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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations</title><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, Tonu" sort="Esko, Tonu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="Tonu" last="Esko">Tonu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattsson, Hannele" sort="Mattsson, Hannele" uniqKey="Mattsson H" first="Hannele" last="Mattsson">Hannele Mattsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklund, Niina" sort="Eklund, Niina" uniqKey="Eklund N" first="Niina" last="Eklund">Niina Eklund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandin, Ilaria" sort="Gandin, Ilaria" uniqKey="Gandin I" first="Ilaria" last="Gandin">Ilaria Gandin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nutile, Teresa" sort="Nutile, Teresa" uniqKey="Nutile T" first="Teresa" last="Nutile">Teresa Nutile</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, Anne U" sort="Jackson, Anne U" uniqKey="Jackson A" first="Anne U." last="Jackson">Anne U. Jackson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schurmann, Claudia" sort="Schurmann, Claudia" uniqKey="Schurmann C" first="Claudia" last="Schurmann">Claudia Schurmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V." last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Weihua" sort="Zhang, Weihua" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Weihua" last="Zhang">Weihua Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okada, Yukinori" sort="Okada, Yukinori" uniqKey="Okada Y" first="Yukinori" last="Okada">Yukinori Okada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stan Kova, Alena" sort="Stan Kova, Alena" uniqKey="Stan Kova A" first="Alena" last="Stan Ková">Alena Stan Ková</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D." last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartz, Traci M" sort="Bartz, Traci M" uniqKey="Bartz T" first="Traci M." last="Bartz">Traci M. Bartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Concas, Maria Pina" sort="Concas, Maria Pina" uniqKey="Concas M" first="Maria Pina" last="Concas">Maria Pina Concas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 – Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franceschini, Nora" sort="Franceschini, Nora" uniqKey="Franceschini N" first="Nora" last="Franceschini">Nora Franceschini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enroth, Stefan" sort="Enroth, Stefan" uniqKey="Enroth S" first="Stefan" last="Enroth">Stefan Enroth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trompet, Stella" sort="Trompet, Stella" uniqKey="Trompet S" first="Stella" last="Trompet">Stella Trompet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Xiuqing" sort="Guo, Xiuqing" uniqKey="Guo X" first="Xiuqing" last="Guo">Xiuqing Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chasman, Daniel I" sort="Chasman, Daniel I" uniqKey="Chasman D" first="Daniel I." last="Chasman">Daniel I. Chasman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnel, Jeffery R" sort="O Onnel, Jeffery R" uniqKey="O Onnel J" first="Jeffery R." last="O Onnel">Jeffery R. O Onnel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corre, Tanguy" sort="Corre, Tanguy" uniqKey="Corre T" first="Tanguy" last="Corre">Tanguy Corre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nongmaithem, Suraj S" sort="Nongmaithem, Suraj S" uniqKey="Nongmaithem S" first="Suraj S." last="Nongmaithem">Suraj S. Nongmaithem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yuning" sort="Chen, Yuning" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Yuning" last="Chen">Yuning Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangino, Massimo" sort="Mangino, Massimo" uniqKey="Mangino M" first="Massimo" last="Mangino">Massimo Mangino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggiero, Daniela" sort="Ruggiero, Daniela" uniqKey="Ruggiero D" first="Daniela" last="Ruggiero">Daniela Ruggiero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Traglia, Michela" sort="Traglia, Michela" uniqKey="Traglia M" first="Michela" last="Traglia">Michela Traglia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farmaki, Aliki Eleni" sort="Farmaki, Aliki Eleni" uniqKey="Farmaki A" first="Aliki-Eleni" last="Farmaki">Aliki-Eleni Farmaki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kacprowski, Tim" sort="Kacprowski, Tim" uniqKey="Kacprowski T" first="Tim" last="Kacprowski">Tim Kacprowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjonnes, Andrew" sort="Bjonnes, Andrew" uniqKey="Bjonnes A" first="Andrew" last="Bjonnes">Andrew Bjonnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Spek, Ashley" sort="Van Der Spek, Ashley" uniqKey="Van Der Spek A" first="Ashley" last="Van Der Spek">Ashley Van Der Spek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ying" sort="Wu, Ying" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Ying" last="Wu">Ying Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giri, Anil K" sort="Giri, Anil K" uniqKey="Giri A" first="Anil K." last="Giri">Anil K. Giri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanek, Lisa R" sort="Yanek, Lisa R" uniqKey="Yanek L" first="Lisa R." last="Yanek">Lisa R. Yanek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lihua" sort="Wang, Lihua" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lihua" last="Wang">Lihua Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofer, Edith" sort="Hofer, Edith" uniqKey="Hofer E" first="Edith" last="Hofer">Edith Hofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A." last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcleod, Olga" sort="Mcleod, Olga" uniqKey="Mcleod O" first="Olga" last="Mcleod">Olga Mcleod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, Marilyn C" sort="Cornelis, Marilyn C" uniqKey="Cornelis M" first="Marilyn C." last="Cornelis">Marilyn C. Cornelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pattaro, Cristian" sort="Pattaro, Cristian" uniqKey="Pattaro C" first="Cristian" last="Pattaro">Cristian Pattaro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Niek" sort="Verweij, Niek" uniqKey="Verweij N" first="Niek" last="Verweij">Niek Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumbach, Clemens" sort="Baumbach, Clemens" uniqKey="Baumbach C" first="Clemens" last="Baumbach">Clemens Baumbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellaoui, Abdel" sort="Abdellaoui, Abdel" uniqKey="Abdellaoui A" first="Abdel" last="Abdellaoui">Abdel Abdellaoui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Helen R" sort="Warren, Helen R" uniqKey="Warren H" first="Helen R." last="Warren">Helen R. Warren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuckovic, Dragana" sort="Vuckovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vuckovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vuckovic">Dragana Vuckovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mei, Hao" sort="Mei, Hao" uniqKey="Mei H" first="Hao" last="Mei">Hao Mei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchard, Claude" sort="Bouchard, Claude" uniqKey="Bouchard C" first="Claude" last="Bouchard">Claude Bouchard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, John R B" sort="Perry, John R B" uniqKey="Perry J" first="John R. B." last="Perry">John R. B. Perry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappellani, Stefania" sort="Cappellani, Stefania" uniqKey="Cappellani S" first="Stefania" last="Cappellani">Stefania Cappellani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirza, Saira S" sort="Mirza, Saira S" uniqKey="Mirza S" first="Saira S." last="Mirza">Saira S. Mirza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benton, Miles C" sort="Benton, Miles C" uniqKey="Benton M" first="Miles C." last="Benton">Miles C. Benton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broeckel, Ulrich" sort="Broeckel, Ulrich" uniqKey="Broeckel U" first="Ulrich" last="Broeckel">Ulrich Broeckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A." last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malerba, Giovanni" sort="Malerba, Giovanni" uniqKey="Malerba G" first="Giovanni" last="Malerba">Giovanni Malerba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drong, Alexander" sort="Drong, Alexander" uniqKey="Drong A" first="Alexander" last="Drong">Alexander Drong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yengo, Loic" sort="Yengo, Loic" uniqKey="Yengo L" first="Loic" last="Yengo">Loic Yengo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bielak, Lawrence F" sort="Bielak, Lawrence F" uniqKey="Bielak L" first="Lawrence F." last="Bielak">Lawrence F. Bielak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhi, Degui" sort="Zhi, Degui" uniqKey="Zhi D" first="Degui" last="Zhi">Degui Zhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J." last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shriner, Daniel" sort="Shriner, Daniel" uniqKey="Shriner D" first="Daniel" last="Shriner">Daniel Shriner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Gi, Reedik" sort="M Gi, Reedik" uniqKey="M Gi R" first="Reedik" last="M Gi">Reedik M Gi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hemani, Gibran" sort="Hemani, Gibran" uniqKey="Hemani G" first="Gibran" last="Hemani">Gibran Hemani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karaderi, Tugce" sort="Karaderi, Tugce" uniqKey="Karaderi T" first="Tugce" last="Karaderi">Tugce Karaderi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhaoming" sort="Wang, Zhaoming" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhaoming" last="Wang">Zhaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demuth, Ilja" sort="Demuth, Ilja" uniqKey="Demuth I" first="Ilja" last="Demuth">Ilja Demuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meng, Weihua" sort="Meng, Weihua" uniqKey="Meng W" first="Weihua" last="Meng">Weihua Meng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lataniotis, Lazaros" sort="Lataniotis, Lazaros" uniqKey="Lataniotis L" first="Lazaros" last="Lataniotis">Lazaros Lataniotis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Laan, Sander W" sort="Van Der Laan, Sander W" uniqKey="Van Der Laan S" first="Sander W." last="Van Der Laan">Sander W. Van Der Laan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Andrew R" sort="Wood, Andrew R" uniqKey="Wood A" first="Andrew R." last="Wood">Andrew R. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnefond, Amelie" sort="Bonnefond, Amelie" uniqKey="Bonnefond A" first="Amelie" last="Bonnefond">Amelie Bonnefond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S." last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Leanne M" sort="Hall, Leanne M" uniqKey="Hall L" first="Leanne M." last="Hall">Leanne M. Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazar, Seyhan" sort="Yazar, Seyhan" uniqKey="Yazar S" first="Seyhan" last="Yazar">Seyhan Yazar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carstensen, Lisbeth" sort="Carstensen, Lisbeth" uniqKey="Carstensen L" first="Lisbeth" last="Carstensen">Lisbeth Carstensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Haan, Hugoline G" sort="De Haan, Hugoline G" uniqKey="De Haan H" first="Hugoline G." last="De Haan">Hugoline G. De Haan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abney, Mark" sort="Abney, Mark" uniqKey="Abney M" first="Mark" last="Abney">Mark Abney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afzal, Uzma" sort="Afzal, Uzma" uniqKey="Afzal U" first="Uzma" last="Afzal">Uzma Afzal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, Matthew A" sort="Allison, Matthew A" uniqKey="Allison M" first="Matthew A." last="Allison">Matthew A. Allison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asselbergs, Folkert W" sort="Asselbergs, Folkert W" uniqKey="Asselbergs F" first="Folkert W." last="Asselbergs">Folkert W. Asselbergs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakker, Stephan J L" sort="Bakker, Stephan J L" uniqKey="Bakker S" first="Stephan J. L." last="Bakker">Stephan J. L. Bakker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barr, R Graham" sort="Barr, R Graham" uniqKey="Barr R" first="R. Graham" last="Barr">R. Graham Barr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumeister, Sebastian E" sort="Baumeister, Sebastian E" uniqKey="Baumeister S" first="Sebastian E." last="Baumeister">Sebastian E. Baumeister</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J." last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergmann, Sven" sort="Bergmann, Sven" uniqKey="Bergmann S" first="Sven" last="Bergmann">Sven Bergmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boerwinkle, Eric" sort="Boerwinkle, Eric" uniqKey="Boerwinkle E" first="Eric" last="Boerwinkle">Eric Boerwinkle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bottinger, Erwin P" sort="Bottinger, Erwin P" uniqKey="Bottinger E" first="Erwin P." last="Bottinger">Erwin P. Bottinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Archie" sort="Campbell, Archie" uniqKey="Campbell A" first="Archie" last="Campbell">Archie Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakravarti, Aravinda" sort="Chakravarti, Aravinda" uniqKey="Chakravarti A" first="Aravinda" last="Chakravarti">Aravinda Chakravarti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Yingleong" sort="Chan, Yingleong" uniqKey="Chan Y" first="Yingleong" last="Chan">Yingleong Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chanock, Stephen J" sort="Chanock, Stephen J" uniqKey="Chanock S" first="Stephen J." last="Chanock">Stephen J. Chanock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Constance" sort="Chen, Constance" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Constance" last="Chen">Constance Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y D Ida" sort="Chen, Y D Ida" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Y.-D. Ida" last="Chen">Y.-D. Ida Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Francis S" sort="Collins, Francis S" uniqKey="Collins F" first="Francis S." last="Collins">Francis S. Collins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, John" sort="Connell, John" uniqKey="Connell J" first="John" last="Connell">John Connell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Correa, Adolfo" sort="Correa, Adolfo" uniqKey="Correa A" first="Adolfo" last="Correa">Adolfo Correa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cupples, L Adrienne" sort="Cupples, L Adrienne" uniqKey="Cupples L" first="L. Adrienne" last="Cupples">L. Adrienne Cupples</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dorr, Marcus" sort="Dorr, Marcus" uniqKey="Dorr M" first="Marcus" last="Dörr">Marcus Dörr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehret, Georg" sort="Ehret, Georg" uniqKey="Ehret G" first="Georg" last="Ehret">Georg Ehret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Stephen B" sort="Ellis, Stephen B" uniqKey="Ellis S" first="Stephen B." last="Ellis">Stephen B. Ellis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feenstra, Bjarke" sort="Feenstra, Bjarke" uniqKey="Feenstra B" first="Bjarke" last="Feenstra">Bjarke Feenstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feitosa, Mary F" sort="Feitosa, Mary F" uniqKey="Feitosa M" first="Mary F." last="Feitosa">Mary F. Feitosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Ian" sort="Ford, Ian" uniqKey="Ford I" first="Ian" last="Ford">Ian Ford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Caroline S" sort="Fox, Caroline S" uniqKey="Fox C" first="Caroline S." last="Fox">Caroline S. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frayling, Timothy M" sort="Frayling, Timothy M" uniqKey="Frayling T" first="Timothy M." last="Frayling">Timothy M. Frayling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedrich, Nele" sort="Friedrich, Nele" uniqKey="Friedrich N" first="Nele" last="Friedrich">Nele Friedrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geller, Frank" sort="Geller, Frank" uniqKey="Geller F" first="Frank" last="Geller">Frank Geller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scotland, Generation" sort="Scotland, Generation" uniqKey="Scotland G" first="Generation" last="Scotland">Generation Scotland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillham Nasenya, Irina" sort="Gillham Nasenya, Irina" uniqKey="Gillham Nasenya I" first="Irina" last="Gillham-Nasenya">Irina Gillham-Nasenya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottesman, Omri" sort="Gottesman, Omri" uniqKey="Gottesman O" first="Omri" last="Gottesman">Omri Gottesman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graff, Misa" sort="Graff, Misa" uniqKey="Graff M" first="Misa" last="Graff">Misa Graff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grodstein, Francine" sort="Grodstein, Francine" uniqKey="Grodstein F" first="Francine" last="Grodstein">Francine Grodstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, Charles" sort="Gu, Charles" uniqKey="Gu C" first="Charles" last="Gu">Charles Gu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haley, Chris" sort="Haley, Chris" uniqKey="Haley C" first="Chris" last="Haley">Chris Haley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Christopher J" sort="Hammond, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hammond C" first="Christopher J." last="Hammond">Christopher J. Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Sarah E" sort="Harris, Sarah E" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Sarah E." last="Harris">Sarah E. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hastie, Nicholas D" sort="Hastie, Nicholas D" uniqKey="Hastie N" first="Nicholas D." last="Hastie">Nicholas D. Hastie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heard Costa, Nancy L" sort="Heard Costa, Nancy L" uniqKey="Heard Costa N" first="Nancy L." last="Heard-Costa">Nancy L. Heard-Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkil, Kauko" sort="Heikkil, Kauko" uniqKey="Heikkil K" first="Kauko" last="Heikkil">Kauko Heikkil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocking, Lynne J" sort="Hocking, Lynne J" uniqKey="Hocking L" first="Lynne J." last="Hocking">Lynne J. Hocking</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homuth, Georg" sort="Homuth, Georg" uniqKey="Homuth G" first="Georg" last="Homuth">Georg Homuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Jinyan" sort="Huang, Jinyan" uniqKey="Huang J" first="Jinyan" last="Huang">Jinyan Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jennifer E" sort="Huffman, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jennifer E." last="Huffman">Jennifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hysi, Pirro G" sort="Hysi, Pirro G" uniqKey="Hysi P" first="Pirro G." last="Hysi">Pirro G. Hysi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikram, M Arfan" sort="Ikram, M Arfan" uniqKey="Ikram M" first="M. Arfan" last="Ikram">M. Arfan Ikram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingelsson, Erik" sort="Ingelsson, Erik" uniqKey="Ingelsson E" first="Erik" last="Ingelsson">Erik Ingelsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joensuu, Anni" sort="Joensuu, Anni" uniqKey="Joensuu A" first="Anni" last="Joensuu">Anni Joensuu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Sa" sort="Johansson, Sa" uniqKey="Johansson " first=" Sa" last="Johansson"> Sa Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jousilahti, Pekka" sort="Jousilahti, Pekka" uniqKey="Jousilahti P" first="Pekka" last="Jousilahti">Pekka Jousilahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jukema, J Wouter" sort="Jukema, J Wouter" uniqKey="Jukema J" first="J. Wouter" last="Jukema">J. Wouter Jukema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamatani, Yoichiro" sort="Kamatani, Yoichiro" uniqKey="Kamatani Y" first="Yoichiro" last="Kamatani">Yoichiro Kamatani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanoni, Stavroula" sort="Kanoni, Stavroula" uniqKey="Kanoni S" first="Stavroula" last="Kanoni">Stavroula Kanoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr, Shona M" sort="Kerr, Shona M" uniqKey="Kerr S" first="Shona M." last="Kerr">Shona M. Kerr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Nazir M" sort="Khan, Nazir M" uniqKey="Khan N" first="Nazir M." last="Khan">Nazir M. Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp" sort="Koellinger, Philipp" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp" last="Koellinger">Philipp Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koistinen, Heikki A" sort="Koistinen, Heikki A" uniqKey="Koistinen H" first="Heikki A." last="Koistinen">Heikki A. Koistinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooner, Manraj K" sort="Kooner, Manraj K" uniqKey="Kooner M" first="Manraj K." last="Kooner">Manraj K. Kooner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kubo, Michiaki" sort="Kubo, Michiaki" uniqKey="Kubo M" first="Michiaki" last="Kubo">Michiaki Kubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuusisto, Johanna" sort="Kuusisto, Johanna" uniqKey="Kuusisto J" first="Johanna" last="Kuusisto">Johanna Kuusisto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J." last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lea, Rodney A" sort="Lea, Rodney A" uniqKey="Lea R" first="Rodney A." last="Lea">Rodney A. Lea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehne, Benjamin" sort="Lehne, Benjamin" uniqKey="Lehne B" first="Benjamin" last="Lehne">Benjamin Lehne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C M" sort="Liewald, David C M" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C. M." last="Liewald">David C. M. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Lars" sort="Lind, Lars" uniqKey="Lind L" first="Lars" last="Lind">Lars Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, Marie" sort="Loh, Marie" uniqKey="Loh M" first="Marie" last="Loh">Marie Loh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lokki, Marja Liisa" sort="Lokki, Marja Liisa" uniqKey="Lokki M" first="Marja-Liisa" last="Lokki">Marja-Liisa Lokki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="London, Stephanie J" sort="London, Stephanie J" uniqKey="London S" first="Stephanie J." last="London">Stephanie J. London</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loomis, Stephanie J" sort="Loomis, Stephanie J" uniqKey="Loomis S" first="Stephanie J." last="Loomis">Stephanie J. Loomis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yingchang" sort="Lu, Yingchang" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yingchang" last="Lu">Yingchang Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lumley, Thomas" sort="Lumley, Thomas" uniqKey="Lumley T" first="Thomas" last="Lumley">Thomas Lumley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundqvist, Annamari" sort="Lundqvist, Annamari" uniqKey="Lundqvist A" first="Annamari" last="Lundqvist">Annamari Lundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Nnisto, Satu" sort="M Nnisto, Satu" uniqKey="M Nnisto S" first="Satu" last="M Nnistö">Satu M Nnistö</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masciullo, Corrado" sort="Masciullo, Corrado" uniqKey="Masciullo C" first="Corrado" last="Masciullo">Corrado Masciullo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matchan, Angela" sort="Matchan, Angela" uniqKey="Matchan A" first="Angela" last="Matchan">Angela Matchan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathias, Rasika A" sort="Mathias, Rasika A" uniqKey="Mathias R" first="Rasika A." last="Mathias">Rasika A. Mathias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, Koichi" sort="Matsuda, Koichi" uniqKey="Matsuda K" first="Koichi" last="Matsuda">Koichi Matsuda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A149">Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meigs, James B" sort="Meigs, James B" uniqKey="Meigs J" first="James B." last="Meigs">James B. Meigs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A150">Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meisinger, Christa" sort="Meisinger, Christa" uniqKey="Meisinger C" first="Christa" last="Meisinger">Christa Meisinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A151">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A152">Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menni, Cristina" sort="Menni, Cristina" uniqKey="Menni C" first="Cristina" last="Menni">Cristina Menni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mentch, Frank D" sort="Mentch, Frank D" uniqKey="Mentch F" first="Frank D." last="Mentch">Frank D. Mentch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milani, Lili" sort="Milani, Lili" uniqKey="Milani L" first="Lili" last="Milani">Lili Milani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montasser, May E" sort="Montasser, May E" uniqKey="Montasser M" first="May E." last="Montasser">May E. Montasser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W." last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A153">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Alanna" sort="Morrison, Alanna" uniqKey="Morrison A" first="Alanna" last="Morrison">Alanna Morrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, Richard H" sort="Myers, Richard H" uniqKey="Myers R" first="Richard H." last="Myers">Richard H. Myers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A154">Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadukuru, Rajiv" sort="Nadukuru, Rajiv" uniqKey="Nadukuru R" first="Rajiv" last="Nadukuru">Rajiv Nadukuru</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Pau" sort="Navarro, Pau" uniqKey="Navarro P" first="Pau" last="Navarro">Pau Navarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelis, Mari" sort="Nelis, Mari" uniqKey="Nelis M" first="Mari" last="Nelis">Mari Nelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nieminen, Markku S" sort="Nieminen, Markku S" uniqKey="Nieminen M" first="Markku S." last="Nieminen">Markku S. Nieminen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nolte, Ilja M" sort="Nolte, Ilja M" uniqKey="Nolte I" first="Ilja M." last="Nolte">Ilja M. Nolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnor, George T" sort="O Onnor, George T" uniqKey="O Onnor G" first="George T." last="O Onnor">George T. O Onnor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A156">Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunniyi, Adesola" sort="Ogunniyi, Adesola" uniqKey="Ogunniyi A" first="Adesola" last="Ogunniyi">Adesola Ogunniyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmanabhan, Sandosh" sort="Padmanabhan, Sandosh" uniqKey="Padmanabhan S" first="Sandosh" last="Padmanabhan">Sandosh Padmanabhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A158">ICAMS, University of Glasgow, 126 University Way, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmas, Walter R" sort="Palmas, Walter R" uniqKey="Palmas W" first="Walter R." last="Palmas">Walter R. Palmas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pankow, James S" sort="Pankow, James S" uniqKey="Pankow J" first="James S." last="Pankow">James S. Pankow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A159">Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patarcic, Inga" sort="Patarcic, Inga" uniqKey="Patarcic I" first="Inga" last="Patarcic">Inga Patarcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavani, Francesca" sort="Pavani, Francesca" uniqKey="Pavani F" first="Francesca" last="Pavani">Francesca Pavani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peyser, Patricia A" sort="Peyser, Patricia A" uniqKey="Peyser P" first="Patricia A." last="Peyser">Patricia A. Peyser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietilainen, Kirsi" sort="Pietilainen, Kirsi" uniqKey="Pietilainen K" first="Kirsi" last="Pietilainen">Kirsi Pietilainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A161">Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulter, Neil" sort="Poulter, Neil" uniqKey="Poulter N" first="Neil" last="Poulter">Neil Poulter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokopenko, Inga" sort="Prokopenko, Inga" uniqKey="Prokopenko I" first="Inga" last="Prokopenko">Inga Prokopenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ralhan, Sarju" sort="Ralhan, Sarju" uniqKey="Ralhan S" first="Sarju" last="Ralhan">Sarju Ralhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A164">Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Redmond, Paul" sort="Redmond, Paul" uniqKey="Redmond P" first="Paul" last="Redmond">Paul Redmond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S." last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A165">Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rissanen, Harri" sort="Rissanen, Harri" uniqKey="Rissanen H" first="Harri" last="Rissanen">Harri Rissanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robino, Antonietta" sort="Robino, Antonietta" uniqKey="Robino A" first="Antonietta" last="Robino">Antonietta Robino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Lynda M" sort="Rose, Lynda M" uniqKey="Rose L" first="Lynda M." last="Rose">Lynda M. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Richard" sort="Rose, Richard" uniqKey="Rose R" first="Richard" last="Rose">Richard Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A166">Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sala, Cinzia" sort="Sala, Cinzia" uniqKey="Sala C" first="Cinzia" last="Sala">Cinzia Sala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salako, Babatunde" sort="Salako, Babatunde" uniqKey="Salako B" first="Babatunde" last="Salako">Babatunde Salako</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomaa, Veikko" sort="Salomaa, Veikko" uniqKey="Salomaa V" first="Veikko" last="Salomaa">Veikko Salomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Antti Pekka" sort="Sarin, Antti Pekka" uniqKey="Sarin A" first="Antti-Pekka" last="Sarin">Antti-Pekka Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, Richa" sort="Saxena, Richa" uniqKey="Saxena R" first="Richa" last="Saxena">Richa Saxena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Laura J" sort="Scott, Laura J" uniqKey="Scott L" first="Laura J." last="Scott">Laura J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, William R" sort="Scott, William R" uniqKey="Scott W" first="William R." last="Scott">William R. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sennblad, Bengt" sort="Sennblad, Bengt" uniqKey="Sennblad B" first="Bengt" last="Sennblad">Bengt Sennblad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A168">Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seshadri, Sudha" sort="Seshadri, Sudha" uniqKey="Seshadri S" first="Sudha" last="Seshadri">Sudha Seshadri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sever, Peter" sort="Sever, Peter" uniqKey="Sever P" first="Peter" last="Sever">Peter Sever</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shrestha, Smeeta" sort="Shrestha, Smeeta" uniqKey="Shrestha S" first="Smeeta" last="Shrestha">Smeeta Shrestha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Blair H" sort="Smith, Blair H" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Blair H." last="Smith">Blair H. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A169">University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A." last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soranzo, Nicole" sort="Soranzo, Nicole" uniqKey="Soranzo N" first="Nicole" last="Soranzo">Nicole Soranzo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sotoodehnia, Nona" sort="Sotoodehnia, Nona" uniqKey="Sotoodehnia N" first="Nona" last="Sotoodehnia">Nona Sotoodehnia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A170">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Southam, Lorraine" sort="Southam, Lorraine" uniqKey="Southam L" first="Lorraine" last="Southam">Lorraine Southam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stanton, Alice V" sort="Stanton, Alice V" uniqKey="Stanton A" first="Alice V." last="Stanton">Alice V. Stanton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A171">Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stathopoulou, Maria G" sort="Stathopoulou, Maria G" uniqKey="Stathopoulou M" first="Maria G." last="Stathopoulou">Maria G. Stathopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A172">UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV “Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire”, INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strauch, Konstantin" sort="Strauch, Konstantin" uniqKey="Strauch K" first="Konstantin" last="Strauch">Konstantin Strauch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A173">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strawbridge, Rona J" sort="Strawbridge, Rona J" uniqKey="Strawbridge R" first="Rona J." last="Strawbridge">Rona J. Strawbridge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suderman, Matthew J" sort="Suderman, Matthew J" uniqKey="Suderman M" first="Matthew J." last="Suderman">Matthew J. Suderman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tandon, Nikhil" sort="Tandon, Nikhil" uniqKey="Tandon N" first="Nikhil" last="Tandon">Nikhil Tandon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A174">Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Sian Tsun" sort="Tang, Sian Tsun" uniqKey="Tang S" first="Sian-Tsun" last="Tang">Sian-Tsun Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Kent D" sort="Taylor, Kent D" uniqKey="Taylor K" first="Kent D." last="Taylor">Kent D. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayo, Bamidele O" sort="Tayo, Bamidele O" uniqKey="Tayo B" first="Bamidele O." last="Tayo">Bamidele O. Tayo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toglhofer, Anna Maria" sort="Toglhofer, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Toglhofer A" first="Anna Maria" last="Töglhofer">Anna Maria Töglhofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomaszewski, Maciej" sort="Tomaszewski, Maciej" uniqKey="Tomaszewski M" first="Maciej" last="Tomaszewski">Maciej Tomaszewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsernikova, Natalia" sort="Tsernikova, Natalia" uniqKey="Tsernikova N" first="Natalia" last="Tšernikova">Natalia Tšernikova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tuomilehto, Jaakko" sort="Tuomilehto, Jaakko" uniqKey="Tuomilehto J" first="Jaakko" last="Tuomilehto">Jaakko Tuomilehto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A179">Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A180">Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="Andre G." last="Uitterlinden">Andre G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A181">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaidya, Dhananjay" sort="Vaidya, Dhananjay" uniqKey="Vaidya D" first="Dhananjay" last="Vaidya">Dhananjay Vaidya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A182">Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid" sort="Van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid" uniqKey="Van Hylckama Vlieg A" first="Astrid" last="Van Hylckama Vlieg">Astrid Van Hylckama Vlieg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Setten, Jessica" sort="Van Setten, Jessica" uniqKey="Van Setten J" first="Jessica" last="Van Setten">Jessica Van Setten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasankari, Tuula" sort="Vasankari, Tuula" uniqKey="Vasankari T" first="Tuula" last="Vasankari">Tuula Vasankari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A183">Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vedantam, Sailaja" sort="Vedantam, Sailaja" uniqKey="Vedantam S" first="Sailaja" last="Vedantam">Sailaja Vedantam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vlachopoulou, Efthymia" sort="Vlachopoulou, Efthymia" uniqKey="Vlachopoulou E" first="Efthymia" last="Vlachopoulou">Efthymia Vlachopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vozzi, Diego" sort="Vozzi, Diego" uniqKey="Vozzi D" first="Diego" last="Vozzi">Diego Vozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuoksimaa, Eero" sort="Vuoksimaa, Eero" uniqKey="Vuoksimaa E" first="Eero" last="Vuoksimaa">Eero Vuoksimaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waldenberger, Melanie" sort="Waldenberger, Melanie" uniqKey="Waldenberger M" first="Melanie" last="Waldenberger">Melanie Waldenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ware, Erin B" sort="Ware, Erin B" uniqKey="Ware E" first="Erin B." last="Ware">Erin B. Ware</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wentworth Shields, William" sort="Wentworth Shields, William" uniqKey="Wentworth Shields W" first="William" last="Wentworth-Shields">William Wentworth-Shields</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitfield, John B" sort="Whitfield, John B" uniqKey="Whitfield J" first="John B." last="Whitfield">John B. Whitfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wild, Sarah" sort="Wild, Sarah" uniqKey="Wild S" first="Sarah" last="Wild">Sarah Wild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yajnik, Chittaranjan S" sort="Yajnik, Chittaranjan S" uniqKey="Yajnik C" first="Chittaranjan S." last="Yajnik">Chittaranjan S. Yajnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A185">Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Jie" sort="Yao, Jie" uniqKey="Yao J" first="Jie" last="Yao">Jie Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaza, Gianluigi" sort="Zaza, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Zaza G" first="Gianluigi" last="Zaza">Gianluigi Zaza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A186">Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Xiaofeng" sort="Zhu, Xiaofeng" uniqKey="Zhu X" first="Xiaofeng" last="Zhu">Xiaofeng Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A187">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Project, The Biobank Japan" sort="Project, The Biobank Japan" uniqKey="Project T" first="The Biobank Japan" last="Project">The Biobank Japan Project</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Rany M" sort="Salem, Rany M" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Rany M." last="Salem">Rany M. Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbye, Mads" sort="Melbye, Mads" uniqKey="Melbye M" first="Mads" last="Melbye">Mads Melbye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A188">Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samani, Nilesh J" sort="Samani, Nilesh J" uniqKey="Samani N" first="Nilesh J." last="Samani">Nilesh J. Samani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, David A" sort="Mackey, David A" uniqKey="Mackey D" first="David A." last="Mackey">David A. Mackey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Richard S" sort="Cooper, Richard S" uniqKey="Cooper R" first="Richard S." last="Cooper">Richard S. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froguel, Philippe" sort="Froguel, Philippe" uniqKey="Froguel P" first="Philippe" last="Froguel">Philippe Froguel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pasterkamp, Gerard" sort="Pasterkamp, Gerard" uniqKey="Pasterkamp G" first="Gerard" last="Pasterkamp">Gerard Pasterkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrucci, Luigi" sort="Ferrucci, Luigi" uniqKey="Ferrucci L" first="Luigi" last="Ferrucci">Luigi Ferrucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A190">Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Robert A" sort="Scott, Robert A" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Robert A." last="Scott">Robert A. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Andrew D" sort="Morris, Andrew D" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Andrew D." last="Morris">Andrew D. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A191">Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Colin N A" sort="Palmer, Colin N A" uniqKey="Palmer C" first="Colin N. A." last="Palmer">Colin N. A. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A192">Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George" sort="Dedoussis, George" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George" last="Dedoussis">George Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A193">Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A194">Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindenberger, Ulman" sort="Lindenberger, Ulman" uniqKey="Lindenberger U" first="Ulman" last="Lindenberger">Ulman Lindenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berndt, Sonja I" sort="Berndt, Sonja I" uniqKey="Berndt S" first="Sonja I." last="Berndt">Sonja I. Berndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Cecilia M" sort="Lindgren, Cecilia M" uniqKey="Lindgren C" first="Cecilia M." last="Lindgren">Cecilia M. Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonjes, Anke" sort="Tonjes, Anke" uniqKey="Tonjes A" first="Anke" last="Tönjes">Anke Tönjes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A195">Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munroe, Patricia B" sort="Munroe, Patricia B" uniqKey="Munroe P" first="Patricia B." last="Munroe">Patricia B. Munroe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I. A." last="S Rensen">Thorkild I. A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A196">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rotimi, Charles N" sort="Rotimi, Charles N" uniqKey="Rotimi C" first="Charles N." last="Rotimi">Charles N. Rotimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arnett, Donna K" sort="Arnett, Donna K" uniqKey="Arnett D" first="Donna K." last="Arnett">Donna K. Arnett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A197">Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" sort="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" uniqKey="Oldehinkel A" first="Albertine J." last="Oldehinkel">Albertine J. Oldehinkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A198">Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L. R." last="Kardia">Sharon L. R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balkau, Beverley" sort="Balkau, Beverley" uniqKey="Balkau B" first="Beverley" last="Balkau">Beverley Balkau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A199">Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gambaro, Giovanni" sort="Gambaro, Giovanni" uniqKey="Gambaro G" first="Giovanni" last="Gambaro">Giovanni Gambaro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A200">Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Andrew P" sort="Morris, Andrew P" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Andrew P." last="Morris">Andrew P. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A201">Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A202">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A203">Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A204">Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A205">Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Margie J" sort="Wright, Margie J" uniqKey="Wright M" first="Margie J." last="Wright">Margie J. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A206">Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Steven C" sort="Hunt, Steven C" uniqKey="Hunt S" first="Steven C." last="Hunt">Steven C. Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A207">Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starr, John M" sort="Starr, John M" uniqKey="Starr J" first="John M." last="Starr">John M. Starr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A208">Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Lyn R" sort="Griffiths, Lyn R" uniqKey="Griffiths L" first="Lyn R." last="Griffiths">Lyn R. Griffiths</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A209">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Nicola" sort="Pirastu, Nicola" uniqKey="Pirastu N" first="Nicola" last="Pirastu">Nicola Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A210">National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nicholas J" sort="Wareham, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nicholas J." last="Wareham">Nicholas J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perusse, Louis" sort="Perusse, Louis" uniqKey="Perusse L" first="Louis" last="Pérusse">Louis Pérusse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A211">Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James G" sort="Wilson, James G" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James G." last="Wilson">James G. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A212">Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girotto, Giorgia" sort="Girotto, Giorgia" uniqKey="Girotto G" first="Giorgia" last="Girotto">Giorgia Girotto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caulfield, Mark J" sort="Caulfield, Mark J" uniqKey="Caulfield M" first="Mark J." last="Caulfield">Mark J. Caulfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A213">Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A214">Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Harst, Pim" sort="Van Der Harst, Pim" uniqKey="Van Der Harst P" first="Pim" last="Van Der Harst">Pim Van Der Harst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A215">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hicks, Andrew A" sort="Hicks, Andrew A" uniqKey="Hicks A" first="Andrew A." last="Hicks">Andrew A. Hicks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinisalo, Juha" sort="Sinisalo, Juha" uniqKey="Sinisalo J" first="Juha" last="Sinisalo">Juha Sinisalo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knekt, Paul" sort="Knekt, Paul" uniqKey="Knekt P" first="Paul" last="Knekt">Paul Knekt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A216">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K. E." last="Magnusson">Patrik K. E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A217">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamsten, Anders" sort="Hamsten, Anders" uniqKey="Hamsten A" first="Anders" last="Hamsten">Anders Hamsten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borecki, Ingrid B" sort="Borecki, Ingrid B" uniqKey="Borecki I" first="Ingrid B." last="Borecki">Ingrid B. Borecki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A218">Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vartiainen, Erkki" sort="Vartiainen, Erkki" uniqKey="Vartiainen E" first="Erkki" last="Vartiainen">Erkki Vartiainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, Diane M" sort="Becker, Diane M" uniqKey="Becker D" first="Diane M." last="Becker">Diane M. Becker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A219">Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan" sort="Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan" uniqKey="Bharadwaj D" first="Dwaipayan" last="Bharadwaj">Dwaipayan Bharadwaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohlke, Karen L" sort="Mohlke, Karen L" uniqKey="Mohlke K" first="Karen L." last="Mohlke">Karen L. Mohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boehnke, Michael" sort="Boehnke, Michael" uniqKey="Boehnke M" first="Michael" last="Boehnke">Michael Boehnke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanghera, Dharambir K" sort="Sanghera, Dharambir K" uniqKey="Sanghera D" first="Dharambir K." last="Sanghera">Dharambir K. Sanghera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A220">Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A221">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teumer, Alexander" sort="Teumer, Alexander" uniqKey="Teumer A" first="Alexander" last="Teumer">Alexander Teumer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeggini, Eleftheria" sort="Zeggini, Eleftheria" uniqKey="Zeggini E" first="Eleftheria" last="Zeggini">Eleftheria Zeggini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasparini, Paolo" sort="Gasparini, Paolo" uniqKey="Gasparini P" first="Paolo" last="Gasparini">Paolo Gasparini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulivi, Sheila" sort="Ulivi, Sheila" uniqKey="Ulivi S" first="Sheila" last="Ulivi">Sheila Ulivi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ober, Carole" sort="Ober, Carole" uniqKey="Ober C" first="Carole" last="Ober">Carole Ober</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toniolo, Daniela" sort="Toniolo, Daniela" uniqKey="Toniolo D" first="Daniela" last="Toniolo">Daniela Toniolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porteous, David J" sort="Porteous, David J" uniqKey="Porteous D" first="David J." last="Porteous">David J. Porteous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciullo, Marina" sort="Ciullo, Marina" uniqKey="Ciullo M" first="Marina" last="Ciullo">Marina Ciullo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D." last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupuis, Josee" sort="Dupuis, Josee" uniqKey="Dupuis J" first="Josée" last="Dupuis">Josée Dupuis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Ruth J F" sort="Loos, Ruth J F" uniqKey="Loos R" first="Ruth J. F." last="Loos">Ruth J. F. Loos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A222">The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chandak, Giriraj R" sort="Chandak, Giriraj R" uniqKey="Chandak G" first="Giriraj R." last="Chandak">Giriraj R. Chandak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A223">Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shuldiner, Alan" sort="Shuldiner, Alan" uniqKey="Shuldiner A" first="Alan" last="Shuldiner">Alan Shuldiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A224">Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A225">Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ridker, Paul M" sort="Ridker, Paul M" uniqKey="Ridker P" first="Paul M." last="Ridker">Paul M. Ridker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rotter, Jerome I" sort="Rotter, Jerome I" uniqKey="Rotter J" first="Jerome I." last="Rotter">Jerome I. Rotter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Naveed" sort="Sattar, Naveed" uniqKey="Sattar N" first="Naveed" last="Sattar">Naveed Sattar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A226">BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gyllensten, Ulf" sort="Gyllensten, Ulf" uniqKey="Gyllensten U" first="Ulf" last="Gyllensten">Ulf Gyllensten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="North, Kari E" sort="North, Kari E" uniqKey="North K" first="Kari E." last="North">Kari E. North</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A227">Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 – Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Psaty, Bruce M" sort="Psaty, Bruce M" uniqKey="Psaty B" first="Bruce M." last="Psaty">Bruce M. Psaty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A228">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A229">Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R." last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laakso, Markku" sort="Laakso, Markku" uniqKey="Laakso M" first="Markku" last="Laakso">Markku Laakso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Atsushi" sort="Takahashi, Atsushi" uniqKey="Takahashi A" first="Atsushi" last="Takahashi">Atsushi Takahashi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, John C" sort="Chambers, John C" uniqKey="Chambers J" first="John C." last="Chambers">John C. Chambers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A230">Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooner, Jaspal S" sort="Kooner, Jaspal S" uniqKey="Kooner J" first="Jaspal S." last="Kooner">Jaspal S. Kooner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A230">Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strachan, David P" sort="Strachan, David P" uniqKey="Strachan D" first="David P." last="Strachan">David P. Strachan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A231">Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirschhorn, Joel N" sort="Hirschhorn, Joel N" uniqKey="Hirschhorn J" first="Joel N." last="Hirschhorn">Joel N. Hirschhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perola, Markus" sort="Perola, Markus" uniqKey="Perola M" first="Markus" last="Perola">Markus Perola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polašek">Ozren Polašek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26131930</idno><idno type="pmc">4516141</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516141</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4516141</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature14618</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D70</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D70</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations</title><author><name sortKey="Joshi, Peter K" sort="Joshi, Peter K" uniqKey="Joshi P" first="Peter K." last="Joshi">Peter K. Joshi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esko, Tonu" sort="Esko, Tonu" uniqKey="Esko T" first="Tonu" last="Esko">Tonu Esko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattsson, Hannele" sort="Mattsson, Hannele" uniqKey="Mattsson H" first="Hannele" last="Mattsson">Hannele Mattsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eklund, Niina" sort="Eklund, Niina" uniqKey="Eklund N" first="Niina" last="Eklund">Niina Eklund</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandin, Ilaria" sort="Gandin, Ilaria" uniqKey="Gandin I" first="Ilaria" last="Gandin">Ilaria Gandin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nutile, Teresa" sort="Nutile, Teresa" uniqKey="Nutile T" first="Teresa" last="Nutile">Teresa Nutile</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, Anne U" sort="Jackson, Anne U" uniqKey="Jackson A" first="Anne U." last="Jackson">Anne U. Jackson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schurmann, Claudia" sort="Schurmann, Claudia" uniqKey="Schurmann C" first="Claudia" last="Schurmann">Claudia Schurmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Albert V" sort="Smith, Albert V" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Albert V." last="Smith">Albert V. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Weihua" sort="Zhang, Weihua" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Weihua" last="Zhang">Weihua Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okada, Yukinori" sort="Okada, Yukinori" uniqKey="Okada Y" first="Yukinori" last="Okada">Yukinori Okada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stan Kova, Alena" sort="Stan Kova, Alena" uniqKey="Stan Kova A" first="Alena" last="Stan Ková">Alena Stan Ková</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faul, Jessica D" sort="Faul, Jessica D" uniqKey="Faul J" first="Jessica D." last="Faul">Jessica D. Faul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Wei" sort="Zhao, Wei" uniqKey="Zhao W" first="Wei" last="Zhao">Wei Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartz, Traci M" sort="Bartz, Traci M" uniqKey="Bartz T" first="Traci M." last="Bartz">Traci M. Bartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Concas, Maria Pina" sort="Concas, Maria Pina" uniqKey="Concas M" first="Maria Pina" last="Concas">Maria Pina Concas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 – Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franceschini, Nora" sort="Franceschini, Nora" uniqKey="Franceschini N" first="Nora" last="Franceschini">Nora Franceschini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enroth, Stefan" sort="Enroth, Stefan" uniqKey="Enroth S" first="Stefan" last="Enroth">Stefan Enroth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitart, Veronique" sort="Vitart, Veronique" uniqKey="Vitart V" first="Veronique" last="Vitart">Veronique Vitart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trompet, Stella" sort="Trompet, Stella" uniqKey="Trompet S" first="Stella" last="Trompet">Stella Trompet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Xiuqing" sort="Guo, Xiuqing" uniqKey="Guo X" first="Xiuqing" last="Guo">Xiuqing Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chasman, Daniel I" sort="Chasman, Daniel I" uniqKey="Chasman D" first="Daniel I." last="Chasman">Daniel I. Chasman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnel, Jeffery R" sort="O Onnel, Jeffery R" uniqKey="O Onnel J" first="Jeffery R." last="O Onnel">Jeffery R. O Onnel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corre, Tanguy" sort="Corre, Tanguy" uniqKey="Corre T" first="Tanguy" last="Corre">Tanguy Corre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nongmaithem, Suraj S" sort="Nongmaithem, Suraj S" uniqKey="Nongmaithem S" first="Suraj S." last="Nongmaithem">Suraj S. Nongmaithem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yuning" sort="Chen, Yuning" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Yuning" last="Chen">Yuning Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mangino, Massimo" sort="Mangino, Massimo" uniqKey="Mangino M" first="Massimo" last="Mangino">Massimo Mangino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggiero, Daniela" sort="Ruggiero, Daniela" uniqKey="Ruggiero D" first="Daniela" last="Ruggiero">Daniela Ruggiero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Traglia, Michela" sort="Traglia, Michela" uniqKey="Traglia M" first="Michela" last="Traglia">Michela Traglia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farmaki, Aliki Eleni" sort="Farmaki, Aliki Eleni" uniqKey="Farmaki A" first="Aliki-Eleni" last="Farmaki">Aliki-Eleni Farmaki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kacprowski, Tim" sort="Kacprowski, Tim" uniqKey="Kacprowski T" first="Tim" last="Kacprowski">Tim Kacprowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjonnes, Andrew" sort="Bjonnes, Andrew" uniqKey="Bjonnes A" first="Andrew" last="Bjonnes">Andrew Bjonnes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Spek, Ashley" sort="Van Der Spek, Ashley" uniqKey="Van Der Spek A" first="Ashley" last="Van Der Spek">Ashley Van Der Spek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ying" sort="Wu, Ying" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Ying" last="Wu">Ying Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giri, Anil K" sort="Giri, Anil K" uniqKey="Giri A" first="Anil K." last="Giri">Anil K. Giri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanek, Lisa R" sort="Yanek, Lisa R" uniqKey="Yanek L" first="Lisa R." last="Yanek">Lisa R. Yanek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lihua" sort="Wang, Lihua" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lihua" last="Wang">Lihua Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofer, Edith" sort="Hofer, Edith" uniqKey="Hofer E" first="Edith" last="Hofer">Edith Hofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rietveld, Cornelius A" sort="Rietveld, Cornelius A" uniqKey="Rietveld C" first="Cornelius A." last="Rietveld">Cornelius A. Rietveld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcleod, Olga" sort="Mcleod, Olga" uniqKey="Mcleod O" first="Olga" last="Mcleod">Olga Mcleod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, Marilyn C" sort="Cornelis, Marilyn C" uniqKey="Cornelis M" first="Marilyn C." last="Cornelis">Marilyn C. Cornelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pattaro, Cristian" sort="Pattaro, Cristian" uniqKey="Pattaro C" first="Cristian" last="Pattaro">Cristian Pattaro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Niek" sort="Verweij, Niek" uniqKey="Verweij N" first="Niek" last="Verweij">Niek Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumbach, Clemens" sort="Baumbach, Clemens" uniqKey="Baumbach C" first="Clemens" last="Baumbach">Clemens Baumbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellaoui, Abdel" sort="Abdellaoui, Abdel" uniqKey="Abdellaoui A" first="Abdel" last="Abdellaoui">Abdel Abdellaoui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Helen R" sort="Warren, Helen R" uniqKey="Warren H" first="Helen R." last="Warren">Helen R. Warren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuckovic, Dragana" sort="Vuckovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vuckovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vuckovic">Dragana Vuckovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mei, Hao" sort="Mei, Hao" uniqKey="Mei H" first="Hao" last="Mei">Hao Mei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchard, Claude" sort="Bouchard, Claude" uniqKey="Bouchard C" first="Claude" last="Bouchard">Claude Bouchard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, John R B" sort="Perry, John R B" uniqKey="Perry J" first="John R. B." last="Perry">John R. B. Perry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappellani, Stefania" sort="Cappellani, Stefania" uniqKey="Cappellani S" first="Stefania" last="Cappellani">Stefania Cappellani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirza, Saira S" sort="Mirza, Saira S" uniqKey="Mirza S" first="Saira S." last="Mirza">Saira S. Mirza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benton, Miles C" sort="Benton, Miles C" uniqKey="Benton M" first="Miles C." last="Benton">Miles C. Benton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broeckel, Ulrich" sort="Broeckel, Ulrich" uniqKey="Broeckel U" first="Ulrich" last="Broeckel">Ulrich Broeckel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Penelope A" sort="Lind, Penelope A" uniqKey="Lind P" first="Penelope A." last="Lind">Penelope A. Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malerba, Giovanni" sort="Malerba, Giovanni" uniqKey="Malerba G" first="Giovanni" last="Malerba">Giovanni Malerba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drong, Alexander" sort="Drong, Alexander" uniqKey="Drong A" first="Alexander" last="Drong">Alexander Drong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yengo, Loic" sort="Yengo, Loic" uniqKey="Yengo L" first="Loic" last="Yengo">Loic Yengo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bielak, Lawrence F" sort="Bielak, Lawrence F" uniqKey="Bielak L" first="Lawrence F." last="Bielak">Lawrence F. Bielak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhi, Degui" sort="Zhi, Degui" uniqKey="Zhi D" first="Degui" last="Zhi">Degui Zhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Most, Peter J" sort="Van Der Most, Peter J" uniqKey="Van Der Most P" first="Peter J." last="Van Der Most">Peter J. Van Der Most</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shriner, Daniel" sort="Shriner, Daniel" uniqKey="Shriner D" first="Daniel" last="Shriner">Daniel Shriner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Gi, Reedik" sort="M Gi, Reedik" uniqKey="M Gi R" first="Reedik" last="M Gi">Reedik M Gi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hemani, Gibran" sort="Hemani, Gibran" uniqKey="Hemani G" first="Gibran" last="Hemani">Gibran Hemani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karaderi, Tugce" sort="Karaderi, Tugce" uniqKey="Karaderi T" first="Tugce" last="Karaderi">Tugce Karaderi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhaoming" sort="Wang, Zhaoming" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhaoming" last="Wang">Zhaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tian" sort="Liu, Tian" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tian" last="Liu">Tian Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demuth, Ilja" sort="Demuth, Ilja" uniqKey="Demuth I" first="Ilja" last="Demuth">Ilja Demuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jing Hua" sort="Zhao, Jing Hua" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jing Hua" last="Zhao">Jing Hua Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meng, Weihua" sort="Meng, Weihua" uniqKey="Meng W" first="Weihua" last="Meng">Weihua Meng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lataniotis, Lazaros" sort="Lataniotis, Lazaros" uniqKey="Lataniotis L" first="Lazaros" last="Lataniotis">Lazaros Lataniotis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Laan, Sander W" sort="Van Der Laan, Sander W" uniqKey="Van Der Laan S" first="Sander W." last="Van Der Laan">Sander W. Van Der Laan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradfield, Jonathan P" sort="Bradfield, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Bradfield J" first="Jonathan P." last="Bradfield">Jonathan P. Bradfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Andrew R" sort="Wood, Andrew R" uniqKey="Wood A" first="Andrew R." last="Wood">Andrew R. Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnefond, Amelie" sort="Bonnefond, Amelie" uniqKey="Bonnefond A" first="Amelie" last="Bonnefond">Amelie Bonnefond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" sort="Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S" uniqKey="Ahluwalia T" first="Tarunveer S." last="Ahluwalia">Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Leanne M" sort="Hall, Leanne M" uniqKey="Hall L" first="Leanne M." last="Hall">Leanne M. Hall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salvi, Erika" sort="Salvi, Erika" uniqKey="Salvi E" first="Erika" last="Salvi">Erika Salvi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazar, Seyhan" sort="Yazar, Seyhan" uniqKey="Yazar S" first="Seyhan" last="Yazar">Seyhan Yazar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carstensen, Lisbeth" sort="Carstensen, Lisbeth" uniqKey="Carstensen L" first="Lisbeth" last="Carstensen">Lisbeth Carstensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Haan, Hugoline G" sort="De Haan, Hugoline G" uniqKey="De Haan H" first="Hugoline G." last="De Haan">Hugoline G. De Haan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abney, Mark" sort="Abney, Mark" uniqKey="Abney M" first="Mark" last="Abney">Mark Abney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afzal, Uzma" sort="Afzal, Uzma" uniqKey="Afzal U" first="Uzma" last="Afzal">Uzma Afzal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, Matthew A" sort="Allison, Matthew A" uniqKey="Allison M" first="Matthew A." last="Allison">Matthew A. Allison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Najaf" sort="Amin, Najaf" uniqKey="Amin N" first="Najaf" last="Amin">Najaf Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asselbergs, Folkert W" sort="Asselbergs, Folkert W" uniqKey="Asselbergs F" first="Folkert W." last="Asselbergs">Folkert W. Asselbergs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakker, Stephan J L" sort="Bakker, Stephan J L" uniqKey="Bakker S" first="Stephan J. L." last="Bakker">Stephan J. L. Bakker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A99">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barr, R Graham" sort="Barr, R Graham" uniqKey="Barr R" first="R. Graham" last="Barr">R. Graham Barr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baumeister, Sebastian E" sort="Baumeister, Sebastian E" uniqKey="Baumeister S" first="Sebastian E." last="Baumeister">Sebastian E. Baumeister</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjamin, Daniel J" sort="Benjamin, Daniel J" uniqKey="Benjamin D" first="Daniel J." last="Benjamin">Daniel J. Benjamin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A102">Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A103">Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergmann, Sven" sort="Bergmann, Sven" uniqKey="Bergmann S" first="Sven" last="Bergmann">Sven Bergmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boerwinkle, Eric" sort="Boerwinkle, Eric" uniqKey="Boerwinkle E" first="Eric" last="Boerwinkle">Eric Boerwinkle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bottinger, Erwin P" sort="Bottinger, Erwin P" uniqKey="Bottinger E" first="Erwin P." last="Bottinger">Erwin P. Bottinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Archie" sort="Campbell, Archie" uniqKey="Campbell A" first="Archie" last="Campbell">Archie Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakravarti, Aravinda" sort="Chakravarti, Aravinda" uniqKey="Chakravarti A" first="Aravinda" last="Chakravarti">Aravinda Chakravarti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Yingleong" sort="Chan, Yingleong" uniqKey="Chan Y" first="Yingleong" last="Chan">Yingleong Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chanock, Stephen J" sort="Chanock, Stephen J" uniqKey="Chanock S" first="Stephen J." last="Chanock">Stephen J. Chanock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Constance" sort="Chen, Constance" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Constance" last="Chen">Constance Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y D Ida" sort="Chen, Y D Ida" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Y.-D. Ida" last="Chen">Y.-D. Ida Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Francis S" sort="Collins, Francis S" uniqKey="Collins F" first="Francis S." last="Collins">Francis S. Collins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A108">Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, John" sort="Connell, John" uniqKey="Connell J" first="John" last="Connell">John Connell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A109">College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Correa, Adolfo" sort="Correa, Adolfo" uniqKey="Correa A" first="Adolfo" last="Correa">Adolfo Correa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cupples, L Adrienne" sort="Cupples, L Adrienne" uniqKey="Cupples L" first="L. Adrienne" last="Cupples">L. Adrienne Cupples</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, George Davey" sort="Smith, George Davey" uniqKey="Smith G" first="George Davey" last="Smith">George Davey Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Gail" sort="Davies, Gail" uniqKey="Davies G" first="Gail" last="Davies">Gail Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dorr, Marcus" sort="Dorr, Marcus" uniqKey="Dorr M" first="Marcus" last="Dörr">Marcus Dörr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A113">Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehret, Georg" sort="Ehret, Georg" uniqKey="Ehret G" first="Georg" last="Ehret">Georg Ehret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A106">McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A114">Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Stephen B" sort="Ellis, Stephen B" uniqKey="Ellis S" first="Stephen B." last="Ellis">Stephen B. Ellis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feenstra, Bjarke" sort="Feenstra, Bjarke" uniqKey="Feenstra B" first="Bjarke" last="Feenstra">Bjarke Feenstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feitosa, Mary F" sort="Feitosa, Mary F" uniqKey="Feitosa M" first="Mary F." last="Feitosa">Mary F. Feitosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Ian" sort="Ford, Ian" uniqKey="Ford I" first="Ian" last="Ford">Ian Ford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A115">Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Caroline S" sort="Fox, Caroline S" uniqKey="Fox C" first="Caroline S." last="Fox">Caroline S. Fox</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A116">Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frayling, Timothy M" sort="Frayling, Timothy M" uniqKey="Frayling T" first="Timothy M." last="Frayling">Timothy M. Frayling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedrich, Nele" sort="Friedrich, Nele" uniqKey="Friedrich N" first="Nele" last="Friedrich">Nele Friedrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A117">Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geller, Frank" sort="Geller, Frank" uniqKey="Geller F" first="Frank" last="Geller">Frank Geller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scotland, Generation" sort="Scotland, Generation" uniqKey="Scotland G" first="Generation" last="Scotland">Generation Scotland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillham Nasenya, Irina" sort="Gillham Nasenya, Irina" uniqKey="Gillham Nasenya I" first="Irina" last="Gillham-Nasenya">Irina Gillham-Nasenya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottesman, Omri" sort="Gottesman, Omri" uniqKey="Gottesman O" first="Omri" last="Gottesman">Omri Gottesman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graff, Misa" sort="Graff, Misa" uniqKey="Graff M" first="Misa" last="Graff">Misa Graff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grodstein, Francine" sort="Grodstein, Francine" uniqKey="Grodstein F" first="Francine" last="Grodstein">Francine Grodstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, Charles" sort="Gu, Charles" uniqKey="Gu C" first="Charles" last="Gu">Charles Gu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A119">Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haley, Chris" sort="Haley, Chris" uniqKey="Haley C" first="Chris" last="Haley">Chris Haley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A120">Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, Christopher J" sort="Hammond, Christopher J" uniqKey="Hammond C" first="Christopher J." last="Hammond">Christopher J. Hammond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Sarah E" sort="Harris, Sarah E" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Sarah E." last="Harris">Sarah E. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Tamara B" sort="Harris, Tamara B" uniqKey="Harris T" first="Tamara B." last="Harris">Tamara B. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hastie, Nicholas D" sort="Hastie, Nicholas D" uniqKey="Hastie N" first="Nicholas D." last="Hastie">Nicholas D. Hastie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heard Costa, Nancy L" sort="Heard Costa, Nancy L" uniqKey="Heard Costa N" first="Nancy L." last="Heard-Costa">Nancy L. Heard-Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkil, Kauko" sort="Heikkil, Kauko" uniqKey="Heikkil K" first="Kauko" last="Heikkil">Kauko Heikkil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hocking, Lynne J" sort="Hocking, Lynne J" uniqKey="Hocking L" first="Lynne J." last="Hocking">Lynne J. Hocking</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A124">Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homuth, Georg" sort="Homuth, Georg" uniqKey="Homuth G" first="Georg" last="Homuth">Georg Homuth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" sort="Hottenga, Jouke Jan" uniqKey="Hottenga J" first="Jouke-Jan" last="Hottenga">Jouke-Jan Hottenga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Jinyan" sort="Huang, Jinyan" uniqKey="Huang J" first="Jinyan" last="Huang">Jinyan Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A125">State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, Jennifer E" sort="Huffman, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="Jennifer E." last="Huffman">Jennifer E. Huffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hysi, Pirro G" sort="Hysi, Pirro G" uniqKey="Hysi P" first="Pirro G." last="Hysi">Pirro G. Hysi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikram, M Arfan" sort="Ikram, M Arfan" uniqKey="Ikram M" first="M. Arfan" last="Ikram">M. Arfan Ikram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A126">Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingelsson, Erik" sort="Ingelsson, Erik" uniqKey="Ingelsson E" first="Erik" last="Ingelsson">Erik Ingelsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A127">Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joensuu, Anni" sort="Joensuu, Anni" uniqKey="Joensuu A" first="Anni" last="Joensuu">Anni Joensuu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, Sa" sort="Johansson, Sa" uniqKey="Johansson " first=" Sa" last="Johansson"> Sa Johansson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A128">Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jousilahti, Pekka" sort="Jousilahti, Pekka" uniqKey="Jousilahti P" first="Pekka" last="Jousilahti">Pekka Jousilahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jukema, J Wouter" sort="Jukema, J Wouter" uniqKey="Jukema J" first="J. Wouter" last="Jukema">J. Wouter Jukema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A130">Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Honen, Mika" sort="K Honen, Mika" uniqKey="K Honen M" first="Mika" last="K Hönen">Mika K Hönen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A131">Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamatani, Yoichiro" sort="Kamatani, Yoichiro" uniqKey="Kamatani Y" first="Yoichiro" last="Kamatani">Yoichiro Kamatani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanoni, Stavroula" sort="Kanoni, Stavroula" uniqKey="Kanoni S" first="Stavroula" last="Kanoni">Stavroula Kanoni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr, Shona M" sort="Kerr, Shona M" uniqKey="Kerr S" first="Shona M." last="Kerr">Shona M. Kerr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Nazir M" sort="Khan, Nazir M" uniqKey="Khan N" first="Nazir M." last="Khan">Nazir M. Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koellinger, Philipp" sort="Koellinger, Philipp" uniqKey="Koellinger P" first="Philipp" last="Koellinger">Philipp Koellinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koistinen, Heikki A" sort="Koistinen, Heikki A" uniqKey="Koistinen H" first="Heikki A." last="Koistinen">Heikki A. Koistinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A134">Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooner, Manraj K" sort="Kooner, Manraj K" uniqKey="Kooner M" first="Manraj K." last="Kooner">Manraj K. Kooner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kubo, Michiaki" sort="Kubo, Michiaki" uniqKey="Kubo M" first="Michiaki" last="Kubo">Michiaki Kubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A135">Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuusisto, Johanna" sort="Kuusisto, Johanna" uniqKey="Kuusisto J" first="Johanna" last="Kuusisto">Johanna Kuusisto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lahti, Jari" sort="Lahti, Jari" uniqKey="Lahti J" first="Jari" last="Lahti">Jari Lahti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A137">Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A138">Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Launer, Lenore J" sort="Launer, Lenore J" uniqKey="Launer L" first="Lenore J." last="Launer">Lenore J. Launer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A121">National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lea, Rodney A" sort="Lea, Rodney A" uniqKey="Lea R" first="Rodney A." last="Lea">Rodney A. Lea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehne, Benjamin" sort="Lehne, Benjamin" uniqKey="Lehne B" first="Benjamin" last="Lehne">Benjamin Lehne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehtim Ki, Terho" sort="Lehtim Ki, Terho" uniqKey="Lehtim Ki T" first="Terho" last="Lehtim Ki">Terho Lehtim Ki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A139">Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liewald, David C M" sort="Liewald, David C M" uniqKey="Liewald D" first="David C. M." last="Liewald">David C. M. Liewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lind, Lars" sort="Lind, Lars" uniqKey="Lind L" first="Lars" last="Lind">Lars Lind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A140">Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, Marie" sort="Loh, Marie" uniqKey="Loh M" first="Marie" last="Loh">Marie Loh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lokki, Marja Liisa" sort="Lokki, Marja Liisa" uniqKey="Lokki M" first="Marja-Liisa" last="Lokki">Marja-Liisa Lokki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="London, Stephanie J" sort="London, Stephanie J" uniqKey="London S" first="Stephanie J." last="London">Stephanie J. London</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A142">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loomis, Stephanie J" sort="Loomis, Stephanie J" uniqKey="Loomis S" first="Stephanie J." last="Loomis">Stephanie J. Loomis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A143">Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loukola, Anu" sort="Loukola, Anu" uniqKey="Loukola A" first="Anu" last="Loukola">Anu Loukola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yingchang" sort="Lu, Yingchang" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yingchang" last="Lu">Yingchang Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lumley, Thomas" sort="Lumley, Thomas" uniqKey="Lumley T" first="Thomas" last="Lumley">Thomas Lumley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A144">Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundqvist, Annamari" sort="Lundqvist, Annamari" uniqKey="Lundqvist A" first="Annamari" last="Lundqvist">Annamari Lundqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="M Nnisto, Satu" sort="M Nnisto, Satu" uniqKey="M Nnisto S" first="Satu" last="M Nnistö">Satu M Nnistö</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marques Vidal, Pedro" sort="Marques Vidal, Pedro" uniqKey="Marques Vidal P" first="Pedro" last="Marques-Vidal">Pedro Marques-Vidal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masciullo, Corrado" sort="Masciullo, Corrado" uniqKey="Masciullo C" first="Corrado" last="Masciullo">Corrado Masciullo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matchan, Angela" sort="Matchan, Angela" uniqKey="Matchan A" first="Angela" last="Matchan">Angela Matchan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathias, Rasika A" sort="Mathias, Rasika A" uniqKey="Mathias R" first="Rasika A." last="Mathias">Rasika A. Mathias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A148">Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, Koichi" sort="Matsuda, Koichi" uniqKey="Matsuda K" first="Koichi" last="Matsuda">Koichi Matsuda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A149">Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meigs, James B" sort="Meigs, James B" uniqKey="Meigs J" first="James B." last="Meigs">James B. Meigs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A150">Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meisinger, Christa" sort="Meisinger, Christa" uniqKey="Meisinger C" first="Christa" last="Meisinger">Christa Meisinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas" sort="Meitinger, Thomas" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas" last="Meitinger">Thomas Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A151">Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A152">Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menni, Cristina" sort="Menni, Cristina" uniqKey="Menni C" first="Cristina" last="Menni">Cristina Menni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mentch, Frank D" sort="Mentch, Frank D" uniqKey="Mentch F" first="Frank D." last="Mentch">Frank D. Mentch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mihailov, Evelin" sort="Mihailov, Evelin" uniqKey="Mihailov E" first="Evelin" last="Mihailov">Evelin Mihailov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milani, Lili" sort="Milani, Lili" uniqKey="Milani L" first="Lili" last="Milani">Lili Milani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montasser, May E" sort="Montasser, May E" uniqKey="Montasser M" first="May E." last="Montasser">May E. Montasser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Grant W" sort="Montgomery, Grant W" uniqKey="Montgomery G" first="Grant W." last="Montgomery">Grant W. Montgomery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A153">Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Alanna" sort="Morrison, Alanna" uniqKey="Morrison A" first="Alanna" last="Morrison">Alanna Morrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A104">Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, Richard H" sort="Myers, Richard H" uniqKey="Myers R" first="Richard H." last="Myers">Richard H. Myers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A154">Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadukuru, Rajiv" sort="Nadukuru, Rajiv" uniqKey="Nadukuru R" first="Rajiv" last="Nadukuru">Rajiv Nadukuru</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Pau" sort="Navarro, Pau" uniqKey="Navarro P" first="Pau" last="Navarro">Pau Navarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelis, Mari" sort="Nelis, Mari" uniqKey="Nelis M" first="Mari" last="Nelis">Mari Nelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nieminen, Markku S" sort="Nieminen, Markku S" uniqKey="Nieminen M" first="Markku S." last="Nieminen">Markku S. Nieminen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nolte, Ilja M" sort="Nolte, Ilja M" uniqKey="Nolte I" first="Ilja M." last="Nolte">Ilja M. Nolte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnor, George T" sort="O Onnor, George T" uniqKey="O Onnor G" first="George T." last="O Onnor">George T. O Onnor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A156">Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunniyi, Adesola" sort="Ogunniyi, Adesola" uniqKey="Ogunniyi A" first="Adesola" last="Ogunniyi">Adesola Ogunniyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmanabhan, Sandosh" sort="Padmanabhan, Sandosh" uniqKey="Padmanabhan S" first="Sandosh" last="Padmanabhan">Sandosh Padmanabhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A158">ICAMS, University of Glasgow, 126 University Way, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmas, Walter R" sort="Palmas, Walter R" uniqKey="Palmas W" first="Walter R." last="Palmas">Walter R. Palmas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A100">Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pankow, James S" sort="Pankow, James S" uniqKey="Pankow J" first="James S." last="Pankow">James S. Pankow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A159">Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patarcic, Inga" sort="Patarcic, Inga" uniqKey="Patarcic I" first="Inga" last="Patarcic">Inga Patarcic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavani, Francesca" sort="Pavani, Francesca" uniqKey="Pavani F" first="Francesca" last="Pavani">Francesca Pavani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peyser, Patricia A" sort="Peyser, Patricia A" uniqKey="Peyser P" first="Patricia A." last="Peyser">Patricia A. Peyser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pietilainen, Kirsi" sort="Pietilainen, Kirsi" uniqKey="Pietilainen K" first="Kirsi" last="Pietilainen">Kirsi Pietilainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A133">Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A161">Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulter, Neil" sort="Poulter, Neil" uniqKey="Poulter N" first="Neil" last="Poulter">Neil Poulter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokopenko, Inga" sort="Prokopenko, Inga" uniqKey="Prokopenko I" first="Inga" last="Prokopenko">Inga Prokopenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ralhan, Sarju" sort="Ralhan, Sarju" uniqKey="Ralhan S" first="Sarju" last="Ralhan">Sarju Ralhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A164">Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Redmond, Paul" sort="Redmond, Paul" uniqKey="Redmond P" first="Paul" last="Redmond">Paul Redmond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S." last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A165">Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rissanen, Harri" sort="Rissanen, Harri" uniqKey="Rissanen H" first="Harri" last="Rissanen">Harri Rissanen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robino, Antonietta" sort="Robino, Antonietta" uniqKey="Robino A" first="Antonietta" last="Robino">Antonietta Robino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Lynda M" sort="Rose, Lynda M" uniqKey="Rose L" first="Lynda M." last="Rose">Lynda M. Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Richard" sort="Rose, Richard" uniqKey="Rose R" first="Richard" last="Rose">Richard Rose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A166">Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sala, Cinzia" sort="Sala, Cinzia" uniqKey="Sala C" first="Cinzia" last="Sala">Cinzia Sala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salako, Babatunde" sort="Salako, Babatunde" uniqKey="Salako B" first="Babatunde" last="Salako">Babatunde Salako</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A157">Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomaa, Veikko" sort="Salomaa, Veikko" uniqKey="Salomaa V" first="Veikko" last="Salomaa">Veikko Salomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Antti Pekka" sort="Sarin, Antti Pekka" uniqKey="Sarin A" first="Antti-Pekka" last="Sarin">Antti-Pekka Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, Richa" sort="Saxena, Richa" uniqKey="Saxena R" first="Richa" last="Saxena">Richa Saxena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Helena" sort="Schmidt, Helena" uniqKey="Schmidt H" first="Helena" last="Schmidt">Helena Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Laura J" sort="Scott, Laura J" uniqKey="Scott L" first="Laura J." last="Scott">Laura J. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, William R" sort="Scott, William R" uniqKey="Scott W" first="William R." last="Scott">William R. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sennblad, Bengt" sort="Sennblad, Bengt" uniqKey="Sennblad B" first="Bengt" last="Sennblad">Bengt Sennblad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A168">Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seshadri, Sudha" sort="Seshadri, Sudha" uniqKey="Seshadri S" first="Sudha" last="Seshadri">Sudha Seshadri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A122">Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sever, Peter" sort="Sever, Peter" uniqKey="Sever P" first="Peter" last="Sever">Peter Sever</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A162">International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shrestha, Smeeta" sort="Shrestha, Smeeta" uniqKey="Shrestha S" first="Smeeta" last="Shrestha">Smeeta Shrestha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Blair H" sort="Smith, Blair H" uniqKey="Smith B" first="Blair H." last="Smith">Blair H. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A169">University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer A" sort="Smith, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer A." last="Smith">Jennifer A. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soranzo, Nicole" sort="Soranzo, Nicole" uniqKey="Soranzo N" first="Nicole" last="Soranzo">Nicole Soranzo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sotoodehnia, Nona" sort="Sotoodehnia, Nona" uniqKey="Sotoodehnia N" first="Nona" last="Sotoodehnia">Nona Sotoodehnia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A170">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Southam, Lorraine" sort="Southam, Lorraine" uniqKey="Southam L" first="Lorraine" last="Southam">Lorraine Southam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stanton, Alice V" sort="Stanton, Alice V" uniqKey="Stanton A" first="Alice V." last="Stanton">Alice V. Stanton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A171">Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stathopoulou, Maria G" sort="Stathopoulou, Maria G" uniqKey="Stathopoulou M" first="Maria G." last="Stathopoulou">Maria G. Stathopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A172">UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV “Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire”, INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strauch, Konstantin" sort="Strauch, Konstantin" uniqKey="Strauch K" first="Konstantin" last="Strauch">Konstantin Strauch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A173">Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strawbridge, Rona J" sort="Strawbridge, Rona J" uniqKey="Strawbridge R" first="Rona J." last="Strawbridge">Rona J. Strawbridge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suderman, Matthew J" sort="Suderman, Matthew J" uniqKey="Suderman M" first="Matthew J." last="Suderman">Matthew J. Suderman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tandon, Nikhil" sort="Tandon, Nikhil" uniqKey="Tandon N" first="Nikhil" last="Tandon">Nikhil Tandon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A174">Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Sian Tsun" sort="Tang, Sian Tsun" uniqKey="Tang S" first="Sian-Tsun" last="Tang">Sian-Tsun Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Kent D" sort="Taylor, Kent D" uniqKey="Taylor K" first="Kent D." last="Taylor">Kent D. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayo, Bamidele O" sort="Tayo, Bamidele O" uniqKey="Tayo B" first="Bamidele O." last="Tayo">Bamidele O. Tayo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toglhofer, Anna Maria" sort="Toglhofer, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Toglhofer A" first="Anna Maria" last="Töglhofer">Anna Maria Töglhofer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A167">Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomaszewski, Maciej" sort="Tomaszewski, Maciej" uniqKey="Tomaszewski M" first="Maciej" last="Tomaszewski">Maciej Tomaszewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsernikova, Natalia" sort="Tsernikova, Natalia" uniqKey="Tsernikova N" first="Natalia" last="Tšernikova">Natalia Tšernikova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tuomilehto, Jaakko" sort="Tuomilehto, Jaakko" uniqKey="Tuomilehto J" first="Jaakko" last="Tuomilehto">Jaakko Tuomilehto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A132">Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A179">Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A180">Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uitterlinden, Andre G" sort="Uitterlinden, Andre G" uniqKey="Uitterlinden A" first="Andre G." last="Uitterlinden">Andre G. Uitterlinden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A181">Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaidya, Dhananjay" sort="Vaidya, Dhananjay" uniqKey="Vaidya D" first="Dhananjay" last="Vaidya">Dhananjay Vaidya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A182">Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid" sort="Van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid" uniqKey="Van Hylckama Vlieg A" first="Astrid" last="Van Hylckama Vlieg">Astrid Van Hylckama Vlieg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Setten, Jessica" sort="Van Setten, Jessica" uniqKey="Van Setten J" first="Jessica" last="Van Setten">Jessica Van Setten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasankari, Tuula" sort="Vasankari, Tuula" uniqKey="Vasankari T" first="Tuula" last="Vasankari">Tuula Vasankari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A183">Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vedantam, Sailaja" sort="Vedantam, Sailaja" uniqKey="Vedantam S" first="Sailaja" last="Vedantam">Sailaja Vedantam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vlachopoulou, Efthymia" sort="Vlachopoulou, Efthymia" uniqKey="Vlachopoulou E" first="Efthymia" last="Vlachopoulou">Efthymia Vlachopoulou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A141">Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vozzi, Diego" sort="Vozzi, Diego" uniqKey="Vozzi D" first="Diego" last="Vozzi">Diego Vozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuoksimaa, Eero" sort="Vuoksimaa, Eero" uniqKey="Vuoksimaa E" first="Eero" last="Vuoksimaa">Eero Vuoksimaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waldenberger, Melanie" sort="Waldenberger, Melanie" uniqKey="Waldenberger M" first="Melanie" last="Waldenberger">Melanie Waldenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ware, Erin B" sort="Ware, Erin B" uniqKey="Ware E" first="Erin B." last="Ware">Erin B. Ware</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wentworth Shields, William" sort="Wentworth Shields, William" uniqKey="Wentworth Shields W" first="William" last="Wentworth-Shields">William Wentworth-Shields</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitfield, John B" sort="Whitfield, John B" uniqKey="Whitfield J" first="John B." last="Whitfield">John B. Whitfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wild, Sarah" sort="Wild, Sarah" uniqKey="Wild S" first="Sarah" last="Wild">Sarah Wild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willemsen, Gonneke" sort="Willemsen, Gonneke" uniqKey="Willemsen G" first="Gonneke" last="Willemsen">Gonneke Willemsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yajnik, Chittaranjan S" sort="Yajnik, Chittaranjan S" uniqKey="Yajnik C" first="Chittaranjan S." last="Yajnik">Chittaranjan S. Yajnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A185">Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Jie" sort="Yao, Jie" uniqKey="Yao J" first="Jie" last="Yao">Jie Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaza, Gianluigi" sort="Zaza, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Zaza G" first="Gianluigi" last="Zaza">Gianluigi Zaza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A186">Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Xiaofeng" sort="Zhu, Xiaofeng" uniqKey="Zhu X" first="Xiaofeng" last="Zhu">Xiaofeng Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A187">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Project, The Biobank Japan" sort="Project, The Biobank Japan" uniqKey="Project T" first="The Biobank Japan" last="Project">The Biobank Japan Project</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Rany M" sort="Salem, Rany M" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Rany M." last="Salem">Rany M. Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melbye, Mads" sort="Melbye, Mads" uniqKey="Melbye M" first="Mads" last="Melbye">Mads Melbye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A188">Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bisgaard, Hans" sort="Bisgaard, Hans" uniqKey="Bisgaard H" first="Hans" last="Bisgaard">Hans Bisgaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samani, Nilesh J" sort="Samani, Nilesh J" uniqKey="Samani N" first="Nilesh J." last="Samani">Nilesh J. Samani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A177">NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cusi, Daniele" sort="Cusi, Daniele" uniqKey="Cusi D" first="Daniele" last="Cusi">Daniele Cusi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, David A" sort="Mackey, David A" uniqKey="Mackey D" first="David A." last="Mackey">David A. Mackey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Richard S" sort="Cooper, Richard S" uniqKey="Cooper R" first="Richard S." last="Cooper">Richard S. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A176">Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froguel, Philippe" sort="Froguel, Philippe" uniqKey="Froguel P" first="Philippe" last="Froguel">Philippe Froguel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A163">Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pasterkamp, Gerard" sort="Pasterkamp, Gerard" uniqKey="Pasterkamp G" first="Gerard" last="Pasterkamp">Gerard Pasterkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Struan F A" sort="Grant, Struan F A" uniqKey="Grant S" first="Struan F. A." last="Grant">Struan F. A. Grant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A189">Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrucci, Luigi" sort="Ferrucci, Luigi" uniqKey="Ferrucci L" first="Luigi" last="Ferrucci">Luigi Ferrucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A190">Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Robert A" sort="Scott, Robert A" uniqKey="Scott R" first="Robert A." last="Scott">Robert A. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Andrew D" sort="Morris, Andrew D" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Andrew D." last="Morris">Andrew D. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A191">Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Colin N A" sort="Palmer, Colin N A" uniqKey="Palmer C" first="Colin N. A." last="Palmer">Colin N. A. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A192">Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dedoussis, George" sort="Dedoussis, George" uniqKey="Dedoussis G" first="George" last="Dedoussis">George Dedoussis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deloukas, Panos" sort="Deloukas, Panos" uniqKey="Deloukas P" first="Panos" last="Deloukas">Panos Deloukas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A193">Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, Lars" sort="Bertram, Lars" uniqKey="Bertram L" first="Lars" last="Bertram">Lars Bertram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A194">Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindenberger, Ulman" sort="Lindenberger, Ulman" uniqKey="Lindenberger U" first="Ulman" last="Lindenberger">Ulman Lindenberger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berndt, Sonja I" sort="Berndt, Sonja I" uniqKey="Berndt S" first="Sonja I." last="Berndt">Sonja I. Berndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Cecilia M" sort="Lindgren, Cecilia M" uniqKey="Lindgren C" first="Cecilia M." last="Lindgren">Cecilia M. Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timpson, Nicholas J" sort="Timpson, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Timpson N" first="Nicholas J." last="Timpson">Nicholas J. Timpson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonjes, Anke" sort="Tonjes, Anke" uniqKey="Tonjes A" first="Anke" last="Tönjes">Anke Tönjes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A195">Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munroe, Patricia B" sort="Munroe, Patricia B" uniqKey="Munroe P" first="Patricia B." last="Munroe">Patricia B. Munroe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" sort="S Rensen, Thorkild I A" uniqKey="S Rensen T" first="Thorkild I. A." last="S Rensen">Thorkild I. A. S Rensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A196">Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rotimi, Charles N" sort="Rotimi, Charles N" uniqKey="Rotimi C" first="Charles N." last="Rotimi">Charles N. Rotimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arnett, Donna K" sort="Arnett, Donna K" uniqKey="Arnett D" first="Donna K." last="Arnett">Donna K. Arnett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A197">Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" sort="Oldehinkel, Albertine J" uniqKey="Oldehinkel A" first="Albertine J." last="Oldehinkel">Albertine J. Oldehinkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A198">Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kardia, Sharon L R" sort="Kardia, Sharon L R" uniqKey="Kardia S" first="Sharon L. R." last="Kardia">Sharon L. R. Kardia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balkau, Beverley" sort="Balkau, Beverley" uniqKey="Balkau B" first="Beverley" last="Balkau">Beverley Balkau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A199">Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gambaro, Giovanni" sort="Gambaro, Giovanni" uniqKey="Gambaro G" first="Giovanni" last="Gambaro">Giovanni Gambaro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A200">Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Andrew P" sort="Morris, Andrew P" uniqKey="Morris A" first="Andrew P." last="Morris">Andrew P. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A201">Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, Johan G" sort="Eriksson, Johan G" uniqKey="Eriksson J" first="Johan G." last="Eriksson">Johan G. Eriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A202">Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A203">Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A204">Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A205">Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Margie J" sort="Wright, Margie J" uniqKey="Wright M" first="Margie J." last="Wright">Margie J. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A206">Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A184">Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Steven C" sort="Hunt, Steven C" uniqKey="Hunt S" first="Steven C." last="Hunt">Steven C. Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A207">Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starr, John M" sort="Starr, John M" uniqKey="Starr J" first="John M." last="Starr">John M. Starr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A208">Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A111">Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Lyn R" sort="Griffiths, Lyn R" uniqKey="Griffiths L" first="Lyn R." last="Griffiths">Lyn R. Griffiths</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tiemeier, Henning" sort="Tiemeier, Henning" uniqKey="Tiemeier H" first="Henning" last="Tiemeier">Henning Tiemeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A209">Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Nicola" sort="Pirastu, Nicola" uniqKey="Pirastu N" first="Nicola" last="Pirastu">Nicola Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaprio, Jaakko" sort="Kaprio, Jaakko" uniqKey="Kaprio J" first="Jaakko" last="Kaprio">Jaakko Kaprio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A123">Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A210">National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wareham, Nicholas J" sort="Wareham, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Wareham N" first="Nicholas J." last="Wareham">Nicholas J. Wareham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perusse, Louis" sort="Perusse, Louis" uniqKey="Perusse L" first="Louis" last="Pérusse">Louis Pérusse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A211">Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James G" sort="Wilson, James G" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James G." last="Wilson">James G. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A212">Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girotto, Giorgia" sort="Girotto, Giorgia" uniqKey="Girotto G" first="Giorgia" last="Girotto">Giorgia Girotto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caulfield, Mark J" sort="Caulfield, Mark J" uniqKey="Caulfield M" first="Mark J." last="Caulfield">Mark J. Caulfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raitakari, Olli" sort="Raitakari, Olli" uniqKey="Raitakari O" first="Olli" last="Raitakari">Olli Raitakari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A213">Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A214">Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boomsma, Dorret I" sort="Boomsma, Dorret I" uniqKey="Boomsma D" first="Dorret I." last="Boomsma">Dorret I. Boomsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gieger, Christian" sort="Gieger, Christian" uniqKey="Gieger C" first="Christian" last="Gieger">Christian Gieger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Harst, Pim" sort="Van Der Harst, Pim" uniqKey="Van Der Harst P" first="Pim" last="Van Der Harst">Pim Van Der Harst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A215">University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hicks, Andrew A" sort="Hicks, Andrew A" uniqKey="Hicks A" first="Andrew A." last="Hicks">Andrew A. Hicks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A107">Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinisalo, Juha" sort="Sinisalo, Juha" uniqKey="Sinisalo J" first="Juha" last="Sinisalo">Juha Sinisalo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A155">HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knekt, Paul" sort="Knekt, Paul" uniqKey="Knekt P" first="Paul" last="Knekt">Paul Knekt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A145">Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johannesson, Magnus" sort="Johannesson, Magnus" uniqKey="Johannesson M" first="Magnus" last="Johannesson">Magnus Johannesson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A216">Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Patrik K E" sort="Magnusson, Patrik K E" uniqKey="Magnusson P" first="Patrik K. E." last="Magnusson">Patrik K. E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A217">Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamsten, Anders" sort="Hamsten, Anders" uniqKey="Hamsten A" first="Anders" last="Hamsten">Anders Hamsten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Reinhold" sort="Schmidt, Reinhold" uniqKey="Schmidt R" first="Reinhold" last="Schmidt">Reinhold Schmidt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borecki, Ingrid B" sort="Borecki, Ingrid B" uniqKey="Borecki I" first="Ingrid B." last="Borecki">Ingrid B. Borecki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A218">Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vartiainen, Erkki" sort="Vartiainen, Erkki" uniqKey="Vartiainen E" first="Erkki" last="Vartiainen">Erkki Vartiainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A129">Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, Diane M" sort="Becker, Diane M" uniqKey="Becker D" first="Diane M." last="Becker">Diane M. Becker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A219">Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan" sort="Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan" uniqKey="Bharadwaj D" first="Dwaipayan" last="Bharadwaj">Dwaipayan Bharadwaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohlke, Karen L" sort="Mohlke, Karen L" uniqKey="Mohlke K" first="Karen L." last="Mohlke">Karen L. Mohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boehnke, Michael" sort="Boehnke, Michael" uniqKey="Boehnke M" first="Michael" last="Boehnke">Michael Boehnke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" sort="Van Duijn, Cornelia M" uniqKey="Van Duijn C" first="Cornelia M." last="Van Duijn">Cornelia M. Van Duijn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanghera, Dharambir K" sort="Sanghera, Dharambir K" uniqKey="Sanghera D" first="Dharambir K." last="Sanghera">Dharambir K. Sanghera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A220">Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A221">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teumer, Alexander" sort="Teumer, Alexander" uniqKey="Teumer A" first="Alexander" last="Teumer">Alexander Teumer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A101">Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeggini, Eleftheria" sort="Zeggini, Eleftheria" uniqKey="Zeggini E" first="Eleftheria" last="Zeggini">Eleftheria Zeggini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A147">Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Metspalu, Andres" sort="Metspalu, Andres" uniqKey="Metspalu A" first="Andres" last="Metspalu">Andres Metspalu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A178">Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasparini, Paolo" sort="Gasparini, Paolo" uniqKey="Gasparini P" first="Paolo" last="Gasparini">Paolo Gasparini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulivi, Sheila" sort="Ulivi, Sheila" uniqKey="Ulivi S" first="Sheila" last="Ulivi">Sheila Ulivi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ober, Carole" sort="Ober, Carole" uniqKey="Ober C" first="Carole" last="Ober">Carole Ober</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toniolo, Daniela" sort="Toniolo, Daniela" uniqKey="Toniolo D" first="Daniela" last="Toniolo">Daniela Toniolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, Igor" sort="Rudan, Igor" uniqKey="Rudan I" first="Igor" last="Rudan">Igor Rudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Porteous, David J" sort="Porteous, David J" uniqKey="Porteous D" first="David J." last="Porteous">David J. Porteous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A105">Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A112">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciullo, Marina" sort="Ciullo, Marina" uniqKey="Ciullo M" first="Marina" last="Ciullo">Marina Ciullo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spector, Tim D" sort="Spector, Tim D" uniqKey="Spector T" first="Tim D." last="Spector">Tim D. Spector</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Caroline" sort="Hayward, Caroline" uniqKey="Hayward C" first="Caroline" last="Hayward">Caroline Hayward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupuis, Josee" sort="Dupuis, Josee" uniqKey="Dupuis J" first="Josée" last="Dupuis">Josée Dupuis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A110">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Ruth J F" sort="Loos, Ruth J F" uniqKey="Loos R" first="Ruth J. F." last="Loos">Ruth J. F. Loos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A222">The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Alan F" sort="Wright, Alan F" uniqKey="Wright A" first="Alan F." last="Wright">Alan F. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chandak, Giriraj R" sort="Chandak, Giriraj R" uniqKey="Chandak G" first="Giriraj R." last="Chandak">Giriraj R. Chandak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A223">Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vollenweider, Peter" sort="Vollenweider, Peter" uniqKey="Vollenweider P" first="Peter" last="Vollenweider">Peter Vollenweider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A146">Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shuldiner, Alan" sort="Shuldiner, Alan" uniqKey="Shuldiner A" first="Alan" last="Shuldiner">Alan Shuldiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A224">Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A225">Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ridker, Paul M" sort="Ridker, Paul M" uniqKey="Ridker P" first="Paul M." last="Ridker">Paul M. Ridker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rotter, Jerome I" sort="Rotter, Jerome I" uniqKey="Rotter J" first="Jerome I." last="Rotter">Jerome I. Rotter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, Naveed" sort="Sattar, Naveed" uniqKey="Sattar N" first="Naveed" last="Sattar">Naveed Sattar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A226">BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gyllensten, Ulf" sort="Gyllensten, Ulf" uniqKey="Gyllensten U" first="Ulf" last="Gyllensten">Ulf Gyllensten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="North, Kari E" sort="North, Kari E" uniqKey="North K" first="Kari E." last="North">Kari E. North</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A118">Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A227">Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Mario" sort="Pirastu, Mario" uniqKey="Pirastu M" first="Mario" last="Pirastu">Mario Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 – Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Psaty, Bruce M" sort="Psaty, Bruce M" uniqKey="Psaty B" first="Bruce M." last="Psaty">Bruce M. Psaty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A228">Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A229">Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, David R" sort="Weir, David R" uniqKey="Weir D" first="David R." last="Weir">David R. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laakso, Markku" sort="Laakso, Markku" uniqKey="Laakso M" first="Markku" last="Laakso">Markku Laakso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A136">Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gudnason, Vilmundur" sort="Gudnason, Vilmundur" uniqKey="Gudnason V" first="Vilmundur" last="Gudnason">Vilmundur Gudnason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Atsushi" sort="Takahashi, Atsushi" uniqKey="Takahashi A" first="Atsushi" last="Takahashi">Atsushi Takahashi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, John C" sort="Chambers, John C" uniqKey="Chambers J" first="John C." last="Chambers">John C. Chambers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A230">Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooner, Jaspal S" sort="Kooner, Jaspal S" uniqKey="Kooner J" first="Jaspal S." last="Kooner">Jaspal S. Kooner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A175">National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A230">Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strachan, David P" sort="Strachan, David P" uniqKey="Strachan D" first="David P." last="Strachan">David P. Strachan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A231">Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Harry" sort="Campbell, Harry" uniqKey="Campbell H" first="Harry" last="Campbell">Harry Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirschhorn, Joel N" sort="Hirschhorn, Joel N" uniqKey="Hirschhorn J" first="Joel N." last="Hirschhorn">Joel N. Hirschhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perola, Markus" sort="Perola, Markus" uniqKey="Perola M" first="Markus" last="Perola">Markus Perola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polasek, Ozren" sort="Polasek, Ozren" uniqKey="Polasek O" first="Ozren" last="Polašek">Ozren Polašek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A160">Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, James F" sort="Wilson, James F" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="James F." last="Wilson">James F. Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> and Darwin was one of the first to recognise that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. Here we use ROH to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity (SROH) and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), general cognitive ability (<italic>g</italic>) and educational attainment (nominal p<1 × 10<sup>−300</sup>, 2.1 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, 2.5 × 10<sup>−10</sup>, 1.8 × 10<sup>−10</sup>). In each case increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing convincing evidence for the first time that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garrod, A" uniqKey="Garrod A">A Garrod</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Darwin, C" uniqKey="Darwin C">C Darwin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcquillan, R" uniqKey="Mcquillan R">R McQuillan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcquillan, R" uniqKey="Mcquillan R">R McQuillan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rudan, I" uniqKey="Rudan I">I Rudan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Campbell, H" uniqKey="Campbell H">H Campbell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charlesworth, D" uniqKey="Charlesworth D">D Charlesworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willis, Jh" uniqKey="Willis J">JH Willis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wright, S" uniqKey="Wright S">S Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wright, S" uniqKey="Wright S">S Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Broman, Kw" uniqKey="Broman K">KW Broman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Jl" uniqKey="Weber J">JL Weber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibson, J" uniqKey="Gibson J">J Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morton, Ne" uniqKey="Morton N">NE 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sortKey="Pemberton, Tj" uniqKey="Pemberton T">TJ Pemberton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, Na" uniqKey="Rosenberg N">NA Rosenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdellaoui, A" uniqKey="Abdellaoui A">A Abdellaoui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neel, Jv" uniqKey="Neel J">JV Neel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schull, Wj" uniqKey="Schull W">WJ Schull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, M" uniqKey="Yamamoto M">M Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uchida, S" uniqKey="Uchida S">S Uchida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yanase, T" uniqKey="Yanase T">T Yanase</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujiki, N" uniqKey="Fujiki N">N Fujiki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marioni, Re" uniqKey="Marioni R">RE Marioni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wood, Ar" uniqKey="Wood A">AR Wood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ij" uniqKey="Deary I">IJ Deary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morton, Ne" uniqKey="Morton N">NE Morton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Najmabadi, H" uniqKey="Najmabadi H">H Najmabadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nalls, Ma" uniqKey="Nalls M">MA Nalls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flynn, Jr" uniqKey="Flynn J">JR Flynn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galton, F" uniqKey="Galton F">F Galton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Ji" uniqKey="Hoffman J">JI Hoffman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26131930</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4516141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature14618</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">EMS63641</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kooner</surname><given-names>Jaspal S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A175">175</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A230">230</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Strachan</surname><given-names>David P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A231">231</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>Harry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hirschhorn</surname><given-names>Joel N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perola</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Polašek</surname><given-names>Ozren</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A160">160</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>James F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A26">26</xref></contrib><on-behalf-of>for ROHgen</on-behalf-of></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 – Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany.</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland.</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK</aff><aff id="A99"><label>99</label>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A100"><label>100</label>Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA</aff><aff id="A101"><label>101</label>Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</aff><aff id="A102"><label>102</label>Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA</aff><aff id="A103"><label>103</label>Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA</aff><aff id="A104"><label>104</label>Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA</aff><aff id="A105"><label>105</label>Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK</aff><aff id="A106"><label>106</label>McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A107"><label>107</label>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A108"><label>108</label>Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A109"><label>109</label>College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK</aff><aff id="A110"><label>110</label>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A111"><label>111</label>Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</aff><aff id="A112"><label>112</label>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</aff><aff id="A113"><label>113</label>Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany</aff><aff id="A114"><label>114</label>Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A115"><label>115</label>Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.</aff><aff id="A116"><label>116</label>Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A117"><label>117</label>Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.</aff><aff id="A118"><label>118</label>Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA</aff><aff id="A119"><label>119</label>Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA</aff><aff id="A120"><label>120</label>Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland</aff><aff id="A121"><label>121</label>National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</aff><aff id="A122"><label>122</label>Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A123"><label>123</label>Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A124"><label>124</label>Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK</aff><aff id="A125"><label>125</label>State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China</aff><aff id="A126"><label>126</label>Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A127"><label>127</label>Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</aff><aff id="A128"><label>128</label>Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden.</aff><aff id="A129"><label>129</label>Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</aff><aff id="A130"><label>130</label>Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands</aff><aff id="A131"><label>131</label>Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland</aff><aff id="A132"><label>132</label>Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A133"><label>133</label>Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</aff><aff id="A134"><label>134</label>Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</aff><aff id="A135"><label>135</label>Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan</aff><aff id="A136"><label>136</label>Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland</aff><aff id="A137"><label>137</label>Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A138"><label>138</label>Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A139"><label>139</label>Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland</aff><aff id="A140"><label>140</label>Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden.</aff><aff id="A141"><label>141</label>Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A142"><label>142</label>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA</aff><aff id="A143"><label>143</label>Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA</aff><aff id="A144"><label>144</label>Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand</aff><aff id="A145"><label>145</label>Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</aff><aff id="A146"><label>146</label>Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A147"><label>147</label>Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK</aff><aff id="A148"><label>148</label>Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA</aff><aff id="A149"><label>149</label>Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan</aff><aff id="A150"><label>150</label>Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A151"><label>151</label>Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany</aff><aff id="A152"><label>152</label>Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany</aff><aff id="A153"><label>153</label>Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</aff><aff id="A154"><label>154</label>Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A155"><label>155</label>HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland</aff><aff id="A156"><label>156</label>Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA</aff><aff id="A157"><label>157</label>Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</aff><aff id="A158"><label>158</label>ICAMS, University of Glasgow, 126 University Way, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK</aff><aff id="A159"><label>159</label>Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA</aff><aff id="A160"><label>160</label>Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia</aff><aff id="A161"><label>161</label>Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="A162"><label>162</label>International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK</aff><aff id="A163"><label>163</label>Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</aff><aff id="A164"><label>164</label>Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India</aff><aff id="A165"><label>165</label>Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA</aff><aff id="A166"><label>166</label>Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA</aff><aff id="A167"><label>167</label>Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria</aff><aff id="A168"><label>168</label>Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</aff><aff id="A169"><label>169</label>University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK</aff><aff id="A170"><label>170</label>Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</aff><aff id="A171"><label>171</label>Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</aff><aff id="A172"><label>172</label>UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV “Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire”, INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France</aff><aff id="A173"><label>173</label>Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.</aff><aff id="A174"><label>174</label>Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India</aff><aff id="A175"><label>175</label>National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK</aff><aff id="A176"><label>176</label>Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA</aff><aff id="A177"><label>177</label>NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK</aff><aff id="A178"><label>178</label>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia</aff><aff id="A179"><label>179</label>Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria</aff><aff id="A180"><label>180</label>Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="A181"><label>181</label>Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A182"><label>182</label>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA</aff><aff id="A183"><label>183</label>Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland.</aff><aff id="A184"><label>184</label>Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia</aff><aff id="A185"><label>185</label>Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, 411011, India.</aff><aff id="A186"><label>186</label>Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy.</aff><aff id="A187"><label>187</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</aff><aff id="A188"><label>188</label>Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA</aff><aff id="A189"><label>189</label>Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A190"><label>190</label>Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A191"><label>191</label>Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland.</aff><aff id="A192"><label>192</label>Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland</aff><aff id="A193"><label>193</label>Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A194"><label>194</label>Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP, UK</aff><aff id="A195"><label>195</label>Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</aff><aff id="A196"><label>196</label>Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark</aff><aff id="A197"><label>197</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA</aff><aff id="A198"><label>198</label>Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A199"><label>199</label>Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France</aff><aff id="A200"><label>200</label>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy</aff><aff id="A201"><label>201</label>Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK</aff><aff id="A202"><label>202</label>Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A203"><label>203</label>Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland</aff><aff id="A204"><label>204</label>Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland</aff><aff id="A205"><label>205</label>Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland</aff><aff id="A206"><label>206</label>Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia</aff><aff id="A207"><label>207</label>Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA</aff><aff id="A208"><label>208</label>Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK</aff><aff id="A209"><label>209</label>Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A210"><label>210</label>National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland</aff><aff id="A211"><label>211</label>Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada</aff><aff id="A212"><label>212</label>Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA</aff><aff id="A213"><label>213</label>Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland</aff><aff id="A214"><label>214</label>Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland</aff><aff id="A215"><label>215</label>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A216"><label>216</label>Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden</aff><aff id="A217"><label>217</label>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden</aff><aff id="A218"><label>218</label>Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA</aff><aff id="A219"><label>219</label>Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA</aff><aff id="A220"><label>220</label>Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA</aff><aff id="A221"><label>221</label>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA</aff><aff id="A222"><label>222</label>The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA</aff><aff id="A223"><label>223</label>Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore</aff><aff id="A224"><label>224</label>Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</aff><aff id="A225"><label>225</label>Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA</aff><aff id="A226"><label>226</label>BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland</aff><aff id="A227"><label>227</label>Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA</aff><aff id="A228"><label>228</label>Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</aff><aff id="A229"><label>229</label>Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA</aff><aff id="A230"><label>230</label>Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK</aff><aff id="A231"><label>231</label>Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="CR1">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to <email>jim.wilson@ed.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>11</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>523</volume><issue>7561</issue><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>462</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/nature14618</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license license-type="permissions-link"><license-p>Reprints and permissions information is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/reprints">www.nature.com/reprints</ext-link>.</license-p></license><license><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P2">Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> and Darwin was one of the first to recognise that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>. Here we use ROH to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity (SROH) and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), general cognitive ability (<italic>g</italic>) and educational attainment (nominal p<1 × 10<sup>−300</sup>, 2.1 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, 2.5 × 10<sup>−10</sup>, 1.8 × 10<sup>−10</sup>). In each case increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing convincing evidence for the first time that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p id="P3">Inbreeding influences complex traits through increases in homozygosity and corresponding reductions in heterozygosity, most likely resulting from the action of deleterious (partially) recessive mutations<sup><xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>. For polygenic traits, a systematic association with genome-wide homozygosity is not expected when dominant alleles at some loci increase the trait value while others decrease it. Rather, dominance must be biased in one direction on average over all causal loci, for instance to decrease the trait. Such directional dominance is expected to arise in evolutionary fitness-related traits due to directional selection<sup><xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>. Studies of genome-wide homozygosity thus have the potential to reveal the non-additive allelic architecture of a trait and its evolutionary history. Historically inbreeding has been measured using pedigrees<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>. However, such techniques cannot account for the stochastic nature of inheritance, nor are they practical for the capture of the distant parental relatedness present in most modern day populations. High density genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data can now be used to assess genome-wide homozygosity directly, using genomic runs of homozygosity (ROH). Such runs are inferred to be homozygous-by-descent and are common in human populations<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>. SROH is the sum of the length of these ROH, in megabases of DNA. F<sub>ROH</sub> is the ratio of SROH to the total length of the genome. Like pedigree-based F (with which it is highly correlated<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>), F<sub>ROH</sub> estimates the probability of being homozygous at any site in the genome. F<sub>ROH</sub> has been shown to vary widely within and between populations<sup><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> and is a powerful method of detecting genome-wide homozygosity effects<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>.</p><p id="P4">We found marked differences by geography and demographic history in both the population mean SROH and the relationship between SROH and NROH (the numbers of separate runs of homozygosity). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). As observed previously<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>, isolated populations have a higher burden of ROH whereas African heritage populations have the least homozygosity.</p><p id="P5">We studied β<sub>FROH</sub>, defined as the effect of F<sub>ROH</sub> on 16 complex traits of biomedical importance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). For height, FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second, a measure of lung function), educational attainment (EA) and <italic>g</italic> (a measure of general cognitive ability derived from scores on several diverse cognitive tests), we found the effect sizes were greater than two intra-sex standard deviations (SD), with p-values all less than 10<sup>−5</sup>. Thus the associations could not plausibly be explained by chance alone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>; see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Extended data Figs. 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">4</xref> for Forest plots of individual traits; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 1</xref> for SD). To ensure that the results were not driven by a few outliers, we repeated the analysis excluding extreme sub-cohort trait results. In all cases the effect sizes and their significance remained similar or increased (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 2</xref> for comparisons with and without outliers). After exclusion of outliers, these effect sizes translate into a reduction of 1.2 cm in height and 137 ml in FEV1 for the offspring of first cousins, and into a decrease of 0.3 SD in <italic>g</italic> and 10 months less educational attainment.</p><p id="P6">We performed a number of analyses to exclude confounding. Whilst SROH is wholly a genetic effect, its inheritance is entirely non-additive. Therefore, unlike in genome-wide association, an association with population genetic structure or co-segregation of additive genome-wide polygenic effects and SROH (as opposed to SNPs in a GWAS) are not expected as a matter of course, except in the case of siblings. However, confounding could still theoretically arise as discussed below. We therefore assessed this by conducting stratified and covariate analyses. We found effects of similar magnitude and in the same direction for all four traits across isolated and non-isolated European, Finnish, African, Hispanic, East Asian and South and Central Asian populations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Extended Data Fig. 5a</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 3</xref>). We further tested whether the effect sizes were similar when cohorts were split into more and less homozygous groups. The effect sizes were very similar even though the degree of homozygosity (and variation in homozygosity) varied 3-10-fold between the two strata (depending on which cohorts contributed to the trait; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Extended Data Fig. 5b</xref>). This suggests a broadly linear relationship with SROH. In general confidence intervals overlap for stratified estimates, suggesting differences arose due to sampling variance. Larger confidence intervals for some estimates reflect the lower power of some strata, in turn reflecting the sample size and degree of homozygosity of those strata (e.g. the wider confidence intervals for estimates of Educational Attainment β<sub>FROH</sub> for Finnish and African strata). Finally, we fitted educational attainment as a proxy for potential confounding by socio-economic status; this covariate was available in sufficient (47) cohorts to maintain power. The estimated effect sizes for height, FEV1 and <italic>g</italic> all reduced (17%, 18% and 35%, Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Extended Data Fig. 5c</xref>), but this might have been expected given the known covariance between these three traits and EA, and the association we found between educational attainment and F<sub>ROH</sub>. We found very small differences (3-11% reductions) in estimated β<sub>FROH</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Extended Data Fig. 6</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">supplementary table 4</xref>), when comparing the fitting of polygenic mixed models as opposed to fixed-effect-only models, again suggesting that confounding (in this case due to polygenic effects due to recent common ancestry) was not substantially affecting the results.</p><p id="P7">Despite the observed 17-35% reductions in estimated effect sizes for F<sub>ROH</sub> on height, FEV1 and <italic>g</italic>, when fitting educational attainment as a covariate, the persistence of an effect suggests that most of the signals we observe are genetic. The consistency of effects with and without fitting relatedness and in particular in populations with very different degrees of homozygosity, all appear inconsistent with confounding due to environmental or additive genetic effects. As does the broad similarity in effect sizes across continents, although the relatively smaller numbers of cohorts of non-European descent meant we had limited power to detect inter-continental differences in effect sizes.</p><p id="P8">It is also interesting to consider the potential influence of assortative mating, which is commonly observed for human stature, cognition and education. The phenotypic extremes could be more genetically similar to each other and hence the offspring more homozygous, even if the highly polygenic trait architectures reduce this effect. However, at least in its simplest balanced form, the increase in genetic similarity would be equal at both ends of the phenotypic distribution, leading to no linear association between such genetic similarity and the trait; both tall and short people would be more homozygous. Furthermore, humans also mate assortatively on body mass index (BMI), for which we see no effect. A more complex possibility, a form of reverse-causality, could arise when subjects from one trait extreme (e.g. more educated people) are on average more geographically mobile, and thus have less homozygous offspring, with those offspring in turn inheriting the trait extreme concerned<sup><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>. We do not think that this mechanism can account for our results, since it does not readily explain the constancy of our results under different models, especially the similarity in β<sub>FROH</sub> for either more or less homozygous populations. Moreover, we observe similar effects in multiple single village cohorts, and the Amish and Hutterites, where there is no geographic structure and/or no sampling of immigrants, hence such confounding by differential migration cannot occur.</p><p id="P9">Our estimate for the effect of homozygosity in height is consistent with previous work: genomic<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> and pedigree<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> studies have shown genome-wide homozygosity effects on stature with similar effect sizes (0.01 increase in F decreases height by 0.037 SD<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> versus 0.029 SD in the present study). We speculate that homozygosity is acting on a shared endophenotype of torso size which we detect in the height and FEV1 traits. The fact that the FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio is not associated with ROH points to the effect being on lung/chest size rather than airway calibre. The cognition effects cannot be wholly generated by height as an intermediate cause, given the greater proportion of variance explained for cognition, although we note that the correlation between height and cognition is 0.16 (SE 0.01), and the genetic correlation (the correlation in additive genetic values) is 0.28 (SE 0.09; <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">ref 17</xref>). Height is the canonical human complex trait, highly heritable and polygenic, with 697 genome-wide significant variants in 423 loci explaining 20% of the heritability and all common variants predicted to explain 60% of the heritability<sup><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>. Most of the genetic architecture appears to be additive in nature, however ROH analysis reveals a distinct directional dominance component.</p><p id="P10">Our genomic confirmation of directional dominance for <italic>g</italic> and discovery of genome-wide homozygosity effects on educational attainment in a wide range of human populations adds to our knowledge of the genetic underpinnings of cognitive differences, which are currently thought to be largely due to additive genetic effects<sup><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>. Our findings go beyond earlier pedigree-based analyses of recent consanguinity to demonstrate that the observed effect of genome-wide homozygosity is not a result of confounding and influences demographically diverse populations across the globe. The estimated effect size is consistent with pedigree data (0.01 increase in F decreases <italic>g</italic> by 0.046 SD in our analysis and 0.029-0.048 SD in pedigree-based studies)<sup><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>. It is germane to note that one extreme of cognitive function, early onset cognitive impairment, is strongly influenced by deleterious recessive loci<sup><xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>, so we can speculate that an accumulation of recessive variants of weaker effect may influence normal variation in cognitive function. Although increasing migration and panmixia have generated a secular trend in decreasing homozygosity<sup><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>, the Flynn effect, wherein succeeding generations perform better on cognitive tests than their predecessors<sup><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>, cannot be explained by our findings, because the intergenerational change in cognitive scores is much larger than the differences in homozygosity would predict. Likewise, the genome-wide homozygosity effect on height cannot explain a significant proportion of the observed inter-generational increases<sup><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>.</p><p id="P11">Inbreeding depression, which arises from the effect of genome-wide homozygosity, is ubiquitous in plants and is seen for numerous fitness-related traits in animals<sup><xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>, but we observed no effect for the 12 other mainly cardio-metabolic traits in which variation is strongly age-related. This suggests that previous reports in ecological studies or substantively smaller studies using pedigrees or relatively small numbers of genetic markers may have been false positives<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>. The lack of directional dominance on these traits does not, however, rule out a recessive component, as recessive variants acting in different directions will cancel out. Dominance variance is predicted to be greater for late-onset fitness traits<sup><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>, so the lack of genome-wide homozygosity effects in the cardio-metabolic traits may be due to lack of directional dominance. ROH analyses within specific genomic regions are warranted to map recessive effects even when there is no genome-wide directional dominance. Such recessive effects have been observed for a subset of cardiovascular risk factors<sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> and expression traits<sup><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup>.</p><p id="P12">We have demonstrated the existence of directional dominance on four complex traits (stature, lung function, cognitive ability and educational attainment) whilst showing any effect on the other 12 health-related traits is at least almost an order of magnitude smaller or non-existent. This directional dominance implies that size and cognition (like schizophrenia protective alleles<sup><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>) have been positively selected in human history – or at least that some variants increasing these traits contribute to fitness. However, the lack of any evidence for an association between many late onset cardiovascular disease risk factors and ROH is perhaps surprising and suggests testing directly for an association between ROH and disease outcome. The magnitude of genome-wide homozygosity effects is relatively small in all cases, thus Darwin’s supposition<sup><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> of “any evil [of inbreeding] being very small” is substantiated.</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="S1"><title>METHODS</title><sec id="S2"><title>Outline</title><p id="P13">Our aim was to look for an association between a genetic effect (SROH) and 16 complex traits. Our approach followed best practice genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAMA) protocols, where applicable, except we had only one genetic effect to test.</p><p id="P14">Cohorts were invited to join based on known previous participation in GWAMA and willingness to participate. 159 sub-cohorts were created from 102 population-based or case-control genetic studies, by separating different genotyping arrays, cases and controls or ethnic sub-groups to ensure each sub-cohort was homogeneous. Within each of the 159 sub-cohorts we measured the association between SROH and trait using the following model. Where a sub-cohort had been ascertained on the basis of a disease status associated with a particular trait, that sub-cohort was excluded from the corresponding trait analysis.</p><p id="P15">Phenotype was regressed on genetic effect and known relevant covariates within each cohort, under the model specified in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="FD1">Equation 1</xref>. The estimated genetic effect of SROH was then meta-analysed using inverse variance meta-analysis.</p><p id="P16"><disp-formula id="FD1"><label>Equation (1)</label><mml:math display="block" id="M1" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mstyle><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SROH</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>age</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>sex</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula>Where <italic>Y</italic> is the vector of trait values, μ the intercept, <italic>b</italic><italic><sub>1</sub></italic> the effect of SROH and b<sub>2-6</sub> the effect of covariates. PC1 – PC3, the post quality control within-cohort principal components of the cohort’s relationship matrix and <italic>e</italic> the residual. Relationship matrices were determined genomically by each cohort using genome wide array data. In addition, any other cohort-specific covariates known to be associated with the trait, including further principal components, and any trait-specific covariates and stratifications, such as medication and smoking status, were fitted as specified below. SROH was the sum of ROH called, with a length of at least 1.5 Mb using PLINK<sup><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>.</p><p id="P17">As is routine in GWAMA, for family-based studies only, we also fitted an additional term to account for additive genetic values and relatedness, using grammar+ type residuals and full hierarchical mixed modeling using GenABEL<sup><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> and hglm<sup><xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup>, as specified in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="FD2">equation 2</xref>.</p><p id="P18"><disp-formula id="FD2"><label>Equation (2)</label><mml:math display="block" id="M2" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mstyle mathvariant="normal"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mstyle><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SROH</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>age</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>sex</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mstyle mathvariant="italic"><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mstyle></mml:msub><mml:mspace width="thinmathspace"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">PC</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula>Where <italic>a</italic> is the additive genetic value of each individual. Var(<italic>a</italic>) is assumed to be proportionate to the Genomic Relationship matrix (GRM) (a pedigree relationship matrix was used in the Framingham Heart Study) . Z is the identity matrix.</p><p id="P19">We then meta-analysed the regression coefficients (b<sub>1</sub>) of traits on SROH for the 159 subcohorts.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Cohort Recruitment</title><p id="P20">Data from 102 independent genetic epidemiology studies of adults were included. All subjects gave written informed consent and studies were approved by the relevant research ethics committees. Homogeneous sub-cohorts were created for analysis on the basis of ethnicity, genotyping array or other factors. Where a cohort had multiple ethnicities, sub-cohorts for each separate ethnicity were created and analysed separately. In all cases European-, African-, South or Central Asian-, East Asian- and Hispanic-heritage individuals were separated. In some cases sub-categories such as Ashkenazi Jews were also distinguished. Ethnic outliers were excluded, as were the second of any monozygotic twins and pregnant subjects. Continental ancestry of cohorts participating in each trait study is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Extended data Table 1</xref>. Cohort genotyping and summary information are shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref>, with age, sex, trait and homozygosity summary statistics given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Tables 9</xref>,<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">10</xref>,, and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">11</xref>.For case-control and trait extreme studies, patients or extreme-only sub-cohorts were analysed separately to controls. Where case status was associated with the trait under analysis the sub-cohort was excluded from that study (see below).</p><p id="P21">Subjects within a sub-cohort were genotyped using the same SNP array, or where two very similar arrays were used (e.g. Illumina OmniExpress and IlluminaOmni1), the intersection of SNPs on both arrays – provided the intersection exceeded 250,000 SNPs. Where a study used two different genotyping arrays, separate subcohorts were created for each array, and analysis was done separately. Paediatric cohorts were not included.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Genotyping</title><p id="P22">All subjects were genotyped using high density genome-wide (>250,000 SNP) arrays, from Illumina, Affymetrix or Perlegen. Custom arrays were not included. Each study’s usual array-specific genotype quality control standards for genome-wide association were used and are shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref>. Only autosomal data were analysed.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Phenotyping</title><p id="P23">We studied 16 quantitative traits which are widely available and represent different domains related to health, morbidity and mortality: height, body mass index (BMI), waist : hip ratio (WHR), diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP, SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC), general cognitive ability (<italic>g</italic>) and years of educational attainment (EA). Phenotypic QC was performed locally to assess the accuracy and distribution of phenotypes and covariates. Further covariates were included when the relevant GWAS consortium also included them. The trait categories were anthropometry, blood pressure, glycaemic traits, classical lipids, lung function, cognitive function and educational attainment, following models in the GIANT<sup><xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>, ICBP<sup><xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>, MAGIC<sup><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup>, CHARGE<sup><xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>, Spirometa<sup><xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> and SSGAC<sup><xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> consortia. The model for FEV1 did not include height as a covariate. Effect sizes for FEV1 therefore include size effects that also underpin height. Studies assembled files containing study traits and the following covariates: sex, age, first three principal components of ancestry, lipid-lowering medication, ever-smoker status, anti-hypertensive medication, diabetes status and year of birth (YOB). Educational attainment was defined in accordance with the ISCED 1997 classification (UNESCO), leading to seven categories of educational attainment that are internationally comparable<sup><xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup>. LDL values estimated using Friedewald’s equation were accepted. Cohorts without fasting samples did not participate in the LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin or fasting plasma glucose analyses. Cohorts with semi-fasting samples fitted a categorical or quantitative fasting time variable as a covariate. Subjects with less than 4 hours fasting were not included.</p><p id="P24">Where subjects were ascertained, for example, on the basis of hypertension, that sub-cohort was excluded from analysis of traits associated with the disorder, for example blood pressure. The traits excluded from meta-analysis are as follows: ascertainment on type-2-diabetes, thus fasting insulin, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose excluded; ascertainment on hypertension, thus blood pressures excluded; ascertainment on venous thrombosis or coronary artery disease, thus blood lipids excluded; ascertainment on obesity or the metabolic syndrome, thus blood lipids, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fasting insulin and fasting plasma glucose excluded.</p><p id="P25">Somewhat unusually for a large consortium meta-analysis, the majority of the analysis after initial genotype and phenotype QC was performed by a pipeline of standardised R and shell scripts, to ensure uniformity and reduce the risk of errors and ambiguities (available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/ROHgen/Analysis+Plan+production+release+3.0">https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/ROHgen/Analysis+Plan+production+release+3.0</ext-link>). The pipeline was used for all stages from this point onwards.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Calling Runs of Homozygosity</title><p id="P26">SNPs with more than 3% missingness across individuals or with a minor allele frequency less than 5% were removed. ROH were defined as runs of at least 50 consecutive homozygous SNPs spanning at least 1500 kb, with less than a 1000 kb gap between adjacent ROH and a density of SNP coverage within the ROH of no more than 50 kb/SNP, with one heterozygote and 5 no calls allowed per window, and were called using PLINK<sup><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>, with the following settings --homozyg-window-snp 50 --homozyg-snp 50 --homozyg-kb 1500 --homozyg-gap 1000 --homozyg-density 50 --homozyg-window-missing 5 --homozyg-window-het 1. The same criteria were used by McQuillan <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>, except SNP density has been relaxed to avoid regions of sparser coverage (still including 50 SNPs) being missed. The sum of runs of homozygosity was then calculated (SROH) . F was calculated as SROH/(3×10<sup>9</sup> ROH ) reflecting the length of the autosomal genome. Copy number variants (CNV) are known to influence cognition<sup><xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup>; however, prior calling of CNV and ROH in one of our cohorts reduced the SROH by only 0.3%<sup><xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>, making it implausible that deletions called as ROH influence our findings.</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>ROH called from different genotyping arrays</title><p id="P27">We show that SROH called with these parameters is relatively insensitive to the density and type of array used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Extended data Fig. 7</xref>). We used 2.5 million SNPs available for 851 HapMap and 1000 Genomes Project<sup><xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup> samples from multiple continents to investigate the effect of array when using our ROH-calling parameters in plink. The dataset included samples of African, European, admixed American, South and East Asian heritage. By subsampling SNPs from the 2.5 million we created array data for the commonly used Illumina CNV370 and OmniExpress beadchips and the Affymetrix6 array for each individual (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 7</xref> for details of the SNP numbers). The correlation in SROH using different arrays on the same individuals was 0.93-0.94 for all pairwise chip comparisons.</p></sec><sec id="S8"><title>Trait association with SROH</title><p id="P28">The association between trait and SROH was calculated using a linear model in accordance with <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="FD1">equation 1</xref>. Additional covariates were fitted for some analyses (shown below) or for some cohorts where analysts were aware of study specific effects (e.g. study centre). For BMI, WHR, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and <italic>g</italic>, trait residuals were calculated for the model excluding SROH, these residuals were then rank-normalised and the effect of SROH on these rank-normalised residuals estimated. Triglycerides and fasting insulin were natural log transformed. Additional covariates were as follows: age<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> was included as a covariate for all traits apart from height and <italic>g</italic>. BMI was included as a covariate for WHR, SBP, DBP, FPG, FI and HbA1c. YOB was included as a covariate for educational attainment and ever-smoking for FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. Where a subject was known to be taking lipid-lowering medication, total cholesterol was adjusted by dividing by 0.8. Similarly, where a subject was known to be taking anti-hypertensive medication, SBP and DBP measurements were increased by 15 and 10 mm Hg, respectively.</p><p id="P29">Where the cohort was known to have significant kinship, genetic relatedness was also fitted, using the mixed model, in accordance with <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="FD2">equation 2</xref>. The polygenic model was fitted in GenABEL using the fixed covariates and the genomic relationship matrix<sup><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup>. GRAMMAR+ (GR+) (<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">ref. 42</xref>) residuals were then fitted to SROH as well as the full mixed model being fitted simultaneously, using GenABEL’s hierarchical generalised linear model (HGLM) function<sup><xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup>. Populations with kinship thus potentially had three estimates of β<sub>FROH</sub>: using fixed effects only, and using the mixed model approaches, (GR+ and HGLM) for SROH.</p><p id="P30">To investigate potential confounding, where available, EA was added as an ordinal covariate and all models rerun, giving revised estimates of β<sub>FROH</sub>. This is potentially an over adjustment for <italic>g</italic> due to the phenotypic and genetic correlations with EA<sup><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup>. However it must be recognised that EA does not capture all potential environmental confounding.</p><p id="P31">Cohort phenotypic means and standard deviations were checked visually for inter-cohort consistency, with apparent outliers then being corrected (e.g. due to units or incorrectly specified missing values), explained (e.g. due to different population characteristics) or excluded. Individual sub-cohort trait means and standard deviations are tabulated in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 9</xref> and age and gender information is in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 10</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Meta-analysis</title><p id="P32">Again as is routine in GWAMA, analysis was performed within homogeneous sub-populations and only meta-analysis of the estimated (within population) effect sizes was used to combine results between populations, avoiding any confounding effects of inter-population differences in trait or genetic effect distributions. Inverse-variance meta-analysis of all sub-cohorts’ effect estimates was performed using Rmeta, on a fixed effect basis (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 5</xref> compares random effects meta-analysis). In the principal analyses, for cohorts with relatedness, HGLM estimates of β<sub>FROH</sub> were preferred, however where HGLM had failed to converge, results using GRAMMAR+ were included. These results were combined with those for unrelated cohorts on a fixed model only basis. Result outliers were defined as individual cohort by trait results, which failed the hypothesis, cohort (β<sub>FROH</sub>) = pre-QC meta-analysis (β<sub>FROH</sub>), with a t-test statistic >3. Analyses were performed with and without outliers for β<sub>FROH</sub> in phenotypic units and in intra-sex phenotypic standard deviations (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 8</xref>). The principal results we present are for F<sub>ROH</sub> with outliers included for the hypothesis tests (which turns out to be more conservative), but with outliers excluded when estimating β<sub>FROH</sub> (<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">ref. 44</xref>). Meta-analysis was performed using inverse variance meta-analysis in the R package Rmeta, with β<sub>FROH</sub> taken as a fixed effect and alternatively as a random effect. The principal results are on a fixed effects basis, with <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 5</xref> showing comparison with the random effects analysis.</p><p id="P33">Meta-analyses were rerun for various subsets, according to geographic and demographic features of the cohorts. Cohorts were divided into more homozygous and less homozygous strata with the boundary being set so each within-stratum meta-analysis had equal statistical power.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="extended-data" id="S10"><title>Extended Data</title><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 1</label><caption><title>Forest plot for cognitive <italic>g</italic></title><p id="P34">Individual sub-cohort estimates of effect size and the standard error are plotted. Sub-cohorts are ordered from top to bottom according to their weight in the meta-analysis, so larger or more homozygous cohorts appear towards the top. The scale of beta F<sub>ROH</sub> is in intra-sex standard deviations. The meta-analytical estimate is displayed at the bottom. Sub-cohort names follow the conventions detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref> and the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 11</xref> legend. Sample sizes, effect sizes and P values for association are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. This trait was rank transformed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 2</label><caption><title>Forest plot for educational attainment</title><p id="P35">Individual sub-cohort estimates of effect size and the standard error are plotted. Subcohorts are ordered from top to bottom according to their weight in the meta-analysis, so larger or more homozygous cohorts appear towards the top. The scale of beta F<sub>ROH</sub> is in intra-sex standard deviations. The meta-analytical estimate is displayed at the bottom. Sub-cohort names follow the conventions detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref> and the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 11</xref> legend. Sample sizes, effect sizes and P values for association are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 3</label><caption><title>Forest plot for height</title><p id="P36">Individual sub-cohort estimates of effect size and the standard error are plotted. Subcohorts are ordered from top to bottom according to their weight in the meta-analysis, so larger or more homozygous cohorts appear towards the top. The scale of beta F<sub>ROH</sub> is in intra-sex standard deviations. The meta-analytical estimate is displayed at the bottom. Sub-cohort names follow the conventions detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref> and the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 11</xref> legend. Sample sizes, effect sizes and P values for association are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 4</label><caption><title>Forest plot for forced expiratory lung volume in one second</title><p id="P37">Individual sub-cohort estimates of effect size and the standard error are plotted. Subcohorts are ordered from top to bottom according to their weight in the meta-analysis, so larger or more homozygous cohorts appear towards the top. The scale of beta F<sub>ROH</sub> is in intra-sex standard deviations. The meta-analytical estimate is displayed at the bottom. Sub-cohort names follow the conventions detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref> and the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 11</xref> legend. Sample sizes, effect sizes and P values for association are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. This trait was rank transformed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 5</label><caption><title>Signals of directional dominance are robust to stratification by geography or demographic history or inclusion of educational attainment as covariate</title><p id="P38">(<bold>a</bold>) Cohorts are divided by continental biogeographic ancestry (African (15 sub-cohorts), East Asian (5), South & Central Asian (10), Hispanic (3)), with Europeans being divided into Finns (13), other European isolates (self-declared, 23), and (non-isolated) Europeans (90). Meta-analysis was carried out for all subsets with 2000 or more samples available. Sample numbers are as follows: cognitive <italic>g</italic>, Eur isolate 6638, European 44,153; educational attainment, African 4811, Eur isolate 8032, European 55,549, Finland 9068; height, African 21,500, E Asian 30,011, Eur isolate 23,116, European 228,813, Finland 30,427, Hispanic 5469, SC Asian 13,523; FEV1, African 6604, Eur isolate 4837, European 49,223, Finland 2340. β<sub>FROH</sub> is consistent across geography and in both isolates and more cosmopolitan populations. (<bold>b</bold>) Cohorts were divided into High and Low ROH strata of equal power and meta-analysis repeated – the effects are consistent across strata for all four traits. The mean SROH for the high and low strata are 13.4 and 4.3 Mb for cognitive <italic>g</italic>; 28.1 and 5.1 Mb for education attained; 31.9 and 10.8 Mb for height; and 41.4 and 4.5 Mb for FEV1. (<bold>c</bold>) To assess the potential for socio-economic confounding, where available, educational attainment was included in the regression model (edu) and compared to a model without educational attainment (none) in the same subset of cohorts. The signals reduce slightly when the education covariate is included; the analysis is not possible for educational attainment as a trait. For cognitive <italic>g</italic>, numbers are 36847 and 36023 for edu and none; for height 131,614 and 120,945; and for FEV1, 15717 and 15425. The numbers differ because of missing individual educational data within cohorts. + indicates phenotype was rank transformed. FEV1, forced expiratory lung volume in one second; <italic>g</italic> is the general cognitive component (first unrotated principal component of test scores across diverse tests of cognition); SC Asian is South & Central Asian, E Asian is East Asian, trait units are intra-sex standard deviations and the genomic measure is unpruned SROH.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 6</label><caption><title>Signals of directional dominance are robust to model choice</title><p id="P39">Meta-analytical estimates of effect size and standard errors are plotted for various models. Fixed indicates no mixed modelling was used, gr res indicates the GRAMMAR+ residuals were fitted and hglm indicates the full hierarchical generalised linear mixed model was used. + indicates the phenotype was rank transformed; FEV1 is forced expiratory lung volume in one second; Cognitive <italic>g</italic> is the general cognitive factor. 15,355 subjects were used for cognitive <italic>g</italic>, 36,060 for educational attainment, 89,112 for height and 15,262 for FEV1.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>Extended Data Figure 7</label><caption><title>Correlation in SROH for different genotyping arrays using HapMap populations</title><p id="P40">In panels (a) – (c), X and Y axes show SROH (sum of runs of homozygosity) from 0-30 Mb (30,000 kb). ill370: Illumina CNV370, aff6: Affymetrix6, illomni: Illumina OmniExpress. The graphs are shown for the specific plink call parameters used. (d) Sample numbers per continent are presented in a bar chart. AFR: African, AMR: Mixed American, ASN: East Asian, EUR: European, SAN: South Asian. Only samples with SROH below 30 Mb are plotted, to be conservative to the effect of outliers, which have very strongly correlated estimates of SROH (<italic>r</italic> = 0.96-0.97 for comparisons including such very homozygous individuals). In these plots, the correlation between SROH called by the two arrays, <italic>r</italic> = 0.93-0.94.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T2" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"><label>Extended data Table 1</label><caption><title>Continental ancestry of cohorts participating in each trait study</title><p id="P42">The first number in each cell is the number of participants with that continental ancestry. The second number is the number of sub-cohorts. BP is blood pressure; FEV1 is forced expiratory lung volume in one second; FVC is forced vital lung capacity; FP is fasting plasma; HbA1c is haemoglobin A1c; HDL/LDL are High/low-density lipoprotein<bold>;</bold><italic>g</italic> is the general cognitive factor (first unrotated principal component of test scores across diverse domains of cognition). S/C Asian is South & Central Asian.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">East Asian</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">European</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hispanic</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/C Asian</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21689/15</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29009/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">279400/117</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7836/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13464/10</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">351398/150</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cognitive <italic>g</italic></td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1539/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA/NA</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49559/22</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51098/23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diastolic BP</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17074/12</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24200/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204742/85</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7284/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12876/9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266176/114</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education Attained</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4811/4</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA/NA</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79576/42</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">338/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84725/47</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fasting Insulin</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6895/8</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1603/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72006/49</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6303/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86807/63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEV1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6604/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">617/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58089/27</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">825/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66135/34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEVl/FVC</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6565/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">616/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57888/27</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">822/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65891/34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FP Glucose</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8942/9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1615/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122368/74</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1938/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6921/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141784/90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HbAlc</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6629/4</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">694/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92732/31</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4038/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7509/4</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111602/42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HDL Cholesterol</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15099/13</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10478/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215621/92</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4426/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12508/9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258132/122</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20300/14</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30011/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">281369/114</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5469/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13523/10</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350672/145</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDL Cholesterol</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13375/11</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2503/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172245/77</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4340/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11186/8</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203649/101</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systolic BP</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17023/12</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24424/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205253/85</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7225/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12859/9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266784/114</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Cholesterol</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15130/13</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20187/5</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209421/91</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4491/3</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11674/8</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">260903/120</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triglycerides</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13886/12</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2542/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181526/84</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2745/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10688/7</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211387/107</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waist-hip ratio</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8182/7</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2549/2</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171753/73</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1446/1</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12598/9</td><td align="right" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196528/92</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="SM"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><label>1</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS63641-supplement-1.docx" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e5375" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD2"><label>SuppTables</label><media xlink:href="NIHMS63641-supplement-SuppTables.xlsx" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="d37e5379" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack id="S11"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We thank the participants in all ROHgen studies; cohort-specific acknowledgements are detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2">Supplementary Table 6</xref>. This work was funded by a UK Medical Research Council (MRC) PhD studentship to PKJ, and JFW and OP acknowledge support from the MRC Human Genetics Unit “QTL in Health and Disease” programme. We thank W.G. Hill for discussions and comments on the manuscript and K. Lindsay for administrative assistance.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="FN2"><p id="P43"><xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SM">Supplementary Information</xref> is linked to the online version of the paper at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/nature">www.nature.com/nature</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="FN3"><p id="P44">Competing financial interests: GP is a co-founder of CAVADIS B.V. SWvL is a former employee of CAVADIS B.V. BMP serves on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer (Zoll Lifecor) and on the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. NPo has received financial support and consultancy fees from several pharmaceutical companies that manufacture either blood-pressure-lowering or lipid-lowering agents or both. PS has received research awards from Pfizer. No other authors declared a conflict of interest.</p></fn></fn-group><app-group><app><title>Author contributions</title><p id="P1">CHal, PN, MMe, HB, NJS, DC, DAM, RSC, PF, GP, SFG, HH, LF, RAS, ADM, CNP, GDe, PD, LB, UL, SIB, CML, NJT, ATon, PBM, TIS, CNR, DKA, AJO, SLK, BB, GGa, APM, JGE, MJW, NGM, SCH, JMS, IJD, LRG, HT, NPi, JKa, NJW, LP, JGW, GGi, MJC, OR, DDB, CGi, Pv, AAH, PKr, JS, PKn, MJ, PKM, AH, RSc, IBB, EVa, DMB, DB, KLM, MB, CMvD, DKS, ATe, EZ, AMe, PG, SU, CO, DT, GDS, IR, DJP, MC, TDS, CHay, JD, RJL, AFW, GRC, PV, ASh, PMR, JIR, NS, UG, KEN, MP, BMP, DRW, MLa, VG, ATa, JCC, JSK, DPS, HC, JNH, MP, OP, JFW designed individual studies. TN, JDF, SE, VV, STr, DIC, SSN, MMa, DR, AF, LRY, EH, CBo, JRP, SC, UB, GM, TLi, ID, JZ, JPB, ES, SY, MAA, SJB, GRB, EPB, ACa, YChan, SJC, YDIC, FSC, JC, ACo, LCu, GDa, MD, SBE, BF, MFF, IF, CSF, TMF, NFri, FGe, IGi, OG, FGr, CGu, CJH, SEH, NDH, NLH, KH, LJH, GHo, PGH, EI, ÅJ, PJ, JJ, MKa, SK, SMK, NMK, HKK, MKu, JKu, JL, RAL, TLe, DCL, LLi, MLL, ALo, TLu, ALu, SM, KM, JBM, CMei, TM, CMen, FDM, LM, GWM, RHM, RN, MN, MSN, GTO, AO, SP, WRP, JSP, IPa, KP, NPo, SRa, PR, SSR, HR, AR, LMR, RR, BSa, RMS, VS, ASa, LJS, SSe, PS, BHS, NSor, ASttn, MGS, KS, NTa, KDT, BOT, ATog, MTo, JT, AGU, AvHV, TV, SV, EVl, EVu, MW, JBW, SW, GW, CSY, GZ, XZ, MMe, HB, NJS, DC, DAM, RSC, GP, SFG, HH, LF, RAS, GDe, PD, LB, UL, SIB, GDS, NJT, ATon, PBM, TIS, CNR, DKA, AJO, SLK, BB, MKK, GGa, JGE, MJW, NGM, SCH, JMS, IJD, LRG, JKa, NJW, LP, JGW, GGi, MJC, OR, DDB, CGi, Pv, AAH, PKr, JS, PKn, MJ, PKM, AH, RSc, IBB, EVa, DMB, DB, KLM, MB, CMvD, DKS, EZ, AMe, PG, CO, DT, DJP, MC, TDS, CHay, RJL, AFW, GRC, PV, ASh, PMR, JIR, NS, UG, MP, BMP, DRW, MLa, JCC, JSK, DPS, JNH, MP, OP, JFW collected the data. STr, DIC, MCC, CBo, UB, ID, MA, FWA, SJB, DJB, EB, EPB, ACc, SJC, JC, IF, TMF, CGu, CJH, TBH, NDH, MI, EI, JJ, PKo, MKu, LJL, RAL, LLi, RAM, KM, JBM, GWM, RHM, PAP, KP, SSR, RR, HS, PS, BHS, NSor, NSot, DVa, JBW, CSY, MMe, NJS, DC, DAM, RSC, PF, GP, SFG, HH, LF, GDe, PD, LB, UL, SIB, CML, ATon, PBM, CNR, DKA, AJO, SLK, BB, GGa, APM, MJW, NGM, SCH, JMS, IJD, LRG, JKa, NJW, LP, MJC, DDB, Pv, PKr, MJ, PKM, AH, RSc, IBB, DMB, DB, KLM, MB, CMvD, DKS, EZ, AMe, PG, SU, CO, IR, DJP, MC, TDS, CHay, AFW, GRC, PV, ASh, PMR, JIR, NS, UG, KEN, BMP, DRW, MLa, VG, DPS, HC, OP, JFW contributed to funding. PKJ, TE, HMa, NE, IGa, TN, AUJ, CSc, AVS, WZhan, YO, AStc, JDF, WZhao, TMB, MMC, NFra, SE, VV, STr, XG, DIC, JRO, TC, SSN, YChen, MMa, DR, MTa, AF, TKac, ABj, AvS, YW, AKG, LRY, LW, EH, CAR, OM, MCC, CP, NV, CBa, AAA, HRW, DVu, HMe, JRP, SSMi, MCB, SSMe, PAL, GM, AD, LY, LFB, DZ, PJv, DS, RM, GHe, TKar, ZW, TLi, ID, JZ, WM, LLa, SWvL, JPB, ARW, ABo, TSA, LMH, ES, SY, IMM, LCa, HGdH, MA, UA, NA, FWA, SEB, SB, ACa, YChan, CC, GDa, GE, BF, MFF, FGe, MG, SEH, JJH, JH, JEH, PGH, AJ, YK, SK, RAL, BL, MLo, SJLoo, YL, PM, AMa, CMen, FDM, EM, MEM, AMo, AO, IPa, FP, IPr, LMR, BSa, RMS, RSa, HS, WRS, CSa, CMa, BSe, SSh, SJLon, JAS, LS, RJS, MJS, STa, BOT, ATog, MTo, NTs, JvS, SV, DVo, EBW, WW, JY, GZ, NJS, RAS, ADM, CNP, SIB, NJT, APM, SCH, HT, NPi, LP, Pv, PKr, RSc, IBB, ATe, CO, MC, JD, JIR, NS, KEN, ATa, JCC, JSK, DPS analysed the data. PKJ, TE, HMa, NE, IGa, TN, AUJ, CSc, AVS, MCB, DPS performed beta-testing of scripts. PKJ and TE performed meta-analysis. PKJ, TE, OP and JFW wrote the manuscript. 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Populations differ by an order of magnitude in their mean burden of ROH. There are clear differences by continent and population type both in the mean SROH, and the relationship between SROH and NROH.. SC.Asian is South & Central Asian, E.Asian is East Asian, Eur.Isolate is European isolates. The ten most homozygous cohorts are labelled: AMISH are the Old Order Amish from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania; HUTT, S-Leut Hutterites from South Dakota; NSPHS, North Swedish Population Health Study, 06 and 09 suffixes are different sampling years from different counties in Northern Sweden; OGP, Ogliastra Genetic Park, Sardinia, Italy; Talana is a particular village in the region; FVG, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia Genetic Park, Italy, omni and 370 suffices refer to subsets genotyped with the Illumina OmniX and 370CNV arrays; HELIC, Hellenic Isolates, Greece, from Pomak villages in Thrace, and CLHNS, Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study in the Philippines.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Effects of genome-wide homozygosity, β<sub>FROH,</sub> on 16 traits</title><p>Four phenotypes show a significant effect of burden of ROH: height (145 sub-cohorts), FEV1 (34), educational attainment (47) and general cognitive ability, <italic>g</italic> (23). HDL and total cholesterol are not significantly different from zero after correcting for 16 tests and no effect is observed for the other traits. To account for the different numbers of males and females in cohorts and marked effect of sex on some traits, trait units are intra-sex standard deviations. β<sub>FROH</sub> is the estimated effect of F<sub>ROH</sub> on the trait, where F<sub>ROH</sub> is the ratio of the SROH to the total length of the genome. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are also plotted. + indicates phenotype was rank transformed, * indicates phenotype was log transformed. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FP fasting plasma; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c (glycated haemoglobin); FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="emss-63641-f0002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Effects of genome-wide burden of runs of homozygosity on four traits</title><p>P-association is P value for association, P-heterogeneity is P value for heterogeneity in a meta-analysis between trait and unpruned F<sub>ROH</sub>, β<sub>FROH</sub>-SD is the effect size estimate of F<sub>ROH</sub> expressed in units of intra-sex phenotypic standard deviations and SE is the standard error. β<sub>FROH</sub>-units is the effect size estimate for F<sub>ROH</sub> = 1 expressed in the measurement units and SE the standard error. The P values for those traits showing evidence for association are calculated including 5 outlying cohort-specific effect size estimates (an outlier was defined as T-test statistic over 3 for the null hypothesis that the cohort effect size estimate equals the meta-analysis effect size estimate), which is conservative as the majority of these are in the opposite direction. Beta estimates however exclude these outliers, for which there is evidence of discrepancy, and should thus be more accurate. + indicates phenotype was rank transformed; FEV1 is forced expiratory lung volume in one second; g is the general cognitive factor (first unrotated principal component of test scores across diverse domains of cognition).</p></caption><table frame="void" rules="none"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenotype</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outliers</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEV1+</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational Attainment</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cognitive <italic>g+</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Subjects</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">354,224</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64,446</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84,725</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53,300</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-association</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Included</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1 × 10<sup>−300</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 × 10<sup>−10</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 × 10<sup>−10</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-heterogeneity</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Included</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>β<sub>FROH</sub>-SD</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Excluded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.91</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.64</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SE β<sub>FROH</sub>-SD</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Excluded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>β<sub>FROH</sub>-units</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Excluded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.188</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−12.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.64</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SE β<sub>FROH</sub>-units</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Excluded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Units</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">litres</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>First cousin offspring effect</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Excluded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−137</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Units</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ml</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">months</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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