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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Regional Management Units for Marine Turtles: A Novel Framework for Prioritizing Conservation and Research across Multiple Scales</title><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Bryan P" sort="Wallace, Bryan P" uniqKey="Wallace B" first="Bryan P." last="Wallace">Bryan P. Wallace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dimatteo, Andrew D" sort="Dimatteo, Andrew D" uniqKey="Dimatteo A" first="Andrew D." last="Dimatteo">Andrew D. Dimatteo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurley, Brendan J" sort="Hurley, Brendan J" uniqKey="Hurley B" first="Brendan J." last="Hurley">Brendan J. Hurley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Finkbeiner, Elena M" sort="Finkbeiner, Elena M" uniqKey="Finkbeiner E" first="Elena M." last="Finkbeiner">Elena M. Finkbeiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolten, Alan B" sort="Bolten, Alan B" uniqKey="Bolten A" first="Alan B." last="Bolten">Alan B. Bolten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaloupka, Milani Y" sort="Chaloupka, Milani Y" uniqKey="Chaloupka M" first="Milani Y." last="Chaloupka">Milani Y. Chaloupka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Ecological Modelling Services, Pty Ltd, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Brian J" sort="Hutchinson, Brian J" uniqKey="Hutchinson B" first="Brian J." last="Hutchinson">Brian J. Hutchinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abreu Grobois, F Alberto" sort="Abreu Grobois, F Alberto" uniqKey="Abreu Grobois F" first="F. Alberto" last="Abreu-Grobois">F. Alberto Abreu-Grobois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorocho, Diego" sort="Amorocho, Diego" uniqKey="Amorocho D" first="Diego" last="Amorocho">Diego Amorocho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Centro de Investigación para el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjorndal, Karen A" sort="Bjorndal, Karen A" uniqKey="Bjorndal K" first="Karen A." last="Bjorndal">Karen A. Bjorndal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bourjea, Jerome" sort="Bourjea, Jerome" uniqKey="Bourjea J" first="Jerome" last="Bourjea">Jerome Bourjea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER, Ile Reunion, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bowen, Brian W" sort="Bowen, Brian W" uniqKey="Bowen B" first="Brian W." last="Bowen">Brian W. Bowen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Due As, Raquel Brise O" sort="Due As, Raquel Brise O" uniqKey="Due As R" first="Raquel Brise O" last="Due As">Raquel Brise O Due As</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Banco de Información sobre Tortugas Marinas (BITMAR), Unidad Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casale, Paolo" sort="Casale, Paolo" uniqKey="Casale P" first="Paolo" last="Casale">Paolo Casale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Mediterranean Turtle Programme, World Wildlife Fund-Italy, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choudhury, B C" sort="Choudhury, B C" uniqKey="Choudhury B" first="B. C." last="Choudhury">B. C. Choudhury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Alice" sort="Costa, Alice" uniqKey="Costa A" first="Alice" last="Costa">Alice Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund-Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutton, Peter H" sort="Dutton, Peter H" uniqKey="Dutton P" first="Peter H." last="Dutton">Peter H. Dutton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fallabrino, Alejandro" sort="Fallabrino, Alejandro" uniqKey="Fallabrino A" first="Alejandro" last="Fallabrino">Alejandro Fallabrino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Karumbé, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girard, Alexandre" sort="Girard, Alexandre" uniqKey="Girard A" first="Alexandre" last="Girard">Alexandre Girard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Association RENATURA, Albens, France, and Pointe-Noire, Congo</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girondot, Marc" sort="Girondot, Marc" uniqKey="Girondot M" first="Marc" last="Girondot">Marc Girondot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godfrey, Matthew H" sort="Godfrey, Matthew H" uniqKey="Godfrey M" first="Matthew H." last="Godfrey">Matthew H. Godfrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamann, Mark" sort="Hamann, Mark" uniqKey="Hamann M" first="Mark" last="Hamann">Mark Hamann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Mendilaharsu, Milagros" sort="L Pez Mendilaharsu, Milagros" uniqKey="L Pez Mendilaharsu M" first="Milagros" last="L Pez-Mendilaharsu">Milagros L Pez-Mendilaharsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Projeto Tamar-ICMBio/Fundação Pro Tamar, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcovaldi, Maria Angela" sort="Marcovaldi, Maria Angela" uniqKey="Marcovaldi M" first="Maria Angela" last="Marcovaldi">Maria Angela Marcovaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Projeto Tamar-ICMBio/Fundação Pro Tamar, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mortimer, Jeanne A" sort="Mortimer, Jeanne A" uniqKey="Mortimer J" first="Jeanne A." last="Mortimer">Jeanne A. Mortimer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Musick, John A" sort="Musick, John A" uniqKey="Musick J" first="John A." last="Musick">John A. Musick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nel, Ronel" sort="Nel, Ronel" uniqKey="Nel R" first="Ronel" last="Nel">Ronel Nel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilcher, Nicolas J" sort="Pilcher, Nicolas J" uniqKey="Pilcher N" first="Nicolas J." last="Pilcher">Nicolas J. Pilcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Marine Research Foundation, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seminoff, Jeffrey A" sort="Seminoff, Jeffrey A" uniqKey="Seminoff J" first="Jeffrey A." last="Seminoff">Jeffrey A. Seminoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Troeng, Sebastian" sort="Troeng, Sebastian" uniqKey="Troeng S" first="Sebastian" last="Troëng">Sebastian Troëng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Scientific Advisory Committee, Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witherington, Blair" sort="Witherington, Blair" uniqKey="Witherington B" first="Blair" last="Witherington">Blair Witherington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Melbourne Beach, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mast, Roderic B" sort="Mast, Roderic B" uniqKey="Mast R" first="Roderic B." last="Mast">Roderic B. Mast</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21253007</idno><idno type="pmc">3003737</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003737</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3003737</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B96</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Regional Management Units for Marine Turtles: A Novel Framework for Prioritizing Conservation and Research across Multiple Scales</title><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Bryan P" sort="Wallace, Bryan P" uniqKey="Wallace B" first="Bryan P." last="Wallace">Bryan P. Wallace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dimatteo, Andrew D" sort="Dimatteo, Andrew D" uniqKey="Dimatteo A" first="Andrew D." last="Dimatteo">Andrew D. Dimatteo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurley, Brendan J" sort="Hurley, Brendan J" uniqKey="Hurley B" first="Brendan J." last="Hurley">Brendan J. Hurley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Finkbeiner, Elena M" sort="Finkbeiner, Elena M" uniqKey="Finkbeiner E" first="Elena M." last="Finkbeiner">Elena M. Finkbeiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolten, Alan B" sort="Bolten, Alan B" uniqKey="Bolten A" first="Alan B." last="Bolten">Alan B. Bolten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaloupka, Milani Y" sort="Chaloupka, Milani Y" uniqKey="Chaloupka M" first="Milani Y." last="Chaloupka">Milani Y. Chaloupka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Ecological Modelling Services, Pty Ltd, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Brian J" sort="Hutchinson, Brian J" uniqKey="Hutchinson B" first="Brian J." last="Hutchinson">Brian J. Hutchinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abreu Grobois, F Alberto" sort="Abreu Grobois, F Alberto" uniqKey="Abreu Grobois F" first="F. Alberto" last="Abreu-Grobois">F. Alberto Abreu-Grobois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorocho, Diego" sort="Amorocho, Diego" uniqKey="Amorocho D" first="Diego" last="Amorocho">Diego Amorocho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Centro de Investigación para el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjorndal, Karen A" sort="Bjorndal, Karen A" uniqKey="Bjorndal K" first="Karen A." last="Bjorndal">Karen A. Bjorndal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Biology, Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bourjea, Jerome" sort="Bourjea, Jerome" uniqKey="Bourjea J" first="Jerome" last="Bourjea">Jerome Bourjea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER, Ile Reunion, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bowen, Brian W" sort="Bowen, Brian W" uniqKey="Bowen B" first="Brian W." last="Bowen">Brian W. Bowen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Due As, Raquel Brise O" sort="Due As, Raquel Brise O" uniqKey="Due As R" first="Raquel Brise O" last="Due As">Raquel Brise O Due As</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Banco de Información sobre Tortugas Marinas (BITMAR), Unidad Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casale, Paolo" sort="Casale, Paolo" uniqKey="Casale P" first="Paolo" last="Casale">Paolo Casale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Mediterranean Turtle Programme, World Wildlife Fund-Italy, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choudhury, B C" sort="Choudhury, B C" uniqKey="Choudhury B" first="B. C." last="Choudhury">B. C. Choudhury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Alice" sort="Costa, Alice" uniqKey="Costa A" first="Alice" last="Costa">Alice Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund-Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutton, Peter H" sort="Dutton, Peter H" uniqKey="Dutton P" first="Peter H." last="Dutton">Peter H. Dutton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fallabrino, Alejandro" sort="Fallabrino, Alejandro" uniqKey="Fallabrino A" first="Alejandro" last="Fallabrino">Alejandro Fallabrino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Karumbé, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girard, Alexandre" sort="Girard, Alexandre" uniqKey="Girard A" first="Alexandre" last="Girard">Alexandre Girard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Association RENATURA, Albens, France, and Pointe-Noire, Congo</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Girondot, Marc" sort="Girondot, Marc" uniqKey="Girondot M" first="Marc" last="Girondot">Marc Girondot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godfrey, Matthew H" sort="Godfrey, Matthew H" uniqKey="Godfrey M" first="Matthew H." last="Godfrey">Matthew H. Godfrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamann, Mark" sort="Hamann, Mark" uniqKey="Hamann M" first="Mark" last="Hamann">Mark Hamann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Mendilaharsu, Milagros" sort="L Pez Mendilaharsu, Milagros" uniqKey="L Pez Mendilaharsu M" first="Milagros" last="L Pez-Mendilaharsu">Milagros L Pez-Mendilaharsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Projeto Tamar-ICMBio/Fundação Pro Tamar, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcovaldi, Maria Angela" sort="Marcovaldi, Maria Angela" uniqKey="Marcovaldi M" first="Maria Angela" last="Marcovaldi">Maria Angela Marcovaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Projeto Tamar-ICMBio/Fundação Pro Tamar, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mortimer, Jeanne A" sort="Mortimer, Jeanne A" uniqKey="Mortimer J" first="Jeanne A." last="Mortimer">Jeanne A. Mortimer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Musick, John A" sort="Musick, John A" uniqKey="Musick J" first="John A." last="Musick">John A. Musick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nel, Ronel" sort="Nel, Ronel" uniqKey="Nel R" first="Ronel" last="Nel">Ronel Nel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilcher, Nicolas J" sort="Pilcher, Nicolas J" uniqKey="Pilcher N" first="Nicolas J." last="Pilcher">Nicolas J. Pilcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Marine Research Foundation, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seminoff, Jeffrey A" sort="Seminoff, Jeffrey A" uniqKey="Seminoff J" first="Jeffrey A." last="Seminoff">Jeffrey A. Seminoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Troeng, Sebastian" sort="Troeng, Sebastian" uniqKey="Troeng S" first="Sebastian" last="Troëng">Sebastian Troëng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Scientific Advisory Committee, Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witherington, Blair" sort="Witherington, Blair" uniqKey="Witherington B" first="Blair" last="Witherington">Blair Witherington</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Melbourne Beach, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mast, Roderic B" sort="Mast, Roderic B" uniqKey="Mast R" first="Roderic B." last="Mast">Roderic B. Mast</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Resolving threats to widely distributed marine megafauna requires definition of the geographic distributions of both the threats as well as the population unit(s) of interest. In turn, because individual threats can operate on varying spatial scales, their impacts can affect different segments of a population of the same species. Therefore, integration of multiple tools and techniques — including site-based monitoring, genetic analyses, mark-recapture studies and telemetry — can facilitate robust definitions of population segments at multiple biological and spatial scales to address different management and research challenges.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>To address these issues for marine turtles, we collated all available studies on marine turtle biogeography, including nesting sites, population abundances and trends, population genetics, and satellite telemetry. We georeferenced this information to generate separate layers for nesting sites, genetic stocks, and core distributions of population segments of all marine turtle species. We then spatially integrated this information from fine- to coarse-spatial scales to develop nested envelope models, or Regional Management Units (RMUs), for marine turtles globally.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>The RMU framework is a solution to the challenge of how to organize marine turtles into units of protection above the level of nesting populations, but below the level of species, within regional entities that might be on independent evolutionary trajectories. Among many potential applications, RMUs provide a framework for identifying data gaps, assessing high diversity areas for multiple species and genetic stocks, and evaluating conservation status of marine turtles. Furthermore, RMUs allow for identification of geographic barriers to gene flow, and can provide valuable guidance to marine spatial planning initiatives that integrate spatial distributions of protected species and human activities. In addition, the RMU framework — including maps and supporting metadata — will be an iterative, user-driven tool made publicly available in an online application for comments, improvements, download and analysis.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foley, Mm" uniqKey="Foley M">MM Foley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halpern, Bs" uniqKey="Halpern B">BS Halpern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, F" uniqKey="Micheli F">F Micheli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armsby, Mh" uniqKey="Armsby M">MH Armsby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caldwell, Mr" uniqKey="Caldwell M">MR Caldwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bowen, Bw" uniqKey="Bowen B">BW Bowen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bass, Al" uniqKey="Bass A">AL Bass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, L" uniqKey="Soares L">L Soares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toonen, Rj" uniqKey="Toonen R">RJ Toonen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suryan, Rm" uniqKey="Suryan R">RM Suryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saba, Vs" uniqKey="Saba V">VS Saba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Bp" uniqKey="Wallace B">BP Wallace</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatch, Sa" uniqKey="Hatch S">SA Hatch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frederiksen, M" uniqKey="Frederiksen M">M Frederiksen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Bl" uniqKey="Taylor B">BL Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dizon, Ae" uniqKey="Dizon A">AE Dizon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moritz, C" uniqKey="Moritz C">C Moritz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ashley, Mv" uniqKey="Ashley M">MV Ashley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willson, Mf" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21253007</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3003737</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-10-00231</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject><subj-group><subject>Conservation Science</subject><subject>Population Ecology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Marine Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Marine Conservation</subject><subject>Marine Ecology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Regional Management Units for Marine Turtles: A Novel Framework for Prioritizing Conservation and Research across Multiple Scales</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Regional Management Units for Marine Turtles</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wallace</surname><given-names>Bryan P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DiMatteo</surname><given-names>Andrew D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hurley</surname><given-names>Brendan J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Finkbeiner</surname><given-names>Elena M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bolten</surname><given-names>Alan B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chaloupka</surname><given-names>Milani Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hutchinson</surname><given-names>Brian J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abreu-Grobois</surname><given-names>F. Alberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amorocho</surname><given-names>Diego</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bjorndal</surname><given-names>Karen A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bourjea</surname><given-names>Jerome</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bowen</surname><given-names>Brian W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dueñas</surname><given-names>Raquel Briseño</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Casale</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Choudhury</surname><given-names>B. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Alice</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dutton</surname><given-names>Peter H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fallabrino</surname><given-names>Alejandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Girard</surname><given-names>Alexandre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Girondot</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Godfrey</surname><given-names>Matthew H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamann</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Mendilaharsu</surname><given-names>Milagros</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marcovaldi</surname><given-names>Maria Angela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mortimer</surname><given-names>Jeanne A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Musick</surname><given-names>John A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nel</surname><given-names>Ronel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pilcher</surname><given-names>Nicolas J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seminoff</surname><given-names>Jeffrey A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Troëng</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Witherington</surname><given-names>Blair</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mast</surname><given-names>Roderic B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group – Burning Issues Working Group, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Global Marine Division, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Center for Marine Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Biology, Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Ecological Modelling Services, Pty Ltd, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Centro de Investigación para el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER, Ile Reunion, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Banco de Información sobre Tortugas Marinas (BITMAR), Unidad Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Mediterranean Turtle Programme, World Wildlife Fund-Italy, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label><addr-line>Department of Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label><addr-line>World Wildlife Fund-Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label><addr-line>Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label><addr-line>Karumbé, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label><addr-line>Association RENATURA, Albens, France, and Pointe-Noire, Congo</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label><addr-line>Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label><addr-line>North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label><addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label><addr-line>Projeto Tamar-ICMBio/Fundação Pro Tamar, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label><addr-line>Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff24"><label>24</label><addr-line>Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff25"><label>25</label><addr-line>Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff26"><label>26</label><addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, South Africa</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff27"><label>27</label><addr-line>Marine Research Foundation, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff28"><label>28</label><addr-line>Marine Turtle Ecology and Assessment Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff29"><label>29</label><addr-line>Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff30"><label>30</label><addr-line>Scientific Advisory Committee, Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff31"><label>31</label><addr-line>Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Melbourne Beach, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Bograd</surname><given-names>Steven J.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC, United States of America</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>b.wallace@conservation.org</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: BPW ADD BJH EMF ABB MYC BJH FAAG DA KAB JB BWB RBD PC BCC AC PHD AF AG MG MHG MH MLM MAM JAM JAM RN NJP JAS ST BW RBM. Performed the experiments: BPW ADD BJH EMF. Analyzed the data: BPW ADD BJH EMF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BPW ADD BJH EMF ABB MYC BJH FAAG DA KAB JB BWB RBD PC BCC AC PHD AF AG MG MHG MH MLM MAM JAM JAM RN NJP JAS ST BW RBM. Wrote the paper: BPW ADD BJH EMF ABB MYC BJH FAAG DA KAB JB BWB RBD PC BCC AC PHD AF AG MG MHG MH MLM MAM JAM JAM RN NJP JAS ST BW RBM.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>e15465</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Resolving threats to widely distributed marine megafauna requires definition of the geographic distributions of both the threats as well as the population unit(s) of interest. In turn, because individual threats can operate on varying spatial scales, their impacts can affect different segments of a population of the same species. Therefore, integration of multiple tools and techniques — including site-based monitoring, genetic analyses, mark-recapture studies and telemetry — can facilitate robust definitions of population segments at multiple biological and spatial scales to address different management and research challenges.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>To address these issues for marine turtles, we collated all available studies on marine turtle biogeography, including nesting sites, population abundances and trends, population genetics, and satellite telemetry. We georeferenced this information to generate separate layers for nesting sites, genetic stocks, and core distributions of population segments of all marine turtle species. We then spatially integrated this information from fine- to coarse-spatial scales to develop nested envelope models, or Regional Management Units (RMUs), for marine turtles globally.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>The RMU framework is a solution to the challenge of how to organize marine turtles into units of protection above the level of nesting populations, but below the level of species, within regional entities that might be on independent evolutionary trajectories. Among many potential applications, RMUs provide a framework for identifying data gaps, assessing high diversity areas for multiple species and genetic stocks, and evaluating conservation status of marine turtles. Furthermore, RMUs allow for identification of geographic barriers to gene flow, and can provide valuable guidance to marine spatial planning initiatives that integrate spatial distributions of protected species and human activities. In addition, the RMU framework — including maps and supporting metadata — will be an iterative, user-driven tool made publicly available in an online application for comments, improvements, download and analysis.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Geospatial characterization of commercially important or conservation-dependent marine species provides crucial input for resource management in multi-use situations, as is currently described by ecosystem-based marine spatial planning <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Foley1">[1]</xref>. In particular, linking impacts of various threats to widely distributed marine megafauna populations (e.g. mammals, birds, turtles, sharks) requires description of overlaps between threats and the population segment of interest. Furthermore, widespread marine species often exhibit inter-population variation in life history traits and population dynamics that warrant population-specific management schemes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen1">[2]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Suryan1">[3]</xref>.</p><p>However, resolution of population units for conservation is not always straightforward, and requires clear understanding of conservation objectives, as well as the natural history of – and threats to – the species of interest <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Taylor1">[4]</xref>. For example, evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) were first described to include sufficient genetic diversity to retain evolutionary potential, and thus address long-term conservation issues as well as historical population trends <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Moritz1">[5]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Ashley1">[6]</xref>. In contrast, population segments or management units (MUs) are functionally independent (i.e. exhibit distinct demographic processes), can be characterized using various tools or indicators, such as genetic markers, life history traits, behavior, or morphology, and are appropriate short-term targets for conservation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Moritz1">[5]</xref>. A major challenge to prioritization schemes arises when multiple population segments meet the criteria of a MU, each deserving specially designed conservation strategies.</p><p>Six of the seven marine turtle species are categorized as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered globally by the <italic>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-IUCN1">[7]</xref>, but threats on regional scales can differentially affect life-stages of the same populations. Similar to other long-lived marine vertebrates, marine turtles occupy broad geographic ranges including separate breeding and feeding areas utilized by adults, and in some cases geographically distinct ontogenetic habitats for immature life stages, with different levels of population overlap at each stage <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Musick1">[8]</xref>. Furthermore, marine turtles have complex population structures characterized by female nesting site fidelity, male-mediated gene flow, and population overlap during migrations and in developmental habitats, with the degree of genetic population structuring increasing with life stages (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen2">[9]</xref> for review). Understanding the complex relationships among various nesting sites, nurseries, and foraging areas, particularly in the context of variation in environmental conditions, is crucial to quantifying population-level impacts of anthropogenic threats, as well as to designing effective conservation responses to these threats <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bolker1">[10]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Hamann1">[12]</xref>. However, these complexities in population structures, habitat use, environmental factors, and life-stage-specific threats have confounded the definition of marine turtle MUs.</p><p>Molecular genetic analyses are often used to describe population structures and, by extension, to define MUs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Taylor1">[4]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Moritz1">[5]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dethmers1">[13]</xref>. Due to complex population structure and life history of marine turtles, different molecular analyses can be applied to determine genetic stock structure for different demographic segments of a population. Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is useful for resolving nest site fidelity and homing behavior <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Meylan1">[14]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen3">[15]</xref>. In addition to defining nesting populations (i.e. one level of MUs), this genetic marker is also useful for resolving maternal origin of both males and females at various life stages and feeding habitats <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen2">[9]</xref>.</p><p>Nesting females typically demonstrate philopatry to nesting areas, and both males and females can be philopatric to breeding areas adjacent to a nesting beach <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-FitzSimmons1">[16]</xref>. However, males do not restrict mating efforts to their ancestral breeding area, and apparently copulate with females in coastal feeding habitat or migratory corridors as well, where they encounter females from other regional nesting populations. The result, registered in biparentally-inherited nuclear DNA (nDNA), is that regional nesting colonies are connected by this male-mediated gene flow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen1">[2]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Karl1">[17]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-FitzSimmons2">[18]</xref>. Because nDNA reflects contributions of both males and females, analyses of nDNA markers (e.g. microsatellites) can resolve breeding or reproductive stocks that encompass multiple mtDNA-defined nesting stocks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen2">[9]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Carreras1">[19]</xref>.</p><p>Genetic analyses clearly contribute to the resolution of MUs, but are not always sufficient for this purpose; such analyses can indicate that genetic population structure exists, but usually cannot resolve the boundaries of that structure <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Taylor1">[4]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Martien1">[20]</xref>. Unique identifier tags applied to marine turtles at various life stages and in various habitats via mark-recapture monitoring programs can illuminate migration routes and connectivity of individual animals between habitats <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Limpus1">[21]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Limpus3">[23]</xref>. Furthermore, the advent of electronic tracking technology, specifically satellite telemetry and remote sensing, has facilitated an exponential increase in understanding of marine turtle movements, behaviors, biology, and conservation concerns (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Godley1">[24]</xref> for review). Therefore, integration of multiple tools and techniques, including site-based monitoring (e.g. nesting beaches, foraging areas), genetic analyses, mark-recapture studies, and telemetry, especially when supplemented with information on threats and influence of environmental conditions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Godley2">[25]</xref>, can facilitate robust definitions of MUs for marine turtles at multiple scales to address different management and research challenges.</p><p>In response to these issues, we compiled, collated, and georeferenced available information on marine turtle biogeography – including individual nesting sites, genetic stocks, and geographic distributions based on monitoring research – to develop multi-scale Regional Management Units (RMUs). These RMUs spatially integrate sufficient information to account for complexities in marine turtle population structures, and thus provide a flexible, dynamic framework for evaluating threats, identifying high diversity areas, highlighting data gaps, and assessing conservation status of marine turtles.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="s2"><title>Methods</title><p>The IUCN's Marine Turtle Specialist Group convened the Burning Issues Working Group (MTSG-BI) for two meetings (August 2008 and September 2009) of marine turtle experts from around the world who represented government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions. The primary objective of these meetings was to develop a process for evaluating and prioritizing the conservation status of marine turtle populations worldwide. In this context, the MTSG-BI developed Regional Management Units (RMUs) as the framework for this evaluation and prioritization process.</p><p>To generate RMUs for marine turtles, we collated and georeferenced available data from more than 1,200 papers, reports, abstracts, and other sources (available for download at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tinyurl.com/29w4kbf">http://tinyurl.com/29w4kbf</ext-link>), extracting information on nesting sites, population genetics, tag returns, and satellite telemetry, as well as other relevant natural history and biogeography. We then spatially integrated this information in ArcMap 9.3 (ESRI, Redlands, CA USA) from fine (i.e. points with geographic coordinates for nesting sites) to coarse (i.e. polygon shapefiles for distributions) spatial scales. We constructed separate layers according to distinct biological/spatial scales, including a layer for nesting sites (i.e. individual nesting beaches), and two layers for genetic stocks (i.e. a layer each for maternally inherited mtDNA and biparentally inherited nDNA, respectively). Finally, all finer-scale levels were nested within the known core geographic distributions of these population units, according to satellite telemetry and tag return data. In this way, all nesting sites that were sampled and analyzed for genetic studies were represented within genetic stock layers, and defined genetic stocks were represented within RMU layers, such that information shared across scales was retained in each relevant layer. We also compiled available information on population sizes (i.e. annual numbers of nesting females) and trends (i.e. change in annual numbers of nesting females over time) at each spatial/biological scale. Although considerable uncertainty exists in estimates of population sizes and trends for marine turtles among sites globally, we did not attempt to standardize or improve estimates; we urge caution in interpretation of these metadata. This “nested envelope” approach allowed for metadata to be arranged within and across biologically defined spatial scales.</p><sec id="s2a"><title>Nesting Sites</title><p>We defined a nesting site as a beach or beaches with confirmed marine turtle nesting activity monitored or analyzed as a singular site by the groups or individuals providing or publishing the nesting data. To compile and georeference nesting sites globally for all species, we used the State of the World's Sea Turtles – SWOT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.seaturtlestatus.org">www.seaturtlestatus.org</ext-link>) database, which relies on a global network of researchers who voluntarily contribute annual nesting data. We augmented the SWOT database with published information. We filtered all nesting sites to distinguish sites with confirmed, quantified nesting activity (i.e. counts) from those without quantified counts since 2000. Across species globally, we compiled more than 4,200 nesting sites, ranging from 30 for Kemp's ridleys (<italic>Lepidochelys kempii</italic>) to 1,337 for hawksbill turtles (<italic>Eretmochelys imbricata</italic>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0015465-t001">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>, panel A). In accordance with data sharing protocols, metadata for SWOT nesting sites are not provided here. However, all SWOT nesting data can be viewed at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot">http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot</ext-link>, and a complete list of SWOT data providers is provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s002">Appendix S1</xref>.</p><fig id="pone-0015465-g001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g001</object-id><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for loggerhead turtles <italic>Caretta caretta</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; C) nuclear genetic (nDNA) stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1B and C</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Putative RMUs (see text for description) are noted by asterisks in the figure legends, and are colorless. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g002</object-id><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for green turtles <italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; C) nuclear genetic (nDNA) stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">Figs. 2B and C</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g003</object-id><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for leatherback turtles <italic>Dermochelys coriacea</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; C) nuclear genetic (nDNA) stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">Figs. 3B and C</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g004</object-id><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for hawksbill turtles <italic>Eretmochelys imbricata</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; C) nuclear genetic (nDNA) stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">Figs. 4B and C</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Putative RMUs (see text for description) are noted by asterisks in the figure legends, and are colorless. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g005" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g005</object-id><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for olive ridley turtles <italic>Lepidochelys olivacea</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; C) nuclear genetic (nDNA) stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">Figs. 5B and C</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Putative RMUs (see text for description) are noted by asterisks in the figure legends, and are colorless. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g006" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g006</object-id><label>Figure 6</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for Kemp's ridley turtles <italic>Lepidochelys kempii</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. Putative RMUs (see text for description) are noted by asterisks in the figure legends, and are colorless. Note: There are no genetics maps (Panels B or C) for <italic>L. kempii</italic> because all individuals are presumed to belong to same stock and RMU. Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0015465-g007" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.g007</object-id><label>Figure 7</label><caption><title>Multi-scale Regional Management Units for flatback turtles <italic>Natator depressus</italic>.</title><p>Individual maps are presented for A) global nesting sites and in-water distributions (global distributions for each species represented by hatching); B) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic stocks; and D) Regional Management Units (shown with nesting sites). Nesting sites that were unquantified or have no count values reported since 2000 are represented by black squares, whereas nesting sites for which count data are available are represented by a colored circle. For genetic stock maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">Fig. 7B</xref>), each symbol represents a different site that was sampled for genetic analyses, while each color represents a distinct genetic stock. Note: There is no map for <italic>N. depressus</italic> nDNA stocks (panel C, due to lack of available data). Data shown are contained in metadata tables (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0015465.g007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pone-0015465-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0015465.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Summary of number of nesting sites, genetic stocks, and RMUs identified for all marine turtle species.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0015465-t001-1" xlink:href="pone.0015465.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">no. nesting sites</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">no. mtDNA stocks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">no. nDNA stocks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">no. RMUs(no. putative RMUs)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caretta caretta</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">626</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chelonia mydas</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">935</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Demochelys coriacea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">652</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eretmochelys imbricata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,337</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lepidochelys kempii</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lepidochelys olivacea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">426</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Natator depressus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TOTAL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,293</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (9)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt101"><label></label><p>ND: no data. Putative RMUs were described for regions with available nesting data but no associated data on genetics or distributions. (</p></fn><fn id="nt102"><label></label><p>*denotes that although nesting sites have not been sampled for genetics, all <italic>L. kempii</italic> individuals are presumed to belong to same stock and a single RMU.)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Genetic Stocks</title><p>We compiled and georeferenced genetic stock information from available mtDNA and nDNA studies by constructing shapefiles that included all individual nesting sites upon which the genetic sampling and analyses were based. We identified 87 distinct mtDNA and 28 nDNA reported genetic stocks globally across marine turtle species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0015465-t001">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>, panels B and C; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>). While recognizing the diversity of analytical techniques – particularly the number and types of genetic markers, sample sizes, and statistical approaches – used to determine genetic stocks of marine turtles, we accepted genetic stock definitions as described by the original sources, rather than attempting to standardize or prioritize methodologies or interpretations. However, in cases where more recent studies clarified or contradicted earlier studies, we based our dataset on the results of the updated studies.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>Regional Management Units</title><p>We generated polygons representing RMUs for all species of marine turtles, or geographically explicit population segments based on geographic boundaries to distributions derived from studies on genetics, tag returns, satellite telemetry, and other data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>, panel D; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s001">Table S1</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>). RMUs were meant to encompass multiple nesting sites, mtDNA-defined nesting populations, and nDNA-defined breeding populations to reflect shared geographic distribution among conspecific marine turtles in the same region. Thus, RMUs do not represent complete geographic distributions of species on global or regional scales, but rather distributions that are anchored to landmasses by known nesting site(s) and/or genetic stock origins and defined by biogeographical information.</p><p>Specifically, we defined the boundaries of RMU polygons by generating termini directly from published satellite tracks, tag returns, or other data sources. These polygons were then digitized or imported into ArcGIS 9.3 either using the georeference tool in the ArcMap Toolbox, or based on text descriptions. In the absence of sufficient information, boundaries were further refined by MTSG experts. To allow clear distinctions between RMUs and complete global distributions, we also generated global distribution polygons for all species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>, panel A; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>). These global distributions are coarse geographical representations of documented occurrence patterns – bounded by maximum extents – for each species. This process was generally similar to that used to generate species range maps for other taxonomic groups, such as those produced by the IUCN <italic>Red List of Threatened Species</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data">http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data</ext-link>). We acknowledge that this distinction means that RMU designations might not address threats occurring outside RMU boundaries but within the distribution of a species, but RMUs nonetheless encompass known core habitats and life stages. However, the important point is that whereas global distributions simply display broad geographic ranges for each species (including RMUs), the RMUs themselves provide refined spatial guidance for conservation strategies.</p><p>Olive ridley turtles (<italic>Lepidochelys olivacea</italic>) (along with their congener, Kemp's ridleys), are unique among marine turtles for their polymorphic nesting behavior; i.e. synchronous mass nesting at particular beaches (termed <italic>arribadas</italic>) and disperse, asynchronous or solitary nesting at the rest of the species' nesting beaches. Therefore, we established separate RMUs for <italic>arribadas</italic> and solitary nesters in regions where both behaviors occur (i.e. East Pacific Ocean, East Indian Ocean). Although the geographic boundaries of these RMUs are identical within a region, this dichotomy accurately reflects differences in population abundances and trends between the two behaviors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-AbreuGrobois1">[26]</xref>.</p><p>In regions where nesting sites were known for certain species, but no other biological information (e.g. genetics or distributions) was available, we developed ‘putative RMUs’ so that no region-species combination was excluded. As with all RMUs, these putative RMUs will require modification as new information becomes available, but in the meantime, they represent obvious research and reporting priorities.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Results and Discussion</title><p>We identified 58 RMUs among the seven marine turtle species worldwide, ranging from a single RMU for Kemp's ridleys to 17 RMUs for green turtles (<italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s001">Table S1</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>). The RMU framework is essentially a set of nested envelope models intended for multiple research and management applications. However, the efficacy of applications using RMUs depends on the accuracy and quality of the data contained in the files; data exist that we were unable to acquire and incorporate, and current designations of genetic stocks and geographic distributions are subject to change with new and improved analyses. For example, genetic analyses using new markers, larger sample sizes, and broader geographic sampling could reveal new or more nuanced stock structures, especially because insufficient sampling is always a major detractor to explanatory power of these analyses <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Martien1">[20]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Formia1">[27]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Blumenthal1">[28]</xref>. Furthermore, because RMU boundaries are sometimes based on reports that contain relatively few localizations, some of which might be species misidentifications <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Frazier1">[29]</xref>, improved data quality will help to resolve the geographic extents of RMUs.</p><p>Along these lines, because the metadata we compiled is derived from publicly available sources, the RMUs themselves will change with new, refined data. To facilitate iterative improvement of RMUs, we have made all map files (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>) and metadata associated with each layer (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0015465.s003">Appendix S2</xref>) available for comments and suggested edits, as well as download and analysis (in accordance with relevant data sharing protocols) by users within the OBIS-SEAMAP framework (Ocean Biogeographic Information System-Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Halpin1">[30]</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot">http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot</ext-link>). Thus, the applicability of RMUs to marine turtle conservation and research will be user-dependent, relying on collaboration among users in the community to maintain up-to-date, accurate files.</p><p>An important caveat inherent in the RMUs is that we are largely unable to differentiate between true absences (i.e. a species is not identified or is no longer present in an area despite thorough search effort) and absence due to lack of monitoring or reporting. Clearly, distributions of nesting sites and other types of information are biased by areas of high monitoring effort and reporting (e.g. Wider Caribbean region; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dow1">[31]</xref>). In this vein, the maps and RMUs generally could be used in gap analyses to identify areas toward which enhanced census efforts should be directed in order to improve inter-regional comparisons of marine turtle distribution patterns. For example, the distribution of putative RMUs illustrates gaps in scientific understanding of marine turtle biogeography in much of the Indian Ocean, and biogeography of hawksbill turtles in particular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g001">Figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g004">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g005">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g006">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0015465-g007">7</xref>).</p><p>In addition to identifying data gaps, a major advantage of the RMU approach is the potential to connect impacts of particular threats to biologically relevant units and their associated demographic characteristics. For example, because marine turtle populations occur in terrestrial and marine habitats, the RMU tool provides the ability to overlay the geographic extent of not only nesting beach threats along a particular coastline (e.g. coastal development) to the particular marine turtle nesting sites and stocks that would be impacted, but also threats across a wider ocean area (e.g. fisheries bycatch) that could impact several nesting stocks and broader population units simultaneously <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Hamann1">[12]</xref>. Furthermore, this system allows identification of spatial overlaps among RMUs – within and among species – which are important areas for conservation because threats impacting multiple RMUs might warrant different management attention than threats acting on a single RMU. Ultimately, although RMUs will not be equally valuable to conservation efforts in all regions, this framework is intended for setting conservation priorities at different levels of spatial and biological organization for marine turtles on a global scale. Below, we outline other potential applications of RMUs to marine turtle conservation and research.</p><sec id="s3a"><title>Potential applications of RMUs</title><sec id="s3a1"><title>Identification essential habitats for marine turtles</title><p>Characterization of heavily-utilized areas for marine turtles at different spatial scales is fundamental for creating effective conservation strategies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Hamann1">[12]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dryden1">[32]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Shillinger1">[34]</xref>. One straightforward application of RMUs is to identifying important geographic areas for marine turtle populations in terms of determination of presence, density, and richness. For example, geographic regions that host high densities of nesting sites, possibly of multiple species and/or genetic stocks, could merit investment of conservation resources. Demographic information included in the RMU metadata could also be incorporated in these evaluations to account for abundance and trends among sites and regions.</p><p>Likewise, areas of overlap among genetic stocks or geographic distributions, as well as regional variation in population trends at various spatial or biological scales could also be identified using RMUs. Although reproduction areas are relatively discrete geographically and genetically, foraging areas for marine turtles of all life stages host con-specific individuals from multiple stocks and geographic locations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen1">[2]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bolker1">[10]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Blumenthal1">[28]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bolten1">[35]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bjorndal1">[38]</xref>. Therefore, characterizing the connectivity among multiple nesting sites and multiple foraging areas – i.e. ‘many-to-many’ relationships <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bolker1">[10]</xref> – is necessary for holistically assessing demographic trends and conservation effectiveness <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bjorndal1">[38]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bjorndal2">[39]</xref>.</p><p>With this in mind, one next step for refining RMUs would be to expand on the genetic stocks based on nesting sites by spatially characterizing at-sea mixed-stock foraging or developmental areas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen2">[9]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bolker1">[10]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Blumenthal1">[28]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-MonzonArguello1">[40]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bass2">[41]</xref>. Moreover, weighting distribution layers according to a relative measure of proportional habitat use (e.g. kernel densities, home ranges) – incorporating both spatial and temporal information – to distinguish among high-use areas and fringe habitats would be another useful extension of the RMU framework. Although incorporating and mapping this information would be challenging given data currently available in published research studies, this step would dramatically improve the ability of RMUs to facilitate identification of marine turtle habitats in relation to other georeferenced information of threats or environmental factors.</p></sec><sec id="s3a2"><title>Improved definition of genetic stock distributions</title><p>Despite the emphasis on genetic resolution of MUs, reliance on population structure derived from such analyses can be inadequate for management <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Taylor1">[4]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Waples1">[42]</xref>. Failure to detect population units with genetic markers does not necessarily mean that no management-relevant structuring exists. For example, a newly colonized nesting beach might host turtles that are genetically indistinguishable from the parent (source) population, yet the new nesting cohort is geographically isolated from the parent population. These limitations highlight the need for alternative types of information to make informed MU designations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Martien1">[20]</xref>.</p><p>Along these lines, several studies have proposed or identified geographic or environmental barriers to migration of marine turtles among nesting sites or foraging areas that appear to result in significant population (but not necessarily genetic) differentiation. The distance between nesting sites that results in isolated nesting stocks appears to vary within <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen1">[2]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Lahanas2">[43]</xref> and among species <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dethmers1">[13]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dutton1">[44]</xref>. Based on identification of 17 distinct green turtle genetic stocks among 27 nesting sites sampled in Australasia, Dethmers et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dethmers1">[13]</xref> proposed that nesting sites separated by more than 500 km are likely to host isolated nesting populations; in contrast, undifferentiated leatherback (<italic>Dermochelys coriacea</italic>) genetic stocks span thousands of kilometers of coastlines within geographic regions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dutton1">[44]</xref>. Furthermore, recent studies have described spatial distributions of genetic stocks in foraging and developmental areas at-sea based on local and regional ocean current patterns in the Wider Caribbean <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Blumenthal1">[28]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bass1">[37]</xref>, Atlantic Ocean <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-MonzonArguello1">[40]</xref>, Mediterranean Sea <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Carreras2">[45]</xref>, and Pacific Ocean <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen4">[46]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Boyle1">[47]</xref>.</p><p>Although barriers to gene flow have not been defined in most cases, these studies illustrate geographic and environmental influences on marine turtle population structures that can be tested within the RMU framework, because nesting sites as well as known genetic stocks are georeferenced. Thus, by applying oceanographic or other physical information as well as relatively simple distance buffering analyses to the RMU files, researchers can test hypotheses about spatial distributions of genetic stocks within and across geographic regions. Resulting distributions of population segments would allow more flexibility in defining MUs than those derived solely from quantitative analyses of genetic differentiation, and would also provide clear objectives for further analyses.</p></sec><sec id="s3a3"><title>Conservation status assessments</title><p>Evaluation of species or population status, including population sizes and trends, as well as threats and relevant biological information, is a prerequisite for prioritizing conservation resources. However, because defining the relevant biological or geographic scale at which to conduct assessments and make recommendations is always a fundamental question in these processes, RMUs are a valuable resource to guide how populations of marine turtle species are assessed.</p><p>For example, the <italic>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</italic> represents the only globally accepted system for evaluating extinction risk for species, but the IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) has debated the utility and validity of a global classification system for marine turtles, and has advocated for regional assessments (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Seminoff1">[48]</xref> for review). A survey of MTSG members from 23 countries revealed that nearly 90% of respondents believed that regional assessments should use either ‘new MTSG criteria’ or ‘flexible, non-standardized criteria’ <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Seminoff1">[48]</xref>. However, there was less consensus among members about the appropriate population segment upon which to base regional assessments, with nearly 50% of respondents stating “by geographic region,” ∼30% stating “by genetic stocks,” and ∼20% stating “by nesting sites,” illustrating the challenges inherent in defining management units for marine turtles. Utilizing the RMU framework – which contains information at each of those spatial and biological scales – within or in conjunction with the <italic>Red List</italic> assessment process could address some of the controversy within the MTSG regarding the application of a single global listing for geographically variable marine turtle species by providing regional units for assessment <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Seminoff1">[48]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Mrosovsky1">[49]</xref>.</p><p>Another example of incorporating population differences in conservation status assessments is the listing process under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA provides for designation and listing of Distinct Population Segments (DPS) of a species based on ‘discreteness’ and ‘significance’ of that segment <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Waples2">[50]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-US1">[51]</xref>. In a recent Biological Review of loggerhead turtles (<italic>Caretta caretta</italic>) for purposes of evaluating the species' current Threatened listing status on ESA, nine DPSs were defined, with distinct recommendations for each DPS <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Conant1">[52]</xref>. Not surprisingly, the process by which DPSs are defined is very similar to that used to define RMUs, as both depend on biogeographical information from genetics, distribution, movements, and demographics. There was nearly complete agreement between the loggerhead DPSs and our RMU designations; the two schemes essentially differed only in how putative RMUs are handled <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Conant1">[52]</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0015465-t001">Table 1</xref>). This result provides further support for the validity of the RMU framework for intra-specific conservation assessments.</p><p>It is important to note that in geographic regions where there are existing systems for effectively identifying marine turtle population segments to which to target conservation efforts, such as well-defined breeding populations in eastern Australia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Dethmers1">[13]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-FitzSimmons1">[16]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-FitzSimmons2">[18]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Limpus1">[21]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Limpus3">[23]</xref>, RMUs will be of limited utility. In contrast, RMUs will be most appropriately applied to areas hosting several populations or stocks, possibly of multiple species, especially in regions with relatively little available information. Thus, RMUs are designed to be coarse yet flexible enough to be applicable anywhere in the world, rather than being restricted to areas with the best available information, but can be refined in the future when new information becomes available.</p></sec><sec id="s3a4"><title>Marine spatial planning and applications to similar species with complex life histories</title><p>To optimize ecosystem function, especially in areas where multiple activities by multiple nations occur, ecosystem-based marine management approaches should be designed to preserve marine biodiversity, keystone species, and biological connectivity among marine habitats <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Foley1">[1]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bowen5">[53]</xref>. Thus, detailed characterizations of distributions and natural histories of key species (e.g. keystones, top predators, ecosystem engineers) are instrumental to guiding exercises in marine spatial planning <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Crowder1">[54]</xref>.</p><p>RMUs provide explicit, ecologically based spatial and demographic information about geographic distributions of marine turtle populations that could be integrated with other georeferenced layers, including human activities subject to management (e.g. fisheries operations, hydrocarbon extraction, coastal development, shipping, etc.). Furthermore, the RMU concept could be applied easily to multi-scale biogeographical characterization of other marine megafauna species with similar life history traits and broad, complex distributions. As with marine turtles, identification of high-use habitats, connectivity between breeding and feeding areas, as well as overlapping distributions of distinct populations is extremely important for designing appropriate management schemes for these species <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Block1">[55]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Jorgensen1">[58]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s3a5"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The novel RMU framework synthesizes available biogeographical information on globally distributed and imperiled marine turtles into a multi-scaled, geospatial tool for which we envision numerous pertinent applications for marine turtle conservation and research. For example, the MTSG Burning Issues Working Group is utilizing RMUs as the basis for status assessments in a developing process of global conservation priority setting for marine turtles. The RMU classification system is consistent with endangered species laws in the United States and elsewhere, and could provide the IUCN-MTSG with a way forward for regional evaluations of extinction risk.</p><p>Although species are predominantly used as the currency for evaluating and prioritizing conservation efforts (e.g. <italic>IUCN Red List</italic>, Alliance for Zero Extinction, Conservation ‘Hotspots’), in the case of globally distributed species like marine turtles, regional population segments occupy distinct ecological roles and thus merit conservation attention, because extinction of an RMU would represent the loss of the species' ecological role within an entire region and ecosystems therein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0015465-Bjorndal3">[59]</xref>. By defining populations according to ecological characteristics, the RMU approach implies the inherent importance of each RMU as an independent conservation unit, which species-focused conservation approaches might fail to recognize.</p><p>We emphasize that the resolution of RMUs does not detract from the treatment of nesting populations as management units. Abundant historical, mark-recapture, and genetic data indicate that nesting populations will rise and fall as independent demographic units. The value of RMUs is in the recognition of regional groupings of marine turtles that overlap in feeding and nursery habitats, exchange genetic material, and face common threats at sea. Therefore, the RMU framework is a solution to the challenge of how to organize marine turtles into units of protection above the level of nesting populations, but below the level of species, within regional entities that might be on independent evolutionary trajectories. Finally, the RMU system is neither static nor proprietary, but rather is iterative and user-driven. We encourage broad and creative engagement with and application of this tool, whose long-term accuracy and efficacy will rely on updates, edits, and improvements arising from user interactions.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="s4"><title>Supporting Information</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0015465.s001"><label>Table S1</label><caption><p>Summary of Regional Management Units (RMUs) for marine turtles worldwide, including number of nesting sites and genetic stocks contained within each RMU.</p><p>(DOC)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0015465.s001.doc" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="msword"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0015465.s002"><label>Appendix S1</label><caption><p>Complete list of SWOT – The State of the World's Sea Turtles data providers.</p><p>(XLS)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0015465.s002.xls" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="vnd.ms-excel"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0015465.s003"><label>Appendix S2</label><caption><p>Metadata associated with each layer synthesized to generate Regional Management Units.</p><p>(XLS)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0015465.s003.xls" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="vnd.ms-excel"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><p>This work resulted from meetings of the IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialists Group's Burning Issues Working Group, which consisted of representatives of governmental agencies, NGOs, and academia from around the world. Special recognition goes to SWOT Team members and partners who contributed information to the SWOT database and to this initiative. We thank MTSG members and others who contributed valuable comments, including GC Hays and an anonymous reviewer.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>MYC is employed by a commercial company that provides ecological modelling services, and although he was involved in all aspects of this study, his affiliation did not interfere in any way with the objective development or execution of this study; MHG and BW are employed by U.S. state government agencies, and PHD and JAS are employed by a U.S. federal government agency; however these affiliations did not interfere with the objective development or execution of this study. All authors confirm that these competing interests do not alter their adherence to all PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, i.e., to make freely available any materials and information described in their publication that are reasonably requested by others for the purpose of academic, non-commercial research.</p></fn><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p><bold>Funding: </bold>This study was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Offield Family Foundation. These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. MYC is employed by a commercial company that provides ecological modelling services, and his involvement in this study was partially supported by this company. 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