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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The genetic history of Ice Age Europe</title><author><name sortKey="Fu, Qiaomei" sort="Fu, Qiaomei" uniqKey="Fu Q" first="Qiaomei" last="Fu">Qiaomei Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100044, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajdinjak, Mateja" sort="Hajdinjak, Mateja" uniqKey="Hajdinjak M" first="Mateja" last="Hajdinjak">Mateja Hajdinjak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petr, Martin" sort="Petr, Martin" uniqKey="Petr M" first="Martin" last="Petr">Martin Petr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallick, Swapan" sort="Mallick, Swapan" uniqKey="Mallick S" first="Swapan" last="Mallick">Swapan Mallick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Daniel" sort="Fernandes, Daniel" uniqKey="Fernandes D" first="Daniel" last="Fernandes">Daniel Fernandes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furtw Ngler, Anja" sort="Furtw Ngler, Anja" uniqKey="Furtw Ngler A" first="Anja" last="Furtw Ngler">Anja Furtw Ngler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA-5005 Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Matthias" sort="Meyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Matthias" last="Meyer">Matthias Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nickel, Birgit" sort="Nickel, Birgit" uniqKey="Nickel B" first="Birgit" last="Nickel">Birgit Nickel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltzer, Alexander" sort="Peltzer, Alexander" uniqKey="Peltzer A" first="Alexander" last="Peltzer">Alexander Peltzer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohland, Nadin" sort="Rohland, Nadin" uniqKey="Rohland N" first="Nadin" last="Rohland">Nadin Rohland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slon, Viviane" sort="Slon, Viviane" uniqKey="Slon V" first="Viviane" last="Slon">Viviane Slon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talamo, Sahra" sort="Talamo, Sahra" uniqKey="Talamo S" first="Sahra" last="Talamo">Sahra Talamo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazaridis, Iosif" sort="Lazaridis, Iosif" uniqKey="Lazaridis I" first="Iosif" last="Lazaridis">Iosif Lazaridis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipson, Mark" sort="Lipson, Mark" uniqKey="Lipson M" first="Mark" last="Lipson">Mark Lipson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathieson, Iain" sort="Mathieson, Iain" uniqKey="Mathieson I" first="Iain" last="Mathieson">Iain Mathieson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schiffels, Stephan" sort="Schiffels, Stephan" uniqKey="Schiffels S" first="Stephan" last="Schiffels">Stephan Schiffels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skoglund, Pontus" sort="Skoglund, Pontus" uniqKey="Skoglund P" first="Pontus" last="Skoglund">Pontus Skoglund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derevianko, Anatoly P" sort="Derevianko, Anatoly P" uniqKey="Derevianko A" first="Anatoly P." last="Derevianko">Anatoly P. Derevianko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Altai State University, Barnaul, RU-656049, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drozdov, Nikolai" sort="Drozdov, Nikolai" uniqKey="Drozdov N" first="Nikolai" last="Drozdov">Nikolai Drozdov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slavinsky, Vyacheslav" sort="Slavinsky, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Slavinsky V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Slavinsky">Vyacheslav Slavinsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsybankov, Alexander" sort="Tsybankov, Alexander" uniqKey="Tsybankov A" first="Alexander" last="Tsybankov">Alexander Tsybankov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni" sort="Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni" uniqKey="Cremonesi R" first="Renata Grifoni" last="Cremonesi">Renata Grifoni Cremonesi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallegni, Francesco" sort="Mallegni, Francesco" uniqKey="Mallegni F" first="Francesco" last="Mallegni">Francesco Mallegni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Biology, University of Pisa 56126 Pisa, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Bernard" sort="Gely, Bernard" uniqKey="Gely B" first="Bernard" last="Gély">Bernard Gély</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Direction régionale des affaires culturelles Rhône-Alpes, 69283 Lyon cedex 01, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vacca, Eligio" sort="Vacca, Eligio" uniqKey="Vacca E" first="Eligio" last="Vacca">Eligio Vacca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Morales, Manuel R" sort="Gonzalez Morales, Manuel R" uniqKey="Gonzalez Morales M" first="Manuel R." last="González Morales">Manuel R. González Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Straus, Lawrence G" sort="Straus, Lawrence G" uniqKey="Straus L" first="Lawrence G." last="Straus">Lawrence G. Straus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Anthropology MSC01 1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neugebauer Maresch, Christine" sort="Neugebauer Maresch, Christine" uniqKey="Neugebauer Maresch C" first="Christine" last="Neugebauer-Maresch">Christine Neugebauer-Maresch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Quaternary Archaeology, Institute for Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1010 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teschler Nicola, Maria" sort="Teschler Nicola, Maria" uniqKey="Teschler Nicola M" first="Maria" last="Teschler-Nicola">Maria Teschler-Nicola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Constantin, Silviu" sort="Constantin, Silviu" uniqKey="Constantin S" first="Silviu" last="Constantin">Silviu Constantin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, 010986 Bucharest 12, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moldovan, Oana Teodora" sort="Moldovan, Oana Teodora" uniqKey="Moldovan O" first="Oana Teodora" last="Moldovan">Oana Teodora Moldovan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, Cluj Branch, 400006 Cluj, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benazzi, Stefano" sort="Benazzi, Stefano" uniqKey="Benazzi S" first="Stefano" last="Benazzi">Stefano Benazzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peresani, Marco" sort="Peresani, Marco" uniqKey="Peresani M" first="Marco" last="Peresani">Marco Peresani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppola, Donato" sort="Coppola, Donato" uniqKey="Coppola D" first="Donato" last="Coppola">Donato Coppola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Museo di “Civiltà preclassiche della Murgia meridionale”, 72017 Ostuni, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lari, Martina" sort="Lari, Martina" uniqKey="Lari M" first="Martina" last="Lari">Martina Lari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricci, Stefano" sort="Ricci, Stefano" uniqKey="Ricci S" first="Stefano" last="Ricci">Stefano Ricci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" sort="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" uniqKey="Ronchitelli A" first="Annamaria" last="Ronchitelli">Annamaria Ronchitelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentin, Frederique" sort="Valentin, Frederique" uniqKey="Valentin F" first="Frédérique" last="Valentin">Frédérique Valentin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">CNRS/ UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 92023 Nanterre, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thevenet, Corinne" sort="Thevenet, Corinne" uniqKey="Thevenet C" first="Corinne" last="Thevenet">Corinne Thevenet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">INRAP/ UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21, 92023 Nanterre, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wehrberger, Kurt" sort="Wehrberger, Kurt" uniqKey="Wehrberger K" first="Kurt" last="Wehrberger">Kurt Wehrberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Ulmer Museum, 89073 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigorescu, Dan" sort="Grigorescu, Dan" uniqKey="Grigorescu D" first="Dan" last="Grigorescu">Dan Grigorescu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, 01041 Bucharest, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rougier, Helene" sort="Rougier, Helene" uniqKey="Rougier H" first="Hélène" last="Rougier">Hélène Rougier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8244, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" sort="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" uniqKey="Crevecoeur I" first="Isabelle" last="Crevecoeur">Isabelle Crevecoeur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flas, Damien" sort="Flas, Damien" uniqKey="Flas D" first="Damien" last="Flas">Damien Flas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">TRACES – UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Semal, Patrick" sort="Semal, Patrick" uniqKey="Semal P" first="Patrick" last="Semal">Patrick Semal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannino, Marcello A" sort="Mannino, Marcello A" uniqKey="Mannino M" first="Marcello A." last="Mannino">Marcello A. Mannino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cupillard, Christophe" sort="Cupillard, Christophe" uniqKey="Cupillard C" first="Christophe" last="Cupillard">Christophe Cupillard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Service Régional d’Archéologie de Franche-Comté, 25043 Besançon Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocherens, Herve" sort="Bocherens, Herve" uniqKey="Bocherens H" first="Hervé" last="Bocherens">Hervé Bocherens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conard, Nicholas J" sort="Conard, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Conard N" first="Nicholas J." last="Conard">Nicholas J. Conard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvati, Katerina" sort="Harvati, Katerina" uniqKey="Harvati K" first="Katerina" last="Harvati">Katerina Harvati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moiseyev, Vyacheslav" sort="Moiseyev, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Moiseyev V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Moiseyev">Vyacheslav Moiseyev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint Petersburg 34, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drucker, Dorothee G" sort="Drucker, Dorothee G" uniqKey="Drucker D" first="Dorothée G." last="Drucker">Dorothée G. Drucker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Ji" sort="Svoboda, Ji" uniqKey="Svoboda J" first="Ji" last="Svoboda">Ji Svoboda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, Michael P" sort="Richards, Michael P" uniqKey="Richards M" first="Michael P." last="Richards">Michael P. Richards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caramelli, David" sort="Caramelli, David" uniqKey="Caramelli D" first="David" last="Caramelli">David Caramelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinhasi, Ron" sort="Pinhasi, Ron" uniqKey="Pinhasi R" first="Ron" last="Pinhasi">Ron Pinhasi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Nick" sort="Patterson, Nick" uniqKey="Patterson N" first="Nick" last="Patterson">Nick Patterson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Bo, Svante" sort="P Bo, Svante" uniqKey="P Bo S" first="Svante" last="P Bo">Svante P Bo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, David" sort="Reich, David" uniqKey="Reich D" first="David" last="Reich">David Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27135931</idno><idno type="pmc">4943878</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4943878</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature17993</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D72</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D72</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The genetic history of Ice Age Europe</title><author><name sortKey="Fu, Qiaomei" sort="Fu, Qiaomei" uniqKey="Fu Q" first="Qiaomei" last="Fu">Qiaomei Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100044, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajdinjak, Mateja" sort="Hajdinjak, Mateja" uniqKey="Hajdinjak M" first="Mateja" last="Hajdinjak">Mateja Hajdinjak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petr, Martin" sort="Petr, Martin" uniqKey="Petr M" first="Martin" last="Petr">Martin Petr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallick, Swapan" sort="Mallick, Swapan" uniqKey="Mallick S" first="Swapan" last="Mallick">Swapan Mallick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Daniel" sort="Fernandes, Daniel" uniqKey="Fernandes D" first="Daniel" last="Fernandes">Daniel Fernandes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furtw Ngler, Anja" sort="Furtw Ngler, Anja" uniqKey="Furtw Ngler A" first="Anja" last="Furtw Ngler">Anja Furtw Ngler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA-5005 Adelaide, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Matthias" sort="Meyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Meyer M" first="Matthias" last="Meyer">Matthias Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nickel, Birgit" sort="Nickel, Birgit" uniqKey="Nickel B" first="Birgit" last="Nickel">Birgit Nickel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltzer, Alexander" sort="Peltzer, Alexander" uniqKey="Peltzer A" first="Alexander" last="Peltzer">Alexander Peltzer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rohland, Nadin" sort="Rohland, Nadin" uniqKey="Rohland N" first="Nadin" last="Rohland">Nadin Rohland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slon, Viviane" sort="Slon, Viviane" uniqKey="Slon V" first="Viviane" last="Slon">Viviane Slon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talamo, Sahra" sort="Talamo, Sahra" uniqKey="Talamo S" first="Sahra" last="Talamo">Sahra Talamo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazaridis, Iosif" sort="Lazaridis, Iosif" uniqKey="Lazaridis I" first="Iosif" last="Lazaridis">Iosif Lazaridis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipson, Mark" sort="Lipson, Mark" uniqKey="Lipson M" first="Mark" last="Lipson">Mark Lipson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathieson, Iain" sort="Mathieson, Iain" uniqKey="Mathieson I" first="Iain" last="Mathieson">Iain Mathieson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schiffels, Stephan" sort="Schiffels, Stephan" uniqKey="Schiffels S" first="Stephan" last="Schiffels">Stephan Schiffels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skoglund, Pontus" sort="Skoglund, Pontus" uniqKey="Skoglund P" first="Pontus" last="Skoglund">Pontus Skoglund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derevianko, Anatoly P" sort="Derevianko, Anatoly P" uniqKey="Derevianko A" first="Anatoly P." last="Derevianko">Anatoly P. Derevianko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Altai State University, Barnaul, RU-656049, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drozdov, Nikolai" sort="Drozdov, Nikolai" uniqKey="Drozdov N" first="Nikolai" last="Drozdov">Nikolai Drozdov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slavinsky, Vyacheslav" sort="Slavinsky, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Slavinsky V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Slavinsky">Vyacheslav Slavinsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsybankov, Alexander" sort="Tsybankov, Alexander" uniqKey="Tsybankov A" first="Alexander" last="Tsybankov">Alexander Tsybankov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni" sort="Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni" uniqKey="Cremonesi R" first="Renata Grifoni" last="Cremonesi">Renata Grifoni Cremonesi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallegni, Francesco" sort="Mallegni, Francesco" uniqKey="Mallegni F" first="Francesco" last="Mallegni">Francesco Mallegni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Biology, University of Pisa 56126 Pisa, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Bernard" sort="Gely, Bernard" uniqKey="Gely B" first="Bernard" last="Gély">Bernard Gély</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Direction régionale des affaires culturelles Rhône-Alpes, 69283 Lyon cedex 01, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vacca, Eligio" sort="Vacca, Eligio" uniqKey="Vacca E" first="Eligio" last="Vacca">Eligio Vacca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Morales, Manuel R" sort="Gonzalez Morales, Manuel R" uniqKey="Gonzalez Morales M" first="Manuel R." last="González Morales">Manuel R. González Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Straus, Lawrence G" sort="Straus, Lawrence G" uniqKey="Straus L" first="Lawrence G." last="Straus">Lawrence G. Straus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Anthropology MSC01 1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neugebauer Maresch, Christine" sort="Neugebauer Maresch, Christine" uniqKey="Neugebauer Maresch C" first="Christine" last="Neugebauer-Maresch">Christine Neugebauer-Maresch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Quaternary Archaeology, Institute for Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1010 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teschler Nicola, Maria" sort="Teschler Nicola, Maria" uniqKey="Teschler Nicola M" first="Maria" last="Teschler-Nicola">Maria Teschler-Nicola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Constantin, Silviu" sort="Constantin, Silviu" uniqKey="Constantin S" first="Silviu" last="Constantin">Silviu Constantin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, 010986 Bucharest 12, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moldovan, Oana Teodora" sort="Moldovan, Oana Teodora" uniqKey="Moldovan O" first="Oana Teodora" last="Moldovan">Oana Teodora Moldovan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, Cluj Branch, 400006 Cluj, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benazzi, Stefano" sort="Benazzi, Stefano" uniqKey="Benazzi S" first="Stefano" last="Benazzi">Stefano Benazzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peresani, Marco" sort="Peresani, Marco" uniqKey="Peresani M" first="Marco" last="Peresani">Marco Peresani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppola, Donato" sort="Coppola, Donato" uniqKey="Coppola D" first="Donato" last="Coppola">Donato Coppola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Museo di “Civiltà preclassiche della Murgia meridionale”, 72017 Ostuni, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lari, Martina" sort="Lari, Martina" uniqKey="Lari M" first="Martina" last="Lari">Martina Lari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricci, Stefano" sort="Ricci, Stefano" uniqKey="Ricci S" first="Stefano" last="Ricci">Stefano Ricci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" sort="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" uniqKey="Ronchitelli A" first="Annamaria" last="Ronchitelli">Annamaria Ronchitelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentin, Frederique" sort="Valentin, Frederique" uniqKey="Valentin F" first="Frédérique" last="Valentin">Frédérique Valentin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">CNRS/ UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 92023 Nanterre, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thevenet, Corinne" sort="Thevenet, Corinne" uniqKey="Thevenet C" first="Corinne" last="Thevenet">Corinne Thevenet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">INRAP/ UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21, 92023 Nanterre, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wehrberger, Kurt" sort="Wehrberger, Kurt" uniqKey="Wehrberger K" first="Kurt" last="Wehrberger">Kurt Wehrberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Ulmer Museum, 89073 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigorescu, Dan" sort="Grigorescu, Dan" uniqKey="Grigorescu D" first="Dan" last="Grigorescu">Dan Grigorescu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, 01041 Bucharest, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rougier, Helene" sort="Rougier, Helene" uniqKey="Rougier H" first="Hélène" last="Rougier">Hélène Rougier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8244, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" sort="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" uniqKey="Crevecoeur I" first="Isabelle" last="Crevecoeur">Isabelle Crevecoeur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flas, Damien" sort="Flas, Damien" uniqKey="Flas D" first="Damien" last="Flas">Damien Flas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">TRACES – UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Semal, Patrick" sort="Semal, Patrick" uniqKey="Semal P" first="Patrick" last="Semal">Patrick Semal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannino, Marcello A" sort="Mannino, Marcello A" uniqKey="Mannino M" first="Marcello A." last="Mannino">Marcello A. Mannino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cupillard, Christophe" sort="Cupillard, Christophe" uniqKey="Cupillard C" first="Christophe" last="Cupillard">Christophe Cupillard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Service Régional d’Archéologie de Franche-Comté, 25043 Besançon Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocherens, Herve" sort="Bocherens, Herve" uniqKey="Bocherens H" first="Hervé" last="Bocherens">Hervé Bocherens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conard, Nicholas J" sort="Conard, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Conard N" first="Nicholas J." last="Conard">Nicholas J. Conard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvati, Katerina" sort="Harvati, Katerina" uniqKey="Harvati K" first="Katerina" last="Harvati">Katerina Harvati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moiseyev, Vyacheslav" sort="Moiseyev, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Moiseyev V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Moiseyev">Vyacheslav Moiseyev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint Petersburg 34, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drucker, Dorothee G" sort="Drucker, Dorothee G" uniqKey="Drucker D" first="Dorothée G." last="Drucker">Dorothée G. Drucker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Ji" sort="Svoboda, Ji" uniqKey="Svoboda J" first="Ji" last="Svoboda">Ji Svoboda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, Michael P" sort="Richards, Michael P" uniqKey="Richards M" first="Michael P." last="Richards">Michael P. Richards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caramelli, David" sort="Caramelli, David" uniqKey="Caramelli D" first="David" last="Caramelli">David Caramelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinhasi, Ron" sort="Pinhasi, Ron" uniqKey="Pinhasi R" first="Ron" last="Pinhasi">Ron Pinhasi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelso, Janet" sort="Kelso, Janet" uniqKey="Kelso J" first="Janet" last="Kelso">Janet Kelso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Nick" sort="Patterson, Nick" uniqKey="Patterson N" first="Nick" last="Patterson">Nick Patterson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Bo, Svante" sort="P Bo, Svante" uniqKey="P Bo S" first="Svante" last="P Bo">Svante P Bo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, David" sort="Reich, David" uniqKey="Reich D" first="David" last="Reich">David Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. We analyze genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3–6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe during the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European pre-history.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gamble, C" uniqKey="Gamble C">C Gamble</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, W" uniqKey="Davies W">W Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pettitt, P" uniqKey="Pettitt P">P Pettitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, M" uniqKey="Richards M">M Richards</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, Er" uniqKey="Jones E">ER Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fu, Q" uniqKey="Fu Q">Q Fu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seguin Orlando, A" uniqKey="Seguin Orlando A">A Seguin-Orlando</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dabney, J" uniqKey="Dabney J">J Dabney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, M" uniqKey="Meyer M">M Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kircher, M" uniqKey="Kircher M">M Kircher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, M" uniqKey="Meyer M">M Meyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rohland, N" uniqKey="Rohland N">N Rohland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harney, E" uniqKey="Harney E">E Harney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallick, S" uniqKey="Mallick S">S Mallick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nordenfelt, S" uniqKey="Nordenfelt S">S Nordenfelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, D" uniqKey="Reich D">D Reich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haak, W" uniqKey="Haak W">W Haak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Korneliussen, Ts" 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sortKey="Saenko, Oa" uniqKey="Saenko O">OA Saenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clark, Pu" uniqKey="Clark P">PU Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitrovica, Jx" uniqKey="Mitrovica J">JX Mitrovica</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montoya, C" uniqKey="Montoya C">C Montoya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peresani, M" uniqKey="Peresani M">M Peresani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valentin, B" uniqKey="Valentin B">B Valentin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pala, M" uniqKey="Pala M">M Pala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcvean, G" uniqKey="Mcvean G">G McVean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awadalla, P" uniqKey="Awadalla P">P Awadalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fearnhead, P" uniqKey="Fearnhead P">P 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<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27135931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4943878</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature17993</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS777742</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The genetic history of Ice Age Europe</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>Qiaomei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Posth</surname><given-names>Cosimo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hajdinjak</surname><given-names>Mateja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref rid="FN2" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petr</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mallick</surname><given-names>Swapan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Furtwängler</surname><given-names>Anja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haak</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>Matthias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mittnik</surname><given-names>Alissa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nickel</surname><given-names>Birgit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peltzer</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rohland</surname><given-names>Nadin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slon</surname><given-names>Viviane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Talamo</surname><given-names>Sahra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lazaridis</surname><given-names>Iosif</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lipson</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathieson</surname><given-names>Iain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schiffels</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Skoglund</surname><given-names>Pontus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Derevianko</surname><given-names>Anatoly P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Drozdov</surname><given-names>Nikolai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slavinsky</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tsybankov</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cremonesi</surname><given-names>Renata Grifoni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mallegni</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gély</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vacca</surname><given-names>Eligio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>González Morales</surname><given-names>Manuel R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Straus</surname><given-names>Lawrence G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Neugebauer-Maresch</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teschler-Nicola</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Constantin</surname><given-names>Silviu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moldovan</surname><given-names>Oana Teodora</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benazzi</surname><given-names>Stefano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peresani</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coppola</surname><given-names>Donato</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A27">27</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lari</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ricci</surname><given-names>Stefano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ronchitelli</surname><given-names>Annamaria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valentin</surname><given-names>Frédérique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A31">31</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thevenet</surname><given-names>Corinne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A32">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wehrberger</surname><given-names>Kurt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grigorescu</surname><given-names>Dan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rougier</surname><given-names>Hélène</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crevecoeur</surname><given-names>Isabelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A36">36</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flas</surname><given-names>Damien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Semal</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mannino</surname><given-names>Marcello A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A39">39</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cupillard</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A40">40</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A41">41</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bocherens</surname><given-names>Hervé</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A42">42</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A43">43</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Conard</surname><given-names>Nicholas J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A43">43</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A44">44</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harvati</surname><given-names>Katerina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A43">43</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A45">45</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moiseyev</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A46">46</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Drucker</surname><given-names>Dorothée G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A42">42</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Svoboda</surname><given-names>Jiří</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A47">47</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A48">48</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>Michael P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A49">49</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caramelli</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pinhasi</surname><given-names>Ron</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kelso</surname><given-names>Janet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>Nick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krause</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A43">43</xref><xref rid="FN3" ref-type="author-notes">+</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pääbo</surname><given-names>Svante</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref rid="FN3" ref-type="author-notes">+</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reich</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref><xref rid="FN3" ref-type="author-notes">+</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100044, China</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142, USA</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA-5005 Adelaide, Australia</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Altai State University, Barnaul, RU-656049, Russia</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Department of Biology, University of Pisa 56126 Pisa, Italy</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Direction régionale des affaires culturelles Rhône-Alpes, 69283 Lyon cedex 01, France</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Anthropology MSC01 1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Quaternary Archaeology, Institute for Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1010 Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, 010986 Bucharest 12, Romania</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>“Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, Cluj Branch, 400006 Cluj, Romania</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70125 Bari, Italy</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Museo di “Civiltà preclassiche della Murgia meridionale”, 72017 Ostuni, Italy</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>CNRS/ UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 92023 Nanterre, France</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>INRAP/ UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21, 92023 Nanterre, France</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Ulmer Museum, 89073 Ulm, Germany</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, 01041 Bucharest, Romania</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8244, USA</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>TRACES – UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Service Régional d’Archéologie de Franche-Comté, 25043 Besançon Cedex, France</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint Petersburg 34, Russia</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to David Reich (<email>reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu</email>)</corresp><fn id="FN2" fn-type="equal"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally</p></fn><fn id="FN3"><label>+</label><p>These authors co-supervised the study</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>534</volume><issue>7606</issue><fpage>200</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/nature17993</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license><license license-type="permissions-link"><license-p>Reprints and permissions information is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.nature.com/reprints">www.nature.com/reprints</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P1">Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. We analyze genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3–6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe during the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European pre-history.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p id="P2">Modern humans arrived in Europe around 45,000 years ago and have lived there ever since, even during the Last Glacial Maximum 25,000-19,000 years ago when large parts of Europe were covered in ice<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>. A major question is how climatic fluctuations influenced the population history of Europe and to what extent changes in material cultures documented by archaeology and correlating to climatic events corresponded to movements of people. To date, it has been difficult to address this question because genome-wide ancient DNA has been retrieved from just five Upper Paleolithic individuals in Eurasia<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>–<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. Here we assemble and analyze genome-wide data from 51 modern humans dating from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago (<xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1; Extended Data Table 1</xref>; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1</xref>).</p><sec id="S1"><title>Ancient DNA data</title><p id="P3">We extracted DNA from human remains in dedicated clean rooms<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>, and transformed the extracts into Illumina sequencing libraries<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>–<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>. A major challenge in ancient DNA research is that the vast majority of the DNA extracted from most specimens is of microbial origin, making random shotgun sequencing prohibitively expensive. We addressed this problem by enriching the libraries for between 390,000 and 3.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nuclear genome via hybridizing to pools of previously synthesized 52-base-pair oligonucleotide probes targeting these positions (this strategy makes it possible to generate genome-wide data from samples with high percentages of microbial DNA that are not practical to study by shotgun sequencing)<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>. We sequenced the isolated DNA fragments from both ends, and mapped the consensus sequences to the human genome (<italic>hg19</italic>), retaining fragments that overlapped the targeted SNPs. After removing fragments with identical start and end positions to eliminate duplicates produced during library amplification, we chose one fragment at random to represent each individual at each SNP.</p><p id="P4">Contamination from present-day human DNA is a danger in ancient DNA research. To address this we took advantage of three characteristic features of ancient DNA (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 2</xref>). First, for an uncontaminated specimen, we expect only a single mitochondrial DNA sequence to be present, allowing us to detect contamination as a mixture of mitochondrial sequences. Second, because males carry a single X chromosome, we can detect contamination in male specimens as polymorphisms on chromosome X<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>. Third, cytosines at the ends of genuine ancient DNA molecules are often deaminated, resulting in apparent cytosine to thymine substitutions<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>. Thus, restricting analysis to molecules with evidence of such deamination filters out the great majority of contaminating molecules<sup><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>. For libraries from males with evidence of mitochondrial DNA contamination or X chromosomal contamination estimates >2.5%—as well as for all libraries from females—we restricted the analyses to sequences with evidence of cytosine deamination (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 2</xref>). After merging libraries from the same individual and limiting to individuals with >4,000 targeted SNPs covered at least once, 38 individuals remained, which we merged with newly generated shotgun sequencing data from the <italic>Karelia</italic> individual<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> (2.0-fold coverage), and published data from ancient<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>–<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>–<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> and present-day humans<sup><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>. The final dataset includes 51 ancient modern humans, of which 16 had at least 790,000 SNPs covered (<xref rid="F1" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>; <xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1; Extended Data Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Natural selection has reduced Neanderthal ancestry over the last 45,000 years</title><p id="P5">We used two previously published statistics<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> to ask if the proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in Eurasians changed over the last 45,000 years. Whereas on the order of 2% of present-day Eurasian DNA is of Neanderthal origin (<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 2</xref>), the ancient modern human genomes carry significantly more Neanderthal DNA (<xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>) (P≪10<sup>−12</sup>). Using one statistic, we estimate a decline from 4.3–5.7% from a time shortly after introgression to 1.1–2.2% in Eurasians today (<xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). Using the other statistic, we estimate a decline from 3.2–4.2% to 1.8–2.3% (<xref rid="F5" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 1</xref>, <xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 3</xref>). Because all the European samples we analyzed dating to between 37,000 and 14,000 years ago are consistent with descent from a single founding population, admixture with populations with lower Neanderthal ancestry cannot explain the steady decrease in Neanderthal-derived DNA that we detect during this period, showing that natural selection against Neanderthal DNA must have driven this phenomenon (<xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). We also obtain an independent line of evidence for selection from our observation that the decrease in Neanderthal-derived alleles is more marked near genes than in less constrained regions of the genome (P=0.010) (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3</xref>; <xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 3</xref>)<sup><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>–<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Y chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA and phenotypically important mutations</title><p id="P6">We used the proportion of sequences mapping to the Y chromosome to infer sex (<xref rid="T4" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 4</xref>; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 4</xref>), and determined Y chromosome haplogroups for the males. We were surprised to find haplogroup R1b in the ~14,000-year-old <italic>Villabruna</italic> individual from Italy. While the predominance of R1b in western Europe today is owes its origin to Bronze Age migrations from the eastern European steppe<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>, its presence in <italic>Villabruna</italic> and in a ~7,000-year-old farmer from Iberia<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> document a deeper history of this haplotype in more western parts of Europe. Additional evidence of an early link between west and east comes from the <italic>HERC2</italic> locus, where a derived allele that is the primary driver of light eye color in Europeans appears nearly simultaneously in specimens from Italy and the Caucasus ~14,000-13,000 years ago. <xref rid="T5" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 5</xref> presents results for additional alleles of known phenotypic importance. When analyzing the mitochondrial genomes we note the presence of haplogroup M in a ~27,000-year-old individual from southern Italy (<italic>Ostuni1</italic>) in agreement with the observation that this haplogroup, which today occurs in Asia and is absent in Europe, was present in pre-Last Glacial Maximum Europe and became lost during the Ice Age<sup><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>. We also find that the ~33,000 year old <italic>Muierii2</italic> from Romania carries a basal version of haplogroup U6, in agreement with the hypothesis that the presence of derived versions of this haplogroup in North Africans today is due to back-migration from western Eurasia<sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Genetic clustering of the ancient specimens</title><p id="P7">This dataset provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the population history of Upper Paleolithic Europe over more than 30,000 years. In order to not prejudice any association between genetic and archaeological groupings among the individuals studied, we first allowed the genetic data alone to drive the groupings of the specimens and only afterward examined their associations with archaeological cultural complexes. We began by computing <italic>f3</italic>-statistics<sup><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> of the form <italic>f3(X, Y; Mbuti)</italic>, which measure shared genetic drift between a pair of ancient individuals after divergence from an outgroup (here <italic>Mbuti</italic> from sub-Saharan Africa), which allowed us to observe clear clusters of samples (<xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Figure 3A</xref>; <xref rid="F6" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 2</xref>). Through Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis of this matrix (<xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Figure 3B</xref>), as well as through <italic>D</italic>-statistic analyses<sup><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 5</xref>), we identified five clusters of individuals with substantial shared genetic drift, which we name after the oldest individual with >1.0-fold coverage in each cluster (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 5</xref>; <xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1; Extended Data Table 1</xref>). In contrast, we were not able to identify clear structure among these samples based on model-based clustering<sup><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup>, which may reflect the fact that many of the samples are so ancient that present-day patterns of human variation are not very relevant to understanding their patterns of genetic differentiation<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>. The “Vestonice Cluster” is composed of 14 pre-Ice Age individuals from 34,000-26,000 years ago, who are all associated with the archaeologically defined Gravettian culture. The “Mal’ta Cluster” is composed of three individuals from the Glacial Maximum 24,000-17,000 years ago from the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. The “El Mirón Cluster” is composed of 6 Late Glacial individuals from 19,000-14,000 years ago, who are all associated with the Magdalenian culture. The “Villabruna Cluster” is composed of 13 post-Ice Age individuals from 14,000-7,000 years ago, associated with the Azilian, Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic cultures. The “Satsurblia Cluster” is composed of two individuals from 13,000-10,000 years ago from the northern Caucasus<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. There were ten samples that we did not assign to any cluster, either because of evidence of representing distinct early lineages, (<italic>Ust’-Ishim, Oase1, Kostenki14</italic>, <italic>GoyetQ116</italic>-1, <italic>Muierii2, Cioclovina1, Kostenki12</italic>), or because they were admixed between major clusters (<italic>Karelia</italic> or <italic>Motala12</italic>), or of very different ancestry (<italic>Stuttgart</italic>). To classify the ancestry of additional low coverage samples, we built an admixture graph that fits the allele frequency correlation patterns among high coverage samples<sup><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 6</xref>; <xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4a</xref>). We fit each low coverage sample into the graph in turn, including all fragments from every individual rather than just ones with evidence of cytosine deamination, accounting for contamination bias by modeling (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 7</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>A single founding population during most of the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe</title><p id="P8">Prior to this work, the most ambitious genetic analysis of early modern humans in Europe was based on the ~37,000-year-old <italic>Kostenki14</italic><sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. That analysis suggested that the population to which <italic>Kostenki14</italic> belonged harbored within it the three major lineages that exist in mixed form in Europe today<sup><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>: (1) a lineage related to all later pre-Neolithic Europeans, (2) a “Basal Eurasian” lineage that split from the ancestors of Europeans and East Asians before they separated from each other; and (3) a lineage related to the ~24,000-year-old <italic>Mal’ta1</italic> from Siberia. With our more extensive sampling of Ice Age Europe, we find no support for this model. When we test whether the ~45,000-year-old <italic>Ust’-Ishim</italic> – an early Eurasian without any evidence of Basal Eurasian ancestry – shares more alleles with one test individual or another by computing statistics of the form <italic>D(Test1, Test2; Ust’-Ishim, Mbuti)</italic>, we find that the statistic is consistent with zero when the <italic>Test</italic> populations are any pre-Neolithic Europeans or present-day East Asians<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>. This would not be expected if some of the pre-Neolithic Europeans, including <italic>Kostenki14,</italic> had Basal Eurasian ancestry (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 8</xref>). We also find no evidence for the suggestion that the <italic>Mal’ta1</italic> lineage contributed to Upper Paleolithic Europeans<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>, because when we compute the statistic <italic>D(Test1, Test2; Mal’ta1, Mbuti),</italic> we find that the statistic is consistent with zero when the <italic>Test</italic> populations are any pre-Neolithic Europeans beginning with <italic>Kostenki14</italic>, implying descent from a single founder population since separation from the lineage leading to <italic>Mal’ta1</italic> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 9</xref>). A corollary of this finding is that the widespread presence of <italic>Mal’ta1</italic>-related ancestry in present-day Europeans<sup><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> is due to migrations from the Eurasian steppe in the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>; it is not due to population structure within pre-Neolithic Europe as proposed in the initial analysis of the <italic>Kostenki14</italic> genome<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Resurgence of an early branching European lineage during the Last Glacial Maximum</title><p id="P9">Among the newly reported individuals, <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> from present-day Belgium is the oldest at ~35,000 years ago. It is similar to the ~37,000 year old <italic>Kostenki14</italic> and all later samples in that it shares more alleles with present-day Europeans (<italic>e.g. French</italic>) than with East Asians (<italic>e.g. Han</italic>). In contrast, <italic>Ust’-Ishim</italic> and <italic>Oase1</italic>, which predate <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> and <italic>Kostenki14,</italic> do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans (<xref rid="T6" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 6</xref>). Thus, from at least about 37,000 years ago, populations in Europe shared at least some ancestry with present Europeans. However, <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> differs from <italic>Kostenki14</italic> and from all individuals of the succeeding Vestonice Cluster in that both <italic>f3</italic>-statistics (<xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>; <xref rid="F6" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 2</xref>) and <italic>D-</italic>statistics show that it shares more alleles with members of the El Mirón Cluster who lived 19,000-14,000 years ago than with other pre-Neolithic Europeans (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 10</xref>). Thus, <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> has affinity to individuals who lived more than fifteen thousand years later. While at least half of the ancestry of all El Mirón Cluster individuals comes from the <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> cluster, this proportion varies, with the largest amount in individuals outside Iberia (Z=−4.8) (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 10</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>A drawing together of the ancestry of Europe and the Near East after ~14,000 years ago</title><p id="P10">Beginning around 14,000 years ago with the Villabruna Cluster, the strong affinity to <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> seen in El Mirón Cluster individuals who belong the Late Glacial Magdalenian Culture is greatly attenuated (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 10</xref>). To test if this change might reflect gene flow from populations that did not descend from the >37,000 year old European founder population, we computed statistics of the form <italic>D(Early European, Later European; Y, Mbuti</italic>) where <italic>Y</italic> are various present-day non-Africans. If no gene flow from exogenous populations occurred, this statistic is expected to be zero. <xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4b</xref> shows that it is consistent with zero (|Z|<3) for nearly all individuals dating to between about 37,000 and 14,000 years ago. However, beginning with the Villabruna Cluster, it becomes highly significantly negative in comparisons where the non-European population (<italic>Y</italic>) is Near Easterners (<xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4b</xref>; <xref rid="F7" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 3</xref>; <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 11</xref>). This must reflect gene flow into the Villabruna Cluster from a population related to present-day Near Easterners rather than gene flow in the reverse direction, because we do not see similar patterns in earlier Europeans although they share substantial amounts of their ancestry with the Villabruna Cluster (<xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4b</xref>). The “Satsurblia Cluster” individuals from the Caucasus dating to ~13,000-10,000 years ago<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> share more alleles with the Villabruna Cluster individuals than they do with earlier Europeans, indicating that they are related to the population that contributed new alleles to people in the Villabruna Cluster, although they cannot be the direct source of the gene flow, among other reasons because they have large amounts of Basal Eurasian ancestry while Villabruna Cluster individuals do not<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 12</xref>; <xref rid="F8" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 4</xref>). One possible explanation for the sudden drawing together of the ancestry of Europe and the Near East at this time is long-distance migrations from the Near East into Europe. However, a plausible alternative is population structure, whereby Upper Paleolithic Europe harbored multiple groups that differed in their relationship to the Near East, with the balance shifting among groups as a result of demographic changes after the Ice Age.</p><p id="P11">The Villabruna Cluster includes the largest group of samples in this study. This allows us to study heterogeneity within this cluster (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 13</xref>). First, we detect differences in the degree of allele sharing with members of the El Mirón Cluster, as revealed by significant statistics of the form <italic>D(Test1, Test2; El Mirón Cluster, Mbuti)</italic>. Second, we detect an excess of allele sharing with East Asians in a subset of Villabruna Cluster individuals - beginning with a ~13,000 year old sample from Switzerland - as revealed by significant statistics of the form <italic>D(Test1, Test2; Han, Mbuti)</italic> (<xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4b</xref> and <xref rid="F7" ref-type="fig">Extended Data Figure 3</xref>). For example, <italic>Han</italic> Chinese share more alleles with two Villabruna Cluster individuals (<italic>Loschbour</italic> and <italic>LaBrana1</italic>) than they do with <italic>Kostenki14</italic>, as reflected in significantly negative statistics of the form <italic>D(Kostenki14, Loschbour/LaBrana1; Han, Mbuti)</italic><sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. This statistic was originally interpreted as evidence of Basal Eurasian ancestry in <italic>Kostenki14</italic>. However, because this statistic is consistent with zero when <italic>Han</italic> is replaced with <italic>Ust’-Ishim</italic>, these findings cannot be driven by Basal Eurasian ancestry (as we also discuss above), and must instead be driven by gene flow between populations related to East Asians and the ancestors of some Europeans (<xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 8</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="S8"><title>Conclusions</title><p id="P12">We have shown that the population history of pre-Neolithic Europe was complex in several respects. First, at least some of the initial modern humans to appear in Europe, exemplified by <italic>Ust’-Ishim</italic> and <italic>Oase1</italic>, failed to contribute appreciably to the current European gene pool. Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>. Second, from the time of <italic>Kostenki14</italic> about 37,000 years ago until the time of the Villabruna Cluster about 14,000 years ago, all individuals seem to derive from a single ancestral population with no evidence of substantial genetic influx from elsewhere. It is interesting that during this time, the Mal’ta Cluster is not represented in any of the individuals we sampled from Europe. Thus, while individuals assigned to the Gravettian cultural complex in Europe are associated with the Vestonice Cluster, there is no genetic connection between them and the <italic>Mal’ta1</italic> individual in Siberia despite the fact that Venus figurines are associated with both. This suggests that if this similarity is not a coincidence<sup><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup>, it reflects diffusion of ideas rather than movements of people. Third, we find that <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> derives from a different deep branch of the European founder population than the Vestonice Cluster which became predominant in many places in Europe between 34,000 and 26,000 years ago including at Goyet Cave. <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> is chronologically associated with the Aurignacian cultural complex. Thus, the subsequent spread of the Vestonice Cluster, which is associated with the Gravettian cultural complex, shows that the spread of the latter culture was mediated at least in part by population movements. Fourth, the population represented by <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> did not disappear, as its descendants became widespread again after ~19,000 years ago in the El Mirón Cluster when we detect them in Iberia. The El Mirón Cluster is associated with the Magdalenian culture and may represent a post-ice age expansion from southwestern European refugia<sup><xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup>. Fifth, beginning with the Villabruna Cluster at least ~14,000 years ago, all European individuals analyzed show an affinity to the Near East. This correlates in time to the Bølling-Allerød interstadial, the first significant warming period after the Ice Age<sup><xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>. Archaeologically, it correlates with cultural transitions within the Epigravettian in Southern Europe<sup><xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> and the Magdalenian-to-Azilian transition in Western Europe<sup><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup>. Thus, the appearance of the Villabruna Cluster may reflect migrations or population shifts within Europe at the end of the Ice Age, an observation that is also consistent with the evidence of turnover of mitochondrial DNA sequences at this time<sup><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>. One scenario that could explain these patterns is a population expansion from southeastern European or west Asian refugia after the Ice Age, drawing together the genetic ancestry of Europe and the Near East. Sixth, within the Villabruna Cluster, some, but not all, individuals have affinity to East Asians. An important direction for future work is to generate similar ancient DNA data from southeastern Europe and the Near East to arrive at a more complete picture of the Upper Paleolithic population history of western Eurasia<sup><xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup>.</p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Extended Data</title><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 1</label><caption><title>A decrease in Neanderthal ancestry in the last 45,000 years</title><p id="P13">This is similar to <xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>, except we use ancestry estimates from rates of alleles matching to Neanderthal rather than <italic>f<sub>4</sub></italic>-ratios, as described in <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 3</xref>). The least squares fit excludes <italic>Oase1</italic> (as an outlier with recent Neanderthal ancestry) and Europeans (known to have reduce Neanderthal ancestry). The regression slope is significantly negative (P=0.00004, <xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 3</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Fig. 2</label><caption><title>Heat matrix of pairwise <italic>f</italic><sub>3</sub>(<italic>X</italic>, <italic>Y; Mbuti</italic>) for selected ancient samples</title><p id="P14">We analyze only samples with at least 30,000 SNPs covered at least once, which pass our quality control.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Fig. 3</label><caption><title>Studying how the relatedness of non-European populations to pairs of European hunter-gatherers changes over time</title><p id="P15">We examine statistics of the form <italic>D(W, X; Y, Mbuti)</italic>, with the Z-score given on the y-axis, where W is an early European hunter-gatherer, X is another European hunter-gatherer (in chronological order on the x-axis), and Y is a non-European population (see legend). <bold>A:</bold> W=<italic>Kostenki14</italic>. <bold>B:</bold> W=<italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic>. <bold>C:</bold> W=<italic>Vestonice16</italic>. <bold>D:</bold> W=<italic>ElMiron</italic>. |Z|>3 scores are considered statistically significant (horizontal line). The similar <xref rid="F4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4b</xref> gives absolute <italic>D</italic>-statistic values rather than <italic>Z</italic>-scores (for W=<italic>Kostenki14</italic>) and uses pooled regions rather than individual populations Y.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 4</label><caption><title>An Admixture Graph model that fits the data for <italic>Satsurblia</italic>, an Upper Paleolithic sample from the Caucasus</title><p id="P16">This model uses 127,057 SNPs covered in all populations. Estimated genetic drifts are give along the solid lines in units of <italic>f<sub>2</sub></italic>-distance (parts per thousand), and estimated mixture proportions are given along the dotted lines. All three models provide an fit to the allele frequency correlation data among <italic>Mbuti</italic>, <italic>UstIshim</italic>, <italic>Kostenki14</italic>, <italic>Vestonice16</italic>, <italic>Malta1</italic>, <italic>ElMiron</italic> and <italic>Satsurblia</italic> to within the limits of our resolution, in the sense that all empirical <italic>f<sub>2</sub>-</italic>, <italic>f<sub>3</sub>-</italic> and <italic>f<sub>4</sub></italic>-statistics relating the samples are within three standard errors of the expectation of the model. Models in which <italic>Satsurblia</italic> is modeled as unadmixed cannot be fit.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 1</label><caption><p id="P17">The 51 ancient modern humans analyzed in this study</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="none"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Code</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Data source</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lat.</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Long.</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cal BP 95.4%</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Date type (ref.)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Culture</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Remain</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNP Panel</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mtDNA haplogroup</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y chrom. haplogroup</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genetic Cluster</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage restrict</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean coverage<xref rid="TFN2" ref-type="table-fn">+</xref></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPs covered</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UstIshim</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47,480-42,560</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K (xLT)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,137,615</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oase1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romania</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.90</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,640-37,580</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandible</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.156</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285,076</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki14<xref rid="TFN1" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,680-36,260</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tibia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,774,156</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ116-1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,160-34,430</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aurignacian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humerus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.046</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">846,983</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muierii2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romania</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,760-32,840</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temporal</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.049</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98,618</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci133</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,580-31,210</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.041</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82,330</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cioclovina1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romania</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,090-31,780</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,784</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,990-31,840</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61,228</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KremsWA3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,250-30,690</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240K</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203,986</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,070-30,670</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT(notIJK)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139,568</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,070-30,670</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,900</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,070-30,670</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,677</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pavlov1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31,110-29,410</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1a2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57,005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,710-29,310</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.087</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163,946</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,710-29,310</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IJK</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">945,292</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29,310-28,640</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (New)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,017</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ53-1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,230-27,720</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fibula</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,567</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci108</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,430-27,070</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phalanx</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2′3′4′7′8′9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,330</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,810-27,430</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (New)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tibia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.245</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">369,313</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ376-19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,720-27,310</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humerus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,400</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ56-16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,600-26,040</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fibula</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,988</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malta1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,520-24,090</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humerus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mal’ta</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.174</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1439501</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ElMiron</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,830-18,610</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toe</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.012</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">797,714</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,930-16,490</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mal’ta</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286,355</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,930-16,490</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humerus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mal’ta</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143,751</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rigney1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,690-15,240</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandible</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2′3′4′7′8′9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,600</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,000-14,260</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63,151</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ-2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,230-14,780</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humerus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIJK</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.035</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72,263</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brillenhohle</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,120-14,440</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,459</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,070-14,270</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,211</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardtshohle</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,080-14,150</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magdalenian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U8a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Mirón</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,376</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,180-13,780</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epigravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b2b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1b1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.137</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,215,433</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bichon</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Switzerland</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,770-13,560</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azilian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petrous</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1h</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.119</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,116,782</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Georgia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,380-13,130</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epigravettian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petrous</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.195</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,460,368</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rochedane</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,090-12,830</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epipaleolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandible</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b2b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.131</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237,390</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iboussieres39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,040-11,410</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epipaleolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b2b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,659</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continenza</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,200-10,510</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (New)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,717</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranchot88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,240-9,930</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.322</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">414,863</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LesCloseaux13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,240-9,560</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Femur</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5a2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,635</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kotias</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Georgia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,890-9,550</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H13c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.157</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,133,968</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falkenstein</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,410-8,990</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fibula</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5a2c</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64,428</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Karelia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Russia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,800-7,950</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1g</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R1a1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.952</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,754,410</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bockstein</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,370-8,160</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1d1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,977</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ofnet</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,430-8,060</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Layer (<sup><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1d1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,263</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chaudardes1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,360-8,050</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tibia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92,657</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loschbour</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luxembourg</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,160-7,940</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I2a1b</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,091,584</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LaBrana1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,940-7,690</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b2c1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C1a2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.338</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,884,745</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungarian.KO1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungarian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,730-7,590</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (<sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petrous</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I2a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,410,303</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Motala12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,670-7,580</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (New)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2e1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I2a1b<xref rid="TFN1" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.185</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,874,519</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BerryAuBac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,320-7,170</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-NotUF (<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radius</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U5b1a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.027</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,690</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stuttgart</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><sup><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,260-7,020</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct-UF (New)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Early Neolithic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shotgun</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2c1d1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unassigned</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,078,724</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4"><p id="P18">Note: All dates are obtained as described in <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 1</xref>. When an individual has a direct date from an element from the same skeleton it is marked “Direct”, followed by a hyphen to indicate whether the date is obtained by ultrafiltration (“UF”) or without (“NotUF”). If the date is from the archaeological layers, we mark the date type as “Layer”. All the dates were calibrated using IntCal13<sup><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> and the OxCal4.2 program<sup><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>.</p></fn><fn id="TFN1"><label>*</label><p id="P19">We represent Kostenki14 in most analyses by our newly reported 16.1x capture data, but repeat key analyses on the previously reported 2.8x shotgun data<sup><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup>.</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><label>+</label><p id="P20">Mean coverage is computed on the 3.7M SNP targets.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 2</label><caption><p id="P21">Estimated proportion of Neanderthal ancestry</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>f<sub>4</sub>-ratios</italic></th><th colspan="5" valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1">Archaic Ancestry Informative SNPs</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Code</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age BP</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPs</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Est.</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPs</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Est.</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase in Neanderthal ancestry with B</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S.E.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UstIshim</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45,020</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,137,615</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6% – 5.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">778,774</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3% – 3.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oase1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39,610</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285,076</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4% – 11.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59,854</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0% – 8.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,470</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,774,156</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7% – 4.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">632,748</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ116-1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,795</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">846,983</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4% – 4.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muierii2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98,618</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0% – 7.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,189</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5% – 3.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci133</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,895</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82,330</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1% – 6.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cioclovina1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,435</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,784</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.1% – 9.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,415</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61,228</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.7% – 4.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,385</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1% – 3.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KremsWA3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,970</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203,986</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6% – 5.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,870</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139,568</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6% – 6.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,983</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7% – 3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,870</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,900</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6% – 7.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,855</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1% – 3.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,870</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,677</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.9% – 11.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pavlov1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,260</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57,005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6% – 7.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,327</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5% – 3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,010</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163,946</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2% – 8.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,749</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,010</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">945,292</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1% – 5.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">268,157</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,975</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,017</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.2% – 6.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,746</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4% – 3.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ53-1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,975</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,567</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.7% – 10.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci108</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,750</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,330</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.0% – 12.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,620</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">369,313</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0% – 5.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88,449</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2% – 3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ376-19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,515</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,400</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7% – 10.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ56-16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,320</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,988</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.9% – 9.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malta1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,305</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,439,501</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9% – 3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">437,187</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1% – 2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ElMiron</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,720</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">797,714</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6% – 4.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250,071</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5% – 3.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,710</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286,355</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 4.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96,237</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9% – 3.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,710</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143,751</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4% – 4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,280</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9% – 2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rigney1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,465</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,600</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.6% – 4.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,130</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63,151</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.6% – 5.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ-2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72,263</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.6% – 4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brillenhohle</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14780</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,459</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.0% – 8.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,670</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,211</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.1% – 8.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardtshohle</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,615</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,376</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.6% – 5.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,980</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,215,433</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 3.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">425,148</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0% – 3.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bichon</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,665</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,116,782</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9% – 3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">769,422</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2% – 3.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,255</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,460,368</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6% – 2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">542,561</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7% – 2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rochedane</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,960</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237,390</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iboussieres39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,725</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,659</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.8% – 13.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continenza</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,855</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,717</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.4% – 9.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,733</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−10.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranchot88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,085</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">414,863</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LesCloseaux13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,900</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,635</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.7% – 3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kotias</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,720</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,133,968</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0% – 2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">779,146</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falkenstein</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,200</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64,428</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7% – 7.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Karelia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,375</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,754,410</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1% – 2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">582,444</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9% – 2.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bockstein</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,265</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,977</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0% – 10.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ofnet</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,245</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,263</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4% – 18.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chaudardes1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,205</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92,657</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2% – 3.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loschbour</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,050</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,091,584</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">774,139</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0% – 3.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LaBrana1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,815</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,884,745</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1% – 2.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">642,231</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3% – 3.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungarian.KO1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,660</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,410,303</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2% – 3.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">439,408</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0% – 2.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Motala12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,625</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,874,519</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6% – 3.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">655,685</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9% – 2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BerryAuBac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,245</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,690</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2% – 5.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stuttgart</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,140</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,078,724</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1% – 2.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">767,813</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dai</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,144,502</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7% – 2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782,066</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5% – 2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Han</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,144,502</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1% – 2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782,164</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8% – 2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">English</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,144,502</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8% – 2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">French</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,144,502</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9% – 2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782,386</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4% – 1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sardinian</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,144,502</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6% – 1.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782,351</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4% – 2.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Karitiana</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782,037</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7% – 2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 3</label><caption><p id="P22">Significant correlation of Neanderthal ancestry estimate with specimen age</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Subset of samples</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N</th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">P-value for date correlation</th><th valign="middle" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Decrease in ancestry per 10,000 years</th><th colspan="4" valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1">Estimate of Neanderthal ancestry at different time points</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 years ago (present)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,000 years ago</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55,000 years ago</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60,000 years ago</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>f<sub>4</sub></italic>-ratio estimates</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Core Set 1 (all ancient samples (except <italic>Oase1</italic>) <italic>+ Han + Dai)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 × 10<sup>−22</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48–0.73%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1–2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0–5.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3–5.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–6.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (<32kya)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−15</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59–0.98%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9–2.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–6.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8–6.9%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1–7.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (>32kya or <25kya)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>−18</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44–0.69%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7–5.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0–5.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2–5.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (>25kya or <14kya)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 × 10<sup>−21</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48–0.73%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9–5.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2–5.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–6.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (>14kya or present day)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−18</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47–0.74%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1–2.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1–5.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3–5.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6–6.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (only ancient samples)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>−15</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46–0.76%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0–5.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3–5.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–6.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 1 (individuals with >200,000 SNPs)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>−19</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46–0.71%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1–2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9–5.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2–5.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4–6.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modification of Core Set 1 (replace East Asians with Europeans)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−23</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49–0.73%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1–2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0–5.4%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3–5.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6–6.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All ancient samples including <italic>Oase1</italic> + <italic>Han + Dai</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 × 10<sup>−29</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57–0.81%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3–5.7%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7–6.1%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0–6.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All ancient samples</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>−20</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57–0.86%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9–2.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4–5.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.7–6.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0–6.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All ancient samples except <italic>Oase1</italic> or <italic>UstIshim</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 × 10<sup>−12</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45–0.81%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0–2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0–5.6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2–6.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5–6.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ancestry informative SNPs</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Core Set 2 (all ancient samples (except <italic>Oase1) + Han + Dai + Karitiana)</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>−11</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21–0.39%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8–2.3%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1–4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2–4.2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3–4.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 2 (no <italic>Han, Dai, Karitiana, Stuttgart</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11–0.36%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8–2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9–3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–4.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset of Core Set 2 (no <italic>Han, Dai, Karitiana, Stuttgart, UstIshim</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>−4</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11–0.37%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8–2.5%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9–3.8%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9–4.0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0–4.2%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN5"><p id="P23">Note: The “Core Set 1,” used for the <italic>f<sub>4</sub></italic>-ratio analyses, refers to 50 ancient samples (removing <italic>Oase1</italic> as an outlier) along with 7 East Asians (<italic>Dai</italic> and <italic>Han</italic>). “Core Set 2,” used for the analyses of Neanderthal ancestry informative SNPs, refers to 26 ancient samples (removing <italic>Oase1)</italic> along with <italic>Han</italic>, <italic>Dai</italic>, and <italic>Karitiana</italic></p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 4</label><caption><p id="P24">Sex determination for newly reported samples.Y-rate is the ratio of N<sub>Y</sub>/N<sub>auto</sub> divided by the same quantity for the genome-wide target set. Female sex (F) is inferred as Y-rate<0.05 and male sex (M) as Y-rate>0.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>auto</sub></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>X</sub></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>Y</sub></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>X</sub>/N<sub>auto</sub></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sub>Y</sub>/N<sub>auto</sub></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X-rate</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y-rate</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1">1240k or 2.2M<xref rid="TFN3" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1151240</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49711</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32681</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0432</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0284</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">388745</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1819</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2242</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0047</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0058</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">all</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29633405</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">395534</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262846</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0133</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0089</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.309</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ116-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">all</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2122620</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36391</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22256</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0171</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0105</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.397</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.369</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cioclovina1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11521</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0160</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0108</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.370</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.382</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63908</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">856</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">504</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0134</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0079</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.310</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.278</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muierii2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81165</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2177</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0268</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.621</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119094</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1578</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1059</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0133</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0089</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.307</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.313</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28762</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">338</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">227</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0118</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0079</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.272</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.278</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4846</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0023</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.353</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.394</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136933</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1826</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1204</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0133</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0088</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.309</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.310</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pavlov1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54429</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">631</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">404</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0116</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0074</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.268</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.261</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2433741</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30463</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20976</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0125</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0086</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.290</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.304</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KremsWA3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">all</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">235069</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4119</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2661</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0175</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0113</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.406</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.399</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15749</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0088</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.203</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">427199</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10868</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0254</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.589</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci108</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3883</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0319</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.740</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ53-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10771</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">311</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0289</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.669</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ376-19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20052</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">680</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0339</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.785</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ56-16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8702</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0349</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.809</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci133</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81092</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1641</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">983</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0202</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0121</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.469</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.427</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ElMiron</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1765696</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40647</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0230</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.533</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels79</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10188</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0027</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0022</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.587</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.374</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291798</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8705</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0298</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.691</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61051</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0019</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0018</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.396</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.315</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rigney1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32797</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1131</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0345</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0003</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.799</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65563</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1123</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">706</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0171</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0108</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.397</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.379</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brillenhohle</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12603</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.373</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.303</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardtshohle</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34207</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">563</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">407</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0165</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0119</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.381</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.419</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5505838</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72055</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52110</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0131</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0095</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.303</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.333</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rochedane</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subset</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256325</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4780</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2830</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0186</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0110</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.432</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.389</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continenza</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2M</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10647</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0195</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.452</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iboussieres39</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8246</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0015</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0027</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.311</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.463</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranchot88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">594962</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18520</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0311</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.721</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LesCloseaux13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7326</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0375</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0003</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.869</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falkenstein</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58970</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0019</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.410</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.300</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bockstein</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20214</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.655</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ofnet</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5294</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.525</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.033</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chaudardes1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damage</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84052</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1429</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">865</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0170</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0103</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.394</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.363</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BerryAuBac</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1240k</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49670</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">902</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">554</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0182</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0112</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.421</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.393</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN3"><label>*</label><p id="P25">We restrict analysis to the 1240k target set for study of the 2.2M capture datasets.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 5</label><caption><p id="P26">Allele counts at SNPs thought to be affected by selection in samples that have at least 1.0-fold coverage.rs4988235 is responsible for lactase persistence in Europe<sup><xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>,<xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref></sup>. The SNPs at <italic>SLC24A5</italic> and <italic>SLC45A2</italic> are responsible for light skin pigmentation. The SNP at <italic>EDAR</italic><sup><xref rid="R61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>,<xref rid="R62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref></sup> affects tooth morphology and hair thickness. The SNP at <italic>HERC2</italic><sup><xref rid="R63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>,<xref rid="R64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref></sup> is the primary determinant of light eye color in present-day Europeans. We present the fraction of fragments overlapping each SNP that are derived; the observation of a low rate of derived alleles does not prove that the individual carried the allele, and instead may reflect sequencing error or ancient DNA damage. We highlight in light gray sites that we judge (based on the derived allele count) are likely to be heterozygous for the derived allele, and in dark gray sites that are likely to be homozygous.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>LCT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SLC45A2</italic></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>SLC24A5</italic></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>EDAR</italic></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>HERC2</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNP</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs4988235</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs16891982</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs1426654</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs3827760</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs12913832</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ancestral</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">UstIshim</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Kostenki14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">GoyetQ116-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Vestonice16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Malta1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">ElMiron</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Bichon</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#E0E1E2" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#E0E1E2" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Kotias</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Loschbour</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">LaBrana1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Hungarian.KO1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#E0E1E2" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Motala12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#E0E1E2" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Karelia</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#E0E1E2" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Stuttgart</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coverage</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Derived allele frequency</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" content-type="background-color:#A0A2A5" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended Data Table 6</label><caption><p id="P27">All European hunter-gatherers after Kostenki14 share genetic drift with present-day Europeans.We compute the statistic <italic>D(Han, Test; French, Mbuti)</italic>. Measuring whether present-day <italic>French</italic> share more alleles with <italic>Han</italic> or with a <italic>Test</italic> population (restricting to ancient samples with at least 30,000 SNPs covered at least once). Present-day Europeans share significantly more genetic drift with European hunter-gatherers from <italic>Kostenki14</italic> onward than they do with <italic>Han</italic>. Thus, by the date of <italic>Kostenki14</italic>, there was already West Eurasian-specific genetic drift.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="none"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SNPs used</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D-value</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Z score</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ust’-Ishim</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,050,358</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oase1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278,785</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,676,253</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muierii2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95,787</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ116-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">811,756</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kostenki12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59,850</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paglicci133</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79,624</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136,598</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−7.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,252</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">914,141</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pavlov1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55,835</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vestonice43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160,463</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KremsWA3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229,187</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−10.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ostuni1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360,347</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malta1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,401,718</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ElMiron</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">777,654</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.007</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141,073</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.007</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AfontovaGora3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">707,617</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HohleFels49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62,816</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.004</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rigney1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,445</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GoyetQ-2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70,210</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardtshohle</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,234</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Villabruna</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,170,777</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−24.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bichon</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,034,069</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−23.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsurblia</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,419,824</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rochedane</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229,806</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−20.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ranchot88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">402,274</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−21.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kotias</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,047,856</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.006</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falkenstein</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64,043</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chaudardes1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90,047</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−16.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loschbour</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,037,082</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−25.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LaBrana1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,824,307</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−23.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Motala12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,816,201</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−23.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungarian.KO1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,372,801</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−26.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Karelia</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,701,664</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−21.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stuttgart</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,023,939</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−23.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BerryAuBac</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53,028</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.011</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="S10"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>1</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS777742-supplement-1.pdf" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e7201" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S11"><p>We thank Bridget Alex, David Meltzer, Priya Moorjani, Iñigo Olalde, Sriram Sankararaman and Bence Viola for critical comments, Kristin Stewardson and Eadaoin Harney for sample screening, and Fredrik Hallgren for sharing a radiocarbon date for <italic>Motala12</italic>. The <xref rid="F1" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> map is plotted using data available under the Open Database License © OpenStreetMap (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.openstreetmap.org/copyright">www.openstreetmap.org/copyright</ext-link>). The Goyet project led by HR was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation (Gr. 7837), the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences of CSUN, and the RBINS. The excavation of the El Mirón Cave burial, led by LGS and MRGM, was supported by the Gobierno de Cantabria, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the University of New Mexico, the Stone Age Research Fund (J. and R. Auel, principal donors), the town of Ramales de la Victoria and the Universidad de Cantabria. Excavations at Grotta Paglicci were performed by Professor A. Palma di Cesnola in collaboration with the Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia (founded by MIUR and local Institutions). Research at Riparo Villabruna was supported by MIBACT and the Veneto Region. QF was funded by the Special Foundation of the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2015–2016), the Bureau of International Cooperation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05130202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (L1524016) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Discipline Development Strategy Project (2015-DX-C-03). DFe was supported by an Irish Research Council grant (GOIPG/2013/36). IM was supported by a long-term fellowship from the Human Frontier Science Program LT001095/2014-L. PSk was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR 2014-453). ST, MPR and SP were funded by the Max Planck Society and the Krekeler Foundation. CN-M was funded by FWF P-17258, P-19347, P-21660 and P-23612. SC and OTM were funded by a “Karsthives” Grant PCCE 31/2010 (CNCS-UEFISCDI, Romania). APD, ND, VSla and ND were funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No.14-50-00036). MAM was funded by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within the 7<sup>th</sup> European Community Framework Programme (grant number PIEF-GA-2008-219965). MLa and DC were funded by grants PRIN 2010-11 and 2010EL8TXP_003. CC and the research about the French Jura sites of Rochedane, Rigney and Ranchot was funded by the Collective Research Program (PCR) (2005–2008). KH was supported by the European Research Council (ERC StG 283503) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG INST37/706-1FUGG, DFG FOR2237). DGD was funded by the European Social Fund and Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of Baden-Württemberg. RP was funded by ERC starting grant ADNABIOARC (263441). JKr was funded by DFG grant KR 4015/1-1, the Baden Württemberg Foundation, and the Max Planck Society. JKe was funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1052, project A02). DR was funded by NSF HOMINID grant BCS-1032255, NIH (NIGMS) grant GM100233, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN4" fn-type="con"><p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p><p>JKr, SP and DR conceived the idea for the study. QF, CP, MH, WH, MMe, VSlo, RGC, APD, ND, VSla, AT, FM, BG, EV, MRG, LGS, CN-M, MT-N, SC, OTM, SB, MPer, DCo, MLa, SR, AR, FV, CT, KW, DG, HR, IC, DFl, PSe, MAM, CC, HB, NJC, KH, VM, DGD, JS, DCa, RP, JKr, SP and DR assembled archaeological material. QF, CP, MH, DFe, AF, WH, MMe, AM, BN, NR, VSlo, ST, HB, DGD, MPR, RP, JKr, SP and DR performed or supervised wet laboratory work. QF, CP, MH, MPet, SM, AP, IL, MLi, IM, SS, PSk, JKe, NP and DR analyzed data. 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person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Eiberg</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression</article-title><source>Human genetics</source><volume>123</volume><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>187</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x</pub-id><year>2008</year><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18172690</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Location and age of 51 ancient samples</title><p>Each bar corresponds to a sample, the color code designates the genetically defined sample cluster, and the height is proportional to sample age (the background grid shows a projection of longitude against sample age). To help in visualization, we add jitter for sites with multiple samples from nearby locations. Four samples that are from Siberia are plotted at the far eastern edge of the map.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Decrease of Neanderthal ancestry over time</title><p>Plot of radiocarbon date against Neanderthal ancestry for samples with at least >200,000 SNPs covered, along with present-day Eurasians (standard errors are from a Block Jackknife). The least squares fit (gray) excludes the data from <italic>Oase1</italic> (an outlier with recent Neanderthal ancestry) and three present-day European populations (known to have less Neanderthal ancestry than East Asians). The slope is significantly negative for all eleven subsets of samples we analyzed (10<sup>−29</sup><sup>−11</sup> based on a Block Jackknife) (<xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Extended Data Table 3</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Genetic clustering</title><p>(A) Shared genetic drift measured by f<sub>3</sub>(X,Y; Mbuti) among samples with at least 30,000 SNPs covered (for AfontovaGora3, ElMiron, Falkenstein, GoyetQ-2, GoyetQ53-1, HohleFels49, HohleFels79, LesCloseaux13, Ofnet, Ranchot88 and Rigney1, we use all sequences for higher resolution). Lighter colors indicate more shared drift. (B) Multidimensional Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis, computed using the R software cmdscale package, highlights the main genetic groupings analyzed in this study: Vestonice Cluster (brown), Mal’ta Cluster (pink), El Mirón Cluster (yellow), Villabruna Cluster (light blue), and Satsurblia Cluster (dark purple). The affinity of GoyetQ116-1 (green) to the El Mirón Cluster is evident in both views of the data.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Population history inferences</title><p>(A) Admixture Graph relating selected high coverage samples. Dashed lines show inferred admixture events; the estimated mixture proportions fitted using the ADMIXTUREGRAPH software are labeled<sup><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> (the estimated genetic drift on each branch is given in a version of this graph shown in <xref rid="SD1" ref-type="supplementary-material">Supplementary Information section 6</xref>). The samples are positioned vertically based on their radiocarbon date, but we caution that the population split times are not accurately known. We use color to highlight important early branches of the European founder population: the <italic>Kostenki14</italic> lineage is modeled as the predominant contributor to the Vestonice Cluster (green); the <italic>GoyetQ116-1</italic> lineage as the predominant contributor to the El Mirón Cluster (red); and the <italic>Villabruna</italic> lineage as broadly represented across many clusters. (B) Drawing together of European and Near Eastern populations ~14,000 years ago. Plot of affinity of each pre-Neolithic European population <italic>X</italic> to non-Africans outside Europe <italic>Y</italic> moving forward in time, comparing to <italic>Kostenki14</italic> as a baseline; values Z<-3 standard errors below zero are indicated with filled symbols (we restricted to individuals with >50,000 SNPs). We observe an affinity to Near Easterners beginning with the Villabruna Cluster, and another to East Asians that affects a subset of the Villabruna Cluster.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms777742f4"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc>
