USA</aff><aff id="A128"><label>128</label>Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</aff><aff id="A129"><label>129</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201-3137, USA</aff><aff id="A130"><label>130</label>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</aff><aff id="A131"><label>131</label>Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00300, Finland</aff><aff id="A132"><label>132</label>Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria</aff><aff id="A133"><label>133</label>Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia</aff><aff id="A134"><label>134</label>Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</aff><aff id="A135"><label>135</label>Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium</aff><aff id="A136"><label>136</label>R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A137"><label>137</label>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A138"><label>138</label>Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 81377, Germany</aff><aff id="A139"><label>139</label>Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA</aff><aff id="A140"><label>140</label>Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK</aff><aff id="A141"><label>141</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A142"><label>142</label>Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA</aff><aff id="A143"><label>143</label>Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany</aff><aff id="A144"><label>144</label>Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK</aff><aff id="A145"><label>145</label>Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A146"><label>146</label>Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</aff><aff id="A147"><label>147</label>Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, 9042, Italy</aff><aff id="A148"><label>148</label>Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano), 20090, Italy</aff><aff id="A149"><label>149</label>Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A150"><label>150</label>Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A151"><label>151</label>Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar</aff><aff id="A152"><label>152</label>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</aff><aff id="A153"><label>153</label>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, 18437, Germany</aff><aff id="A154"><label>154</label>Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A155"><label>155</label>Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A156"><label>156</label>Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A157"><label>157</label>Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</aff><aff id="A158"><label>158</label>Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, SA5000, Adelaide, Australia</aff><aff id="A159"><label>159</label>South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia</aff><aff id="A160"><label>160</label>Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK</aff><aff id="A161"><label>161</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK</aff><aff id="A162"><label>162</label>Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014 , Finland</aff><aff id="A163"><label>163</label>Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland</aff><aff id="A164"><label>164</label>Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="A165"><label>165</label>Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland</aff><aff id="A166"><label>166</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland</aff><aff id="A167"><label>167</label>Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122, Pudong, China</aff><aff id="A168"><label>168</label>Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L3N6, Canada</aff><aff id="A169"><label>169</label>Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="A170"><label>170</label>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia</aff><aff id="A171"><label>171</label>Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK</aff><aff id="A172"><label>172</label>Manchester Institute Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK</aff><aff id="A173"><label>173</label>Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split 21000, Croatia</aff><aff id="A174"><label>174</label>Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A175"><label>175</label>Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000, Denmark</aff><aff id="A176"><label>176</label>Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080, France</aff><aff id="A177"><label>177</label>Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A178"><label>178</label>Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A179"><label>179</label>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A180"><label>180</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A181"><label>181</label>Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA</aff><aff id="A182"><label>182</label>School of Medicine, New York University, NY 10016, New York, USA</aff><aff id="A183"><label>183</label>Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA</aff><aff id="A184"><label>184</label>The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia</aff><aff id="A185"><label>185</label>Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, 113 83, Sweden</aff><aff id="A186"><label>186</label>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A187"><label>187</label>Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, 10215, Sweden</aff><aff id="A188"><label>188</label>Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA</aff><aff id="A189"><label>189</label>Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA</aff><author-notes><fn id="FN1" fn-type="equal"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally.</p></fn><fn id="FN2"><label>#</label><p>Designed and oversaw the study.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>533</volume><issue>7604</issue><fpage>539</fpage><lpage>542</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/nature17671</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Summary</title><p id="P1">Educational attainment (EA) is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are also estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>. We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for EA that extends our earlier discovery sample<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We now identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioral phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because EA is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric disease.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p id="P2">We study educational attainment (EA), which is measured in all main analyses as the number of years of schooling completed (<italic>EduYears</italic>, <italic>N</italic> = 293,723, mean = 14.33, SD = 3.61; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information sections 1.1-1.2</xref>). All genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed at the cohort level in samples restricted to individuals of European descent whose EA was assessed at or above age 30. A uniform set of quality-control (QC) procedures was applied to the cohort-level summary statistics. In our GWAS meta-analysis of ∼9.3M SNPs from the 1000 Genomes Project, we used sample-size weighting and applied a single round of genomic control at the cohort level.</p><p id="P3">Our meta-analysis identified 74 approximately independent genome-wide significant loci. For each locus, we define the “lead SNP” as the SNP in the genomic region that has the smallest <italic>P</italic>-value (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1.6.1</xref>). <xref rid="F11" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref> shows a Manhattan plot with the lead SNPs highlighted. This includes the three SNPs that reached genome-wide significance in the discovery stage of our previous GWAS meta-analysis of EA<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>. The quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot of the meta-analysis (<xref rid="F1" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 1</xref>) exhibits inflation (λ<sub>GC</sub> = 1.28), as expected under polygenicity<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>.</p><p id="P4"><xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 2</xref> shows the estimated effect sizes of the lead SNPs. The estimates range from 0.014 to 0.048 standard deviations per allele (2.7 to 9.0 weeks of schooling), with incremental <italic>R</italic><sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> in the range 0.01% to 0.035%.</p><p id="P5">To quantify the amount of population stratification in the GWAS estimates that remains even after the stringent controls used by the cohorts (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1.4</xref>), we used LD Score regression<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. The regression results indicate that ∼8% of the observed inflation in the mean χ<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> is due to bias rather than polygenic signal (<xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 3a</xref>), suggesting that stratification effects are small in magnitude. We also found evidence for polygenic association signal in several within-family analyses, although these are not powered for individual SNP association testing (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 2</xref> and <xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 3b</xref>).</p><p id="P6">To further test the robustness of our findings, we examined the within-sample and out-of-sample replicability of SNPs reaching genome-wide significance (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information sections 1.7-1.8</xref>). We found that SNPs identified in the previous EA meta-analysis replicated in the new cohorts included here, and conversely, that SNPs reaching genome-wide significance in the new cohorts replicated in the old cohorts. For the out-of-sample replication analyses of our 74 lead SNPs, we used the interim release of the U.K. Biobank <sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> (UKB) (<italic>N</italic> = 111,349). As shown in <xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 4</xref>, 72 out of the 74 lead SNPs have a consistent sign (<italic>P</italic> = 1.47×10<sup>−19</sup>), 52 are significant at the 5% level (<italic>P</italic> = 2.68×10<sup>−50</sup>), and 7 reach genome-wide significance in the U.K. Biobank dataset (<italic>P</italic> = 1.41×10<sup>−42</sup>). For comparison, the corresponding expected numbers, assuming each SNP's true effect size is its estimated effect adjusted for the winner's curse, are 71.4, 40.3, and 0.6. (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1.8.2</xref>). We also find out-of-sample replicability of our overall GWAS results: the genetic correlation between <italic>EduYears</italic> in our meta-analysis sample and in the UKB data is 0.95 (s.e. = 0.021; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 1.14</xref>).</p><p id="P7">It is known that EA, cognitive performance, and many neuropsychiatric phenotypes are phenotypically correlated, and several studies of twins find that the phenotypic correlations partly reflect genetic overlap<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>–<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3.3.4</xref>). Here, we investigate genetic correlation using our GWAS results for <italic>EduYears</italic> and published GWAS results for 14 other phenotypes, using bivariate Linkage-Disequilibrium (LD) Score regression<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3</xref>). First, we estimated genetic correlations with <italic>EduYears</italic>. As shown in <xref rid="F12" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>, based on overall summary statistics for associated variants, we find genetic covariance between increased EA and increased cognitive performance (<italic>P</italic> = 9.9×10<sup>-50</sup>), increased intracranial volume (<italic>P</italic> = 1.2×10<sup>-6</sup>), increased risk of bipolar disorder (<italic>P</italic> = 7×10<sup>-13</sup>), decreased risk of Alzheimer's (<italic>P</italic> = 4×10<sup>-4</sup>), and lower neuroticism (<italic>P</italic> = 2.8×10<sup>-8</sup>). We also found positive, statistically significant, but very small, genetic correlations with height (<italic>P</italic> = 5.2×10<sup>-15</sup>) and risk of schizophrenia (<italic>P</italic> = 3.2×10<sup>-4</sup>).</p><p id="P8">Second, we examined whether our 74 lead SNPs are jointly associated with each phenotype (<xref rid="F5" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 5</xref> and <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3.3.1</xref>). We reject the null hypothesis of no enrichment at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 for 10 of the 14 phenotypes (all the exceptions are subcortical brain structures).</p><p id="P9">Third, for each phenotype, we tested (in the published GWAS results) each of our 74 lead SNPs or proxy for association at a significance threshold of 0.05/74. We found a total of 25 SNPs meeting this threshold for any of these phenotypes, but only one reaching genome-wide significance. While these results provide suggestive evidence that some of these SNPs may be associated with other phenotypes, further testing of these associations in independent cohorts is required (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Tables 3.2-3.4</xref>, <xref rid="F6" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 6</xref>).</p><p id="P10">To consider potential biological pathways, we first tested whether SNPs in particular regions of the genome are implicated by our GWAS results. Unlike what has been found for other phenotypes, SNPs in regions that are DNase I hypersensitive in the fetal brain are more likely to be associated with <italic>EduYears</italic> by a factor of ∼5 (95% confidence interval 2.89–7.07; <xref rid="F7" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 7</xref>). Moreover, the 15% of SNPs residing in regions associated with histones marked in the central nervous system (CNS) explain 44% of the heritable variation (<xref rid="F8" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 8a</xref> and <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.4.2</xref>). This enrichment factor of ∼3 for CNS (<italic>P</italic> = 2.48×10<sup>−16</sup>) is greater than that of any of the other nine tissue categories in this analysis.</p><p id="P11">Given that our findings disproportionately implicate SNPs in regions regulating brain-specific gene expression, we examined whether genes located near <italic>EduYears</italic>-associated SNPs show elevated expression in neural tissue. We tested this hypothesis using data on mRNA transcript levels in the 37 adult tissues assayed by the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx)<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>. Remarkably, the 13 GTEx tissues that are components of the CNS—and only those 13 tissues—show significantly elevated expression levels of genes near <italic>EduYears</italic>-associated SNPs (FDR < 0.05; <xref rid="F8" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 8b</xref> and <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.5.2</xref>).</p><p id="P12">To investigate possible functions of the candidate genes from the GWAS associated loci, we examined the extent of their overlap with groups of genes (“gene sets”) whose products are known or predicted to participate in a common biological process<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>. We found 283 gene sets significantly enriched by the candidate genes identified in our GWAS (FDR < 0.05; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.5.1</xref>). To facilitate interpretation, we used a standard procedure<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> to group the 283 gene sets into “clusters” defined by degree of gene overlap. The resulting 34 clusters, shown in <xref rid="F13" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>, paint a coherent picture, with many clusters corresponding to stages of neural development: the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and their specialization (the <italic>cluster npBAF complex</italic>), the migration of new neurons to the different layers of the cortex (<italic>forebrain development</italic>, <italic>abnormal cerebral cortex morphology</italic>), the projection of axons from neurons to their signaling targets (<italic>axonogenesis</italic>, <italic>signaling by Robo receptor</italic>), the sprouting of dendrites and their spines (<italic>dendrite</italic>, <italic>dendritic spine organization</italic>), and neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity throughout the lifespan (<italic>voltage-gated calcium channel complex</italic>, <italic>synapse part</italic>, <italic>synapse organization</italic>).</p><p id="P13">Many of our results implicate candidate genes and biological pathways that are active during distinct stages of prenatal brain development. To directly examine how the expression levels of candidate genes identified in our GWAS vary over the course of development, we used gene expression data from the BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome<sup><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>. As shown in <xref rid="F9" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 9</xref>, these candidate genes exhibit above-baseline expression in the brain throughout life but especially higher expression levels in the brain during prenatal development (1.36 times higher prenatally than postnatally, <italic>P</italic> = 6.02×10<sup>−8</sup>).</p><p id="P14">A summary overview of some promising candidate genes for follow-up work is provided in <xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>.</p><p id="P15">We constructed polygenic scores<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> to assess the joint predictive power afforded by the GWAS results (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 5.2</xref>). Across our two holdout samples, the mean predictive power of a polygenic score constructed from all measured SNPs is 3.2% (<italic>P</italic> = 1.18×10<sup>−39</sup>; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 5.2 and Supplementary Information section 5</xref>).</p><p id="P16">Studies of genetic analyses of behavioral phenotypes have been prone to misinterpretation, such as characterizing identified associated variants as “genes for education.” Such characterization is not correct for many reasons: EA is primarily determined by environmental factors, the explanatory power of the individual SNPs is small, the candidate genes may not be causal, and the genetic associations with EA are mediated by multiple intermediate phenotypes<sup><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>. To illustrate this last point, we studied mediation of the association between the all-SNPs polygenic score and <italic>EduYears</italic> in two of our cohorts. We found that cognitive performance can statistically account for 23-42% of the association (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001) and the personality trait “openness to experience” for approximately 7% (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 6</xref>).</p><p id="P17">It would also be a mistake to infer from our findings that the genetic effects operate independently of environmental factors. Indeed, a recent meta-analysis of twin studies found that genetic influences on EA are heterogeneous across countries and birth cohorts<sup><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>. We conducted exploratory analyses in the Swedish Twin Registry to illustrate how environmental factors may amplify or dampen the impact of genetic influences (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 7</xref>). We found that the predictive power of the all-SNPs polygenic score is heterogeneous by birth cohort, with smaller explanatory power in younger cohorts (<xref rid="F10" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Fig. 10</xref>; see also <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 7.4</xref> for discussion of the contrast between these results and findings from a seminal twin study that estimated EA heritability by birth cohort<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>).</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="S1"><title>Methods</title><p id="P18">All methods are described in the <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Extended Data</title><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 1</label><caption><title>Quantile-quantile plot of the genome-wide association meta-analysis of 64 <italic>EduYears</italic> results files</title><p id="P19">Observed and expected <italic>P</italic>-values are on a –log<sub>10</sub> scale. The grey region depicts the 95% confidence interval under the null hypothesis of a uniform <italic>P</italic>-value distribution. The observed λ<sub>GC</sub> is 1.28. (As reported in <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1.5.4</xref>, the unweighted mean λ<sub>GC</sub> is 1.02, the unweighted median is 1.01, and the range across cohorts is 0.95–1.15.)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 2</label><caption><title>The distribution of effect sizes of the 74 lead SNPs</title><p id="P20"><bold>a,</bold> SNPs ordered by absolute value of the standardized effect of one more copy of the education-increasing allele, with 95% confidence intervals. <bold>b,</bold> SNPs ordered by <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup>. Effects on <italic>EduYears</italic> are benchmarked against the top 74 genome-wide significant hits identified in the largest GWAS conducted to date of height and body mass index (BMI), and the 48 associations reported for waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHR). These results are based on the GIANT consortium's publicly available results for pooled analyses restricted to European-ancestry individuals: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.broadinstitute.org/collaboration/giant/index.php/GIANT_consortium">https://www.broadinstitute.org/collaboration/giant/index.php/GIANT_consortium</ext-link>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 3</label><caption><title>Assessing the extent to which population stratification affects the estimates from the GWAS</title><p id="P21"><bold>a,</bold> LD Score regression plot with the summary statistics from the GWAS. Each point represents an LD Score quantile for a chromosome (the <italic>x</italic> and <italic>y</italic> coordinates of the point are the mean LD Score and the mean χ<sup>2</sup> statistic of variants in that quantile). The facts that the intercept is close to one and that the χ<sup>2</sup> statistics increase linearly with the LD Scores suggest that the bulk of the inflation in the χ<sup>2</sup> statistics is due to true polygenic signal and not to population stratification. <bold>b,</bold> Estimates and 95% confidence intervals from individual-level and WF regressions of <italic>EduYears</italic> on polygenic scores, for scores constructed with sets of SNPs meeting different <italic>P</italic>-value thresholds. In addition to the analyses shown here, we conduct a sign concordance test, and we decompose the variance of the polygenic score. Overall, these analyses suggest that population stratification is unlikely to be a major concern for our 74 lead SNPs. See <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3</xref> for additional details.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 4</label><caption><title>Replication of 74 lead SNPs in the UK Biobank data</title><p id="P22">Estimated effect sizes (in years of schooling) and 95% confidence intervals of the 74 lead SNPs in the meta-analysis sample (<italic>N</italic> = 293,723) and the UK Biobank replication sample (<italic>N</italic> = 111,349). The reference allele is the allele associated with higher values of <italic>EduYears</italic> in the meta-analysis sample. SNPs are in descending order of <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> in the meta-analysis sample. Of the 74 lead SNPs, 72 have the anticipated sign in the replication sample, 52 replicate at the 0.05 significance level, and 7 replicate at the 5×10<sup>−8</sup> significance level.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 5</label><caption><title>Q-Q plots for the 74 lead <italic>EduYears</italic> SNPs (or LD proxies) in published GWAS of other phenotypes</title><p id="P23">SNPs with concordant effects on both phenotypes are pink, and SNPs with discordant effects are blue. SNPs outside the gray area pass Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds that correct for the total number of SNPs we tested (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05/74 = 6.8×10<sup>-4</sup>) and are labeled with their rs numbers. Observed and expected <italic>P</italic>-values are on a –log<sub>10</sub> scale. For the sign concordance test: * <italic>P</italic> < 0.05, ** <italic>P</italic> < 0.01, and *** <italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 6</label><caption><title>Regional association plots for four of the ten prioritized SNPs for MHBA phenotypes identified using <italic>EduYears</italic> as a proxy phenotype</title><p id="P24"><bold>a,</bold> cognitive performance; <bold>b,</bold> hippocampus; <bold>c,</bold> intracranial volume; <bold>d,</bold> neuroticism. The four were selected because very few genome-wide significant SNPs have been previously reported for these traits. Data sources and methods are described in <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3</xref>. The <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> values are from the hg19 / 1000 Genomes Nov 2014 EUR references samples. The figures were created with LocusZoom (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom/">http://csg.sph.umich.edu/locuszoom/</ext-link>). Mb, megabases.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 7</label><caption><title>Application of fgwas to <italic>EduYears</italic>. See <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 4.2</xref> for further details</title><p id="P25"><bold>a,</bold> The results of single-annotation models. “Enrichment” refers to the factor by which the prior odds of association at an LD-defined region must be multiplied if the region bears the given annotation; this factor is estimated using an empirical Bayes method applied to all SNPs in the GWAS meta-analysis regardless of statistical significance. Annotations were derived from ENCODE and a number of other data sources. Plotted are the base-2 logarithms of the enrichments and their 95% confidence intervals. Multiple instances of the same annotation correspond to independent replicates of the same experiment. <bold>b,</bold> The results of combining multiple annotations and applying model selection and cross-validation. Although the maximum-likelihood estimates are plotted, model selection was performed with penalized likelihood. <bold>c,</bold> Reweighting of GWAS loci. Each point represents an LD-defined region of the genome, and shown are the regional posterior probabilities of association (PPAs). The <italic>x</italic>-axis give the PPA calculated from the GWAS summary statistics alone, whereas the <italic>y</italic>-axis gives the PPA upon reweighting on the basis of the annotations in b. The orange points represent genomic regions where the PPA is equivalent to the standard GWAS significance threshold only upon reweighting.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 8</label><caption><title>Tissue-level biological annotation</title><p id="P26"><bold>a,</bold> The enrichment factor for a given tissue type is the ratio of variance explained by SNPs in that group to the overall fraction of SNPs in that group. To benchmark the estimates for <italic>EduYears</italic>, we compare the enrichment factors to those obtained when we use the largest GWAS conducted to date on body mass index, height, and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI. The estimates were produced with the LDSC python software, using the LD Scores and functional annotations introduced in Finucane et al. (2015) and the HapMap3 SNPs with MAF > 0.05. Each of the 10 enrichment calculations for a particular cell type is performed independently, while each controlling for the 52 functional annotation categories in the full baseline model. The error bars show the 95% confidence intervals. <bold>b,</bold> We took measurements of gene expression by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Consortium and determined whether the genes overlapping <italic>EduYears</italic>-associated loci are significantly overexpressed (relative to genes in random sets of loci matched by gene density) in each of 37 tissue types. These types are grouped in the panel by organ. The colored bars corresponding to tissues where there is significant overexpression. The <italic>y</italic>-axis is the significance on a –log<sub>10</sub> scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 9</label><caption><title>Gene-level biological annotation</title><p id="P27"><bold>a,</bold> The DEPICT-prioritized genes for <italic>EduYears</italic> measured in the BrainSpan Developmental Transcriptome data (red curve) are more strongly expressed in the brain prenatally rather than postnatally. The DEPICT-prioritized genes exhibit similar gene-expression levels across different brain regions (gray lines). Analyses were based on log<sub>2</sub>-transformed RNA-Seq data. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. <bold>b,</bold> For each phenotype and disorder, we calculated the overlap between the phenotype's DEPICT-prioritized genes and genes believed to harbor <italic>de novo</italic> mutations causing the disorder. The bars correspond to odds ratios. <italic>EduYears</italic>, years of education; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI. <bold>c,</bold> DEPICT-prioritized genes in <italic>EduYears</italic>-associated loci exhibit substantial overlap with genes previously reported to harbor sites where mutations increase risk of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.6.1</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f9"></graphic></fig><fig id="F10" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Figure 10</label><caption><title>The predictive power of a polygenic score (PGS) varies in Sweden by birth cohort</title><p id="P28">Five-year rolling regressions of years of education on the PGS (left axis in all four panels), share of individuals not affected by the comprehensive school reform (<bold>a,</bold> right axis), and average distance to nearest junior high school (<bold>b,</bold> right axis), nearest high school (<bold>c,</bold> right axis) and nearest college/university (<bold>d,</bold> right axis). The shaded area displays the 95% confidence intervals for the PGS effect.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f10"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="S3"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>1</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS770340-supplement-1.pdf" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e3895" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S4"><p>This research was carried out under the auspices of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC). The SSGAC seeks to facilitate studies that investigate the influence of genes on human behavior, well-being, and social-scientific outcomes using large genome-wide association study meta-analyses. The SSGAC also provides opportunities for replication and promotes the collection of accurately measured, harmonized phenotypes across cohorts. The SSGAC operates as a working group within the CHARGE consortium. This research has also been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource. This study was supported by funding from the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11), the Swedish Research Council (421-2013-1061), The Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, an ERC Consolidator Grant (647648 EdGe), the Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior, and the NIA/NIH through grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to NBER, and R01-AG042568 to USC. We thank Samantha Cunningham, Nishanth Galla and Justin Rashtian for research assistance. A full list of acknowledgments is provided in the <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">supplementary materials</xref>.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN3" fn-type="supplementary-material"><p><xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information</xref> is linked to the online version of the paper at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.nature.com/nature">www.nature.com/nature</ext-link>.</p></fn><fn id="FN4" fn-type="con"><p><bold>Author contributions</bold> Study Design and Management: D.J.B., D.C., T.E., M.J., P.D.K. and P.M.V. Quality Control and Meta Analysis: A.O., G.B.C., T.E, M.A.F., C.A.R. and T.H.P. Stratification: P.T., J.P.B., C.A.R. and J.Y. Genetic Overlap: J.P.B, M.A.F., P.T. Biological Annotation: J.J.L, T.E., J.H.B., J.K.B., J.P.B., L.F., V.E., L.F., G.A.M, M.A.F., S.F.W.M., G.A.M., T.H.P., J.K.P., P.Timshel, R.A.P., R.d.V. and H.J.W. Prediction and Mediation: J.P.B., M.A.F. and J.Y. G×E: D.Conley, S.F.L., K.O.L., S.O. and K.T. Replication in UKB: M.A.F. and C.A.R. SSGAC Advisory Board: D.Conley, T.E., A.H., R.F.K., D.I.L., S.E.M., M.N.M., G.D.S. and P.M.V. All authors contributed to and critically reviewed the manuscript. Authors not listed above contributed to the recruitment, genotyping, or data processing for the contributing components of the meta-analysis. For a full list of author contributions, see <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 8</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="FN5"><p><bold>Author Information</bold> Results can be downloaded from the SSGAC website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ssgac.org/Data.php">http://ssgac.org/Data.php</ext-link>). Data for our analyses come from many studies and organizations, some of which are subject to a MTA, and are listed in the <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information</xref>. Reprints and permissions information is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.nature.com/reprints">www.nature.com/reprints</ext-link>. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.J.B. (<email>daniel.benjamin@gmail.com</email>), D.C. (<email>dac12@nyu.edu</email>), P.D.K. (<email>p.d.koellinger@vu.nl</email>), or P.M.V. 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–log<sub>10</sub> scale. The black line shows the genome-wide significance level (5×10<sup>-8</sup>). The red x's are the 74 approximately independent genome-wide significant associations (“lead SNPs”). The black dots labeled with rs numbers are the 3 Rietveld et al.<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> SNPs.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f11"></graphic></fig><fig id="F12" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Genetic correlations between <italic>EduYears</italic> and other traits</title><p>Results from bivariate Linkage-Disequilibrium (LD) Score regressions<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>: estimates of genetic correlation with brain volume, neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and anthropometric phenotypes using published GWAS summary statistics. The error bars show the 95% confidence intervals.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f12"></graphic></fig><fig id="F13" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Overview of biological annotation</title><p>34 clusters of significantly enriched gene sets. Each cluster is named after one of its member gene sets. The color represents the <italic>P</italic>-value of the member set exhibiting the most statistically significant enrichment. Overlap between pairs of clusters is represented by an edge. Edge width represents the Pearson correlation ρ between the two vectors of gene membership scores (ρ < 0.3, no edge; 0.3 ≤ ρ < 0.5, thin edge; 0.5 ≤ ρ < 0.7, intermediate edge; ρ ≥ 0.7, thick edge), where each cluster's vector is the vector for the gene set after which the cluster is named.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms770340f13"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Selected candidate genes implicated by bioinformatics analyses</title><p>Fifteen candidate genes implicated most consistently across various analyses. To assemble this list, each gene in a DEPICT-defined locus (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 4.5</xref>) was assigned a score equal to the number of criteria it satisfies out of ten (see <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.1</xref> for details). The DEPICT prioritization <italic>P</italic>-value was used as the tiebreaker. “SNP”: the SNP in the gene's locus with the lowest <italic>P</italic>-value in the <italic>EduYears</italic> meta-analysis. “Syndromic”: which, if any, of three neuropsychiatric disorders have been linked to <italic>de novo</italic> mutations in the gene (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 4.6</xref>). “Top-ranking gene sets”: DEPICT reconstituted gene sets of which the gene is a top-20 member (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Table 4.5.1</xref>). The three most significant gene sets are shown if more than three are available. ID, intellectual disability; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNP</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Syndromic</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Score</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Top-ranking gene sets</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>TBR1</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4500960</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID, ASD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Developmental biology, decreased brain size, abnormal cerebral cortex morphology</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>MEF2C</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs7277187</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID, ASD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ErbB signaling pathway, abnormal sternum ossification, regulation of muscle cell differentiation</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ZSWIM6</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs61160187</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Transcription factor binding, negative regulation of signal transduction, PI3K events in ErbB4 signaling</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BCL11A</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2457660</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dendritic spine organization, abnormal hippocampal mossy fiber morphology, SWI/SNF-type complex</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>CELSR3</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs11712056</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCZ</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dendrite morphogenesis, dendrite development, abnormal hippocampal mossy fiber morphology</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>MAPT</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs192818565</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dendrite morphogenesis, abnormal hippocampal mossy fiber morphology, abnormal axon guidance</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SBNO1</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs7306755</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCZ</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>NBAS</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs12987662</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>NBEA</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs9544418</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCZ</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Developmental biology, signaling by Robo receptor, dendritic shaft</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SMARCA2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs1871109</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>MAP4</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs11712056</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Developmental biology, signaling by Robo receptor, SWI-SNF-type complex</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>LINC00461</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10061788</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased brain size, abnormal cerebral cortex morphology, abnormal hippocampal mossy fiber morphology</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>POU3F2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs9320913</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dendrite morphogenesis, developmental biology, decreased brain size</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>RAD54L2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs11712056</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCZ</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased brain size, SWI/SNF-type complex, nBAF complex</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>PLK2</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2964197</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative regulation of signal transduction, PI3K events in ErbB4 signaling</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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