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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phylogenetic lineages in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>: a systematic and evolutionary framework</title><author><name sortKey="Slippers, B" sort="Slippers, B" uniqKey="Slippers B" first="B." last="Slippers">B. Slippers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boissin, E" sort="Boissin, E" uniqKey="Boissin E" first="E." last="Boissin">E. Boissin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> USR3278-Criobe-CNRS-EPHE, Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan-CBETM, 58 rue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombard, L" sort="Lombard, L" uniqKey="Lombard L" first="L." last="Lombard">L. Lombard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M. J." last="Wingfield">M. J. Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, A" sort="Postma, A" uniqKey="Postma A" first="A." last="Postma">A. Postma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, T" sort="Burgess, T" uniqKey="Burgess T" first="T." last="Burgess">T. Burgess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24302789</idno><idno type="pmc">3825231</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825231</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3825231</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim0020</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D29</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D29</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phylogenetic lineages in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>: a systematic and evolutionary framework</title><author><name sortKey="Slippers, B" sort="Slippers, B" uniqKey="Slippers B" first="B." last="Slippers">B. Slippers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boissin, E" sort="Boissin, E" uniqKey="Boissin E" first="E." last="Boissin">E. Boissin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> USR3278-Criobe-CNRS-EPHE, Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan-CBETM, 58 rue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombard, L" sort="Lombard, L" uniqKey="Lombard L" first="L." last="Lombard">L. Lombard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M. J." last="Wingfield">M. J. Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postma, A" sort="Postma, A" uniqKey="Postma A" first="A." last="Postma">A. Postma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, T" sort="Burgess, T" uniqKey="Burgess T" first="T." last="Burgess">T. Burgess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P6">The order <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> represents several ecologically diverse fungal families that are commonly isolated as endophytes or pathogens from various woody hosts. The taxonomy of members of this order has been strongly influenced by sequence-based phylogenetics, and the abandonment of dual nomenclature. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of the genera known from culture are evaluated based on DNA sequence data for six loci (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1, BT, mtSSU). The results make it possible to recognise a total of six families. Other than the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> (17 genera), <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> (<italic>Phyllosticta</italic>) and <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> (<italic>Kellermania</italic>), newly introduced families include <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> (<italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic>), <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> (<italic>Melanops</italic>), and <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> (<italic>Saccharata</italic>). Furthermore, the evolution of morphological characters in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> were investigated via analysis of phylogeny-trait association. None of the traits presented a significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting that conidial and ascospore pigmentation, septation and appendages evolved more than once in the family. Molecular clock dating on radiations within the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> based on estimated mutation rates of the rDNA SSU locus, suggests that the order originated in the Cretaceous period around 103 (45-188) mya, with most of the diversification in the Tertiary period. This coincides with important periods of radiation and spread of the main group of plants that these fungi infect, namely woody Angiosperms. The resulting host-associations and distribution could have influenced the diversification of these fungi.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New families</bold> - <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> Phillips, Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> Slippers, Boissin & Crous.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aa, Ha Van Der" uniqKey="Aa H">HA van der Aa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanev, S" uniqKey="Vanev S">S Vanev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh, E" uniqKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh E">E Mohammadi Goltapeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A">A Javadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shams Bakhsh, M" uniqKey="Shams Bakhsh M">M Shams-bakhsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R">R Zare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alves, A" uniqKey="Alves A">A Alves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pw" uniqKey="Crous P">PW Crous</name></author><author><name sortKey="Correia, A" uniqKey="Correia A">A Correia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barber, P" uniqKey="Barber P">P Barber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, T" uniqKey="Burgess T">T Burgess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardy, G" uniqKey="Hardy G">G Hardy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slippers, B" uniqKey="Slippers B">B Slippers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keane, P" uniqKey="Keane P">P Keane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, Mj" uniqKey="Wingfield M">MJ Wingfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barker, Np" uniqKey="Barker N">NP Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weston, Ph" uniqKey="Weston P">PH Weston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rutschmann, F" uniqKey="Rutschmann F">F Rutschmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sauquet, H" uniqKey="Sauquet H">H Sauquet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bell, Cd" uniqKey="Bell C">CD Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, De" uniqKey="Soltis D">DE Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, Ps" uniqKey="Soltis P">PS Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berbee, Ml" uniqKey="Berbee M">ML Berbee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jw" uniqKey="Taylor J">JW 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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Stud. Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24302789</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3825231</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim0020</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Phylogenetic lineages in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>: a systematic and evolutionary framework</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slippers</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">#</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boissin</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>A.J.L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Groenewald</surname><given-names>J.Z.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lombard</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wingfield</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Postma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burgess</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> USR3278-Criobe-CNRS-EPHE, Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan-CBETM, 58 rue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label> School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label><italic>Correspondence</italic>: B. Slippers, <email>Bernard.Slippers@fabi.up.ac.za</email></corresp><fn id="fn1"><label>#</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>76</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Plant pathogenic and endophytic Botryosphaeriales known from culture</issue-title><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2013 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</uri>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="31.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p id="P6">The order <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> represents several ecologically diverse fungal families that are commonly isolated as endophytes or pathogens from various woody hosts. The taxonomy of members of this order has been strongly influenced by sequence-based phylogenetics, and the abandonment of dual nomenclature. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of the genera known from culture are evaluated based on DNA sequence data for six loci (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1, BT, mtSSU). The results make it possible to recognise a total of six families. Other than the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> (17 genera), <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> (<italic>Phyllosticta</italic>) and <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> (<italic>Kellermania</italic>), newly introduced families include <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> (<italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic>), <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> (<italic>Melanops</italic>), and <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> (<italic>Saccharata</italic>). Furthermore, the evolution of morphological characters in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> were investigated via analysis of phylogeny-trait association. None of the traits presented a significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting that conidial and ascospore pigmentation, septation and appendages evolved more than once in the family. Molecular clock dating on radiations within the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> based on estimated mutation rates of the rDNA SSU locus, suggests that the order originated in the Cretaceous period around 103 (45-188) mya, with most of the diversification in the Tertiary period. This coincides with important periods of radiation and spread of the main group of plants that these fungi infect, namely woody Angiosperms. The resulting host-associations and distribution could have influenced the diversification of these fungi.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New families</bold> - <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> Phillips, Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> Slippers, Boissin & Crous.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words:</title><kwd><italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Melanopsaceae</italic></kwd><kwd>molecular dating</kwd><kwd><italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Planistromellaceae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Saccharataceae</italic></kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="S2"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p id="P8">DNA sequence-based phylogenetics has dramatically influenced both the taxonomy and systematics of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> during the course of the past decade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>), as it has done in most other groups of <italic>Fungi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">James <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Hibbett <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). At a higher taxonomic level, DNA sequence data have led to the recognition that the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> represents a distinct order within the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, leading Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">2006</xref>) to introduce the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. The circumscription of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> has suffered from insufficient sampling and it was only recently that Minnis <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">2012</xref>) provided molecular evidence to show that the <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> resides in this order. In a subsequent study, Liu <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">2012</xref>) provided a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> and they also concluded that, other than the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic>, a number of clearly defined evolutionary lineages exist.</p><p id="P9">Apart from the <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic>, the genera traditionally associated with <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> have sexual morphs that are clearly distinct phylogenetically, morphologically and ecologically. However, both are still grouped within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Members of the <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> group are common endophytes of leaf and woody tissue of many woody plant species, have hyaline to dark ascospores, multilocular ascomata, and a wide range of asexual morphs that typically lack a mucoid sheath and apical appendage. Species in the <italic>Guignardia</italic> group (= <italic>Phyllosticta</italic>) typically infect leaves and fruit, less commonly wood, have unilocular ascomata with smaller ascospores that typically have mucoid appendages, and <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> asexual morphs. The <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> has been resurrected to accommodate this group of taxa (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. 2013b</xref>, this volume).</p><p id="P10">Substantial changes to the definition of sexual and asexual genera linked to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> have been made during the past decade (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Only a selection of the most common examples is discussed here. The first DNA sequence data for the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> appeared to reveal a distinction between asexual morphs with hyaline fusicoccum-like conidia and those with pigmented diplodia-like conidia, termed sections <italic>Hyala</italic> and <italic>Brunnea</italic> (Jacobs & Rehner 1998, Denman <italic>et al</italic>. 2000, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">Zhou & Stanosz 2001</xref>). This distinction became increasingly less obvious as sampling increased and it was evident that conidial pigmentation is a feature that evolved more than once. It was, for example, shown that dark, septate and even muriformly septate dichomera-like conidia could be synasexual morphs of well-known genera such as <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">Barber <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Furthermore, dark, septate ascospores were shown to be a polyphyletic character of several genera and more common than previously believed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). As the true phylogenetic diversity within the group emerged, a number of new genera were described (e.g. <italic>Botryobambusa, Cophinforma, Neofusicoccum, Neoscytalydium, Pseudofusicoccum</italic>, etc.) or older genera re-defined (e.g. <italic>Auerswaldia, Barriopsis, Dothiorella</italic>, etc.) (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). The most recent work by Liu <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">2012</xref>) reviewed these genera, and this study reflects a growing consensus regarding the circumscription of the majority of the genera (29 in total, of which sequence data are available for 20).</p><p id="P11">DNA-based sequence analyses have also resulted in significant changes to the nomenclature, identification and circumscription of species in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. These changes have resulted in the implementation of a single nomenclature for all morphs of a species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Hawksworth <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Wingfield <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). For the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, this has included the description of cryptic species based on DNA sequence data, where morphological characters were not variable enough for this purpose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">Pavlic <italic>et al</italic>. 2009a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P12">Insights gained from contemporary studies on the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> have led to uncertainty regarding the application of names published in the older literature. The analyses show for example that morphological characters typically used for species identification (chiefly conidia or ascospore dimensions, shape, septation and pigmentation) are frequently unreliable. Even ecological and geographical data are difficult to interpret, with some species occurring on numerous hosts, and single locations or hosts often yielding numerous co-occurring species (Slippers & Wingfield 2007, Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. 2009). For this reason (together with the significant changes in generic descriptions mentioned above) many, if not most, of the taxa dealt with before the introduction of DNA sequence-based phylogenetic inference will need to be redefined (possibly neo- or epitypified), to allow meaningful comparisons with currently applied names (also see the discussion in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>, this volume). Where it is not possible to follow this approach, older names may have to be ignored and new species introduced that are supported by DNA data (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p><p id="P13">The <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> is an important group of fungi due to the ecological and economic significance of many of its species. All species are plant-associated, and many are classified as pathogens, known to cause disease on a wide range of ecologically and economically important plants (Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2012). Some species are also known to cause opportunistic infections in humans (de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic> 2000). Most species exist as endophytes living in healthy plant tissues for extended periods of time (Slippers & Wingfield 2007). Their roles as endophytes or pathogens often overlap, as is for example found in the case of <italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic>. This well-known pathogen of <italic>Pinus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">Swart <italic>et al.</italic> 1991</xref>) is also a common endophyte in branches, the trunks and seed cones of these trees. In an extreme example, <italic>D. sapinea</italic> has been isolated from the wood of <italic>Pinus</italic> in South Africa, where it must have existed without causing disease subsequent to the tree being infected as long as a decade previously (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Bihon <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P14">Unlike the case for <italic>D. sapinea</italic>, the ecological roles for the majority of species of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are unknown. The changes to the taxonomy of the group are already strongly promoting an ability to characterise the diversity in this group. In turn, this is providing an evolutionary framework making it possible to study the ecological role that remains obscure for the majority of these fungi.</p><p id="P15">In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships of all the genera known from culture and considered to reside in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> and <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are determined based on DNA sequence data for six loci. The <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> is well defined within the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. As expected, <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> (= <italic>Guignardia</italic>) also forms a strongly supported monophyletic lineage, recognised as the <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. 2013b</xref>, this volume). <italic>Saccharata</italic>, however, groups separately with respect to all other genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, as does <italic>Aplosporella, Bagnisiella</italic> and <italic>Melanops</italic>. The nomenclatural changes necessary to reflect these distinctions are considered in this study. With the well-supported phylogeny provided by these analyses, we also test hypotheses regarding the evolution of major morphological features typically used in taxonomy of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Finally, we use the nuclear ribosomal subunit data to date the divergence in the major groups of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="S3"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="S4"><title>Isolates and DNA extractions</title><p id="P16">A total of 96 strains corresponding to 85 species were grown on 2 % potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 25 °C. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium using the PrepMan™ Ultra protocol (Applied Biosystems). Sequences from additional species were retrieved from GenBank. A total of 140 taxa were included in the ingroup and six taxa in the outgroup (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> for details).</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Isolates subjected to DNA analysis in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Isolate No.</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><bold><sup>1</sup></bold></xref></th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><bold>GenBank Accession No.</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SSU</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>LSU</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EF1</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BT</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>mtSSU</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amarenomyces ammophilae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114595&link_type=cbs">CBS 114595</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766314</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766146</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766394</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aplosporella africana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 25424, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121777&link_type=cbs">CBS 121777</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766283</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766366</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766475</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aplosporella papilata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 25427, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121780&link_type=cbs">CBS 121780</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766284</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766476</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aplosporella prunicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121167&link_type=cbs">CBS 121167</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766229</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766315</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766147</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766440</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aplosporella yalgorensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC512</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591944</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591978</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591961</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bagnisiella examinans</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=551.66&link_type=cbs">CBS 551.66</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU167562</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766316</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766148</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU349056</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766126</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766441</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Barriopsis fusca</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.26&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.26</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766230</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766395</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673109</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Barriopsis iranianum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN 1448C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766231</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919652</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766127</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryobambusa fusicoccum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110143</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646826</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646809</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646792</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646857</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110657</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646810</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646793</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646858</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria agaves</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC100051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646824</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646807</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646790</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646855</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646840</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110125</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646825</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646808</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646791</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646856</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646841</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119047&link_type=cbs">CBS 119047</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766232</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673244</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ299245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU017539</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673107</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 8000, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766233</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766151</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236898</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ190612</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria fusispora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC100098</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646806</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646789</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646854</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646839</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646822</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646805</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646788</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646838</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766333</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766168</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144070</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 25413</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766252</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766332</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cophinforma eucalypti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110425</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646833</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646817</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646800</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646865</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646848</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dichomera saubinetii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=990.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 990.70</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377888</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766153</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766396</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110655</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646834</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646818</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646866</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646849</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dichomera versiformis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 15210, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118101&link_type=cbs">CBS 118101</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766237</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766128</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia africana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120835&link_type=cbs">CBS 120835</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766238</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766322</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766155</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766397</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766129</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766442</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia allocellula</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=36468&link_type=cbs">CBS 36468</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239410</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239397</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239384</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239378</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=36469&link_type=cbs">CBS 36469</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239411</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239398</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239385</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=36470&link_type=cbs">CBS 36470</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239412</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239399</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239386</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239380</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia corticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112549&link_type=cbs">CBS 112549</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766239</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766323</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766156</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766443</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766398</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia cupressi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=168.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 168.87</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766240</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766157</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458878</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458861</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766444</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia mutila</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 7060</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766241</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766158</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236904</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236933</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia rosulata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116472&link_type=cbs">CBS 116472</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377897</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673131</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 109</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766242</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766325</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766159</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY624251</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY624256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia scrobiculata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 189, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118110&link_type=cbs">CBS 118110</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766243</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766326</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766160</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766445</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia seriata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112555&link_type=cbs">CBS 112555</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766244</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766327</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766161</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458856</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia tsugae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 100325, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=418.64&link_type=cbs">CBS 418.64</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766234</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377867</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458888</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458855</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothidotthia aspera</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 12933</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673276</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothidotthia symphoricarpi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 12929</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673224</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673273</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella brevicollis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36463</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239416</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239403</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239371</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36464</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239417</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239404</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239391</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239372</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella dulcispinae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36460</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239413</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239400</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239387</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239373</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36461</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239414</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239401</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239388</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239374</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36462</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239415</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239402</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239389</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239375</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella iberica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115041&link_type=cbs">CBS 115041</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928053</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673096</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella longicollis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26166, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122068&link_type=cbs">CBS 122068</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766246</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766328</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766162</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144069</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766130</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766447</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella oblonga</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 25407, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121765&link_type=cbs">CBS 121765</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766247</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766329</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766448</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella sarmentorum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115038&link_type=cbs">CBS 115038</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766248</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377860</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673101</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766446</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114124&link_type=cbs">CBS 114124</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF204515’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF204498’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113091&link_type=cbs">CBS 113091</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF204516’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF204499’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. (=<italic>Diplodia acerina</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=910.73&link_type=cbs">CBS 910.73</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673160</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673234</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673315</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673282</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. (=<italic>Diplodia coryli</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=252.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 252.51</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673162</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673284</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. (=<italic>Diplodia juglandis</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=188.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 188.87</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673161</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377891</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673316</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673283</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673119</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella thailandica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110438</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646829</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646813</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646796</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646861</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646844</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endomelanconiopsis endophytica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120397&link_type=cbs">CBS 120397</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766249</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683629</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766164</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683637</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766131</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766449</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endomelanconiopsis microspora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=353.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 353.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766250</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766330</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766165</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683636</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766450</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusicladium convolvularum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112706&link_type=cbs">CBS 112706</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY251124</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY251082</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusicladium effusum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 4525</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU035430’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY251085</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766428</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusicladium oleagineum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113427&link_type=cbs">CBS 113427</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766251</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766331</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766166</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia bidwellii</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta parthenocissi</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111645&link_type=cbs">CBS 111645</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377876</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683672</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683653</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824777</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia citricarpa</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta citricarpa</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=828.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 828.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766334</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538376</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia gaultheriae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=447.70&link_type=cbs">CBS 447.70</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766335</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766169</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766400</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ190646</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia heveae</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta capitalensis</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101228&link_type=cbs">CBS 101228</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766336</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538377</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766452</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia mangiferae</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta capitalensis</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=100176&link_type=cbs">CBS 100176</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766337</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115052&link_type=cbs">CBS 115052</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115345&link_type=cbs">CBS 115345</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766339</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538331</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538389</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia philoprina</italic> (<italic>= Guignardia rhodorae</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=901.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 901.69</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766342</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766172</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766403</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia philoprina</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta foliorum</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.77&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.77</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766170</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766401</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766453</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia philoprina</italic> (<italic>= Phyllosticta philoprina</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=616.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 616.72</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766257</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766341</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766171</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766402</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania anomala</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=132218&link_type=cbs">CBS 132218</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766259</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766173</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766404</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766133</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766454</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania confusa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131723&link_type=cbs">CBS 131723</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766260</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766174</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766405</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766134</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766455</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania crassispora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131714&link_type=cbs">CBS 131714</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766261</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766345</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766175</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766406</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766135</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766456</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania dasylirionicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131720&link_type=cbs">CBS 131720</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766346</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766176</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766407</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766136</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766457</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania dasylirionis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131715&link_type=cbs">CBS 131715</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766347</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766177</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766408</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766137</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766458</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania macrospora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131716&link_type=cbs">CBS 131716</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766264</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766348</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766178</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766409</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766138</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766459</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania micranthae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131724&link_type=cbs">CBS 131724</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766265</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766349</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766410</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766139</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766460</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania nolinae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131717&link_type=cbs">CBS 131717</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766350</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766411</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766140</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766461</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania plurilocularis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131719&link_type=cbs">CBS 131719</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766351</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766181</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766412</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766141</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766462</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania</italic> sp. 1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766352</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766182</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766413</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766142</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766463</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania</italic> sp. 2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766269</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766353</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766183</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766414</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766464</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20386</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766273</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766357</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766187</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766467</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20388</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766274</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766358</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766188</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766419</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766468</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania uniseptata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131725&link_type=cbs">CBS 131725</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766354</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766415</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766143</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766465</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania yuccifoliorum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131726&link_type=cbs">CBS 131726</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766271</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766355</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766185</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766416</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766144</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kellermania yuccigena</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131727&link_type=cbs">CBS 131727</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766272</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766356</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766186</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766417</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766144</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766466</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20623</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766275</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766359</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766189</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766420</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766469</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 20627</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766276</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766360</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766190</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766421</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766470</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia crassispora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118741&link_type=cbs">CBS 118741</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673190</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377901</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103550</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673133</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 14077, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115812&link_type=cbs">CBS 115812</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766277</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766361</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766191</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458877</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458860</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110435</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646830</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646814</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646797</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646862</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646845</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110656</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646831</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646815</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646798</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646863</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646846</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia parva</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=456.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 456.78</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766278</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766362</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766192</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622063</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766471</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116459&link_type=cbs">CBS 116459</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766279</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622057</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673111</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766481</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118740&link_type=cbs">CBS 118740</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673191</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377903</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103553</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673304</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673136</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic> (<italic>Botryosphaeria rhodina</italic> in CBS)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY640255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY640258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673110</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 13512</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766280</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766363</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766194</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673305</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=227.33&link_type=cbs">CBS 227.33</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766281</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766364</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766195</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766422</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766473</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Macrovalsaria megalosporagi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 178150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ215707</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ215701</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766399</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 178149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ215706</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ215700</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melanops</italic> sp. (<italic>Botryosphaeria quercuum</italic> in CBS)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118.39&link_type=cbs">CBS 118.39</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824763</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377856</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824771</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824776</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824782</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melanops tulasnei</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116805&link_type=cbs">CBS 116805</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766282</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766365</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824769</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766423</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824780</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766474</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia palmicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC100822</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia phoenicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122528&link_type=cbs">CBS 122528</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673261</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673116</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110026</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646837</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646821</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646804</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646869</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646852</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=448.91&link_type=cbs">CBS 448.91</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377866</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766199</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673306</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673137</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum australe</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 6837</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766287</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766367</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766477</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum eucalypticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 6539, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115679&link_type=cbs">CBS 115679</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766288</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766368</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615133</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615125</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum lutea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 10309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766369</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766424</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458848</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum mangiferum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 7801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766290</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766370</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766203</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766425</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615174</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766479</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 9081</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766291</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766371</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766204</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766426</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236917</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766480</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum ribis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 7772, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115475&link_type=cbs">CBS 115475</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766372</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ677893</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236906</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766481</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum umdonicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 14058, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123645&link_type=cbs">CBS 123645</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766293</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766373</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766427</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766145</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766482</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 24571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766152</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ752707</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IP127881</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF258603</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377925’</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY819727</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144063</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FM211167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26170, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122071&link_type=cbs">CBS 122071</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766374</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766207</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585580</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryon cupressi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN 1445C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766208</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryon mamane</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 12440</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673248</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673332</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673298</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766483</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766209</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=398.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 398.80</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766301</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766378</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766213</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766430</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766486</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria citrigena</italic> (<italic>Botryosphaeria fusca</italic> in CBS)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16812</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673246</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673328</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673140</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria eucalypti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC110579</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646835</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646819</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646802</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646867</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646850</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria porosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110496&link_type=cbs">CBS 110496</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766297</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766375</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766210</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673130</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria visci</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=186.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 186.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766298</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766393</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766211</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673293</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673128</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta beaumarisii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=535.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 535.87</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766376</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766429</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766484</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta capitalensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=226.77&link_type=cbs">CBS 226.77</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766300</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766377</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538336</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538394</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766485</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=398.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 398.80</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta citriasiana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120486&link_type=cbs">CBS 120486</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766302</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538360</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta cornicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111639&link_type=cbs">CBS 111639</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766380</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766214</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766431</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766487</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta hypoglossi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 101.72</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766381</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538365</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ538423</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta minima</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=585.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 585.84</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766382</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766216</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766433</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta minima</italic> (= <italic>Phyllosticta rubrum</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111635&link_type=cbs">CBS 111635</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU754194</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766215</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766432</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta podocarpi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111647&link_type=cbs">CBS 111647</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766304</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766434</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta telopeae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=777.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 777.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766384</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766435</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta yuccae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117136&link_type=cbs">CBS 117136</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766305</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766385</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766436</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26147, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122055&link_type=cbs">CBS 122055</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766306</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766386</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766488</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26159, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122062&link_type=cbs">CBS 122062</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766307</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766387</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144075</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766489</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 26156, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122058&link_type=cbs">CBS 122058</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766308</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766388</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144072</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766490</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 13434, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117448&link_type=cbs">CBS117448</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766389</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766437</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673094</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharata capensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 22200, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122693&link_type=cbs">CBS 122693</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766224</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU552095</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766491</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharata kirstenboschensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123537&link_type=cbs">CBS 123537</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766310</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ372409</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766492</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharata proteae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115206&link_type=cbs">CBS 115206</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766311</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377882</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766226</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766438</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766493</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia pretoriensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36480</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239405</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239392</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239376</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36481</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239419</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239406</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239393</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239377</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia rosulata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 25389, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121760&link_type=cbs">CBS 121760</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766312</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766391</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766439</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766494</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp. (<italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> sp. in ICMP)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673171</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673241</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673322</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673144</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp. (<italic>Diplodia medicaginis</italic> in CBS)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=500.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 500.72</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673237</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673118</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp. (<italic>Diplodia spegazziniana</italic> in CBS)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=302.75&link_type=cbs">CBS 302.75</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673238</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673135</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia vitícola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117009&link_type=cbs">CBS 117009</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766313</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766392</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF766228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY905559</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673104</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tiarosporella urbis-rosarum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36478</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239421</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239408</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239395</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239382</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 36479</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239422</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239409</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239396</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>CBS: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CMW: Tree Pathology Co-operative Program, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, South Africa; IRAN: Iranian Fungal Culture Collection, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Iran; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Mai, Thailand; MUCC: Culture Collection, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Mie University, Tsu, Mie prefecture, Japan.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="S5"><title>PCR and sequencing</title><p id="P17">A total of six partial gene portions were used in this study: the nuclear ribosomal small subunit (SSU), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), the intergenic spacer (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1), the β-tubulin gene (BT) and the mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit (mtSSU).</p><p id="P18">The primers used were NS1 and NS4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990</xref>) for SSU, LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys Laboratory, Duke university, <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/primers.htm">www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/primers.htm</uri>) for LSU, ITS-1 and ITS-4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990</xref>) for ITS, EF-AF and EF-BR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Sakalidis <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>) for EF1, BT2A and BT2B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Glass & Donaldson 1995</xref>) for BT and mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">Zoller <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>) for mtSSU. All PCR reactions were conducted in 15 μL containing 1.5 mM of MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.5 mM of dNTP, 1 × final concentration of buffer, 1 μM of each primer, 0.25 U of FastStart <italic>Taq</italic> Polymerase (Roche), 1.5 μL of DNA template and Sabax sterilised water (Adcock Ingram) to complete up to 15 μL. The cycling parameters were as follows: a first step of denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of (i) denaturation at 95 °C for 60 s, (ii) annealing at optimal temperature (55 °C for ITS, EF1, LSU and 45 °C for SSU, mtSSU, BT) for 80 s, (iii) elongation at 72 °C for 90 s, and a final elongation step of 5 min was applied.</p><p id="P19">Sephadex columns (Sigma-Aldrich) were used to clean the samples both before and after the sequencing reactions. The sequencing PCRs were performed in 10 μL containing 1 μL of PCR product, 0.7 μL of Big Dye Terminator v. 3.1 (Applied Biosystems), 2.5 μL of sequencing buffer (provided with Big Dye), 1 μL of primer (10 μM) and 4.8 μL of Sabax sterilised water. Cycling parameters consisted of 25 cycles with three steps each: 15 s at 95 °C, 15 s at 55 °C (for ITS, EF1, LSU) or 45 °C (for SSU, mtSSU, BT) and 4 min at 60 °C. The sequencing PCR products were sent to a partner laboratory for sequencing of both strands (Sequencing Facility, University of Pretoria).</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Data analyses</title><p id="P20">Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 6 online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">Katoh & Toh 2008</xref>) and refined visually. In order to retrieve the genetic information from indels, GapCoder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">Young & Healy 2003</xref>) was used to code the gaps contained in the EF1 and the mSSU alignments. Analyses were run both with gaps coded and not coded.</p><p id="P21">The datasets were combined because this is believed to increase phylogenetic accuracy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Bull <italic>et al</italic>. 1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">Cunningham 1997</xref>). The six phylogenies resulting from the six data sets were first inspected visually to check whether there were conflicts between the histories of the genes that would preclude the combination of data. Additionally, the Incongruence Length Difference (ILD) test (Farris <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">1995a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">b</xref>) also known as the partition homogeneity test was run using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">Swofford 2003</xref>).</p><p id="P22">MrAIC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Nylander 2004</xref>) was used to determine the best fit model of nucleotide substitutions for each gene. Phylogenetic relationships of the samples were investigated using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). The ML analysis was conducted using PhyML online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Guindon <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). The reliability of each node was assessed using the bootstrap (Felsenstein 1985) resampling procedure (100 replicates).</p><p id="P23">The BI was conducted using the software B<sc>east</sc> v. 1.7.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">Drummond <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). The phylogenetic relationships were estimated by running 10 000 000 generations and sampling every 100<sup>th</sup> generation. Bayes Factors were computed to choose between the different options available in B<sc>east</sc> (four clock models: strict clock, exponential or lognormal uncorrelated relaxed clocks, and random local clock and two tree priors: Yule process or Birth-Death speciation model). The Birth-Death speciation model and a relaxed uncorrelated exponential clock were selected as best fitting our data. Six independent runs were performed and outputs were combined using LogCombiner (in the B<sc>east</sc> package). The programme T<sc>racer</sc> v. 1.5 (available on the B<sc>east</sc> website) was used to check that the effective sampling sizes (ESS) were above 200 (as advised by the programmers to ensure an accurate estimation of phylogeny and parameters of interest). The programme Tree Annotator (available in the B<sc>east</sc> package) was used to summarize the resulting trees using the maximum clade credibility option. The final tree was visualised in FigTree v. 1.4.</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>Molecular clock dating</title><p id="P24">Using a mean molecular rate of 1-1.25 % per lineage per 100 million years, commonly accepted in fungi for the SSU gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Berbee & Taylor 2010</xref>), a rough estimation of the times to the most recent common ancestors of groups of interest was assessed using B<sc>east</sc>. A normal distribution was used as prior and this was centred on a 95 % interval spanning 1.0-1.25 % (mean = 0.000113; standard deviation = 0.000006). The dating of the distinct groups of interest and their 95 % highest posterior density (HPD) were retrieved using T<sc>racer</sc> v. 1.5.</p></sec><sec id="S8"><title>Analysis of phylogeny-trait association</title><p id="P25">In order to investigate the evolution of morphological characters in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, ancestral trait reconstructions and tests for phylogenetic signal were conducted in Mesquite v. 2.74 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">Maddison & Maddison 2010</xref>). The characters considered were 1) ascospore colour; 2) presence or absence of ascospore septa; 3) conidial colour; 4) presence or absence of conidial septa; and 5) presence or absence of a mucus sheath. Both parsimony and ML reconstructions were used in Mesquite to test for phylogenetic signal. The observed distribution of character states at the tips of the phylogeny was compared to null distributions obtained when reshuffling the tip characters on the tree topology (10 000 times). Where the number of steps (or likelihood value) in the observed trait reconstruction fell outside the 95 % range of the null distribution, this was seen to indicate that character states are not distributed randomly on the phylogeny (i.e. there is a phylogenetic component).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S9"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="S10"><title>Phylogenetic relationships</title><p id="P26">The alignment included a total of 4498 bp from six gene portions. The results from the ILD test were not significant and supported a decision to combine the 6 gene datasets. The number of polymorphic and parsimony informative sites ranged from 108 for the SSU, 165 for the mtSSU, 170 for the LSU, 222 for BT, 335 for the EF1 to 361 for the ITS.</p><p id="P27">The Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic reconstructions were similar, and the BI tree is shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>. Species residing in the genera <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> (in one clade), <italic>Melanops, Saccharata</italic> and <italic>Kellermania</italic> had a basal position on the tree with respect to other genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. The remaining genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> clustered together with a bootstrap support value of 94 % and Posterior Probability (PP) value of 1. The first cluster to split from the rest of the main group was formed by species of <italic>Phyllosticta</italic>, hereafter treated as <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. 2013b</xref>, this volume). The main clade below <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> was defined as <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> s. str. (0.99 PP and 89 % bootstrap).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic relationships of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> using Bayesian reconstruction and six gene portions (LSU, SSU, ITS, EF1, BT and mtSSU). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values/posterior probabilities. Numbers highlighted in red below branches indicate estimated dates in million years with the 95 % Highest Posterior Density interval given in brackets. Clades 1-4 in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are indicated by a circled number on the corresponding node.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig1a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="31fig1b"></graphic></fig><p id="P28"><italic>Pseudofusiccocum</italic> was basal within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, followed by <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic>. The remaining species formed a clade having strong bootstrap support v (99 %) and could be further subdivided into four sub-clades. Sub-clade 1 encompassed species of the genera <italic>Diplodia, Neodeightonia, Lasiodiplodia, Macrovalsaria, Phaeobotryosphaeria, Phaeobotryon, Barriopsis, Botryobambusa</italic> and <italic>Tiarosporella</italic>. The recently described <italic>Auerswaldia lignicola</italic> clustered in sub-clade 1, together with <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. Sub-clade 2 encompassed species of <italic>Neoscytalidium, Cophinforma, Botryosphaeria</italic> (= <italic>Fusicoccum</italic>) and <italic>Macrophomina</italic> together with <italic>Dichomera saubinetti</italic>. Sub-clade 3 accommodated species in the genera <italic>Dothiorella, Spencermartinsia</italic> and the recently described <italic>Auerswaldia dothiorella</italic>. Sub-clade 4 included species of <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Dichomera.</italic></p></sec><sec id="S11"><title>Molecular dating</title><p id="P29">Based on the models used, families split between 57 (28-100) - 103 (45-188) mya. Divergence within some families was also very ancient, such as the split between <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic> [65 (28-112) mya] and <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic> [52 (27-78) mya] and the rest of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. The split between sub-clades 1 to 4 within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> was estimated to be between 33 (15-55) and 44 (25-64) mya.</p></sec><sec id="S12"><title>Analysis of phylogeny-trait association</title><p id="P30">None of the five morphological traits that were investigated had a significant phylogenetic signal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2A-E</xref>).</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Ancestral state reconstruction using parsimony and mapping the five traits onto the phylogenetic tree. Traits are coded as presence (in black) or absence (in white).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Test of phylogenetic signal for each of the 5 traits investigated using Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood reconstructions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Phylogenetic Signal</bold></th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Parsimony (number of steps)</bold><hr></hr></th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Maximum Likelihood (-log likelihood values)</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Observed</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Expected Mean (Range)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-value</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Observed</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Expected Mean (Range)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-value</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascospore colour</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,89 (3-7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,35</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,87 (10,6-13,7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascospore septation</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,29 (3-6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,79 (8,9-13,7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidial colour</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,99 (5-13)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,51</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,76 (15,1-18,4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidial septation</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,90 (5-12)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,77 (15,8-18,6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mucus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,98 (2-4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,59</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,09 (8,0-18,1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec id="S13"><title>Taxonomy</title><p id="P31">Based on the phylogenetic distinctions found in this study, as well as the morphological and in some cases ecological distinction between the major groups in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, six families are recognised. Of these, the <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> (accommodating <italic>Kellermania</italic>) and <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> (accommodating <italic>Phyllosticta</italic>) are accepted as previously described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Minnis <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> 2013b</xref>, this volume). The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> is redefined, while the <italic>Aplosporellaceae, Saccharataceae</italic> and <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> are newly described.</p><p id="P32"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic></bold> Theis. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 16: 16. 1918.</p><p id="P33"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 211. 1863.</p><p id="P34"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>B. dothidea</italic> (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 212. 1863.</p><p id="P35"><italic>Genera included based on support by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Barriopsis, Botryobambusa, Botryosphaeria</italic> (<italic>= Fusicocccum</italic>, incl. <italic>Dichomera pro parte</italic>)<italic>, Cophinforma, Dothiorella, Diplodia, Endomelanconiopsis, Lasiodiplodia</italic> (incl. <italic>Auerswaldia, Macrovalsaria</italic>)<italic>, Macrophomina, Neodeightonia, Neofusicoccum</italic> (incl. <italic>Dichomera pro parte</italic>)<italic>, Neoscytalidium, Phaeobotryon, Phaeobotryosphaeria, Pseudofusicoccum, Spencermartinsia, Tiarosporella.</italic></p><p id="P36"><italic>Genera lacking DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Auerswaldiella, Leptoguignardia, Microdiplodia, Phyllachorella, Pyrenostigma, Septorioides, Sivanesania, Thyrostroma, Vestergrenia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P37"><italic>Ascostromata</italic> uni- to multilocular, solitary or in clusters, fully or partially erumpent at maturity, with multi-layered, dark brown walls, infrequently embedded in stromatic tissue. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, chiefly 8-spored, with a thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, short stipitate, clavate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> intermixed with asci, hyaline, septate, frequently constricted at septa, hyphae-like, branched or not, frequently deliquescing at maturity. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 2-3 seriate, hyaline to pigmented, smooth to verruculose, septate or not, fusoid to ellipsoid or ovoid, with or without a mucoid sheath or rarely with appendages. <italic>Asexual morphs</italic> mostly have uni-, rarely multilocular pycnidial <italic>conidiomata</italic>, infrequently embedded in stromatic tissue. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, phialidic, proliferating percurrently or via periclinal thickening, with or without collarettes. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline to pigmented, aseptate, one or multi-septate, sometimes muriform, smooth or striate, thin to thick-walled, and sometimes with mucoid sheaths or appendages. <italic>Synasexual morphs</italic> coelomycetous or hyphomycetous (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>). <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> similar to conidiomata in anatomy. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> ampulliform to lageniform or subcylindrical, hyaline smooth, phialidic. <italic>Spermatia</italic> developing in conidiomata or spermatogonia, hyaline, smooth, granular, subcylindrical or dumbbell-shaped, with rounded ends.</p><p id="P38"><bold><italic>Saccharataceae</italic></bold> Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <bold>fam. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805794&link_type=mb">MB805794</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p><italic>Saccharataceae</italic> (<italic>Saccharata proteae,</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121406&link_type=cbs">CBS 121406</ext-link>). A. Symptomatic leaves with tip die-back. B. Superficial view of immersed ascomata, showing clypeus-like structure. C, D. Asci and ascospores. E-G. Conidiogenous cells and paraphyses. H, I. Conidia and spermatia. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig3"></graphic></fig><p id="P39"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Saccharata</italic> Denman & Crous, In: Crous <italic>et al.</italic>, CBS Biodiversity Ser. (Utrecht) 2: 104. 2004.</p><p id="P40"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>S. proteae</italic> (Wakef.) Denman & Crous, In: Crous <italic>et al.</italic>, CBS Biodiversity Ser. (Utrecht) 2: 104. 2004.</p><p id="P41"><italic>Genus supported by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Saccharata.</italic></p><p id="P42"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, unilocular, solitary or in clusters, with multilayered dark brown walls, infrequently embedded in stromatic tissue, with upper ascomatal layer darkened and thickened. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, 8-spored, with a thick endotunica, stalked or sessile, clavate, with a well-developed apical chamber. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> intermixed with asci, hyaline, septate, hyphae-like, branched or not. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to pigmented, granular, septate or not, ellipsoid to ovoid, without mucoid appendages or sheath. <italic>Asexual morph</italic> has unilocular pycnidial conidiomata, infrequently embedded in stromatic tissue with thickened, darkened upper layer. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> sparingly branched, hyaline, subcylindrical, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, phialidic, proliferating via periclinal thickening or percurrent proliferation, with or without collarettes. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, granular, fusoid, aseptate. <italic>Synasexual morph</italic> formed in separate conidiomata, or in same conidiomata with asexual morph. <italic>Synasexual conidia</italic> pigmented, thick-walled, finely verruculose, ellipsoid or oval, aseptate. <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> similar to conidiomata in anatomy. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> ampulliform to lageniform or subcylindrical, hyaline smooth, phialidic. <italic>Spermatia</italic> developing in conidiomata or spermatogonia, hyaline, smooth, granular, subcylindrical or dumbbell-shaped, with rounded ends.</p><p id="P43"><bold><italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic></bold> Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <bold>fam. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805795&link_type=mb">MB805795</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>.</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p><italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> (<italic>Aplosporella prunicola,</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121167&link_type=cbs">CBS 121167</ext-link>). A, B. Oozing spore masses from submerged conidiomata. C. Transverse section through multilocular conidioma. D, E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Paraphyses. H. Conidia and branched paraphyses. G-J. Conidia. Scale bars: A-C = 250 μm, F = 20 μm, D, E, G-J = 10 μm (adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig4"></graphic></fig><p id="P44"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Aplosporella</italic> Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5-6): 158. 1880.</p><p id="P45"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>A. chlorostroma</italic> Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 10(5-6): 158. 1880.</p><p id="P46"><italic>Genera supported by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Aplosporella, Bagnisiella.</italic></p><p id="P47"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, mostly multilocular with multilayered dark brown walls, embedded in stromatic tissue. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, with a thick endotunica, stalked or sessile, clavate, with a well-developed apical chamber, intermixed with hyaline, septate, hyphal-like pseudoparaphyses, branched or not. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to pigmented, septate or not, ellipsoid to ovoid, without mucoid appendages or sheath. <italic>Asexual morphs</italic> with uni- to multilocular pycnidial conidiomata, embedded in stromatic tissue. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, phialidic, proliferating percurrently or with periclinal thickening at apex. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> present or absent, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched or not, hyphae-like. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid to subcylindrical, initially hyaline becoming pigmented, aseptate, thin-walled and smooth, becoming thick-walled and spinulose.</p><p id="P48"><bold><italic>Melanopsaceae</italic></bold> Phillips, Slippers, Boissin & Crous, <bold>fam. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805796&link_type=mb">MB805796</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p><italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> (<italic>Melanops tulasnei</italic>, LISE 95179). A. Stroma erumpent through bark. B, C. Sections through stromata revealing ascomata and conidiomata. D. Ascus. E. Asci and pseudoparaphyses. F. Pseudoparaphyses. G, H. Ascus tips viewed under differential interference contrast (G) and phase contrast (H). I-K. Ascospores. Scale bars: A-C = 250 μm, D, E = 20 μm, F-K = 10 μm (adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Phillips & Alves 2009</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p><italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> (<italic>Melanops tulasnei</italic>, LISE 95179). A. Section through conidiomata. B. Conidiogenous layers with developing conidia among paraphyses. C. Immature conidiogenous cells. D. Paraphyses. E. Conidiogenous cell with percurrent proliferations (arrowed). F. Conidia. G. Conidium in indian ink, revealing sheath. H. Conidium attached to conidiogenous cell with mucus sheath (arrowed). Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B-D, F, G = 10 μm, E, H = 5 μm (adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Phillips & Alves 2009</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig6"></graphic></fig><p id="P49"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Melanops</italic> Nitschke ex Fuckel, In: Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 225. 1870.</p><p id="P50"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Melanops tulasnei</italic> Nitschke, In: Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 225. 1870.</p><p id="P51"><italic>Genus supported by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Melanops</italic> (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Phillips & Alves 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P52"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, multiloculate, immersed, partially erumpent at maturity, black, subglobose, thick-walled; wall composed of thick-walled <italic>textura angularis. Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, stipitate, clavate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, hyphal-like, septate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, ellipsoid to rhomboid, with a persistent mucus sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> indistinguishable from ascomata and often formed in the same stroma. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, septate, branched or not, filiform, arising from between the conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, 1-2-septate, branched or not, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> subcylindrical, hyaline, branched or unbranched, discrete, formed from the inner wall of the conidioma, proliferating percurrently at apex, or with periclinal thickening. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, fusoid, with a persistent mucus sheath, rarely with minute marginal frill.</p><p id="P53"><bold><italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic></bold> Fr. (as “Phyllostictei”), Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 420. 1849.</p><p id="P54"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> Pers., Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles (Paris): 55. 147. 1818.</p><p id="P55"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>P. convallariae</italic> Pers., Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles (Paris): 148. 1818.</p><p id="P56"><italic>Genus supported by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. 2013b</xref>, this volume).</p><p id="P57"><bold><italic>Planistromellaceae</italic></bold> M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 60: 433. 1996. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>.</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p><italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> (<italic>Kellermania yuccigena</italic>, CPC 20627). A. Conidiomata sporulating on OA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells showing percurrent proliferation. D. Spermatia. E-G. One-septate macroconidia with apical appendages. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="31fig7"></graphic></fig><p id="P58"><italic>Type genus</italic>: <italic>Planistromella</italic> A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 47: 260. 1993.</p><p id="P59"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>P. yuccifoliorum</italic> A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 47: 261. 1993 (= <italic>Kellermania yuccifoliorum</italic>)</p><p id="P60"><italic>Genus supported by DNA sequence data</italic>: <italic>Kellermania</italic> (= <italic>Alpakesa, Piptarthron, Planistroma, Planistromella, Septoplaca</italic> (possibly), see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Minnis <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P61"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, multi- or uniloculate, immersed to erumpent, solitary to gregarious, with papillate, periphysate ostiole; walls of several layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>. Hamathecium mostly lacking pseudoparaphyses at maturity. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, thick-walled, oblong to clavate or subcylindrical, stipitate, with well-developed ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 1-3-seriate, hyaline or pale brown, guttulate, ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, aseptate or with 1-2 transverse septa, thin-walled, with or without a gelatinous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial to acervular, subepidermal, dark brown, immersed to semi-erumpent, solitary to gregarious; wall comprising several layers with cells of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> ampulliform to sub-cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, phialidic, proliferating via percurrent proliferation or periclinal thickening. <italic>Conidia</italic> obclavate to ellipsoid-cylindrical, aseptate or transversely multiseptate, hyaline to brown, smooth to verruculose, with or without one or more apical appendages, a persistent mucoid sheath, and a basal marginal frill. <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> similar to conidiomata in anatomy. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> ampulliform to lageniform or subcylindrical, hyaline smooth, phialidic. <italic>Spermatia</italic> developing in conidiomata or spermatogonia, hyaline, smooth, granular, sub-cylindrical or dumbbell-shaped, with rounded ends.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S14"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p id="P62">Using the DNA sequence data for the six loci analysed in this study, together with unique morphological and ecological characteristics (as discussed below), we have distinguished six families in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. The <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> that has recently been defined based on DNA sequence data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Minnis <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) has been retained. Furthermore, the <italic>Aplosporellaceae, Melanopsaceae</italic>, and <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> are distinguished from the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> and introduced as novel families. These families are also phylogenetically distinct from the <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic>, which has been defined in a separate study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. 2013b</xref>, this volume).</p><sec id="S15"><title>Botryosphaeriaceae</title><p id="P63">The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> as it has been defined in this study includes the type genus <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> (asexual morph <italic>Fusicoccum</italic>), as well as 16 other genera. This group corresponds to a group traditionally referred to as botryosphaeria-like. This term is, however, now understood to be much more restricted, including <italic>B. dothidea</italic> and a few closely related species (as defined in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, this volume). Using <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> to refer to the assemblage of genera including <italic>Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum</italic> and others, of which the sexual morphs were formerly described in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, is thus taxonomically incorrect. These groups are now referred to using a single genus name, which is typically the asexual morph, irrespective of whether a sexual morph is known or not. This convention has been applied subsequent to the taxonomic changes introduced by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">2006</xref>), and is also consistent with the recent decisions to abolish the dual nomenclatural system for fungal taxonomy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Hawksworth <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Wingfield <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P64">The data presented in this study, together with those emerging from more focused earlier studies, as well as the recent changes resulting in the abandonment of a dual nomenclature, necessitates reducing a number of genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> to synonymy with others. Most importantly, there is no longer just cause to maintain <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> as distinct genera. In the interests of maintaining taxonomic stability, and the fact that <italic>B. dothidea</italic> is the type species of the order and family, it is recommended that <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> be retained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, this volume). <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> must thus be redefined to include species where only the asexual (<italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and dichomera-like) morphs are known. Species such as <italic>F. ramosum</italic> and <italic>Dichomera saubinetti</italic> must then be redefined in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. For <italic>F. ramosum,</italic> an ex-type isolate was available and it has thus been redescribed in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> in a companion paper (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, this volume).</p><p id="P65"><italic>Dichomera</italic> is polyphyletic and most likely also includes synasexual morphs of other genera. Two of the species included in this analysis, <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> and <italic>D. versiformis</italic>, clearly group in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> and we consider them as synonyms of species in this genus. <italic>Dichomera saubinetti</italic> grouped with <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and should be redescribed in this genus. Unfortunately no ex-type isolates of these species are presently available.</p><p id="P66">A number of genera grouped in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> s. lat. in our analyses and are possibly synonyms of this genus. <italic>Macrovalsaria</italic> (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Sivanesan 1975</xref>) clearly grouped amongst species of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. This was also pointed out by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">2012</xref>), but they did not find the available LSU and SSU data sufficiently convincing to make taxonomic changes. Isolates of <italic>Macrovalsaria</italic> however, grouped extremely closely with <italic>L. theobromae</italic> and we view them as representing a synonym of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, rather than <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> being polyphyletic. <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> and <italic>Macrovalsaria</italic> are both tropical fungi. Our analyses differ from those of Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">2012</xref>), indicating that <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> is a synonym of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. This was also confirmed in Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">2013</xref>, this volume), who redescribed <italic>A. lignicola</italic> as <italic>L. lignicola</italic>. These findings suggest that the taxonomy of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> needs to be re-evaluated, but for the present we do not recognize <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> as a genus in the Botryosphaeriaceae.</p><p id="P67"><italic>Diplodia juglandis</italic> and <italic>D. corylii</italic> both grouped in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, which is consistent with the results of a previous study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>). Type specimens were not available for these species and they were, therefore, not re-described. These species require epitypification. It is likely that a number of other <italic>Diplodia</italic> species will similarly reside in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> or <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>, or <italic>vice versa</italic>, given the confusion of these names in the past (Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">2008</xref>). The conidia of these genera remain difficult to distinguish, which can create problems when interpreting older descriptions or poorly preserved herbarium specimens.</p><p id="P68">There was no statistically significant pattern that could be discerned in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> with respect to the evolution of hyaline or pigmented conidia or ascospores. These characters appear to be more or less randomly spread amongst the clades of this section of the phylogenetic tree for the family. This would suggest that these characters predate the divergence of the genera in this family, and that they have been independently lost or suppressed (character not expressed under all conditions) in different groups. This would also explain the “appearance” of darker or even dark muriform conidia in genera such as <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> that were traditionally considered not to have such synasexual morphs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">Barber <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2005b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>). Clearly these characters, which have traditionally been commonly used for phylogenetic and taxonomic purposes, have very little phylogenetic and taxonomic value above the genus level.</p><p id="P69">The distinction and more narrow definition of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> is important when considering the economic and ecological importance of this group. Many of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> species share a common ecology in being endophytic and latent pathogens in virtually all parts of woody plants (Slippers & Wingfield 2007). While not all species have been isolated as endophytes, or from all plant parts, most of those that have been carefully studied have conformed to this pattern, and it is thus expected for the group as a whole. Many of the genera in the family are also very widespread, with wide host ranges and broad levels of environmental tolerance (e.g. <italic>N. parvum, N. australe, B. dothidea, L. theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae</italic>). Sakalidis <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">2013</xref>) for example reported <italic>N. parvum</italic> from 90 hosts in 29 countries on six continents. This broad ecological range, together with their cryptic nature as endophytes, makes these fungi important to consider as a group prone to being spread with living plant material. Ample evidence exists that these fungi can infect both native and non-native trees, once they have been introduced into a region. The observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Dakin <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">Piskur <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>) and expected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">Desprez-Loustau <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>) increase of the importance of this group due to pressure on plant communities as a result of climate change provides another reason to focus future efforts on characterising the diversity, distribution and pathogenicity of this group of fungi.</p></sec><sec id="S16"><title>Aplosporellaceae</title><p id="P70">An unexpected outcome of this study was the consistent connection between <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> and their distinction from other members of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. While it has been suggested that some <italic>Aplosporella</italic> spp. might be asexual morphs of <italic>Bagnisiella</italic>, this connection has never been proven. Neither of these genera were treated in molecular phylogenetic re-evaluations of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> until very recently. The first analyses to include DNA sequence data for <italic>Aplosporella</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>) and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>) hinted at a distant relationship with other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. However, none of these studies included both genera. The phylogenetic relationship between these genera revealed in this study is further supported by their remarkably similar multiloculate sporocarps, expressed in both the asexual morphs and sexual morphs, which is thus not the product of parallel evolution in two distinct groups. There are, however, undoubtedly many species of <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> that would not be connected to the phylogenetic clade identified here, because both genera are heterogeneous and likely contain unrelated species.</p><p id="P71">The data presented in this study suggest that <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> are not only related, but that they should be synonymized. Both genera were described in 1880, and historical precedence can thus not be used to choose an appropriate genus. <italic>Aplosporella</italic> includes many more species (352) than <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> (65) (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.MycoBank.org">www.MycoBank.org</uri>, accessed August 2013). More species have also recently been described in the former genus, possibly because the asexual structures are more common than the sexual structures (as is found in other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>). An argument based on taxonomic stability, relevance and frequency of occurrence is thus favoured and has led us to decide that <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> should be reduced to synonymy with <italic>Aplosporella</italic>.</p><p id="P72">Examination of the distribution of species of <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> is complicated by the fact that the literature is old (which means the taxonomic accuracy is difficult to judge) and commonly lacking relevant information. However, most of the well-known and recently characterised species, and all species included here, are from the Southern Hemisphere (Damn <italic>et al</italic>. 2007, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R62">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>). This result suggests the possibility of a Southern Hemisphere and Gondwanan origin and divergence pattern, which should be considered in future studies based on more robust sampling.</p></sec><sec id="S17"><title>Melanopsaceae</title><p id="P73"><italic>Melanops tulasnei</italic> and an undescribed <italic>Melanops</italic> sp. grouped most basal in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, together with the <italic>Aplosporellaceae, Planistromellaceae</italic> and <italic>Saccharataceae</italic>. This group is unique amongst these families in having persistent mucous sheath around its ascospores and conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Phillips & Alves 2009</xref>). Conidia in <italic>M. tulasnei</italic> are typically hyaline and fusoid and it resembles the <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic> in having multiloculate ascomata and conidiomata, often with locules at different levels. Little is known regarding the ecology and distribution of this group, given the paucity of recent reports that could be verified using DNA sequence data. It appears similar, however, to other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> that infect woody tissue of plants, and sporulates on the dead tissue. Whether it is pathogenic or endophytic is not known.</p></sec><sec id="S18"><title>Saccharataceae</title><p id="P74"><italic>Saccharata</italic> (the only genus in the <italic>Saccharataceae</italic>) grouped separately from all other families that were basal in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting a long, separate evolutionary history. The genus was first described by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">2004</xref>) from <italic>Proteaceae</italic> in the South Western Cape region of South Africa. Subsequently, three additional species were added to the genus, two also from <italic>Proteaceae</italic> and one from <italic>Encephalartos</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Marincowitz <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, Crous <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">2009</xref>). All known species are thus from the same region on indigenous flora. These species are typically associated with leaf spots and stem cankers and they appear to be pathogens. Separate studies have also shown that they are endophytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">Swart <italic>et al</italic>. 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>), similar to members of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p id="P75">Apart from its restricted distribution and host range, <italic>Saccharata</italic> is also unique in its asexual morphology, which includes a hyaline, fusicoccum-like and a pigmented diplodia-like asexual morph. These characters are shared with its related families; fusicoccum-like conidia in <italic>Melanopsaceae</italic> and pigmented diplodia-like conidia in <italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic>. It is clear that these variations in conidial morphology are very old (tens of millions of years) ancestral characters that must have existed prior to the divergence of this group from other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. It is thus remarkable how similar, especially in the fusicoccum-like conidia and ascospore morphology, the spores of these fungi have remained over time. The diplodia-like state is somewhat different from other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> in that the conidia are typically almost half the size of other <italic>Diplodia</italic> conidia. We do not currently have enough data to address the selective pressure that could have played a role in the development these interesting morphological changes.</p></sec><sec id="S19"><title>Phyllostictaceae and Planistromellaceae</title><p id="P76"><italic>Phyllosticta</italic> clearly warrants a separate family to accommodate this morphologically and ecologically unique, widespread and economically important genus in the <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic>. These fungi typically infect leaves and fruit, rather than woody tissue, and they can cause serious damage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Glienke <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Wong <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Species of <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> are also known to have an endophytic phase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> 2013a</xref>), as is true for most other <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. The <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> is also morphologically unique in terms of the ascospores and conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Van der Aa & Vanev 2002</xref>). The species included in this study are only representative of a small extent of the diversity in this group and a more complete analysis of the <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> is presented in Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">2013b</xref>, this volume).</p><p id="P77">The <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> has previously been recognised as distinct within the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Minnis <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>) and this is supported by the analyses in the present study. The family is currently considered to include only species of <italic>Kellermania</italic>. Species in the <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic> have unique conidia with fairly long appendages that are quite distinct from other genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales. Kellermania</italic> spp. are mostly leaf infecting, and one species has been associated with Yucca Leaf Blight in California and Florida in the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Horst 2008</xref>). Species are commonly collected sporulating on dead leaves of <italic>Agavaceae</italic>, and appear to be endophytic, as they have been isolated from healthy leaves in many countries where <italic>Yucca</italic> spp. are grown as ornamentals (P.W. Crous, unpubl data). Minnis <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">2012</xref>) have also shown apparent patterns of host specificity and co-evolution with major plant lineages. As is true for many other families in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, additional sampling is needed for a better understanding of species diversity, host range and geographic distribution.</p></sec><sec id="S20"><title>Molecular dating</title><p id="P78">The molecular dating on the radiations within the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> in this study, based on general estimated mutation rates of the rDNA SSU locus by Taylor & Berbee (2010), must be viewed as preliminary. From the dating that was conducted, the group appears to have originated in the Cretaceous period around 103 (45-188) mya, with most of the subsequent diversification within the families occurring in the Tertiary period. This date is well within the estimated date of the emergence of the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Berbee & Taylor 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">Gueidan <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). This coincides with important periods of Angiosperm radiation and spread, which is the main group of plants on which these fungi are found and that might be expected to have influenced the diversification of these fungi. Of particular relevance is the rapid diversification of the Eurosid and other dominant woody Angiosperm groups and their prominence in Angiosperm dominated forests from around 110 mya onwards (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">Soltis <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Fawcett <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R63">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Bell <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>). De Wet <italic>et al.</italic> (2008) pointed out that the members of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are most diverse on Angiosperms, and showed that ancestral state reconstruction suggests that this is the main group of plants on which the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> co-evolved. A much smaller number of species, especially those in <italic>Diplodia</italic>, occur commonly on coniferous hosts and appear to have emerged and diversified more recently. They also tend to be more host-specific than some of the other genera discussed above that are more common on Angiosperms (De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2008, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">Sakalidis <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), suggesting a specific acquired trait that allowed them to infect coniferous hosts.</p><p id="P79">The major changes in dominant plant hosts in forests globally during the Cretaceous period would be expected to have influenced fungal evolution beyond the Botryosphaeriales, and this indeed appears to be the case. For example, studies on another <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic> order, the sooty molds in the <italic>Capnodiales</italic>, also appear to have been influenced by the rise of Angiosperm forests in the Cretaceous period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Schmidt <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>). Furthermore, the divergence of a prominent fungal complex, <italic>Fusarium</italic>, was estimated to be later at around 93 mya, and is also thought to have been influence by this Angiosperm divergence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">O’Donnell <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P80">Molecular dating, together with the geographic distribution (and restriction) of different groups in the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> should provide rich information to explore in future to understand the patterns that have shaped the diversity of this important group of plant-associated fungi. For example, the <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> has previously been known only from southern Africa, and is most diverse on the <italic>Proteaceae</italic>. Recent research has shown, however, that it has also been introduced as endophyte into other countries where South African <italic>Proteaceae</italic> are now being cultivated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Marincowitz <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>). It is known that this plant family, which has a high endemic richness in southern Africa, has evolved in the region for more than 100 million years (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Barker <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). This date allows for the estimated 57 (28-100) mya (based on rDNA SSU) of separation of the <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> to have evolved with these endemic plant hosts in the region.</p><p id="P81">Diversification within the most diverse family, the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, occurred between 52-65 (27-112) mya for the two earliest diverging (and least diverse) genera, <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic>. These dates correspond to the diversification between some other families in the order [e.g. the <italic>Aplosporellaceae, Melanopsaceae, Planistromellaceae</italic> and <italic>Saccharataceae</italic> that split between 57-75 (28-136) mya]. At present, however, there does not appear sufficiently robust morphological or ecological validation for a further split of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> to accommodate <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic> in distinct families. If these genera were to be considered as residing in distinct families, the question would arise as to whether further family level distinction in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> is necessary. The other major lineages within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> (clades 1-4) appeared around 11-35 (3-58) mya. The most recent diversification for which there was support was within <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> clade, dated at around 11 (3-23) mya.</p><p id="P82">This study has provided a systematic framework for future taxonomic and ecological studies of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>. It has also highlighted a number of interesting host association and geographic patterns amongst the genera that are worthy of further investigation. It is hoped that this framework, in conjunction with the growing body of DNA-based sequence data reflecting the species diversity and their distribution will ultimately lead to a model supporting an improved understanding of the co-evolution of woody plants and their fungal endophytes/latent pathogens.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>We thank members of the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), THRIP (project no. 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