Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review
Identifieur interne : 002990 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002989; suivant : 002991Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review
Auteurs : Cristina Cortis ; Anna Puggina ; Caterina Pesce ; Katina Aleksovska ; Christoph Buck ; Con Burns ; Greet Cardon ; Angela Carlin ; Chantal Simon ; Donatella Ciarapica ; Giancarlo Condello ; Tara Coppinger ; Sara D Aese ; Marieke De Craemer ; Andrea Di Blasio ; Sylvia Hansen ; Licia Iacoviello ; Johann Issartel ; Pascal Izzicupo ; Lina Jaeschke ; Martina Kanning ; Aileen Kennedy ; Fiona Chun Man Ling ; Agnes Luzak ; Giorgio Napolitano ; Julie-Anne Nazare ; Grainne O Onoghue ; Camille Perchoux ; Tobias Pischon ; Angela Polito ; Alessandra Sannella ; Holger Schulz ; Rhoda Sohun ; Astrid Steinbrecher ; Wolfgang Schlicht ; Walter Ricciardi ; Loriana Castellani ; Ciaran Macdonncha ; Laura Capranica ; Stefania BocciaSource :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Low levels of physical activity (PA) are reported to contribute to the occurrence of non-communicable diseases over the life course. Although psychological factors have been identified as an important category concerning PA behavior, knowledge on psychological determinants of PA is still inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this umbrella systematic literature review (SLR) was to summarize and synthesize the scientific evidence on psychological determinants of PA behavior across the life course. A systematic online search was conducted on MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The search was limited to studies published in English from January 2004 to April 2016. SLRs and meta-analyses (MAs) of observational studies investigating the association of psychological variables and PA were considered eligible. Extracted data were evaluated based on importance of determinants, strength of evidence, and methodological quality. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (Record ID: CRD42015010616). Twenty reviews (14 SLRs and 6 MAs), mostly of moderate methodological quality, were found eligible. Convincing evidence was found for self-efficacy (positive association with PA) in children and adolescents, and stress (negative association with PA) regardless of age. Most of the evidence revealing an association between psychological determinants and PA is probable and limited, mainly due to differences in the definition of PA and of psychological determinants across reviews. Thus, scholars are urged to reach a consensus on clear definitions of relevant psychological determinants of PA, subsuming cultural biases and allowing the possibility to obtain clear interpretations and generalizability of findings. Finally, most psychological determinants should be considered within a larger framework of other multi-level determinants that may interact or mediate some of the effects.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182709
PubMed: 28817676
PubMed Central: 5560721
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5560721Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review</title><author><name sortKey="Cortis, Cristina" sort="Cortis, Cristina" uniqKey="Cortis C" first="Cristina" last="Cortis">Cristina Cortis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puggina, Anna" sort="Puggina, Anna" uniqKey="Puggina A" first="Anna" last="Puggina">Anna Puggina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pesce, Caterina" sort="Pesce, Caterina" uniqKey="Pesce C" first="Caterina" last="Pesce">Caterina Pesce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aleksovska, Katina" sort="Aleksovska, Katina" uniqKey="Aleksovska K" first="Katina" last="Aleksovska">Katina Aleksovska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, Christoph" sort="Buck, Christoph" uniqKey="Buck C" first="Christoph" last="Buck">Christoph Buck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Con" sort="Burns, Con" uniqKey="Burns C" first="Con" last="Burns">Con Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Sport, Leisure and Childhood Studies, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Munster, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardon, Greet" sort="Cardon, Greet" uniqKey="Cardon G" first="Greet" last="Cardon">Greet Cardon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carlin, Angela" sort="Carlin, Angela" uniqKey="Carlin A" first="Angela" last="Carlin">Angela Carlin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Chantal" sort="Simon, Chantal" uniqKey="Simon C" first="Chantal" last="Simon">Chantal Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciarapica, Donatella" sort="Ciarapica, Donatella" uniqKey="Ciarapica D" first="Donatella" last="Ciarapica">Donatella Ciarapica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Condello, Giancarlo" sort="Condello, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Condello G" first="Giancarlo" last="Condello">Giancarlo Condello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppinger, Tara" sort="Coppinger, Tara" uniqKey="Coppinger T" first="Tara" last="Coppinger">Tara Coppinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Sport, Leisure and Childhood Studies, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Munster, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Aese, Sara" sort="D Aese, Sara" uniqKey="D Aese S" first="Sara" last="D Aese">Sara D Aese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Craemer, Marieke" sort="De Craemer, Marieke" uniqKey="De Craemer M" first="Marieke" last="De Craemer">Marieke De Craemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Blasio, Andrea" sort="Di Blasio, Andrea" uniqKey="Di Blasio A" first="Andrea" last="Di Blasio">Andrea Di Blasio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Sylvia" sort="Hansen, Sylvia" uniqKey="Hansen S" first="Sylvia" last="Hansen">Sylvia Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences I, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacoviello, Licia" sort="Iacoviello, Licia" uniqKey="Iacoviello L" first="Licia" last="Iacoviello">Licia Iacoviello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Issartel, Johann" sort="Issartel, Johann" uniqKey="Issartel J" first="Johann" last="Issartel">Johann Issartel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>School of Health and Human Performance, Multisensory Motor Learning Lab., Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izzicupo, Pascal" sort="Izzicupo, Pascal" uniqKey="Izzicupo P" first="Pascal" last="Izzicupo">Pascal Izzicupo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaeschke, Lina" sort="Jaeschke, Lina" uniqKey="Jaeschke L" first="Lina" last="Jaeschke">Lina Jaeschke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanning, Martina" sort="Kanning, Martina" uniqKey="Kanning M" first="Martina" last="Kanning">Martina Kanning</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Department of Sport Sciences, Social and Health Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Aileen" sort="Kennedy, Aileen" uniqKey="Kennedy A" first="Aileen" last="Kennedy">Aileen Kennedy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Fiona Chun Man" sort="Ling, Fiona Chun Man" uniqKey="Ling F" first="Fiona Chun Man" last="Ling">Fiona Chun Man Ling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luzak, Agnes" sort="Luzak, Agnes" uniqKey="Luzak A" first="Agnes" last="Luzak">Agnes Luzak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Napolitano, Giorgio" sort="Napolitano, Giorgio" uniqKey="Napolitano G" first="Giorgio" last="Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nazare, Julie Anne" sort="Nazare, Julie Anne" uniqKey="Nazare J" first="Julie-Anne" last="Nazare">Julie-Anne Nazare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onoghue, Grainne" sort="O Onoghue, Grainne" uniqKey="O Onoghue G" first="Grainne" last="O Onoghue">Grainne O Onoghue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perchoux, Camille" sort="Perchoux, Camille" uniqKey="Perchoux C" first="Camille" last="Perchoux">Camille Perchoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pischon, Tobias" sort="Pischon, Tobias" uniqKey="Pischon T" first="Tobias" last="Pischon">Tobias Pischon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polito, Angela" sort="Polito, Angela" uniqKey="Polito A" first="Angela" last="Polito">Angela Polito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sannella, Alessandra" sort="Sannella, Alessandra" uniqKey="Sannella A" first="Alessandra" last="Sannella">Alessandra Sannella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schulz, Holger" sort="Schulz, Holger" uniqKey="Schulz H" first="Holger" last="Schulz">Holger Schulz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sohun, Rhoda" sort="Sohun, Rhoda" uniqKey="Sohun R" first="Rhoda" last="Sohun">Rhoda Sohun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinbrecher, Astrid" sort="Steinbrecher, Astrid" uniqKey="Steinbrecher A" first="Astrid" last="Steinbrecher">Astrid Steinbrecher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlicht, Wolfgang" sort="Schlicht, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Schlicht W" first="Wolfgang" last="Schlicht">Wolfgang Schlicht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences I, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricciardi, Walter" sort="Ricciardi, Walter" uniqKey="Ricciardi W" first="Walter" last="Ricciardi">Walter Ricciardi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità—ISS), Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellani, Loriana" sort="Castellani, Loriana" uniqKey="Castellani L" first="Loriana" last="Castellani">Loriana Castellani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonncha, Ciaran" sort="Macdonncha, Ciaran" uniqKey="Macdonncha C" first="Ciaran" last="Macdonncha">Ciaran Macdonncha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capranica, Laura" sort="Capranica, Laura" uniqKey="Capranica L" first="Laura" last="Capranica">Laura Capranica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boccia, Stefania" sort="Boccia, Stefania" uniqKey="Boccia S" first="Stefania" last="Boccia">Stefania Boccia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28817676</idno><idno type="pmc">5560721</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560721</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5560721</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002990</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002990</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review</title><author><name sortKey="Cortis, Cristina" sort="Cortis, Cristina" uniqKey="Cortis C" first="Cristina" last="Cortis">Cristina Cortis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puggina, Anna" sort="Puggina, Anna" uniqKey="Puggina A" first="Anna" last="Puggina">Anna Puggina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pesce, Caterina" sort="Pesce, Caterina" uniqKey="Pesce C" first="Caterina" last="Pesce">Caterina Pesce</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aleksovska, Katina" sort="Aleksovska, Katina" uniqKey="Aleksovska K" first="Katina" last="Aleksovska">Katina Aleksovska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, Christoph" sort="Buck, Christoph" uniqKey="Buck C" first="Christoph" last="Buck">Christoph Buck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Con" sort="Burns, Con" uniqKey="Burns C" first="Con" last="Burns">Con Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Sport, Leisure and Childhood Studies, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Munster, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardon, Greet" sort="Cardon, Greet" uniqKey="Cardon G" first="Greet" last="Cardon">Greet Cardon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carlin, Angela" sort="Carlin, Angela" uniqKey="Carlin A" first="Angela" last="Carlin">Angela Carlin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Chantal" sort="Simon, Chantal" uniqKey="Simon C" first="Chantal" last="Simon">Chantal Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciarapica, Donatella" sort="Ciarapica, Donatella" uniqKey="Ciarapica D" first="Donatella" last="Ciarapica">Donatella Ciarapica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Condello, Giancarlo" sort="Condello, Giancarlo" uniqKey="Condello G" first="Giancarlo" last="Condello">Giancarlo Condello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppinger, Tara" sort="Coppinger, Tara" uniqKey="Coppinger T" first="Tara" last="Coppinger">Tara Coppinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Sport, Leisure and Childhood Studies, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Munster, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Aese, Sara" sort="D Aese, Sara" uniqKey="D Aese S" first="Sara" last="D Aese">Sara D Aese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Craemer, Marieke" sort="De Craemer, Marieke" uniqKey="De Craemer M" first="Marieke" last="De Craemer">Marieke De Craemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Blasio, Andrea" sort="Di Blasio, Andrea" uniqKey="Di Blasio A" first="Andrea" last="Di Blasio">Andrea Di Blasio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Sylvia" sort="Hansen, Sylvia" uniqKey="Hansen S" first="Sylvia" last="Hansen">Sylvia Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences I, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacoviello, Licia" sort="Iacoviello, Licia" uniqKey="Iacoviello L" first="Licia" last="Iacoviello">Licia Iacoviello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Issartel, Johann" sort="Issartel, Johann" uniqKey="Issartel J" first="Johann" last="Issartel">Johann Issartel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>School of Health and Human Performance, Multisensory Motor Learning Lab., Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izzicupo, Pascal" sort="Izzicupo, Pascal" uniqKey="Izzicupo P" first="Pascal" last="Izzicupo">Pascal Izzicupo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaeschke, Lina" sort="Jaeschke, Lina" uniqKey="Jaeschke L" first="Lina" last="Jaeschke">Lina Jaeschke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanning, Martina" sort="Kanning, Martina" uniqKey="Kanning M" first="Martina" last="Kanning">Martina Kanning</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Department of Sport Sciences, Social and Health Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Aileen" sort="Kennedy, Aileen" uniqKey="Kennedy A" first="Aileen" last="Kennedy">Aileen Kennedy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Fiona Chun Man" sort="Ling, Fiona Chun Man" uniqKey="Ling F" first="Fiona Chun Man" last="Ling">Fiona Chun Man Ling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luzak, Agnes" sort="Luzak, Agnes" uniqKey="Luzak A" first="Agnes" last="Luzak">Agnes Luzak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Napolitano, Giorgio" sort="Napolitano, Giorgio" uniqKey="Napolitano G" first="Giorgio" last="Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nazare, Julie Anne" sort="Nazare, Julie Anne" uniqKey="Nazare J" first="Julie-Anne" last="Nazare">Julie-Anne Nazare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Onoghue, Grainne" sort="O Onoghue, Grainne" uniqKey="O Onoghue G" first="Grainne" last="O Onoghue">Grainne O Onoghue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perchoux, Camille" sort="Perchoux, Camille" uniqKey="Perchoux C" first="Camille" last="Perchoux">Camille Perchoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pischon, Tobias" sort="Pischon, Tobias" uniqKey="Pischon T" first="Tobias" last="Pischon">Tobias Pischon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polito, Angela" sort="Polito, Angela" uniqKey="Polito A" first="Angela" last="Polito">Angela Polito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sannella, Alessandra" sort="Sannella, Alessandra" uniqKey="Sannella A" first="Alessandra" last="Sannella">Alessandra Sannella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schulz, Holger" sort="Schulz, Holger" uniqKey="Schulz H" first="Holger" last="Schulz">Holger Schulz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sohun, Rhoda" sort="Sohun, Rhoda" uniqKey="Sohun R" first="Rhoda" last="Sohun">Rhoda Sohun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinbrecher, Astrid" sort="Steinbrecher, Astrid" uniqKey="Steinbrecher A" first="Astrid" last="Steinbrecher">Astrid Steinbrecher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schlicht, Wolfgang" sort="Schlicht, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Schlicht W" first="Wolfgang" last="Schlicht">Wolfgang Schlicht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences I, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricciardi, Walter" sort="Ricciardi, Walter" uniqKey="Ricciardi W" first="Walter" last="Ricciardi">Walter Ricciardi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff024"><addr-line>Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità—ISS), Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellani, Loriana" sort="Castellani, Loriana" uniqKey="Castellani L" first="Loriana" last="Castellani">Loriana Castellani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonncha, Ciaran" sort="Macdonncha, Ciaran" uniqKey="Macdonncha C" first="Ciaran" last="Macdonncha">Ciaran Macdonncha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capranica, Laura" sort="Capranica, Laura" uniqKey="Capranica L" first="Laura" last="Capranica">Laura Capranica</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boccia, Stefania" sort="Boccia, Stefania" uniqKey="Boccia S" first="Stefania" last="Boccia">Stefania Boccia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff025"><addr-line>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Low levels of physical activity (PA) are reported to contribute to the occurrence of non-communicable diseases over the life course. Although psychological factors have been identified as an important category concerning PA behavior, knowledge on psychological determinants of PA is still inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this umbrella systematic literature review (SLR) was to summarize and synthesize the scientific evidence on psychological determinants of PA behavior across the life course. A systematic online search was conducted on MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The search was limited to studies published in English from January 2004 to April 2016. SLRs and meta-analyses (MAs) of observational studies investigating the association of psychological variables and PA were considered eligible. Extracted data were evaluated based on importance of determinants, strength of evidence, and methodological quality. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (Record ID: CRD42015010616). Twenty reviews (14 SLRs and 6 MAs), mostly of moderate methodological quality, were found eligible. Convincing evidence was found for self-efficacy (positive association with PA) in children and adolescents, and stress (negative association with PA) regardless of age. Most of the evidence revealing an association between psychological determinants and PA is probable and limited, mainly due to differences in the definition of PA and of psychological determinants across reviews. Thus, scholars are urged to reach a consensus on clear definitions of relevant psychological determinants of PA, subsuming cultural biases and allowing the possibility to obtain clear interpretations and generalizability of findings. Finally, most psychological determinants should be considered within a larger framework of other multi-level determinants that may interact or mediate some of the effects.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hallal, P" uniqKey="Hallal P">P Hallal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, L" uniqKey="Andersen L">L Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, F" uniqKey="Bull F">F Bull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guthold, R" uniqKey="Guthold R">R Guthold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haskell, W" uniqKey="Haskell W">W Haskell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ekelund, U" uniqKey="Ekelund U">U Ekelund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bauman, Ae" uniqKey="Bauman A">AE Bauman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Rs" uniqKey="Reis R">RS Reis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sallis, Jf" uniqKey="Sallis J">JF Sallis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, Jc" uniqKey="Wells J">JC Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Rj" uniqKey="Loos R">RJ Loos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Bw" uniqKey="Martin B">BW Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Condello, G" uniqKey="Condello G">G Condello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Man Ling, Fc" uniqKey="Man Ling F">FC Man Ling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bianco, A" uniqKey="Bianco A">A Bianco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chastin, S" uniqKey="Chastin S">S Chastin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardon, G" uniqKey="Cardon G">G Cardon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciarapica, D" uniqKey="Ciarapica D">D Ciarapica</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glass, Ta" uniqKey="Glass T">TA Glass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcatee, Mj" uniqKey="Mcatee M">MJ McAtee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ooms, L" uniqKey="Ooms L">L Ooms</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veenhof, C" uniqKey="Veenhof C">C Veenhof</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schipper Van Veldhoven, N" uniqKey="Schipper Van Veldhoven N">N Schipper-van Veldhoven</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Bakker, Dh" uniqKey="De Bakker D">DH de Bakker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sallis, Jf" uniqKey="Sallis J">JF Sallis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cervero, Rb" uniqKey="Cervero R">RB Cervero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ascher, W" uniqKey="Ascher W">W Ascher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henderson, Ka" uniqKey="Henderson K">KA Henderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Mk" uniqKey="Kraft M">MK Kraft</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr, J" uniqKey="Kerr J">J Kerr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bauman, Ae" uniqKey="Bauman A">AE Bauman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sallis, Jf" uniqKey="Sallis J">JF Sallis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dzewaltowski, Da" uniqKey="Dzewaltowski D">DA Dzewaltowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, N" uniqKey="Owen N">N Owen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hayes, Af" uniqKey="Hayes A">AF Hayes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcauley, E" uniqKey="Mcauley E">E McAuley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blissmer, B" uniqKey="Blissmer B">B Blissmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spiridon, K" uniqKey="Spiridon K">K Spiridon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lakerveld, J" uniqKey="Lakerveld J">J Lakerveld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Ploeg, Hp" uniqKey="Van Der Ploeg H">HP Van Der Ploeg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroeze, W" uniqKey="Kroeze W">W Kroeze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahrens, W" uniqKey="Ahrens W">W Ahrens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allais, O" uniqKey="Allais O">O Allais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Lf" uniqKey="Andersen L">LF Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ioannidis, Jp" uniqKey="Ioannidis J">JP Ioannidis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liberati, A" uniqKey="Liberati A">A Liberati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altman, Dg" uniqKey="Altman D">DG Altman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tetzlaff, J" uniqKey="Tetzlaff J">J Tetzlaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulrow, C" uniqKey="Mulrow C">C Mulrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Tzsche, Pc" uniqKey="G Tzsche P">PC Gøtzsche</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ioannidis, Jp" uniqKey="Ioannidis J">JP Ioannidis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sleddens, Ef" uniqKey="Sleddens E">EF Sleddens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroeze, W" uniqKey="Kroeze W">W Kroeze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kohl, Lf" uniqKey="Kohl L">LF Kohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolten, Lm" uniqKey="Bolten L">LM Bolten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Velema, E" uniqKey="Velema E">E Velema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaspers, Pj" uniqKey="Kaspers P">PJ Kaspers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Condello, G" uniqKey="Condello G">G Condello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puggina, A" uniqKey="Puggina A">A Puggina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aleksovska, K" uniqKey="Aleksovska K">K. Aleksovska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buck, C" uniqKey="Buck C">C. Buck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, C" uniqKey="Burns C">C. Burns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardon, G" uniqKey="Cardon G">G. Cardon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shea, Bj" uniqKey="Shea B">BJ Shea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grimshaw, Jm" uniqKey="Grimshaw J">JM Grimshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, Ga" uniqKey="Wells G">GA Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boers, M" uniqKey="Boers M">M Boers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersson, N" uniqKey="Andersson N">N Andersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamel, C" uniqKey="Hamel C">C Hamel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Babic, Mj" uniqKey="Babic M">MJ Babic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, Pj" uniqKey="Morgan P">PJ Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plotnikoff, Rc" uniqKey="Plotnikoff R">RC Plotnikoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lonsdale, C" uniqKey="Lonsdale C">C Lonsdale</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Rl" uniqKey="White R">RL White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lubans, Dr" uniqKey="Lubans D">DR Lubans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnett, I" uniqKey="Barnett I">I Barnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Sluijs, Em" uniqKey="Van Sluijs E">EM van Sluijs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogilvie, D" uniqKey="Ogilvie D">D Ogilvie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bui, L" uniqKey="Bui L">L Bui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullan, B" uniqKey="Mullan B">B Mullan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccaffery, K" uniqKey="Mccaffery K">K McCaffery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nasuti, G" uniqKey="Nasuti G">G Nasuti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, Re" uniqKey="Rhodes R">RE Rhodes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olsen, Jm" uniqKey="Olsen J">JM Olsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Owen, Kb" uniqKey="Owen K">KB Owen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, J" uniqKey="Smith J">J Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lubans, Dr" uniqKey="Lubans D">DR Lubans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, Jyy" uniqKey="Ng J">JYY Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lonsdale, C" uniqKey="Lonsdale C">C Lonsdale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, Re" uniqKey="Rhodes R">RE Rhodes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nei" uniqKey="Smith N">NEI Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ridgers, Nd" uniqKey="Ridgers N">ND Ridgers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salmon, J" uniqKey="Salmon J">J Salmon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrish, Am" uniqKey="Parrish A">AM Parrish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanley, Rm" uniqKey="Stanley R">RM Stanley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okely, Ad" uniqKey="Okely A">AD Okely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siddiqi, Z" uniqKey="Siddiqi Z">Z Siddiqi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tiro, Ja" uniqKey="Tiro J">JA Tiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shuval, K" uniqKey="Shuval K">K Shuval</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stanley, Rm" uniqKey="Stanley R">RM Stanley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ridley, K" uniqKey="Ridley K">K Ridley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dollman, J" uniqKey="Dollman J">J Dollman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stults Kolehmainen, Ma" uniqKey="Stults Kolehmainen M">MA Stults-Kolehmainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinha, R" uniqKey="Sinha R">R Sinha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teixeira, Pj" uniqKey="Teixeira P">PJ Teixeira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carraca, Ev" uniqKey="Carraca E">EV Carraça</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markland, D" uniqKey="Markland D">D Markland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Mn" uniqKey="Silva M">MN Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Rm" uniqKey="Ryan R">RM Ryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, K" uniqKey="Van Der Horst K">K Van der Horst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paw, M" uniqKey="Paw M">M Paw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Twisk, Jw" uniqKey="Twisk J">JW Twisk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Mechelen, W" uniqKey="Van Mechelen W">W Van Mechelen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Ke" uniqKey="Wilson K">KE Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dishman, Rk" uniqKey="Dishman R">RK Dishman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Craggs, C" uniqKey="Craggs C">C Craggs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corder, K" uniqKey="Corder K">K Corder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Sluijs, Emf" uniqKey="Van Sluijs E">EMF van Sluijs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffin, Sj" uniqKey="Griffin S">SJ Griffin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Uijtdewilligen, L" uniqKey="Uijtdewilligen L">L Uijtdewilligen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nauta, J" uniqKey="Nauta J">J Nauta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, As" uniqKey="Singh A">AS Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Mechelen, W" uniqKey="Van Mechelen W">W van Mechelen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Twisk, Jw" uniqKey="Twisk J">JW Twisk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, K" uniqKey="Van Der Horst K">K van der Horst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Babakus, Ws" uniqKey="Babakus W">WS Babakus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Jl" uniqKey="Thompson J">JL Thompson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koeneman, Ma" uniqKey="Koeneman M">MA Koeneman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verheijden, Mw" uniqKey="Verheijden M">MW Verheijden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinapaw, Mj" uniqKey="Chinapaw M">MJ Chinapaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopman Rock, M" uniqKey="Hopman Rock M">M Hopman-Rock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pavey, T" uniqKey="Pavey T">T Pavey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, A" uniqKey="Taylor A">A Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillsdon, M" uniqKey="Hillsdon M">M Hillsdon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, K" uniqKey="Fox K">K Fox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, J" uniqKey="Campbell J">J Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, C" uniqKey="Foster C">C Foster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdermott, Ms" uniqKey="Mcdermott M">MS McDermott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, R" uniqKey="Sharma R">R Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, M" uniqKey="Andrews M">M Andrews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akter, S" uniqKey="Akter S">S Akter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iverson, D" uniqKey="Iverson D">D Iverson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caputi, P" uniqKey="Caputi P">P Caputi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kohl, Hw" uniqKey="Kohl H">HW Kohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Cl" uniqKey="Craig C">CL Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lambert, Ev" uniqKey="Lambert E">EV Lambert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, S" uniqKey="Inoue S">S Inoue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alkandari, Jr" uniqKey="Alkandari J">JR Alkandari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leetongin, G" uniqKey="Leetongin G">G Leetongin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ajzen, I" uniqKey="Ajzen I">I Ajzen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goudas, M" uniqKey="Goudas M">M Goudas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diamond, A" uniqKey="Diamond A">A Diamond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Sl" uniqKey="Andersen S">SL Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ajzen, I" uniqKey="Ajzen I">I Ajzen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sniehotta, Ff" uniqKey="Sniehotta F">FF Sniehotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Presseau, J" uniqKey="Presseau J">J Presseau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Soares, V" uniqKey="Araujo Soares V">V Araújo-Soares</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eccles, Js" uniqKey="Eccles J">JS Eccles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wigfield, A" uniqKey="Wigfield A">A Wigfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, Re" uniqKey="Rhodes R">RE Rhodes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Courneya, Ks" uniqKey="Courneya K">KS Courneya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Lw" uniqKey="Jones L">LW Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sniehotta, Ff" uniqKey="Sniehotta F">FF Sniehotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholz, U" uniqKey="Scholz U">U Scholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarzer, R" uniqKey="Schwarzer R">R Schwarzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Terry, Dj" uniqKey="Terry D">DJ Terry</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Eary, Je" uniqKey="O Eary J">JE O’Leary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deci, El" uniqKey="Deci E">EL Deci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Rm" uniqKey="Ryan R">RM Ryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hodge, K" uniqKey="Hodge K">K Hodge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danish, S" uniqKey="Danish S">S Danish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, J" uniqKey="Martin J">J Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Rm" uniqKey="Ryan R">RM Ryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deci, El" uniqKey="Deci E">EL Deci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanning, M" uniqKey="Kanning M">M Kanning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, S" uniqKey="Hansen S">S Hansen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimiecik, Jc" uniqKey="Kimiecik J">JC Kimiecik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, At" uniqKey="Harris A">AT Harris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lowe, R" uniqKey="Lowe R">R Lowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eves, F" uniqKey="Eves F">F Eves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, D" uniqKey="Carroll D">D Carroll</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prochaska, Jo" uniqKey="Prochaska J">JO Prochaska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diclemente, Cc" uniqKey="Diclemente C">CC DiClemente</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenstock, Im" uniqKey="Rosenstock I">IM Rosenstock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williams, Dm" uniqKey="Williams D">DM Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunsiger, S" uniqKey="Dunsiger S">S Dunsiger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciccolo, Jt" uniqKey="Ciccolo J">JT Ciccolo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Ba" uniqKey="Lewis B">BA Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albrecht, Ae" uniqKey="Albrecht A">AE Albrecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, Bh" uniqKey="Marcus B">BH Marcus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williams, Dm" uniqKey="Williams D">DM Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunsiger, S" uniqKey="Dunsiger S">S Dunsiger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jennings, Eg" uniqKey="Jennings E">EG Jennings</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, Bh" uniqKey="Marcus B">BH Marcus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hh" uniqKey="Lee H">HH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emerson, Ja" uniqKey="Emerson J">JA Emerson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Dm" uniqKey="Williams D">DM Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pesce, C" uniqKey="Pesce C">C Pesce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ben Soussan, Td" uniqKey="Ben Soussan T">TD Ben-Soussan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmorris, T" uniqKey="Mcmorris T">T McMorris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leung, Y" uniqKey="Leung Y">Y Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gellman, M" uniqKey="Gellman M">M Gellman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Jr" uniqKey="Turner J">JR Turner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howley, Et" uniqKey="Howley E">ET Howley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warren, Jm" uniqKey="Warren J">JM Warren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ekelund, U" uniqKey="Ekelund U">U Ekelund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Besson, H" uniqKey="Besson H">H Besson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mezzani, A" uniqKey="Mezzani A">A Mezzani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geladas, N" uniqKey="Geladas N">N Geladas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhees, L" uniqKey="Vanhees L">L Vanhees</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hagger, Ms" uniqKey="Hagger M">MS Hagger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzisarantis, Ndl" uniqKey="Chatzisarantis N">NDL Chatzisarantis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Culverhouse, T" uniqKey="Culverhouse T">T Culverhouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biddle, Sjh" uniqKey="Biddle S">SJH Biddle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vallerand, Rj" uniqKey="Vallerand R">RJ Vallerand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28817676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5560721</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-17-11694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Recreation</subject><subj-group><subject>Sports</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Sports Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Sports</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Motivation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Motivation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Motivation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cognitive Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Motivation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject><subj-group><subject>Age Groups</subject><subj-group><subject>Adolescents</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Database and Informatics Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Database Searching</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Public and Occupational Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Physical Activity</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject><subj-group><subject>Age Groups</subject><subj-group><subject>Children</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject><subj-group><subject>Families</subject><subj-group><subject>Children</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mental Health and Psychiatry</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychological Stress</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychological Stress</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychological Stress</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-5532</contrib-id><name><surname>Cortis</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Puggina</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Pesce</surname><given-names>Caterina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aleksovska</surname><given-names>Katina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buck</surname><given-names>Christoph</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burns</surname><given-names>Con</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cardon</surname><given-names>Greet</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carlin</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>Chantal</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ciarapica</surname><given-names>Donatella</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Condello</surname><given-names>Giancarlo</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coppinger</surname><given-names>Tara</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>D’Haese</surname><given-names>Sara</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Craemer</surname><given-names>Marieke</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Blasio</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>Sylvia</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iacoviello</surname><given-names>Licia</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Issartel</surname><given-names>Johann</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Izzicupo</surname><given-names>Pascal</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaeschke</surname><given-names>Lina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kanning</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennedy</surname><given-names>Aileen</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ling</surname><given-names>Fiona Chun Man</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018"><sup>18</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luzak</surname><given-names>Agnes</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Napolitano</surname><given-names>Giorgio</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nazare</surname><given-names>Julie-Anne</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O’Donoghue</surname><given-names>Grainne</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perchoux</surname><given-names>Camille</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff021"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pischon</surname><given-names>Tobias</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022"><sup>22</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Polito</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sannella</surname><given-names>Alessandra</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>Holger</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sohun</surname><given-names>Rhoda</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steinbrecher</surname><given-names>Astrid</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schlicht</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ricciardi</surname><given-names>Walter</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castellani</surname><given-names>Loriana</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>MacDonncha</surname><given-names>Ciaran</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Capranica</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Boccia</surname><given-names>Stefania</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Human Sciences, Society, and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Section of Hygiene—Institute of Public Health; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Sport, Leisure and Childhood Studies, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Munster, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff008"><label>8</label><addr-line>Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff009"><label>9</label><addr-line>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff010"><label>10</label><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff011"><label>11</label><addr-line>Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences I, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff012"><label>12</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff013"><label>13</label><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff014"><label>14</label><addr-line>School of Health and Human Performance, Multisensory Motor Learning Lab., Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff015"><label>15</label><addr-line>Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff016"><label>16</label><addr-line>Department of Sport Sciences, Social and Health Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff017"><label>17</label><addr-line>Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff018"><label>18</label><addr-line>Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff019"><label>19</label><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff020"><label>20</label><addr-line>Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff021"><label>21</label><addr-line>Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff022"><label>22</label><addr-line>Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff023"><label>23</label><addr-line>DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff024"><label>24</label><addr-line>Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità—ISS), Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff025"><label>25</label><addr-line>Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Buchowski</surname><given-names>Maciej</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Vanderbilt University, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>c.cortis@unicas.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>e0182709</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Cortis et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Cortis et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0182709.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Low levels of physical activity (PA) are reported to contribute to the occurrence of non-communicable diseases over the life course. Although psychological factors have been identified as an important category concerning PA behavior, knowledge on psychological determinants of PA is still inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this umbrella systematic literature review (SLR) was to summarize and synthesize the scientific evidence on psychological determinants of PA behavior across the life course. A systematic online search was conducted on MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The search was limited to studies published in English from January 2004 to April 2016. SLRs and meta-analyses (MAs) of observational studies investigating the association of psychological variables and PA were considered eligible. Extracted data were evaluated based on importance of determinants, strength of evidence, and methodological quality. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (Record ID: CRD42015010616). Twenty reviews (14 SLRs and 6 MAs), mostly of moderate methodological quality, were found eligible. Convincing evidence was found for self-efficacy (positive association with PA) in children and adolescents, and stress (negative association with PA) regardless of age. Most of the evidence revealing an association between psychological determinants and PA is probable and limited, mainly due to differences in the definition of PA and of psychological determinants across reviews. Thus, scholars are urged to reach a consensus on clear definitions of relevant psychological determinants of PA, subsuming cultural biases and allowing the possibility to obtain clear interpretations and generalizability of findings. Finally, most psychological determinants should be considered within a larger framework of other multi-level determinants that may interact or mediate some of the effects.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-5532</contrib-id><name><surname>Cortis</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Puggina</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award003"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Pesce</surname><given-names>Caterina</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award004"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Aleksovska</surname><given-names>Katina</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award005"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Condello</surname><given-names>Giancarlo</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award006"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Di Blasio</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award007"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Izzicupo</surname><given-names>Pascal</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award008"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Napolitano</surname><given-names>Giorgio</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award009"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Sannella</surname><given-names>Alessandra</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award010"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ricciardi</surname><given-names>Walter</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award011"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Castellani</surname><given-names>Loriana</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award012"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Capranica</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award013"><funding-source><institution>MIUR DEDIPAC</institution></funding-source><award-id>F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Boccia</surname><given-names>Stefania</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award014"><funding-source><institution>MIUR</institution></funding-source><award-id>CDR2.PRIN 2010/11 COD. 2010KL2Y73_003</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Pesce</surname><given-names>Caterina</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award015"><funding-source><institution>MIUR</institution></funding-source><award-id>CDR2.PRIN 2010/11 COD. 2010KL2Y73_003</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Condello</surname><given-names>Giancarlo</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award016"><funding-source><institution>MIUR</institution></funding-source><award-id>CDR2.PRIN 2010/11 COD. 2010KL2Y73_003</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Capranica</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award017"><funding-source><institution>Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, Italy</institution></funding-source><award-id>DEDIPAC-IRILD, D.M. 14474/7303/13</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ciarapica</surname><given-names>Donatella</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award018"><funding-source><institution>Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, Italy</institution></funding-source><award-id>DEDIPAC-IRILD, D.M. 14474/7303/13</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Polito</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award019"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Carlin</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award020"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Issartel</surname><given-names>Johann</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award021"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Kennedy</surname><given-names>Aileen</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award022"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ling</surname><given-names>Fiona Chun Man</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award023"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>O’Donoghue</surname><given-names>Grainne</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award024"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Sohun</surname><given-names>Rhoda</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award025"><funding-source><institution>Health Research Board, Ireland</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>MacDonncha</surname><given-names>Ciaran</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award026"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1374</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>Sylvia</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award027"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1374</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Kanning</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award028"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1374</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Schlicht</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award029"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1372E</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Pischon</surname><given-names>Tobias</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award030"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1372C</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>Holger</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award031"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347</institution-id><institution>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>01EA1377</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Buck</surname><given-names>Christoph</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award032"><funding-source><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and Institut National de Prévention et d’Education pour la Sante (INPES)</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Nazare</surname><given-names>Julie-Anne</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award033"><funding-source><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and Institut National de Prévention et d’Education pour la Sante (INPES)</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Perchoux</surname><given-names>Camille</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award034"><funding-source><institution>Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Cardon</surname><given-names>Greet</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award035"><funding-source><institution>Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>D’Haese</surname><given-names>Sara</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award036"><funding-source><institution>Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium</institution></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>De Craemer</surname><given-names>Marieke</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>CC, AP, CP, KA, GC, AS, LC, ADB, PI, GN, LC, WR, SB received a grant from MIUR (DEDIPAC F.S. 02.15.02 COD. B84G14000040008); GC, SDH, MDC received a grant from the Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium; CP, GC, LC received a grant from MIUR (CDR2.PRIN 2010/11 COD. 2010KL2Y73_003); AP, DC received grants from Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, Italy (DEDIPAC-IRILD, D.M. 14474/7303/13); AC, FCML, GOD, RS, CMD, JI, AK received a grant from the Health Research Board, Ireland; SH, MK, WS received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (#01EA1374); TP received grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (#01EA1372E); HS received grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (#01EA1372C); CB received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (#01EA1377); J-AN, CP received grants from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and Institut National de Prévention et d’Education pour la Sante (INPES).</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="25"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec001"><title>Introduction</title><p>Physical activity (PA) is a health enhancing behavior that is effective at reducing the risk of a range of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, cancer, type II diabetes, hypertension, and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Although the European Union (EU) is strongly engaged in promoting health-enhancing PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] for all individuals independently from age and social status, a large proportion of the population are fail to meet these guidelines, with approximately one third of adults (31%) and the majority of young people aged 13–15 years (80%) worldwide classed as physically inactive [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>], thus exposing themselves to health risk.</p><p>Several models for the exploration of the active lifestyle choices have been proposed [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref008" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>], looking at individual (biological, psychological, and behavioral aspects), interpersonal (relationships with parents, relatives, peers, and socio-cultural networks), environmental (access/availability of tools/services, and proximal/distal built/natural surroundings), and policy (organizational and governmental aspects) dimensions. Within those dimensions, positive, negative, inconclusive, or no associations might exist between several determinants and PA. However, both determinants and PA present a great diversity in research designs, measurement approaches, populations studied, types of measurement and terminologies, which still make difficult to draw a comprehensive understanding. In general, the term ‘determinant’ is used to address causal variables also including correlates (i.e., multiple variables intervening in cause-effect relationships), whilst mediators (i.e., variables influencing a cause-effect relationship between variables), moderators (i.e., variables effecting the strength of a relationship between variables), and/or confounders (i.e., variables associated with the outcome that distort the observed relationships) are considered different variables [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref009" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. According to a review approach that is acquiring relevance in public health as a mean to complement systematic and meta-analytic review modes—the realist synthesis approach—determinants are similar to mechanisms (i.e., an idea about what works to change a given behavior in an expected direction under given circumstances and why it works [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]). Furthermore, a lack of commonality exists in the PA terminology applied in the studies and different forms of PA are considered, ranging from unstructured daily activities, occupational PA, leisure time PA to structured PA (e.g., exercise, grassroots sports, and competitive sports) and considering the most relevant parameters of PA, such as frequency (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly), duration (e.g., total time of activity, rest intervals), and intensity (e.g., low, moderate, moderate-vigorous, vigorous, maximal efforts).</p><p>Although there are several ways in which PA behaviors could be conceptualized and defined and different factors may influence individual choices [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>], psychological factors are direct determinants of maintenance of PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Therefore, a greater understanding of the determinants of involvement in exercise (Ex) and PA, including motivation, seems to be necessary [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. In particular, descriptive research on participation suggested fun, skill development, affiliation, fitness, success and challenge for youth; challenge, skill development and fitness for adults; health, relaxation and enjoyment for older individuals, as motives to reflect involvement in sport, Ex and PA. Also self-efficacy, attitude, intentions and perceived physical competence seem to be significant predictors of PA adherence and compliance [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. On the other hand, issues of safety and feelings of incompetence are reported as perceived barriers [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p><p>Despite the attempts made to clarify the psychological determinants of PA, sound knowledge and understanding of how and why people adopt and/or maintain adequate PA levels, as well as systematic analysis, are still missing. The diversity in research designs, theoretical and measurement approaches, population groups, determinants investigated, and PA outcomes, across the literature, makes it difficult to understand the evidence and to draw appropriate conclusions on the importance of psychological determinants in influencing PA behaviors [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p><p>Recently, the European Commission endorsed a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) to increase research capacity across Member States to engage in a common research agenda on healthy diet and healthy lifestyles [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] and the DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity-Knowledge Hub (DEDIPAC-KH) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. To expand knowledge and to develop new insights and initiatives to promote PA, the DEDIPAC-KH organized and carried out an umbrella systematic literature review (SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] on all the possible determinants of PA. Overall, 7 categories of determinants of PA have been identified: biological, psychological, behavioral, physical, socio-cultural, socio-economic, and policy. Due to the amount of researches available, the DEDIPAC-KH Management Team decided to organize the findings in 7 separated umbrella SLRs, each focused on a single category. The DEDIPAC-KH Management Team is conscious that splitting the categories may cause a lost in the analysis of the interactions between those categories of determinants which may share commonalities. However, this strategy was considered necessary for a clear dissemination of insights on the determinants of PA.</p><p>Therefore, the aim of this umbrella SLR is to give an overview of the evidence on psychological determinants of PA by systematically reviewing the available evidence from existing SLRs and meta-analyses (MAs) of primary observational studies.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec002"><title>Materials and methods</title><p>The manuscript was drafted following the PRISMA checklist [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>], provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0182709.s001">S1 Checklist</xref>. A common protocol for the seven umbrella SLRs was registered and is available on PROSPERO (Record ID: <italic>CRD42015010616</italic>), the international prospective register of systematic reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Review title, timescale, team details, methods, and general information were recorded in the PROSPERO register prior to completing data extraction.</p><sec id="sec003"><title>Search strategy and eligibility criteria</title><p>SLRs and MAs investigating the determinants of PA across the life course were systematically searched on MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The search was limited to SLRs and MAs published in English, between January, 1<sup>st</sup> 2004 and April, 30<sup>th</sup> 2016. SLRs and MAs published before 2004 were not included to avoid duplications of the earliest individual studies included in the SLRs and MAs. According to the literature [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>], <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0182709.t001">Table 1</xref> shows the MEDLINE search strategy, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0182709.g001">Fig 1</xref> summarizes the process of the literature research, common to the subsequent 7 umbrella SLRs. Thus, <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0182709.t001">Table 1</xref> provides the overall list of searched terms, whilst <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0182709.g001">Fig 1</xref> shows the count of the overall excluded/included reviews, related and not-related with psychological determinants.</p><fig id="pone.0182709.g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709.g001</object-id><label>Fig 1</label><caption><title>Flowchart of the literature research by database.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0182709.g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pone.0182709.t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Search strategy: Key words used for the literature research.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0182709.t001g" xlink:href="pone.0182709.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Set</th><th align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Search terms</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#1</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“physical activit*” OR “physical exercise*” OR sport OR “motor activit*” OR “locomotor activit*” OR athletic* OR fitness OR “physical movement*” OR “physical performance*” OR “aerobic exercise*” OR “physical effort*” OR “physical exertion*”</td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#2</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">determinant OR determinants OR correlator OR correlators OR mediator OR mediators OR moderator OR moderators OR contributor OR contributors OR factor OR factors OR association OR modifier OR modifiers OR confounder OR confounders OR pattern OR patterns OR predictor*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#3</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">demographic* OR motivation OR cognition OR emotion* OR attitude* OR “self-perception” OR “self-confidence” OR “self-efficacy” OR competence OR reward* OR success* OR challenge* OR knowledge OR belief* OR “personal trait*” OR “body image” OR satisfaction OR “time availability” OR “perceived environment” OR family OR peer* OR school* OR leader* OR coach* OR group* OR “climate” OR network* OR employment OR retirement OR “educational level” OR SES OR “socioeconomic status” OR “local identity” OR “national identity” OR value* OR tradition* OR “social expectation*” OR “social trend*” OR “social barrier*” OR “availability of tool*” OR “availability of service*” OR “access to tool*” OR “access to service*” OR neighborhood OR “community route*” OR “school environment” OR “work environment” OR architecture OR urbanization OR transport OR traffic OR “facilit* in public space*” OR advertisement OR “availability of sport club*” OR “availability of fitness center*” OR advocacy OR lobbying OR “corporate social responsibility” OR “physical activity promotion initiative*” OR legislation OR health OR education OR tourism OR environment OR “urban planning” OR transport* OR sport OR sports OR culture OR dance OR theater OR “gender mainstreaming” OR “social inclusion” OR “fiscal measure*” OR program* OR plan OR plans OR communication OR media OR guideline*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#4</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“systematic literature review” OR “meta-analysis”</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><p>SLRs or MAs of observational primary studies on the association between any determinants and PA, Ex, or sport as the main outcome, were included in the umbrella SLR. The following SLRs and MAs were excluded: i) SLRs and MAs of intervention studies; ii) SLRs and MAs that focused on specific population groups (e.g. people with chronic diseases); iii) umbrella SLRs on the same topic (e.g. reviews of SLRs or MAs of epidemiological studies on variables in association with PA). Psychological determinants were defined as the person’s individual characteristics, such as cognitions, beliefs and motivation, that could potentially be associated with PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Selection process</title><p>Following the systematic literature search, identified articles were arranged alphabetically and distributed among the partners belonging to the DEDIPAC-KH. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts of assigned articles and assessed them for eligibility. Before final inclusion or exclusion, a common decision had to be reached for each SLR and MA; any uncertainty and disagreement was resolved by consulting three further authors (SB, LC, AP).</p></sec><sec id="sec005"><title>Data extraction</title><p>A predefined data extraction form, developed by the DEDIPAC-KH and checked by two authors (KA, AP), was used to extract data for each included review. In reporting data, authors agreed to define as ‘reviews’ those SLRs and MAs found eligible for the umbrella SLR, and as ‘primary studies’ those studies included in the eligible SLRs and MAs. Moreover, authors agreed to consider all of the terminologies and forms of PA, including unstructured (i.e., PA linked with daily life) and structured (i.e., Ex and sports), independently from their frequency, duration, and intensity. Sedentary behavior was not included in the DEDIPAC umbrella SLRs.</p><p>The following information was extracted from each included review: year of publication, type of review (either SLR or MA), number of eligible primary studies included in this psychological umbrella SLR over the total number of studies included in the review; continent/s, primary study design, overall sample size, age range or mean age, gender proportion (% female), and year of publication of eligible primary studies; PA outcome details, type of determinant/s, aim of the review; overall results (qualitative or quantitative), overall recommendations, and limitations as provided by the review itself.</p></sec><sec id="sec006"><title>Evaluation of importance of determinants and strength of the evidence</title><p>The results retrieved from the eligible primary studies included in the reviews were summarized by combining two slightly modified grading scales, previously used by the World Cancer Research Fund [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] and Sleddens et al. [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. According to Sleddens [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>], the codes + and ++ were used if there is an association (no matter if positive or negative). This was modified for the present review to report both the association and the direction of the association according to a recent umbrella SLR on behavioral determinants of PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>].</p><p>The first scale grades the importance of a determinant referring only to the consistency and direction of the associations among the individual eligible primary studies. The importance was scored a (—) if all identified eligible primary studies, without exception, reported a negative association between the determinant and the outcome and a (-) if the negative association was found in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies. The importance of the determinant was scored a (0) if the results were mixed, or more specifically, if the variable was found to be a determinant and/or reported an association (either positive or negative) in 25% to 75% of eligible primary studies. Furthermore, the importance of the determinant scored a (+) if a positive association was found in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies and a (++) if a positive association was found in all eligible primary studies, without exception.</p><p>The second scale grades the strength of evidence, referring to the study design used among individual primary studies. The strength of the evidence was described as ‘convincing’ (Ce) if it was based on a substantial (n>10) number of longitudinal observational studies showing associations between the determinant and PA. The strength of the evidence was defined as ‘probable’ (Pe) if it was based on at least two cohort studies or five cross-control studies showing associations between the determinant and PA. Furthermore, the strength of the evidence was given as ‘limited suggestive evidence’ (Ls) if it was based mainly on findings from cross-sectional studies showing associations between the determinant and PA. Evidence was labelled as ‘limited, no conclusive evidence’ (Lnc) if the study findings were suggestive but insufficient to provide an association between the determinant and PA (and if no longitudinal data available).</p></sec><sec id="sec007"><title>Quality assessment</title><p>The methodological quality of the included reviews was assessed using a modified version of the AMSTAR Checklist [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. One of the criteria (question number 11) referring to the presence of any conflict of interest, was modified after a consensus between the DEDIPAC-KH partners, so that the conflict of interest was evaluated in the reviews and not in the primary studies included in each review.</p><p>Using the same methodology as Sleddens et al. [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>], the included reviews were independently evaluated by two authors belonging to the DEDIPAC-KH. Any uncertainty and disagreement was resolved by consulting three further authors (SB, LC, AP). The eleven criteria were evaluated and scored 1, when the criterion was applicable to and fulfilled by the analyzed review or 0, when the criterion was not applicable to or not fulfilled by or could not be answered based on the analyzed review. Consequently, the sum quality score for each included review ranged from 0 to 11. The quality of the review was labelled as weak (0–3 quality points), moderate (4–7 quality points), or strong (8–11 quality points).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec008"><title>Results</title><sec id="sec009"><title>SLRs and MAs selection process</title><p>As summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0182709.g001">Fig 1</xref>, the systematic search identified 17,941 reviews that were potentially relevant for inclusion in the seven umbrella SLRs of the DEDIPAC-KH. After the removal of duplicates, 15,147 reviews remained for screening. After title and abstract reading, 12,414 (concerning title) and 2,733 (concerning abstract) reviews, respectively, were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus, a total number of 535 full-text reviews were assessed for eligibility. After the full-text reading phase, the final number of SLRs and MAs eligible for the seven umbrella SLRs was 63. Of these, 43 reviews did not examine psychological determinants of PA. Therefore, the final number of reviews included in this umbrella SLR was 20 (14 SLRs and 6 MAs).</p></sec><sec id="sec010"><title>Characteristics of the reviews and quality assessment</title><p>The characteristics of the 20 included reviews are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0182709.t002">Table 2</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="pone.0182709.t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709.t002</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Characteristics of the included reviews (n = 20).</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0182709.t002g" xlink:href="pone.0182709.t002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author, Date <break></break>(Type of review) [Ref]</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of eligible primary studies included in the umbrella review/total number of primary studies included in the review</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Continent/s of eligible primary studies</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study design of eligible primary studies</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total sample size of eligible primary studies (sample range)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age range or mean (years) of eligible primary studies</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender (female, % range) of eligible primary studies</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year range of eligible primary studies</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Babakus WS, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7/38</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe (n = 5)<break></break>Australia (n = 1)<break></break>North America (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qualitative (n = 7)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398<break></break> (8–114)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26–83</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006–2012</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Babic MJ, 2014</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99/111</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe (n = 58)<break></break>North America (n = 27)<break></break>Australia (n = 8)<break></break>Asia (n = 3)<break></break>South America (n = 2)<break></break>Africa (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 77)<break></break>Longitudinal (n = 22)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90,362<break></break>(46–10,987)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–20</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1991–2013</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Barnett I, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/19</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,899</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57–71</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1985</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bui L, 2011</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/20</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 4)<break></break>Europe (n = 2)<break></break>Australia (n = 2)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective (n = 3)<break></break>Cross-sectional (n = 3)<break></break>Longitudinal (n = 2)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,290<break></break>(76–1,602)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–75</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002–2009</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Craggs C, 2011</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25/46</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 20)<break></break>Europe (n = 3)<break></break>Asia (n = 1)<break></break>Australia (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective (n = 25)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,196<break></break>(132–12,812)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–9<break></break> 10–13<break></break> 14–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1986–2010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Koeneman MA, 2011</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/34</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observational (n = 6)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54–85</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999–2008</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>McDermott, 2015</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84/84</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.<break></break>(22–1,582)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–65</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1987–2014</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Nasuti G, 2013</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40/70</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 22)<break></break>Europe (n = 12)<break></break>Asia (n = 5)<break></break>Australia (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 32)<break></break>Prospective (n = 8)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,705<break></break>(30–6,078)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990–2011</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Olsen JM, 2013</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/21</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross sectional (n = 10)<break></break>Cohort (n = 1)<break></break>Qualitative (n = 5)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,371<break></break>(17–2,338)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19–75</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000–2010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Owen KB, 2014</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44/46</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe (n = 27)<break></break>North America (n = 8)<break></break>Asia (n = 5)<break></break>Australia (n = 1)<break></break>Multiple Continents (n = 1)<break></break>N.A. (n = 2)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross sectional (n = 26)<break></break>Prospective (n = 13)<break></break>Longitudinal (n = 5)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,980<break></break>(61–1,071)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–79</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1992–2013</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pavey T, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/20</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mainly Europe</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observational (n = 3)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198<break></break>(30–49)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51–64</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005–2008</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rhodes RE, 2006</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34/34</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 17)<break></break>Europe (n = 9)<break></break>Asia (n = 1)<break></break>Africa (n = 1)<break></break>N.A. (n = 6)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 18)<break></break>Prospective (n = 12)<break></break>Longitudinal (n = 4)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63,380<break></break>(35–22,448)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19–77</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1969–2006</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ridgers ND, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/53</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 1)<break></break>Europe (n = 2)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 3)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003–2010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Siddiqi Z, 2011</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25/29</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 25)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">986 <break></break>(14–89)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–89</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1995–2009</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Stanley RM, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/22</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 2)<break></break>Australia (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 2)<break></break>Questionnaire Validation Study (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–14</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997–2010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Stults-Kolehmainen MA, 2014</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168/168</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 100)<break></break>Prospective (n = 55)<break></break>Qualitative (n = 9)<break></break>Retrospective (n = 4)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495,915<break></break>(9–46,573)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7–92</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1980–2012</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Teixeira PR, 2012</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56/66</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross-sectional (n = 43)<break></break>Prospective (n = 11)<break></break>Mixed methods (n = 2)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,540<break></break>(40–1,572)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–65</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1990–2011</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Uijtdewillingen L, 2011</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/30</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 6)<break></break> Europe (n = 3)<break></break>Multiple Continents (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective (n = 10)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,875<break></break>(155–12,812)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–12<break></break>13–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006–2010</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Van der Horst K, 2007</bold><break></break><bold>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33/57</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross sectional (n = 29)<break></break>Prospective (n = 4)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4–12<break></break>13–18</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999–2005</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Wilson KE, 2015</bold><break></break><bold>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64/64</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (n = 35)<break></break> Europe (n = 22)<break></break>Asia (n = 4)<break></break>Australia (n = 2)<break></break>South Africa (n = 1)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cross sectional (n = 43)<break></break>Prospective (n = 18)<break></break>Mixed methods (n = 3)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88,400<break></break>(25–35,165)</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–93</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–100</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1971–2013</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t002fn001"><p>Notes: MA: Meta-Analysis; N.A.: Not applicable; SLR: Systematic Literature Review.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Most of the reviews included eligible primary studies from multiple continents, mostly from Europe, North America, and Australia. Cross-sectional study design was used in the majority of eligible primary studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. Thirteen reviews included retrospective, prospective and cohort studies, either as the only eligible study design [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] or as part of the eligible primary studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. One review included only qualitative studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>], two other only observational studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>] while no information about the study design was presented in one review [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>].</p><p>In five reviews, it was not possible to retrieve the total sample size of the eligible primary studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]. In the remaining studies, the total sample size ranged from 198 [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>] to 495,915 [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Eight reviews referred to eligible primary studies including only young people. Among these, children and adolescents (≤18 years) were assessed in seven reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. Ten reviews considered adults [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>], while two reviews considered the whole age range from youth to old age [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. As some of the eligible primary studies included only one gender sample, the percentage of female participants ranged from 0 to 100%, though that data was absent in seven reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec011"><title>Measurements of PA</title><p>Among the 729 eligible primary studies included in this umbrella SLR, 567 studies from eighteen reviews used non-objective PA measurements (self-report, parental/teacher report, questionnaire) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]. Objective measurements of PA, either assessed by accelerometers, pedometers, heart rate monitors or direct observation, were used in 44 of the eligible primary studies, included in eight reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. Seven eligible primary studies included in four reviews combined objective with non-objective measures of PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. Finally, 111 eligible primary studies from four reviews did not report PA measures [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>].</p><p>The majority (n = 13) of the included reviews evaluated overall PA as an outcome [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]. Three reviews measured time-specific PA: school break time PA and after school PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>], recess PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] and PA changes across transition to retirement [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], which were considered as overall PA. Three reviews measured PA intention and/or behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>], and two the combination of PA and Ex (overall PA/Ex) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]. Lastly, one review measured a specific Ex referral schemes adherence (ERS) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>], which was considered as overall Ex. For all data (outcome, determinant, review aim, overall qualitative and quantitative results, limitations and recommendations) of the included reviews see the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0182709.s002">S1 Table</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec012"><title>Categorization of the included determinants</title><p>After extraction of included reviews, a total number of 84 psychological determinants of PA were identified. In case of synonyms/duplicates or equally defined determinants, groups were arranged and labelled. For example, the determinants ‘perceived competence’, ‘competence’, ‘athletic competence’, and ‘sport competence’ were merged into the determinant ‘perceived competence’. Differently, other similar determinants were identified to form a sub-group with a specific label. For example, the determinants ‘affective judgment’, ‘enjoyment’, ‘interest’, ‘positive affect’, ‘psychological wellbeing’, and ‘satisfaction’ were part of the sub-group <italic>Emotions and feelings</italic>. After achieving a final consensus among authors, the final number of psychological determinants was 61, organized into the following categories: <italic>Basic psychological needs</italic>, <italic>Emotions and feelings</italic>, <italic>Domain-general/specific perceptions</italic>, <italic>Motivation</italic>, <italic>Personal dispositions and cognitive skills</italic>, <italic>Personality traits</italic>, <italic>Perceived barriers/Adverse responses</italic>, <italic>Perceived benefits of PA</italic>, <italic>Psychological distress and disorders</italic>, and <italic>Rewards</italic>. The categorization of determinants has been decided after their identification, to reduce the total number of them and to better evaluate their importance and strength of the evidence. Since the aim of this umbrella SLR was to provide a systematic overview of the psychological determinants of PA, the approach adopted by the authors was to consider the existing determinants and to analyze how they were associated with PA. Since the goal was not to describe or interpret the determinant, the authors did not interfere with the name given to a specific determinant and with its possible meaning.</p></sec><sec id="sec013"><title>Findings of the reviews</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0182709.t003">Table 3</xref> summarizes the importance and evidence of the associations between psychological determinants and different types of PA different age groups.</p><table-wrap id="pone.0182709.t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709.t003</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Summary of the results of the included reviews: The importance of a determinant and its strength of evidence.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0182709.t003g" xlink:href="pone.0182709.t003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Determinant</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children 4–13<break></break>(Overall PA)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adolescents 14–18<break></break>(Overall PA)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Children and adolescents 4–18<break></break>(Overall PA)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults 18–40<break></break>(Overall PA)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults >40 <break></break>(Overall PA)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults >40<break></break> (Overall EX)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults >40<break></break> (Overall PA/EX)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rural women >18<break></break>(PA behavior)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All ages ≥7<break></break>(Overall PA, intention, and behavior)</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All ages ≥7<break></break>(Overall PA/EX)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Basic psychological needs</bold></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Autonomy</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Competence</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Relatedness</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Emotions and feelings</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Affective judgment</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enjoyment</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Interest</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Positive affect</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psychological wellbeing</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Satisfaction</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> </italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Domain-general/specific perceptions</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived behavioral control</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived physical appearance</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived fitness</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived vulnerability</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> </italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived competence</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Physical self-concept</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-acceptance</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-efficacy</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ce [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ce [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-esteem</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-perceptions</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-worth</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motivation</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Autonomous motivation/regulation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Intrinsic motivation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Extrinsic motivation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Integrated regulation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Identified regulation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Introjected regulation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="right" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>External/controlled regulation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lack of motivation/Amotivation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Exercise causality orientation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Motivation</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-determination</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> </italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Personal dispositions and cognitive skills</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Attitude</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Belief</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Expectation of change</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Goal setting/Planning</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">++, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> </italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Intention</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Self-discipline</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Value</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Personality traits</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Agreeableness</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conscientiousness</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Extraversion</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Modesty</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neuroticism</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Openness to experience/intellect</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psychoticism</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Perceived barriers/Adverse responses</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Barriers to PA</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pain/fatigue/weakness</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Perceived benefits of PA</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Knowledge of PA benefits</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lack of knowledge of PA benefits</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Perceived quality of the program</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Physical and mental health perceptions</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weight control/body care</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Psychological distress and disorders</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Depression/depressive symptoms</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Emotional distress</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fear of injuries/falling</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fear to go out alone</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Maturity fears</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Selfish to take PA</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stress</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Ce [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rewards</bold></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lack of support</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Need supportive climate</italic></td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Reward</italic></td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t003fn001"><p>Notes: Ce: Convincing evidence; Ex: Exercise; Lnc: Limited, no conclusive evidence; Ls: Limited, suggestive evidence; PA: Physical Activity; Pe: Probable evidence.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The most frequently studied determinants were ‘attitude’ (n = 7) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>], ‘self-efficacy’ (n = 7) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>] and ‘intention’ (n = 6) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]. However, most of the determinants were considered in one review only [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p><sec id="sec014"><title>Children</title><p>Three reviews investigated the psychological determinants of overall PA in children under 13 years of age [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. ‘Intention’, ‘knowledge of PA benefits’, and ‘self-efficacy’ were found to be positively associated with overall PA. Only ‘self-efficacy’ showed a convincing level of evidence (+, Ce [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]), while ‘intention’ and ‘knowledge of PA benefits’ showed a probable (+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]) or limited, suggestive evidence (+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]), respectively. Inconsistent associations with overall PA emerged for the other determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec015"><title>Adolescents</title><p>Three reviews examined the psychological determinants of PA for adolescents (14–18 years old) in relation to overall PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. ‘Goal setting/Planning’ was positively associated with overall PA in all the eligible primary studies included in the reviews, without exception, with probable level of evidence (++, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]). ‘Perceived behavioral control’ was positively associated with overall PA in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with a probable level of evidence (+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]), while ‘motivation’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] and ‘self-worth’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>], were positively associated with a limited suggestive level of evidence (+, Ls). Finally, ‘self-efficacy’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] was positively associated with overall PA with a convincing level of evidence (+, Ce). No consistent association with overall PA was found for all the other determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec016"><title>Children and adolescents</title><p>Five reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] examined the psychological determinants of PA in children and adolescents combined (≤18 years old years old). PA showed positive associations with ‘perceived competence’, ‘perceived physical appearance’, ‘perceived fitness’, and ‘physical self-concept’ (+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]); ‘autonomous motivation/regulation’ (+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]); ‘affective judgment’ (+, Pe [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]), in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with a probable level of evidence. A limited, suggestive level of evidence was found for a positive association of ‘interest’ and PA (+, Ls [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]). A negative association with PA emerged for ‘lack of motivation/amotivation’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies included in this umbrella review with a limited, suggestive level of evidence (-, Ls). No consistent association with overall PA was found for the other determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec017"><title>Adults</title><p>Six reviews examined psychological determinants of PA in adults (18–40 and >40 years old) in relation to overall PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>], overall PA behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>], overall Ex and PA/Ex [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]. Overall PA was positively associated with ‘attitude’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] and ‘belief’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>] in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with limited, no conclusive evidence (+, Lnc). Negative associations were found for ‘barriers to PA’, ‘lack of knowledge of PA benefits’, ‘pain/fatigue/weakness’, ‘fear to go out alone’, ‘fear of injuries/falling’, and ‘lack of support’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]; ‘emotional distress’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>], with a limited, no conclusive evidence (-, Lnc). No consistent association emerged between overall PA/Ex and ‘self-efficacy’ (0, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]). With respect to overall PA/Ex ‘intention’ and ‘perceived quality of the program’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] were positively associated in more than 75% of the included studies with limited, no conclusive evidence (+, Lnc). Conversely, overall PA/Ex was negatively associated with ‘barriers to PA’, ‘depression/depressive symptoms’, and ‘fear of injuries/falling’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>], with limited, no conclusive evidence (-, Lnc). Finally, no consistent association emerged between overall Ex and ‘attitude’, ‘barriers to PA’, ‘pain/fatigue/weakness’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]; ‘autonomy’, ‘expectation of change’, ‘self-determination’, ‘psychological wellbeing’, and ‘satisfaction’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]; ‘self-efficacy’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p><p>The only review examining psychological determinants of PA in adults >40 years old in relation to overall PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>], showed a positive association for ‘belief’ and ‘weight control/body care’ in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with a limited, no conclusive evidence (+, Lnc). One review examined psychological determinants in rural women [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>], revealing a positive association of PA behavior with ‘motivation’, ‘attitude’, ‘self-discipline’, and ‘positive affect’ with a limited, no conclusive evidence (+, Lnc), and ‘self-efficacy’, with limited suggestive evidence (+, Ls). ‘Fear of injuries/falling’ showed a negative association with PA in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with a limited, no conclusive evidence (-, Lnc [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]).</p></sec><sec id="sec018"><title>All ages</title><p>Eight reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>] examined the psychological determinants of PA in individuals older than 7 years. Overall PA, intention and behavior was positively associated to ‘competence’, ‘intrinsic motivation’, ‘identified regulation’, ‘autonomous motivation/regulation’ and ‘need supportive climate’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]; ‘intention’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]; ‘conscientiousness’, ‘extraversion’ and ‘openness to experience/intellect’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>], and ‘self-efficacy’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies. A negative association emerged for ‘neuroticism’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] with a probable level of evidence (+, Pe).</p><p>Positive association with overall PA, intention and behavior also emerged for ‘integrated regulation’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]; ‘physical and mental health perceptions’ and ‘weight control/body care’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]; ‘enjoyment’ and ‘psychological wellbeing’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>], with a limited suggestive evidence (+, Ls), while ‘attitude’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] showed a positive association with limited, no conclusive evidence (+, Lnc). A negative association with limited, suggestive evidence (-, Ls) emerged for ‘lack of motivation/amotivation’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]; ‘lack of knowledge of PA benefits’ and ‘pain/fatigue/weakness’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. Overall PA showed a negative association with ‘modesty’ and ‘selfish to take PA’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>], and ‘perceived vulnerability’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], with overall PA, intention, and behavior with limited, no conclusive evidence (-, Lnc). Overall PA/Ex showed a negative association with ‘stress’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] in more than 75% of the eligible primary studies with a convincing level of evidence (-, Ce). No consistent association emerged for the remaining determinants.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec019"><title>Evaluation of the methodological quality of the reviews</title><p>The results of the quality assessment using the AMSTAR checklist are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0182709.t004">Table 4</xref>. Among the 20 included reviews, the majority (n = 16) were evaluated as being of moderate quality [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>], two were identified as weak [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>], and two labelled as strong [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]. Three reviews [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>] did not provide all characteristics of the primary studies (including the supplementary material available), while only one review provided a full list of included and excluded studies [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="pone.0182709.t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182709.t004</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Quality Assessment of the included reviews using the AMSTAR checklist.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0182709.t004g" xlink:href="pone.0182709.t004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author, Date<break></break> (Type of review) [Ref]</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was an 'a priori' design provided?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was there duplicate study selection and data extraction?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was a comprehensive literature search performed?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was the status of publication (i.e. grey literature) used as an inclusion criterion?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was a list of studies (included and excluded) provided?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Were the characteristics of the included studies provided?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was the scientific quality of the included studies assessed and documented?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was the scientific quality of the included studies used appropriately in formulating conclusions?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Were the methods used to combine the findings of studies appropriate?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was the likelihood of publication bias assessed?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Was the conflict of interest included?</th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sum quality score<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t004fn002">*</xref></th><th align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quality of the review<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t004fn003">**</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Babakus WS, 2012<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Babic MJ, 2014<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barnett I, 2012<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bui L, 2011<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craggs C, 2011<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koeneman MA, 2011<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">McDermott, 2015<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasuti G, 2013<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olsen JM, 2013<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Owen KB, 2014<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pavey T, 2012<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref043" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhodes RE, 2006<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weak</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ridgers ND, 2012<break></break> (SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C.A</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Siddiqi Z, 2011<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stanley RM, 2012<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stults-Kolehmainen MA, 2014<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teixeira PR, 2012<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uijtdewillingen L, 2011<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van der Horst K, 2007<break></break>(SLR) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weak</td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wilson KE, 2015<break></break>(MA) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N.A.</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" style="background-color:#FFFFFF" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t004fn001"><p>Notes: C.A.: Can't answer; N.A.: Not applicable.</p></fn><fn id="t004fn002"><p>*0 when the criteria was not applicable for the included review; 1 when the criteria was applicable for the included review.</p></fn><fn id="t004fn003"><p>**Weak (score ranging from 0–3); Moderate (score ranging from 4–7); Strong (score ranging from 8–11).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec020"><title>Discussion</title><p>This umbrella SLR aimed to provide a summary of the evidence of the psychological determinants of PA across the life course, by evaluating the importance and strength of the evidence, and methodological quality of the SLRs and MAs included. To our knowledge, this is the first umbrella SLR that examined all the potential psychological determinants of PA across the life course, including 729 primary studies and 20 reviews (e.g., SLRs and MAs). The results may provide directions for future research strategies and for (sub)populations of inteterest for targeted intervention strategies.</p><p>Overall, the psychological determinats of PA have been predominantly analyzed in youth (eight reviews out of twenty) or in youth and adults combined (seven reviews out of twenty). This highlights the importance attributed to investigating and understanding PA behaviors of young people from a person-centered perspective focused on individual characteristics. Childhood is considered the most crucial period of the lifecycle to educate and promote long-lasting health enhancing active lifestyles [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref045" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>] that will be maintained during adulthood [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>], to decrease the risk factors for NCDs [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>], and to counteract the new ‘pandemic’ phenomenon of inactive lifestyles [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref046" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref047" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]. Therefore, understanding the psychological determinants of PA at the earliest stages of life is crucial for targeted interventions tailored to increase PA levels throughout the life course. Conversely, despite the aging of the population worldwide [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref048" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>], research that focuses on the psychological determinants of PA behaviors in adults and elderly remains limited. Instead, for these age groups, there seems to be larger perceived relevance by the scientific community for environmental determinants as mobility policies and financial measures and regulation for PA and sport [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p>When addressing determinants of PA, SLRs and MAs usually listed factors regardless of their type, by using categories only related to broad aspects (i.e., biological, environmental, behavioral, political, socio-cultural, economical and psychological). Since in the current study 61 psychological determinants have been identified, a categorisation was proposed for a better understanding and more synthetic overview of how they might influence PA. This sizeable number of psychological determinants might reflect the importance and complexity of the psychological mechanisms that underpin PA behaviors.</p><p>Convincing and probable evidence emerged for psychological determinants in the categories of <italic>Basic psychological needs</italic>, <italic>Emotions and feelings</italic>, <italic>Domain-general/specific perceptions</italic>, <italic>Motivation</italic>, <italic>Personal dispositions and cognitive skills</italic>, <italic>Personality traits</italic>, <italic>Psychological distress and disorders</italic>, and <italic>Rewards</italic>. Conversely, no consistent association could be found for the determinant in the categories of <italic>Perceived barriers/Adverse responses</italic> and <italic>Perceived benefits of PA</italic>.</p><p>The majority of the determinants in the current study belong to the <italic>Personal dispositions and cognitive skills</italic> category, with eleven reviews out of 20 analyzing the individual’s intention to perform a given behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]. The present umbrella SLR noted a probable positive association between ‘intention’ and overall PA levels in both children [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>], and all ages [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref044" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>], and ‘goal setting/planning’ was consistently found to be probably positively associated with PA in adolescents only [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. This age specificity for adolescence is not surprising, since goal setting is a cognitive life skill [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref050" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>] strongly relying on higher-level cognition as planning [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref051" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>], whose window of opportunities for development extend into late adolescence [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref052" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]. Among the theoretical frameworks that propose the psychological processes involved in behavioral change, the theory of planned behavior (TPB), extension of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), appears to be prominent in the current umbrella SLR [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]. According to the TPB, human behavior is guided by beliefs about its consequences (e.g., behavioral beliefs), about the normative expectation of other people (e.g., normative beliefs), and about the extent to which the behavior is perceived as being under the own control or dependent on external factors (e.g., control beliefs) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref053" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]. In testing the links between beliefs, attitudes, intentions and PA behavior, the TPB substantiates that intentions are predicted best by attitudes and perceived behavioral control, and less by subjective norms [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Moreover, the degree to which perceived behavioral control influences the behavior directly (rather than indirectly through intention) is hypothesized to depend on the degree of actual control over the behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref054" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]. This implies that intention is more likely to find expression in behavior if the behavior is under volitional control, representing people’s actual control over the behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref055" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>].</p><p>In the category of <italic>Personality traits</italic>, a positive association with overall PA emerged for ‘conscientiousness’, ‘extraversion’, ‘openness to experience/intellect’, with a probable level of evidence in all ages [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. On the contrary, ‘neuroticism’ emerged to be probably negatively associated with overall PA, intention and behavior in all ages [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. It appears that individuals who score high on neuroticism exhibit high levels of anxiety, vulnerability, distress, depression and self-consciousness, which may reduce the opportunities to be physically active [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. Therefore, actions towards increasing emotional stability levels in those individuals scoring high on neuroticism may have a positive impact on their PA. However, psychologists generally agree that behavioral action is unlikely to arise directly from personality, rather personality is thought to influence behavioral perceptions, expectations and cognitions [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. In consideration of the overall strength and consistency of the association linking PA behavior to intentions and selected personality traits (i.e., extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism), we could speculate that those traits possibly influence attitudes and a sense of control over engaging in PA, which in turn may influence PA through intention. Further research at the intersection point between the TPB and nomothetic/idiographic personality traits theories is warranted to explore potential interrelations and design PA behavior change strategies that capitalize on the potential mediating role of modifiable intentions in the relationship between personality traits and Ex behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref056" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>].</p><p>Several reviews (45%) explored the determinants of PA included in the category of <italic>Domain-general/specific perceptions</italic>. Among them, ‘self-efficacy’, defined as the ‘people’s beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over their own level of functioning and over events that affect their lives’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref057" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>], showed a convincing positive association with overall PA in children [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] and adolescents [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>], and a probable positive association with overall PA, intention and behavior in adults [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. Self-efficacy has been shown to be effective in predicting and facilitating PA participation and Ex adoption, highlighting the importance of enhancing the one’s own efficacy perception to promote positive PA behaviors. In line with that, ‘perceived behavioral control’, a variable congeneric to self-efficacy showed a positive probable association in adolescents [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref039" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>], confirming that the perceived ease of performing the behavior is crucial when determining PA. However, the reciprocal nature of the relationship between efficacy perceptions and behavior has to be taken into consideration, as the behavior will not be undertaken unless efficacy perceptions are sufficient [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Based on the strength and consistency of the above evidence, a promising intersection point to further our understanding of the psychological determinants of PA is that between TPB and self-efficacy theory, with a complementary contribution of self-efficacy and behavioral control perceptions to the intention to be physically active and actual PA behavior [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref058" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref059" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>].</p><p>Within the <italic>Motivation</italic> and <italic>Basic psychological needs</italic> categories, a probable positive association emerged for ‘intrinsic motivation’, ‘identified regulation’, and ‘competence’ in all ages [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>], while ‘autonomous motivation/regulation’ was associated with overall PA in both children and adolescents [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] and adults [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]. According to the self-determination theory (SDT), the innate psychological needs and the conditions that foster the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy, are essential to facilitate optimal functioning, positive psychosocial development and well-being [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref060" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref062" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]. Research showed that motivation for PA is likely to be more robust if the choice of actions is self-determined which is likely to lead to a greater sense of well-being [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref063" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]. Based on these motivational outcomes of the umbrella review, a promising frontier for future interventional research might be the application of life skills interventions in PA and sports that, by generating a motivational climate that is competence- and autonomy-supportive, may lead to the satisfaction of the corresponding basic needs and, finally, to an active lifestyle and optimal psychological well-being [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref061" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>].</p><p>Among the determinants included in the <italic>Psychological distress and disorders</italic> category, ‘stress’ emerged to be negatively associated to overall PA/Ex in all ages, with convincing evidence [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. The majority of the primary studies supported the hypothesis that higher habitual stress is associated with lower levels of PA, and highlighted the theoretical, practical, and clinical role of stress in PA behaviors [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Conversely, some prospective studies (18%) report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress, as some individuals might utilize exercise to cope with stress. Therefore, further prospective study designs are recommended to investigate the relationship between stress and PA, in addition to the strategies that can potentially alleviate psychological stress in individuals.</p><p>In the <italic>Emotions and feelings</italic> category, ‘affective judgment’, defined as ‘the overall pleasure/displeasure, enjoyment, and feeling states expected from enacting an activity or from reflection on past activity’ [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref064" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref065" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>], was the only determinant associated with higher PA in children and adolescent with probable level of evidence [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. The majority of theoretical models of PA include some aspect of affective judgment. In particular, the TPB distinguishes social outcome judgments (e.g., normative beliefs) from personal ones (e.g., attitude) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]; social cognitive theory includes social, physical, and self-evaluative outcome judgments [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref066" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>], while positive and negative outcome judgments are discussed in the transtheoretical and health belief model (HBM) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref067" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref068" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]. Finally, the SDT [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref060" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>] highlights the importance of affective judgment in the intrinsic regulation and autonomous motivation. Moreover, research showed that PA participation could be predicted from positive affective responses to acute bouts of Ex [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref069" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref070" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>], confirming that affect could be an important determinant of PA [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref071" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]. Since cognitive and emotional self-regulation rely on intertwined brain substrates and functions that come into play in PA behaviors [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref072" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>], we suggest the relevance, for future research, of investigating the joint role of the psychological determinants of PA behaviors falling into the categories of cognitive skills and emotions.</p><p>Determinants included in the <italic>Perceived benefits of PA</italic> and <italic>Perceived barriers/Adverse responses</italic> categories were positively or negatively associated with PA, respectively, with limited, suggestive or no conclusive evidence, or were not consistently associated, suggesting that the potential positive/negative consequences of a specific action [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref073" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>] are not considered crucial, or strong enough, to promote long-lasting active lifestyles.</p><p>This umbrella SLR provided knowledge about the associations between psychological determinants and PA. Although a notable amount of SLRs and Mas and primary studies have been undertaken, some limitations need to be considered as they might have influenced the overall analysis and conclusions drawn in this umbrella SLR. The first concern relates to the need of clear definitions of PA behaviors to prevent confusion and difficulty in interpretation of homonymous terms [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0182709.ref074" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]. The present study was based on the consensus of the DEDIPAC-KH research team (consisting of 23 participants from five partner Nations) on a common nomenclature for PA that encompasses any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure, which may be unstructured and everyday life activity, exercise that includes prearranged, deliberate, and repetitive activity, and grassroots sports and competitive sports [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Despite this comprehensive definition ensures an extensive perspective of determinants of PA behaviors, it does not guarantee that the authors of the considered SLRs and Mas adopted the same pragmatic approach. The second concern pertains the absence of clear and well-established definitions used by scholars to summarize the information of determinants included in the primary studies they analyzed. To avoid misinterpretation of labels due to cultural biases, in the present umbrella SLR it was decided to refer to the actual terminology provided in the SLRs and Mas. The third concern refers to the difficulty in detecting information related to specific aspects of PA engagement, such as frequency and duration, and typology of exercise. Finally, a wide range of study designs, measurement techniques, population groups from countries with different cultural backgrounds, determinants investigated, and PA outcomes were included in the eligible primary studies, making it difficult to evaluate the evidence and draw definitive conclusions. To subsume cultural biases, to allow the possibility to obtain clear interpretations and generalizability of findings, and to hint at a way forward, scholars are urged to reach a consensus on clear definitions of relevant psychological determinants of PA. Indeed, the quality criteria and the condensed form of the current research can provide an important impetus for the further tackling these challenges. To note, cross-sectional studies were the most common study design, hence limiting the strength of the evidence for most of the determinants. Moreover, the majority of PA outcomes were obtained by non-objective measurement methods, which provide less accurate data for PA evaluation [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref075" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>].</p><p>The current umbrella SLR has provided some insights into the psychological determinants that can potentially influence PA behaviors across the life course. To what extent these determinants are predictive of PA can perhaps be better understood through existing health behavior models and theories. Not only does this point to the importance of considering psychological mechanisms that might underpin PA behavior. Crucially, it highlights the complexity of the psychological determinants involved and indicates categories of determinants which, being supported by strong and consistent evidence and presenting potential intersection points, might be explored in combination in future studies to obtain a more comprehensive view. Therefore, future research should examine how the interactions between these determinants and psychological theories behind, might influence PA behaviors, leading to a theoretical integration that can further our understanding not only of multiple psychological predictors, but also of moderated and mediated prediction of PA behaviors.</p><p>In conclusion, the differences in the predictive value of the psychological determinants of PA seem to be most informative when referring to several theories and models used to explain human behaviors. Individuals’ beliefs, values, and goals, and how they relate to the achievement of behaviors, should be carefully taken into consideration and integrated with each other, to understand the mechanisms underlying the PA behaviors [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref055" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]. An attempt to integrate theories has been proposed in a theoretical model of motivation for physical education (PE) [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref076" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]. In particular, trying to explain the processes by which students’ autonomous motivation toward activities in PE lessons affects students’ participation in out-of-school leisure PA, a trans-contextual model of motivation has been developed [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref077" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]. The model incorporates specific aspects of SDT [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref060" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>], a hierarchical model of intrinsic motivation [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref078" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>], and TPB [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref049" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>], providing a starting point for the development of a comprehensive model of behavior change, also including implicit processes and volitional planning. A theoretical development testing is therefore needed to explain phenomena, to better help people change their behavior, also in designing and delivering proper interventions [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref054" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>].</p><p>As a final outlook, future research should zoom out to encompass a larger framework of multi-level determinants that are individual, interpersonal, or environmental in nature may interact in moderated or mediated ways with the psychological determinants of PA behaviors. In this respect, the European conceptual framework of PA determinants (EU-PAD) developed from cumulated experience of European scholars and policy makers [<xref rid="pone.0182709.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] could illuminate on the relationship between multiple psychological factors and guide the development of a novel and integrated approach to investigate specific mechanisms and interactions for the implementation of active lifestyle behaviors of the individual.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec021"><title>Supporting information</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0182709.s001"><label>S1 Checklist</label><caption><title>PRISMA checklist.</title><p>(DOC)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0182709.s001.doc"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0182709.s002"><label>S1 Table</label><caption><title>Results of the included reviews.</title><p>BMI: Body Mass Index; ERS: Ex Referral Schemes; ES: Effect Size; Ex: Exercise; LTPA: Leisure-Time Physical Activity; MA: Meta-Analysis; MVPA: Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity; N.A.: Not Applicable; PA: Physical Activity; SLR: Systematic Literature Review.</p><p>(DOC)</p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0182709.s002.doc"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors thank Lien N, Lakerveld J, Mazzocchi M, O’Gorman D, Monsivais P, Nicolaou M, Renner B, Volkert D, and the DEDIPAC-KH Management team for their helpful support.</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pone.0182709.ref001"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organization. Global status report on Noncommunicable diseases 2010. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44579/1/9789240686458_eng.pdf">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44579/1/9789240686458_eng.pdf</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref002"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation of 26 November 2013 on promoting health-enhancing physical activity across sectors. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:354:0001:0005:EN:PDF">http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:354:0001:0005:EN:PDF</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref003"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hallal</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bull</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Guthold</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Haskell</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ekelund</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>380</volume>(<issue>9838</issue>):<fpage>247</fpage>–<lpage>257</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22818937</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref004"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bauman</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Reis</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sallis</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Loos</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>BW</given-names></name> (<collab>Group LPASW</collab>). <article-title>Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?</article-title><source>Lancet</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>380</volume>(<issue>9838</issue>):<fpage>258</fpage>–<lpage>71</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22818938</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref005"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Condello</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Man Ling</surname><given-names>FC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bianco</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chastin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cardon</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ciarapica</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Using concept mapping in the development of the EU-PAD framework (EUropean-Physical Activity Determinants across the life course): a DEDIPAC-study</article-title>. <source>BMC Public Health</source>. <year>2016</year><month>11</month><day>9</day>;<volume>16</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>1145</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3800-8">10.1186/s12889-016-3800-8</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27825370</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref006"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Glass</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McAtee</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>. <article-title>Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: extending horizons, envisioning the future</article-title>. <source>Soc Sci Med</source>. <year>2006</year>; <volume>62</volume>(<issue>7</issue>):<fpage>1650</fpage>–<lpage>71</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.044">10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.044</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16198467</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref007"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ooms</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Veenhof</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schipper-van Veldhoven</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>de Bakker</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name>. <article-title>Sporting programs for inactive population groups: Factors influencing implementation in the organized sports setting</article-title>. <source>BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil</source>. <year>2015</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>12</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-015-0007-8">10.1186/s13102-015-0007-8</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26038708</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref008"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sallis</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cervero</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ascher</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Henderson</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kraft</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kerr</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>. <article-title>An ecological approach to creating active living communities</article-title>. <source>Annu Rev Public Health</source>. <year>2006</year>;<volume>27</volume>:<fpage>297</fpage>–<lpage>322</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16533119</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref009"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bauman</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sallis</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dzewaltowski</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Owen</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>. <article-title>Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders</article-title>. <source>Am J Prev Med</source>. <year>2002</year>;<volume>23</volume>(<issue>2</issue>):<fpage>5</fpage>–<lpage>14</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12133733</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref010"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Hayes</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name>. <source>Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>The Guilford Press</publisher-name>; <year>2013</year> p. <fpage>3</fpage>–<lpage>22</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref011"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Pawson R, Tilley N. Theory-driven approaches. In: The Magenta Book: guide to policy evaluation. London: Cabinet Office Strategy Unit; 2004. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/220542/magenta_book_combined.pdf">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/220542/magenta_book_combined.pdf</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref012"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Morris J, Marzano M, Dandy N, O’Brien L. Theories and models of behaviour and behaviour change. In Forest Research. United Kingdom: Surrey; 2012. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/behaviour_review_theory.pdf/$FILE/behaviour_review_theory.pdf">http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/behaviour_review_theory.pdf/$FILE/behaviour_review_theory.pdf</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref013"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">] Biddle SJH, Mutrie N. Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions. Routledge; 2007. p. 54–74; p. 100–117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref014"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>McAuley</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Blissmer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>. <article-title>Self-efficacy determinants and consequences of physical activity</article-title>. <source>Exerc Sport Sci Rev</source>. <year>2000</year>;<volume>28</volume>(<issue>2</issue>):<fpage>85</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10902091</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref015"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Spiridon</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>. <article-title>Psychological correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents: A cluster analytical approach</article-title>. <source>Int J Sports Sci</source>. <year>2011</year>;<volume>1</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref016"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">European Commission. EU Joint Programming Initiative A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu">http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref017"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lakerveld</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Van Der Ploeg</surname><given-names>HP</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kroeze</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ahrens</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Allais</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>LF</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Towards the integration and development of a cross-European research network and infrastructure: The DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>11</volume>:<fpage>143</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0143-7">10.1186/s12966-014-0143-7</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25731079</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref018"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ioannidis</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>. <article-title>Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: A primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses</article-title>. <source>Can Med Assoc J</source>. <year>2009</year>;<volume>181</volume>(<issue>8</issue>):<fpage>488</fpage>–<lpage>493</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19654195</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref019"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Liberati</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Altman</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tetzlaff</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mulrow</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gøtzsche</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ioannidis</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration</article-title>. <source>BMJ</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>339</volume>:<fpage>b2700</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700">10.1136/bmj.b2700</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19622552</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref020"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Capranica L, MacDonncha, Puggina A. PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews Determinants of physical activity: An umbrella systematic literature review. 2015;1–5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref021"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Cancer Research Fund</collab>. <source>Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective</source>. <publisher-loc>Washington DC</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>American Institute for Cancer Research</publisher-name>;<year>2007</year>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref022"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sleddens</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kroeze</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kohl</surname><given-names>LF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bolten</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Velema</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kaspers</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Determinants of dietary behavior among youth: An umbrella review</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2015</year>;<volume>12</volume>:<fpage>7</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0164-x">10.1186/s12966-015-0164-x</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25638322</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref023"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Condello</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Puggina</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>., <name><surname>Aleksovska</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Buck</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Burns</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cardon</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Behavioral determinants of physical activity across the life course: A “DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity” (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2017</year>; <month>5</month><day>2</day>; <volume>14</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>58</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0510-2">10.1186/s12966-017-0510-2</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28464958</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref024"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Shea</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Grimshaw</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Boers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Andersson</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hamel</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews</article-title>. <source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source>. <year>2007</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>10</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-10">10.1186/1471-2288-7-10</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17302989</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref025"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Babic</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Plotnikoff</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lonsdale</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>White</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lubans</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name>. <article-title>Physical activity and physical self-concept in youth: Systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Sports Med</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>44</volume>(<issue>11</issue>):<fpage>1589</fpage>–<lpage>1601</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z">10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25053012</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref026"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van Sluijs</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ogilvie</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>. <article-title>Physical activity and transitioning to retirement: A systematic review</article-title>. <source>Am J Prev Med</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>43</volume>:<fpage>329</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.026">10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.026</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22898127</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref027"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bui</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mullan</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McCaffery</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>. <article-title>Protection motivation theory and physical activity in the general population: A systematic literature review</article-title>. <source>Psychol Health Med</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>18</volume>(<issue>5</issue>):<fpage>522</fpage>–<lpage>542</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2012.749354">10.1080/13548506.2012.749354</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23324044</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref028"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nasuti</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>. <article-title>Affective judgment and physical activity in youth: Review and meta-analyses</article-title>. <source>Ann Behav Med</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>45</volume>(<issue>3</issue>):<fpage>357</fpage>–<lpage>376</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9462-6">10.1007/s12160-012-9462-6</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23297073</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref029"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Olsen</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>. <article-title>An integrative review of literature on the determinants of physical activity among rural women</article-title>. <source>Public Health Nurs</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>30</volume>(<issue>4</issue>):<fpage>288</fpage>–<lpage>311</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12023">10.1111/phn.12023</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23808855</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref030"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Owen</surname><given-names>KB</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lubans</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>JYY</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lonsdale</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>. <article-title>Self-determined motivation and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Prev Med</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>67</volume>:<fpage>270</fpage>–<lpage>279</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.033">10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.033</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25073077</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref031"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>NEI</given-names></name>. <article-title>Personality correlates of physical activity: A review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Br J Sports Med</source>. <year>2006</year>;<volume>40</volume>(<issue>12</issue>):<fpage>958</fpage>–<lpage>965</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.028860">10.1136/bjsm.2006.028860</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17124108</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref032"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ridgers</surname><given-names>ND</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Salmon</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Parrish</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stanley</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Okely</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name>. <article-title>Physical activity during school recess</article-title>. <source>Am J Prev Med</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>43</volume>(<issue>3</issue>):<fpage>320</fpage>–<lpage>328</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref033"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Siddiqi</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tiro</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Shuval</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>. <article-title>Understanding impediments and enablers to physical activity among African American adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies</article-title>. <source>Health Educ Res</source>. <year>2011</year>;<volume>26</volume>(<issue>6</issue>):<fpage>1010</fpage>–<lpage>1024</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyr068">10.1093/her/cyr068</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21873458</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref034"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Stanley</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ridley</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dollman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>. <article-title>Correlates of children's time-specific physical activity: A review of the literature</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>50</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-50">10.1186/1479-5868-9-50</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22546218</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref035"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Stults-Kolehmainen</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sinha</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>. <article-title>The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise</article-title>. <source>Sports Med</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>44</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>81</fpage>–<lpage>121</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5">10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24030837</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref036"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Teixeira</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Carraça</surname><given-names>EV</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Markland</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>. <article-title>Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>9</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>78</fpage>–<lpage>107</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22726453</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref037"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Van der Horst</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Paw</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Twisk</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Van Mechelen</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>. <article-title>A brief review on correlates of physical activity and sedentariness in youth</article-title>. <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>. <year>2007</year>;<volume>39</volume>(<issue>8</issue>):<fpage>1241</fpage>–<lpage>1250</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318059bf35">10.1249/mss.0b013e318059bf35</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17762356</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref038"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>KE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dishman</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name>. <article-title>Personality and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Pers Individ Dif</source>. <year>2015</year>;<volume>72</volume>:<fpage>230</fpage>–<lpage>242</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref039"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Craggs</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Corder</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van Sluijs</surname><given-names>EMF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name>. <article-title>Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents</article-title>. <source>Am J Prev Med</source>. <year>2011</year>;<volume>40</volume>(<issue>6</issue>):<fpage>645</fpage>–<lpage>658</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.025">10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.025</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21565658</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref040"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Uijtdewilligen</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nauta</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van Mechelen</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Twisk</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van der Horst</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people: A review and quality synthesis of prospective studies</article-title>. <source>Br J Sports Med</source>. <year>2011</year>;<volume>45</volume>(<issue>11</issue>):<fpage>896</fpage>–<lpage>905</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090197">10.1136/bjsports-2011-090197</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21836173</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref041"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Babakus</surname><given-names>WS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>. <article-title>Physical activity among South Asian women: A systematic, mixed-methods review</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>150</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-150">10.1186/1479-5868-9-150</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23256686</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref042"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Koeneman</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Verheijden</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chinapaw</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hopman-Rock</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>. <article-title>Determinants of physical activity and exercise in healthy older adults: A systematic review</article-title>. <source>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</source>. <year>2011</year>;<volume>8</volume>:<fpage>142</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-142">10.1186/1479-5868-8-142</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22204444</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref043"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pavey</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hillsdon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>Levels and predictors of exercise referral scheme uptake and adherence: A systematic review</article-title>. <source>J Epidemiol Community Heal</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>66</volume>:<fpage>737</fpage>–<lpage>744</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref044"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>McDermott</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Akter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Iverson</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Caputi</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal><article-title>The moderating impact of temporal separation on the association between intention and physical activity: A meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Psychol Health Med</source>. <year>2015</year>;<volume>21</volume>(<issue>5</issue>):<fpage>625</fpage>–<lpage>631</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1080371">10.1080/13548506.2015.1080371</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26325473</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref045"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">European Commission. Special Eurobarometer 412 Sport and Physical Activity Report. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ec.europa.eu/health/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/ebs_412_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/health/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/ebs_412_en.pdf</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref046"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kohl</surname><given-names>HW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lambert</surname><given-names>EV</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Inoue</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Alkandari</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Leetongin</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<collab>Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group</collab>). <article-title>The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>380</volume>:<fpage>294</fpage>–<lpage>305</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22818941</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref047"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organisation Europe. Physical activity and health in Europe: Evidence for action. World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen 2006 (Cavill N, Kahlmeier S, Racioppi F, eds.). Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/87545/E89490.pdf">www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/87545/E89490.pdf</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref048"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Haub C. World population aging: Clocks illustrate growth in population over age 5 and over 65. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau; 2011. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2011/agingpopulationclocks.aspx">http://www.prb.org/Articles/2011/agingpopulationclocks.aspx</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref049"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ajzen</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>. <article-title>The theory of planned behavior</article-title>. <source>Organ Behav Hum</source><month>12</month><year>1991</year>;<volume>50</volume>:<fpage>179</fpage>–<lpage>211</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref050"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Goudas</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>. <article-title>Prologue: A review of life skills teaching in sport and physical education</article-title>. <source>Hell J Psychol</source>. <year>2010</year>; <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>241</fpage>–<lpage>258</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref051"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Diamond</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>. <article-title>Executive functions</article-title>. <source>Annu Rev Psychol</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>64</volume>:<fpage>135</fpage>–<lpage>168</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750">10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23020641</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref052"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name>. <article-title>Trajectories of brain development: Point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?</article-title><source>Neurosci Biobehav Rev</source>. <year>2003</year>;<volume>27</volume>:<fpage>3</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12732219</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref053"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ajzen</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>. <article-title>Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior</article-title>. <source>J Appl Soc Psychol</source>. <year>2002</year>;<volume>32</volume>(<issue>4</issue>):<fpage>665</fpage>–<lpage>683</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref054"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sniehotta</surname><given-names>FF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Presseau</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Araújo-Soares</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>. <article-title>Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour</article-title>, <source>Health Psychol Rev</source>. <year>2014</year>;<volume>8</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.869710">10.1080/17437199.2013.869710</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25053004</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref055"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Eccles</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wigfield</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>. <article-title>Motivational beliefs, values, and goals</article-title>. <source>Annu Rev Psychol</source>. <year>2002</year>;<volume>53</volume>(<issue>1</issue>)<fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>132</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11752481</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref056"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Courneya</surname><given-names>KS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name>. <article-title>Personality, the theory of planned behavior, and exercise: A unique role for extroversion's activity facet</article-title>. <source>J Appl Soc Psychol</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>32</volume>:<fpage>1721</fpage>–<lpage>1736</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref057"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bandura</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>. <article-title>Social cognitive theory of self-regulation</article-title>. <source>Organ Behav Hum</source><month>12</month><year>1991</year>;<volume>50</volume>(<issue>2</issue>):<fpage>248</fpage>–<lpage>287</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref058"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sniehotta</surname><given-names>FF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Scholz</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schwarzer</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>. <article-title>Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise</article-title>. <source>Psychol Health</source>. <year>2005</year>;<volume>20</volume>(<issue>2</issue>):<fpage>143</fpage>–<lpage>160</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref059"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Terry</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>O’Leary</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name>. <article-title>The theory of planned behaviour: The effects of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy</article-title>. <source>Br J Soc Psychol</source>. <year>1995</year>:<volume>34</volume>:<fpage>199</fpage>–<lpage>220</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7620846</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref060"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Deci</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>. <source>Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Plenum Press</publisher-name>; <year>1985</year> p. <fpage>11</fpage>–<lpage>40</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref061"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hodge</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Danish</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>. <article-title>Developing a conceptual framework for life skills interventions</article-title>. <source>J Couns Psychol</source>. <year>2013</year>;<volume>41</volume>(<issue>8</issue>):<fpage>1125</fpage>–<lpage>1152</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref062"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Deci</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name>. <article-title>Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being</article-title>. <source>Am Psychol</source>. <year>2000</year>;<volume>55</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>68</fpage>–<lpage>78</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11392867</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref063"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kanning</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>. <article-title>Need satisfaction moderates the association between physical activity and affective states in adults aged 50+: An activity-triggered ambulatory assessment</article-title>. <source>Ann Behav Med</source>. <year>2017</year>;<volume>51</volume>(<issue>1</issue>):<fpage>18</fpage>–<lpage>29</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9824-6">10.1007/s12160-016-9824-6</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27539030</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref064"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kimiecik</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></name>. <article-title>What is enjoyment? A conceptual/definitional analysis with implications for sport and exercise psychology</article-title>. <source>J Sport Exerc Psychol</source>. <year>1996</year>;<volume>18</volume>:<fpage>247</fpage>–<lpage>63</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref065"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lowe</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Eves</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Carroll</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>. <article-title>The influence of affective and instrumental beliefs on exercise intentions and behavior: A longitudinal analysis</article-title>. <source>J Appl Soc Psychol</source>. <year>2002</year>;<volume>32</volume>:<fpage>1241</fpage>–<lpage>52</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref066"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bandura</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>. <article-title>Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory</article-title>. <source>Psychol Health</source>. <year>1998</year>;<volume>13</volume>:<fpage>623</fpage>–<lpage>49</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref067"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Prochaska</surname><given-names>JO</given-names></name>, <name><surname>DiClemente</surname><given-names>CC</given-names></name>. <article-title>Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change</article-title>. <source>Psychother Theory Res Pract</source>. <year>1982</year>;<volume>19</volume>:<fpage>276</fpage>–<lpage>88</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref068"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rosenstock</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name>. <article-title>Historical origins of the health belief model</article-title>. <source>Health Education Monographs</source>. <year>1974</year>;<volume>2</volume>:<fpage>328</fpage>–<lpage>335</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref069"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dunsiger</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ciccolo</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Albrecht</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Marcus</surname><given-names>BH</given-names></name>. <article-title>Acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later</article-title>. <source>Psychol Sport Exerc</source>. <year>2008</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>231</fpage>–<lpage>45</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002">10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18496608</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref070"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dunsiger</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jennings</surname><given-names>EG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Marcus</surname><given-names>BH</given-names></name>. <article-title>Does affective valence during and immediately following a ten minute walk predict concurrent and future physical activity?</article-title><source>Ann Behav Med</source>. <year>2012</year>;<volume>44</volume>:<fpage>43</fpage>–<lpage>51</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9362-9">10.1007/s12160-012-9362-9</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22532005</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref071"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Emerson</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name>. <article-title>The exercise-affect-adherence pathway: An evolutionary perspective</article-title>. <source>Front Psychol</source>. <year>2016</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>1285</fpage><comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01285">10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01285</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27610096</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref072"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Pesce</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ben-Soussan</surname><given-names>TD</given-names></name>. <chapter-title>'Cogito ergo sum' or 'ambulo ergo sum'? New perspectives in developmental exercise and cognition research</chapter-title> In: <name><surname>McMorris</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, editor. <source>Exercise-Cognition Interaction: Neuroscience Perspectives</source>. <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>; <year>2015</year> p. <fpage>251</fpage>–<lpage>282</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref073"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>. <chapter-title>Perceived Benefits</chapter-title> In: <name><surname>Gellman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name>, editors. <source>Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine</source>. <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>; <year>2013</year> p. <fpage>1450</fpage>–<lpage>1451</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref074"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Howley</surname><given-names>ET</given-names></name>. <article-title>Type of activity: Resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity</article-title>. <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>. <year>2001</year>;<volume>33</volume>(<issue>6</issue>):<fpage>S364</fpage>–<lpage>S369</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11427761</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref075"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Warren</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ekelund</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Besson</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mezzani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Geladas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vanhees</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>. <article-title>Assessment of physical activity-A review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: A report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation</article-title>. <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>. <year>2010</year>;<volume>17</volume>(<issue>2</issue>):<fpage>127</fpage>–<lpage>139</lpage>. <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832ed875">10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832ed875</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20215971</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref076"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Hagger MS. The trans-contextual model of motivation: An integrated multi-theory model to explain the processes of motivational transfer across context. 2014. Doctoral Dissertations, University of Jyväskylä. 2014. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/43463/978-951-39-5682-0_vaitos16052014.pdf?sequence=1">https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/43463/978-951-39-5682-0_vaitos16052014.pdf?sequence=1</ext-link>. Cited 18 March 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref077"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hagger</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chatzisarantis</surname><given-names>NDL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Culverhouse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Biddle</surname><given-names>SJH</given-names></name>. <article-title>The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behaviour: A trans-contextual model</article-title>. <source>J Educ Psychol</source>. <year>2003</year>;<volume>95</volume>(<issue>4</issue>):<fpage>784</fpage>–<lpage>795</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0182709.ref078"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vallerand</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name>. <article-title>Towards a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation</article-title>. <source>Adv Exp Soc Psychol</source>. <year>1997</year>;<volume>29</volume>:<fpage>271</fpage>–<lpage>359</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002990 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002990 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5560721
|texte= Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28817676" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |