Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative</title><author><name sortKey="Ronco, Claudio" sort="Ronco, Claudio" uniqKey="Ronco C" first="Claudio" last="Ronco">Claudio Ronco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>IRRIV, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza</addr-line>,<institution>Vicenza</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Peter" sort="Mccullough, Peter" uniqKey="Mccullough P" first="Peter" last="Mccullough">Peter Mccullough</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>William Beaumont Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Royal Oak, MI</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anker, Stefan D" sort="Anker, Stefan D" uniqKey="Anker S" first="Stefan D." last="Anker">Stefan D. Anker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Applied Cachexia Research</institution>,<addr-line>Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anand, Inder" sort="Anand, Inder" uniqKey="Anand I" first="Inder" last="Anand">Inder Anand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>VA Medical Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Minneapolis, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aspromonte, Nadia" sort="Aspromonte, Nadia" uniqKey="Aspromonte N" first="Nadia" last="Aspromonte">Nadia Aspromonte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>St Spirito Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagshaw, Sean M" sort="Bagshaw, Sean M" uniqKey="Bagshaw S" first="Sean M." last="Bagshaw">Sean M. Bagshaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Division of Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, Rinaldo" sort="Bellomo, Rinaldo" uniqKey="Bellomo R" first="Rinaldo" last="Bellomo">Rinaldo Bellomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>Austin Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Melbourne</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berl, Tomas" sort="Berl, Tomas" uniqKey="Berl T" first="Tomas" last="Berl">Tomas Berl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Colorado Health Sciences Center</institution>,<addr-line>Denver, CO</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bobek, Ilona" sort="Bobek, Ilona" uniqKey="Bobek I" first="Ilona" last="Bobek">Ilona Bobek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Dinna N" sort="Cruz, Dinna N" uniqKey="Cruz D" first="Dinna N." last="Cruz">Dinna N. Cruz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>IRRIV, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza</addr-line>,<institution>Vicenza</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daliento, Luciano" sort="Daliento, Luciano" uniqKey="Daliento L" first="Luciano" last="Daliento">Luciano Daliento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Padova</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davenport, Andrew" sort="Davenport, Andrew" uniqKey="Davenport A" first="Andrew" last="Davenport">Andrew Davenport</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>UCL Center for Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Free and University College Medical School</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haapio, Mikko" sort="Haapio, Mikko" uniqKey="Haapio M" first="Mikko" last="Haapio">Mikko Haapio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Helsinki University Central Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillege, Hans" sort="Hillege, Hans" uniqKey="Hillege H" first="Hans" last="Hillege">Hans Hillege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Trial Coordination Center, Department of Cardiology and Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University Medical Center Groningen</institution>,<addr-line>Hanzeplein</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="House, Andrew A" sort="House, Andrew A" uniqKey="House A" first="Andrew A." last="House">Andrew A. House</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>London, Ont</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, Nevin" sort="Katz, Nevin" uniqKey="Katz N" first="Nevin" last="Katz">Nevin Katz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Department of Surgery</addr-line>,<institution>The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington, DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maisel, Alan" sort="Maisel, Alan" uniqKey="Maisel A" first="Alan" last="Maisel">Alan Maisel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>San Diego VA Medical Center and University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mankad, Sunil" sort="Mankad, Sunil" uniqKey="Mankad S" first="Sunil" last="Mankad">Sunil Mankad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Mayo Clinic</institution>,<addr-line>Rochester, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanco, Pierluigi" sort="Zanco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Zanco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Zanco">Pierluigi Zanco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Nuclear Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mebazaa, Alexandre" sort="Mebazaa, Alexandre" uniqKey="Mebazaa A" first="Alexandre" last="Mebazaa">Alexandre Mebazaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière. U 942 Inserm; University Paris 7</institution>,<addr-line>Paris Diderot</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palazzuoli, Alberto" sort="Palazzuoli, Alberto" uniqKey="Palazzuoli A" first="Alberto" last="Palazzuoli">Alberto Palazzuoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Siena, Le Scotte Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Siena</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronco, Federico" sort="Ronco, Federico" uniqKey="Ronco F" first="Federico" last="Ronco">Federico Ronco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Padova</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Andrew" sort="Shaw, Andrew" uniqKey="Shaw A" first="Andrew" last="Shaw">Andrew Shaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology</addr-line>,<institution>Duke University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Durham, NC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheinfeld, Geoff" sort="Sheinfeld, Geoff" uniqKey="Sheinfeld G" first="Geoff" last="Sheinfeld">Geoff Sheinfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><addr-line>Department of Critical Care</addr-line>,<institution>University of Maryland</institution>,<addr-line>College Park, MD</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soni, Sachin" sort="Soni, Sachin" uniqKey="Soni S" first="Sachin" last="Soni">Sachin Soni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Mediciti Hospitals</institution>,<addr-line>Hyderabad</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vescovo, Giorgio" sort="Vescovo, Giorgio" uniqKey="Vescovo G" first="Giorgio" last="Vescovo">Giorgio Vescovo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zamperetti, Nereo" sort="Zamperetti, Nereo" uniqKey="Zamperetti N" first="Nereo" last="Zamperetti">Nereo Zamperetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ponikowski, Piotr" sort="Ponikowski, Piotr" uniqKey="Ponikowski P" first="Piotr" last="Ponikowski">Piotr Ponikowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27"><addr-line>Cardiac Department, Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University, Military Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Wroclaw</addr-line>,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20037146</idno><idno type="pmc">2838681</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838681</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2838681</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002463</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002463</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative</title><author><name sortKey="Ronco, Claudio" sort="Ronco, Claudio" uniqKey="Ronco C" first="Claudio" last="Ronco">Claudio Ronco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>IRRIV, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza</addr-line>,<institution>Vicenza</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Peter" sort="Mccullough, Peter" uniqKey="Mccullough P" first="Peter" last="Mccullough">Peter Mccullough</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>William Beaumont Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Royal Oak, MI</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anker, Stefan D" sort="Anker, Stefan D" uniqKey="Anker S" first="Stefan D." last="Anker">Stefan D. Anker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Applied Cachexia Research</institution>,<addr-line>Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anand, Inder" sort="Anand, Inder" uniqKey="Anand I" first="Inder" last="Anand">Inder Anand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>VA Medical Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Minneapolis, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aspromonte, Nadia" sort="Aspromonte, Nadia" uniqKey="Aspromonte N" first="Nadia" last="Aspromonte">Nadia Aspromonte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>St Spirito Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagshaw, Sean M" sort="Bagshaw, Sean M" uniqKey="Bagshaw S" first="Sean M." last="Bagshaw">Sean M. Bagshaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Division of Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, Rinaldo" sort="Bellomo, Rinaldo" uniqKey="Bellomo R" first="Rinaldo" last="Bellomo">Rinaldo Bellomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>Austin Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Melbourne</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berl, Tomas" sort="Berl, Tomas" uniqKey="Berl T" first="Tomas" last="Berl">Tomas Berl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Colorado Health Sciences Center</institution>,<addr-line>Denver, CO</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bobek, Ilona" sort="Bobek, Ilona" uniqKey="Bobek I" first="Ilona" last="Bobek">Ilona Bobek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Dinna N" sort="Cruz, Dinna N" uniqKey="Cruz D" first="Dinna N." last="Cruz">Dinna N. Cruz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>IRRIV, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza</addr-line>,<institution>Vicenza</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daliento, Luciano" sort="Daliento, Luciano" uniqKey="Daliento L" first="Luciano" last="Daliento">Luciano Daliento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Padova</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davenport, Andrew" sort="Davenport, Andrew" uniqKey="Davenport A" first="Andrew" last="Davenport">Andrew Davenport</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>UCL Center for Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Free and University College Medical School</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haapio, Mikko" sort="Haapio, Mikko" uniqKey="Haapio M" first="Mikko" last="Haapio">Mikko Haapio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Helsinki University Central Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hillege, Hans" sort="Hillege, Hans" uniqKey="Hillege H" first="Hans" last="Hillege">Hans Hillege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Trial Coordination Center, Department of Cardiology and Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University Medical Center Groningen</institution>,<addr-line>Hanzeplein</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="House, Andrew A" sort="House, Andrew A" uniqKey="House A" first="Andrew A." last="House">Andrew A. House</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>London, Ont</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, Nevin" sort="Katz, Nevin" uniqKey="Katz N" first="Nevin" last="Katz">Nevin Katz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Department of Surgery</addr-line>,<institution>The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington, DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maisel, Alan" sort="Maisel, Alan" uniqKey="Maisel A" first="Alan" last="Maisel">Alan Maisel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>San Diego VA Medical Center and University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mankad, Sunil" sort="Mankad, Sunil" uniqKey="Mankad S" first="Sunil" last="Mankad">Sunil Mankad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Mayo Clinic</institution>,<addr-line>Rochester, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanco, Pierluigi" sort="Zanco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Zanco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Zanco">Pierluigi Zanco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Nuclear Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mebazaa, Alexandre" sort="Mebazaa, Alexandre" uniqKey="Mebazaa A" first="Alexandre" last="Mebazaa">Alexandre Mebazaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière. U 942 Inserm; University Paris 7</institution>,<addr-line>Paris Diderot</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palazzuoli, Alberto" sort="Palazzuoli, Alberto" uniqKey="Palazzuoli A" first="Alberto" last="Palazzuoli">Alberto Palazzuoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Siena, Le Scotte Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Siena</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronco, Federico" sort="Ronco, Federico" uniqKey="Ronco F" first="Federico" last="Ronco">Federico Ronco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Padova</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Andrew" sort="Shaw, Andrew" uniqKey="Shaw A" first="Andrew" last="Shaw">Andrew Shaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology</addr-line>,<institution>Duke University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Durham, NC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheinfeld, Geoff" sort="Sheinfeld, Geoff" uniqKey="Sheinfeld G" first="Geoff" last="Sheinfeld">Geoff Sheinfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><addr-line>Department of Critical Care</addr-line>,<institution>University of Maryland</institution>,<addr-line>College Park, MD</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soni, Sachin" sort="Soni, Sachin" uniqKey="Soni S" first="Sachin" last="Soni">Sachin Soni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Mediciti Hospitals</institution>,<addr-line>Hyderabad</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vescovo, Giorgio" sort="Vescovo, Giorgio" uniqKey="Vescovo G" first="Giorgio" last="Vescovo">Giorgio Vescovo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zamperetti, Nereo" sort="Zamperetti, Nereo" uniqKey="Zamperetti N" first="Nereo" last="Zamperetti">Nereo Zamperetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ponikowski, Piotr" sort="Ponikowski, Piotr" uniqKey="Ponikowski P" first="Piotr" last="Ponikowski">Piotr Ponikowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27"><addr-line>Cardiac Department, Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University, Military Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Wroclaw</addr-line>,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European Heart Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">0195-668X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1522-9645</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The following topics were matter of discussion after a systematic literature review and the appraisal of the best available evidence: definition/classification system; epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and biomarkers; prevention/protection strategies; management and therapy. The umbrella term CRS was used to identify a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Different syndromes were identified and classified into five subtypes. Acute CRS (type 1): acute worsening of heart function (AHF–ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2): chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3): acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4): chronic kidney disease leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. Secondary CRS (type 5): systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Consensus statements concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management strategies are discussed in the paper for each of the syndromes.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heywood, Jt" uniqKey="Heywood J">JT Heywood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forman, De" uniqKey="Forman D">DE Forman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, J" uniqKey="Butler J">J Butler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Wt" uniqKey="Abraham W">WT Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, Cm" uniqKey="O Connor C">CM O'Connor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Ss" uniqKey="Gottlieb S">SS Gottlieb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, E" uniqKey="Loh E">E Loh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massie, Bm" uniqKey="Massie B">BM Massie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Mw" uniqKey="Rich M">MW Rich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevenson, Lw" uniqKey="Stevenson L">LW Stevenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Jb" uniqKey="Young J">JB Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Isles, C" uniqKey="Isles C">C Isles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronco, C" uniqKey="Ronco C">C Ronco</name></author><author><name sortKey="House, Aa" uniqKey="House A">AA House</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haapio, M" uniqKey="Haapio M">M Haapio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, Kv" uniqKey="Liang K">KV Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Aw" uniqKey="Williams A">AW Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greene, El" uniqKey="Greene E">EL Greene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redfield, Mm" uniqKey="Redfield M">MM Redfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bongartz, Lg" uniqKey="Bongartz L">LG Bongartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cramer, Mj" uniqKey="Cramer M">MJ Cramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doevendans, Pa" uniqKey="Doevendans P">PA Doevendans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joles, Ja" uniqKey="Joles J">JA Joles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braam, B" uniqKey="Braam B">B Braam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrier, Rw" uniqKey="Schrier R">RW Schrier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kellum, Ja" uniqKey="Kellum J">JA Kellum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, R" uniqKey="Bellomo R">R Bellomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronco, C" uniqKey="Ronco C">C Ronco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Ss" uniqKey="Gottlieb S">SS Gottlieb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, W" uniqKey="Abraham W">W Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, J" uniqKey="Butler J">J Butler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forman, De" uniqKey="Forman D">DE Forman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loh, E" uniqKey="Loh E">E Loh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massie, Bm" uniqKey="Massie B">BM Massie</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor C, M" uniqKey="O Connor C M">M O'Connor C</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Mw" uniqKey="Rich M">MW Rich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevenson, Lw" uniqKey="Stevenson L">LW Stevenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, J" uniqKey="Young J">J Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heywood, Jt" uniqKey="Heywood J">JT Heywood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fonarow, Gc" uniqKey="Fonarow G">GC Fonarow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costanzo, Mr" uniqKey="Costanzo M">MR Costanzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mathur, Vs" uniqKey="Mathur V">VS Mathur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wigneswaran, Jr" uniqKey="Wigneswaran J">JR Wigneswaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wynne, J" uniqKey="Wynne J">J Wynne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kellum, Ja" uniqKey="Kellum J">JA Kellum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levin, N" uniqKey="Levin N">N Levin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouman, C" uniqKey="Bouman C">C Bouman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lameire, N" uniqKey="Lameire N">N Lameire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tonelli, M" uniqKey="Tonelli M">M Tonelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiebe, N" uniqKey="Wiebe N">N Wiebe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Culleton, B" uniqKey="Culleton B">B Culleton</name></author><author><name sortKey="House, A" uniqKey="House A">A House</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbat, C" uniqKey="Rabbat C">C Rabbat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fok, M" uniqKey="Fok M">M Fok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcalister, F" uniqKey="Mcalister F">F McAlister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, Ax" uniqKey="Garg A">AX Garg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, A" uniqKey="Goldberg A">A Goldberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammerman, H" uniqKey="Hammerman H">H Hammerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petcherski, S" uniqKey="Petcherski S">S Petcherski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zdorovyak, A" uniqKey="Zdorovyak A">A Zdorovyak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yalonetsky, S" uniqKey="Yalonetsky S">S Yalonetsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kapeliovich, M" uniqKey="Kapeliovich M">M Kapeliovich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agmon, Y" uniqKey="Agmon Y">Y Agmon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markiewicz, W" uniqKey="Markiewicz W">W Markiewicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aronson, D" uniqKey="Aronson D">D Aronson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yt" uniqKey="Chen Y">YT Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccarino, V" uniqKey="Vaccarino V">V Vaccarino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radford, Mj" uniqKey="Radford M">MJ Radford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradford, Wd" uniqKey="Bradford W">WD Bradford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horwitz, Ri" uniqKey="Horwitz R">RI Horwitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parent, Em" uniqKey="Parent E">EM Parent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tu, N" uniqKey="Tu N">N Tu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccarino, V" uniqKey="Vaccarino V">V Vaccarino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radford, Mj" uniqKey="Radford M">MJ Radford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hennen, J" uniqKey="Hennen J">J Hennen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Newsome, Bb" uniqKey="Newsome B">BB Newsome</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warnock, Dg" uniqKey="Warnock D">DG Warnock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclellan, Wm" uniqKey="Mcclellan W">WM McClellan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Ca" uniqKey="Herzog C">CA Herzog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiefe, Ci" uniqKey="Kiefe C">CI Kiefe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eggers, Pw" uniqKey="Eggers P">PW Eggers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, Jj" uniqKey="Allison J">JJ Allison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parikh, Cr" uniqKey="Parikh C">CR Parikh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coca, Sg" uniqKey="Coca S">SG Coca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masoudi, Fa" uniqKey="Masoudi F">FA Masoudi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jose, P" uniqKey="Jose P">P Jose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skali, H" uniqKey="Skali H">H Skali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anavekar, N" uniqKey="Anavekar N">N Anavekar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomson, C" uniqKey="Tomson C">C Tomson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouleau, Jl" uniqKey="Rouleau J">JL Rouleau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moye, L" uniqKey="Moye L">L Moye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeffer, Ma" uniqKey="Pfeffer M">MA Pfeffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Sd" uniqKey="Solomon S">SD Solomon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nohria, A" uniqKey="Nohria A">A Nohria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hasselblad, V" uniqKey="Hasselblad V">V Hasselblad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stebbins, A" uniqKey="Stebbins A">A Stebbins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pauly, Df" uniqKey="Pauly D">DF Pauly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fonarow, Gc" uniqKey="Fonarow G">GC Fonarow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, M" uniqKey="Shah M">M Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yancy, Cw" uniqKey="Yancy C">CW Yancy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Califf, Rm" uniqKey="Califf R">RM Califf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevenson, Lw" uniqKey="Stevenson L">LW Stevenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Ja" uniqKey="Hill J">JA Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cowie, Mr" uniqKey="Cowie M">MR Cowie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Komajda, M" uniqKey="Komajda M">M Komajda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray Thomas, T" uniqKey="Murray Thomas T">T Murray-Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Underwood, J" uniqKey="Underwood J">J Underwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ticho, B" uniqKey="Ticho B">B Ticho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Logeart, D" uniqKey="Logeart D">D Logeart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tabet, Jy" uniqKey="Tabet J">JY Tabet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hittinger, L" uniqKey="Hittinger L">L Hittinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thabut, G" uniqKey="Thabut G">G Thabut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jourdain, P" uniqKey="Jourdain P">P Jourdain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maison, P" uniqKey="Maison P">P Maison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tartiere, Jm" uniqKey="Tartiere J">JM Tartiere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Solal, Ac" uniqKey="Solal A">AC Solal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Metra, M" uniqKey="Metra M">M Metra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nodari, S" uniqKey="Nodari S">S Nodari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrinello, G" uniqKey="Parrinello G">G Parrinello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bordonali, T" uniqKey="Bordonali T">T Bordonali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bugatti, S" uniqKey="Bugatti S">S Bugatti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danesi, R" uniqKey="Danesi R">R Danesi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fontanella, B" uniqKey="Fontanella B">B Fontanella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lombardi, C" uniqKey="Lombardi C">C Lombardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milani, P" uniqKey="Milani P">P Milani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verzura, G" uniqKey="Verzura G">G Verzura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cotter, G" uniqKey="Cotter G">G Cotter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dittrich, H" uniqKey="Dittrich H">H Dittrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massie, Bm" uniqKey="Massie B">BM Massie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dei Cas, L" uniqKey="Dei Cas L">L Dei Cas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gl" uniqKey="Smith G">GL Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccarino, V" uniqKey="Vaccarino V">V Vaccarino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kosiborod, M" uniqKey="Kosiborod M">M Kosiborod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lichtman, Jh" uniqKey="Lichtman J">JH Lichtman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, S" uniqKey="Cheng S">S Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watnick, Sg" uniqKey="Watnick S">SG Watnick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumholz, Hm" uniqKey="Krumholz H">HM Krumholz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Latchamsetty, R" uniqKey="Latchamsetty R">R Latchamsetty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, J" uniqKey="Fang J">J Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kline Rogers, E" uniqKey="Kline Rogers E">E Kline-Rogers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, D" uniqKey="Mukherjee D">D Mukherjee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otten, Rf" uniqKey="Otten R">RF Otten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Labounty, Tm" uniqKey="Labounty T">TM LaBounty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, Ms" uniqKey="Emery M">MS Emery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eagle, Ka" uniqKey="Eagle K">KA Eagle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Froehlich, Jb" uniqKey="Froehlich J">JB Froehlich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mullens, W" uniqKey="Mullens W">W Mullens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahams, Z" uniqKey="Abrahams Z">Z Abrahams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Francis, Gs" uniqKey="Francis G">GS Francis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sokos, G" uniqKey="Sokos G">G Sokos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Do" uniqKey="Taylor D">DO Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Starling, Rc" uniqKey="Starling R">RC Starling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Jb" uniqKey="Young J">JB Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Wh" uniqKey="Tang W">WH Tang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Mw" uniqKey="Rich M">MW Rich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanders, Pw" uniqKey="Sanders P">PW Sanders</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, Gj" uniqKey="Perry G">GJ Perry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakris, Gl" uniqKey="Bakris G">GL Bakris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zile, Mr" uniqKey="Zile M">MR Zile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Love, Te" uniqKey="Love T">TE Love</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aban, Ib" uniqKey="Aban I">IB Aban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlipak, Mg" uniqKey="Shlipak M">MG Shlipak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dimopoulos, K" uniqKey="Dimopoulos K">K Dimopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diller, Gp" uniqKey="Diller G">GP Diller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koltsida, E" uniqKey="Koltsida E">E Koltsida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pijuan Domenech, A" uniqKey="Pijuan Domenech A">A Pijuan-Domenech</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papadopoulou, Sa" uniqKey="Papadopoulou S">SA Papadopoulou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babu Narayan, Sv" uniqKey="Babu Narayan S">SV Babu-Narayan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salukhe, Tv" uniqKey="Salukhe T">TV Salukhe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piepoli, Mf" uniqKey="Piepoli M">MF Piepoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole Wilson, Pa" uniqKey="Poole Wilson P">PA Poole-Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Best, N" uniqKey="Best N">N Best</name></author><author><name sortKey="Francis, Dp" uniqKey="Francis D">DP Francis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gatzoulis, Ma" uniqKey="Gatzoulis M">MA Gatzoulis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burns, Ke" uniqKey="Burns K">KE Burns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, Mw" uniqKey="Chu M">MW Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Novick, Rj" uniqKey="Novick R">RJ Novick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Sa" uniqKey="Fox S">SA Fox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallo, K" uniqKey="Gallo K">K Gallo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Cm" uniqKey="Martin C">CM Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stitt, Lw" uniqKey="Stitt L">LW Stitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heidenheim, Ap" uniqKey="Heidenheim A">AP Heidenheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, Ml" uniqKey="Myers M">ML Myers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moist, L" uniqKey="Moist L">L Moist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leacche, M" uniqKey="Leacche M">M Leacche</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rawn, Jd" uniqKey="Rawn J">JD Rawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mihaljevic, T" uniqKey="Mihaljevic T">T Mihaljevic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, J" uniqKey="Lin J">J Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karavas, An" uniqKey="Karavas A">AN Karavas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, S" uniqKey="Paul S">S Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byrne, Jg" uniqKey="Byrne J">JG Byrne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chertow, Gm" uniqKey="Chertow G">GM Chertow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levy, Em" uniqKey="Levy E">EM Levy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammermeister, Ke" uniqKey="Hammermeister K">KE Hammermeister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grover, F" uniqKey="Grover F">F Grover</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daley, J" uniqKey="Daley J">J Daley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Conlon, Pj" uniqKey="Conlon P">PJ Conlon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stafford Smith, M" uniqKey="Stafford Smith M">M Stafford-Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Wd" uniqKey="White W">WD White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newman, Mf" uniqKey="Newman M">MF Newman</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, S" uniqKey="King S">S King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winn, Mp" uniqKey="Winn M">MP Winn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landolfo, K" uniqKey="Landolfo K">K Landolfo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bove, T" uniqKey="Bove T">T Bove</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calabro, Mg" uniqKey="Calabro M">MG Calabro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landoni, G" uniqKey="Landoni G">G Landoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aletti, G" uniqKey="Aletti G">G Aletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marino, G" uniqKey="Marino G">G Marino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crescenzi, G" uniqKey="Crescenzi G">G Crescenzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosica, C" uniqKey="Rosica C">C Rosica</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zangrillo, A" uniqKey="Zangrillo A">A Zangrillo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mangano, Cm" uniqKey="Mangano C">CM Mangano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diamondstone, Ls" uniqKey="Diamondstone L">LS Diamondstone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramsay, Jg" uniqKey="Ramsay J">JG Ramsay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aggarwal, A" uniqKey="Aggarwal A">A Aggarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herskowitz, A" uniqKey="Herskowitz A">A Herskowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mangano, Dt" uniqKey="Mangano D">DT Mangano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoste, Ea" uniqKey="Hoste E">EA Hoste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Dn" uniqKey="Cruz D">DN Cruz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davenport, A" uniqKey="Davenport A">A Davenport</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Rl" uniqKey="Mehta R">RL Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piccinni, P" uniqKey="Piccinni P">P Piccinni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tetta, C" uniqKey="Tetta C">C Tetta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viscovo, G" uniqKey="Viscovo G">G Viscovo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronco, C" uniqKey="Ronco C">C Ronco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Ak" uniqKey="Cheung A">AK Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarnak, Mj" uniqKey="Sarnak M">MJ Sarnak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, G" uniqKey="Yan G">G Yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkoben, M" uniqKey="Berkoben M">M Berkoben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heyka, R" uniqKey="Heyka R">R Heyka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaufman, A" uniqKey="Kaufman A">A Kaufman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, J" uniqKey="Lewis J">J Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rocco, M" uniqKey="Rocco M">M Rocco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toto, R" uniqKey="Toto R">R Toto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Windus, D" uniqKey="Windus D">D Windus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ornt, D" uniqKey="Ornt D">D Ornt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levey, As" uniqKey="Levey A">AS Levey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Culleton, Bf" uniqKey="Culleton B">BF Culleton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larson, Mg" uniqKey="Larson M">MG Larson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Pw" uniqKey="Wilson P">PW Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, Jc" uniqKey="Evans J">JC Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parfrey, Ps" uniqKey="Parfrey P">PS Parfrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levy, D" uniqKey="Levy D">D Levy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dries, Dl" uniqKey="Dries D">DL Dries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Exner, Dv" uniqKey="Exner D">DV Exner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Domanski, Mj" uniqKey="Domanski M">MJ Domanski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenberg, B" uniqKey="Greenberg B">B Greenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevenson, Lw" uniqKey="Stevenson L">LW Stevenson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foley, Rn" uniqKey="Foley R">RN Foley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Am" uniqKey="Murray A">AM Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Ca" uniqKey="Herzog C">CA Herzog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbean, Am" uniqKey="Mcbean A">AM McBean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eggers, Pw" uniqKey="Eggers P">PW Eggers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Aj" uniqKey="Collins A">AJ Collins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Go, As" uniqKey="Go A">AS Go</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chertow, Gm" uniqKey="Chertow G">GM Chertow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, D" uniqKey="Fan D">D Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcculloch, Ce" uniqKey="Mcculloch C">CE McCulloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Cy" uniqKey="Hsu C">CY Hsu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Henry, Rm" uniqKey="Henry R">RM Henry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kostense, Pj" uniqKey="Kostense P">PJ Kostense</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bos, G" uniqKey="Bos G">G Bos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dekker, Jm" uniqKey="Dekker J">JM Dekker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nijpels, G" uniqKey="Nijpels G">G Nijpels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heine, Rj" uniqKey="Heine R">RJ Heine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouter, Lm" uniqKey="Bouter L">LM Bouter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stehouwer, Cd" uniqKey="Stehouwer C">CD Stehouwer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Ca" uniqKey="Herzog C">CA Herzog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jz" uniqKey="Ma J">JZ Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Aj" uniqKey="Collins A">AJ Collins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hillege, Hl" uniqKey="Hillege H">HL Hillege</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsch, D" uniqKey="Nitsch D">D Nitsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeffer, Ma" uniqKey="Pfeffer M">MA Pfeffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swedberg, K" uniqKey="Swedberg K">K Swedberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmurray, Jj" uniqKey="Mcmurray J">JJ McMurray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yusuf, S" uniqKey="Yusuf S">S Yusuf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Granger, Cb" uniqKey="Granger C">CB Granger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michelson, El" uniqKey="Michelson E">EL Michelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostergren, J" uniqKey="Ostergren J">J Ostergren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cornel, Jh" uniqKey="Cornel J">JH Cornel</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Zeeuw, D" uniqKey="De Zeeuw D">D de Zeeuw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pocock, S" uniqKey="Pocock S">S Pocock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Veldhuisen, Dj" uniqKey="Van Veldhuisen D">DJ van Veldhuisen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahon, Ng" uniqKey="Mahon N">NG Mahon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blackstone, Eh" uniqKey="Blackstone E">EH Blackstone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Francis, Gs" uniqKey="Francis G">GS Francis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Starling, Rc" uniqKey="Starling R">RC Starling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Jb" uniqKey="Young J">JB Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lauer, Ms" uniqKey="Lauer M">MS Lauer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jurkovitz, Ct" uniqKey="Jurkovitz C">CT Jurkovitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pergola, Pe" uniqKey="Pergola P">PE Pergola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgill, Jb" uniqKey="Mcgill J">JB McGill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ww" uniqKey="Brown W">WW Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Aj" uniqKey="Collins A">AJ Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Sc" uniqKey="Chen S">SC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, A" uniqKey="Singh A">A Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norris, Kc" uniqKey="Norris K">KC Norris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klag, Mj" uniqKey="Klag M">MJ Klag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakris, Gl" uniqKey="Bakris G">GL Bakris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jurkovitz, Ct" uniqKey="Jurkovitz C">CT Jurkovitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, La" uniqKey="Stevens L">LA Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Aj" uniqKey="Collins A">AJ Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Sc" uniqKey="Chen S">SC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norris, Kc" uniqKey="Norris K">KC Norris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfarlane, Si" uniqKey="Mcfarlane S">SI McFarlane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, B" uniqKey="Johnson B">B Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlipak, Mg" uniqKey="Shlipak M">MG Shlipak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obialo, Ci" uniqKey="Obialo C">CI Obialo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ww" uniqKey="Brown W">WW Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vassalotti, Ja" uniqKey="Vassalotti J">JA Vassalotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whaley Connell, At" uniqKey="Whaley Connell A">AT Whaley-Connell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jurkovitz, Ct" uniqKey="Jurkovitz C">CT Jurkovitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, L" uniqKey="Stevens L">L Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Aj" uniqKey="Collins A">AJ Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Sc" uniqKey="Chen S">SC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norris, Kc" uniqKey="Norris K">KC Norris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfarlane, S" uniqKey="Mcfarlane S">S McFarlane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, B" uniqKey="Johnson B">B Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlipak, Mg" uniqKey="Shlipak M">MG Shlipak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obialo, Ci" uniqKey="Obialo C">CI Obialo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ww" uniqKey="Brown W">WW Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vassalotti, J" uniqKey="Vassalotti J">J Vassalotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whaley Connell, At" uniqKey="Whaley Connell A">AT Whaley-Connell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Rm" uniqKey="Brenner R">RM Brenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakris, Gl" uniqKey="Bakris G">GL Bakris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muntner, P" uniqKey="Muntner P">P Muntner</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, J" uniqKey="He J">J He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamm, L" uniqKey="Hamm L">L Hamm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loria, C" uniqKey="Loria C">C Loria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whelton, Pk" uniqKey="Whelton P">PK Whelton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dw" uniqKey="Johnson D">DW Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craven, Am" uniqKey="Craven A">AM Craven</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isbel, Nm" uniqKey="Isbel N">NM Isbel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Ca" uniqKey="Herzog C">CA Herzog</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angus, Dc" uniqKey="Angus D">DC Angus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linde Zwirble, Wt" uniqKey="Linde Zwirble W">WT Linde-Zwirble</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lidicker, J" uniqKey="Lidicker J">J Lidicker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clermont, G" uniqKey="Clermont G">G Clermont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carcillo, J" uniqKey="Carcillo J">J Carcillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinsky, Mr" uniqKey="Pinsky M">MR Pinsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, Gs" uniqKey="Martin G">GS Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mannino, Dm" uniqKey="Mannino D">DM Mannino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eaton, S" uniqKey="Eaton S">S Eaton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, M" uniqKey="Moss M">M Moss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alberti, C" uniqKey="Alberti C">C Alberti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brun Buisson, C" uniqKey="Brun Buisson C">C Brun-Buisson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burchardi, H" uniqKey="Burchardi H">H Burchardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, C" uniqKey="Martin C">C Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, S" uniqKey="Goodman S">S Goodman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Artigas, A" uniqKey="Artigas A">A Artigas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sicignano, A" uniqKey="Sicignano A">A Sicignano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palazzo, M" uniqKey="Palazzo M">M Palazzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, R" uniqKey="Moreno R">R Moreno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boulme, R" uniqKey="Boulme R">R Boulme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lepage, E" uniqKey="Lepage E">E Lepage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Gall, R" uniqKey="Le Gall R">R Le Gall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagshaw, Sm" uniqKey="Bagshaw S">SM Bagshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lapinsky, S" uniqKey="Lapinsky S">S Lapinsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dial, S" uniqKey="Dial S">S Dial</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arabi, Y" uniqKey="Arabi Y">Y Arabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dodek, P" uniqKey="Dodek P">P Dodek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, G" uniqKey="Wood G">G Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, P" uniqKey="Ellis P">P Ellis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman, J" uniqKey="Guzman J">J Guzman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marshall, J" uniqKey="Marshall J">J Marshall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrillo, Je" uniqKey="Parrillo J">JE Parrillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skrobik, Y" uniqKey="Skrobik Y">Y Skrobik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoste, Ea" uniqKey="Hoste E">EA Hoste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lameire, Nh" uniqKey="Lameire N">NH Lameire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanholder, Rc" uniqKey="Vanholder R">RC Vanholder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benoit, Dd" uniqKey="Benoit D">DD Benoit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decruyenaere, Jm" uniqKey="Decruyenaere J">JM Decruyenaere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colardyn, Fa" uniqKey="Colardyn F">FA Colardyn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopes, Ja" uniqKey="Lopes J">JA Lopes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jorge, S" uniqKey="Jorge S">S Jorge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Resina, C" uniqKey="Resina C">C Resina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, C" uniqKey="Santos C">C Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, A" uniqKey="Pereira A">A Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neves, J" uniqKey="Neves J">J Neves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antunes, F" uniqKey="Antunes F">F Antunes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, Mm" uniqKey="Prata M">MM Prata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oppert, M" uniqKey="Oppert M">M Oppert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engel, C" uniqKey="Engel C">C Engel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunkhorst, Fm" uniqKey="Brunkhorst F">FM Brunkhorst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bogatsch, H" uniqKey="Bogatsch H">H Bogatsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinhart, K" uniqKey="Reinhart K">K Reinhart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frei, U" uniqKey="Frei U">U Frei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckardt, Ku" uniqKey="Eckardt K">KU Eckardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loeffler, M" uniqKey="Loeffler M">M Loeffler</name></author><author><name sortKey="John, S" uniqKey="John S">S John</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Jl" uniqKey="Vincent J">JL Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakr, Y" uniqKey="Sakr Y">Y Sakr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sprung, Cl" uniqKey="Sprung C">CL Sprung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ranieri, Vm" uniqKey="Ranieri V">VM Ranieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinhart, K" uniqKey="Reinhart K">K Reinhart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerlach, H" uniqKey="Gerlach H">H Gerlach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, R" uniqKey="Moreno R">R Moreno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlet, J" uniqKey="Carlet J">J Carlet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Gall, Jr" uniqKey="Le Gall J">JR Le Gall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Payen, D" uniqKey="Payen D">D Payen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yegenaga, I" uniqKey="Yegenaga I">I Yegenaga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoste, E" uniqKey="Hoste E">E Hoste</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Biesen, W" uniqKey="Van Biesen W">W Van Biesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanholder, R" uniqKey="Vanholder R">R Vanholder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benoit, D" uniqKey="Benoit D">D Benoit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kantarci, G" uniqKey="Kantarci G">G Kantarci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhondt, A" uniqKey="Dhondt A">A Dhondt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colardyn, F" uniqKey="Colardyn F">F Colardyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lameire, N" uniqKey="Lameire N">N Lameire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagshaw, Sm" uniqKey="Bagshaw S">SM Bagshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="George, C" uniqKey="George C">C George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, R" uniqKey="Bellomo R">R Bellomo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charpentier, J" uniqKey="Charpentier J">J Charpentier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luyt, Ce" uniqKey="Luyt C">CE Luyt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fulla, Y" uniqKey="Fulla Y">Y Fulla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinsonneau, C" uniqKey="Vinsonneau C">C Vinsonneau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cariou, A" uniqKey="Cariou A">A Cariou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grabar, S" uniqKey="Grabar S">S Grabar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhainaut, Jf" uniqKey="Dhainaut J">JF Dhainaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mira, Jp" uniqKey="Mira J">JP Mira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiche, Jd" uniqKey="Chiche J">JD Chiche</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ver Elst, Km" uniqKey="Ver Elst K">KM ver Elst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spapen, Hd" uniqKey="Spapen H">HD Spapen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, Dn" uniqKey="Nguyen D">DN Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garbar, C" uniqKey="Garbar C">C Garbar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huyghens, Lp" uniqKey="Huyghens L">LP Huyghens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorus, Fk" uniqKey="Gorus F">FK Gorus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jardin, F" uniqKey="Jardin F">F Jardin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fourme, T" uniqKey="Fourme T">T Fourme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Page, B" uniqKey="Page B">B Page</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loubieres, Y" uniqKey="Loubieres Y">Y Loubieres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vieillard Baron, A" uniqKey="Vieillard Baron A">A Vieillard-Baron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beauchet, A" uniqKey="Beauchet A">A Beauchet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourdarias, Jp" uniqKey="Bourdarias J">JP Bourdarias</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Cj" uniqKey="Fernandes C">CJ Fernandes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akamine, N" uniqKey="Akamine N">N Akamine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knobel, E" uniqKey="Knobel E">E Knobel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spies, C" uniqKey="Spies C">C Spies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haude, V" uniqKey="Haude V">V Haude</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzner, R" uniqKey="Fitzner R">R Fitzner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schroder, K" uniqKey="Schroder K">K Schroder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Overbeck, M" uniqKey="Overbeck M">M Overbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Runkel, N" uniqKey="Runkel N">N Runkel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffartzik, W" uniqKey="Schaffartzik W">W Schaffartzik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, A" uniqKey="Turner A">A Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsamitros, M" uniqKey="Tsamitros M">M Tsamitros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, R" uniqKey="Bellomo R">R Bellomo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arlati, S" uniqKey="Arlati S">S Arlati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenna, S" uniqKey="Brenna S">S Brenna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prencipe, L" uniqKey="Prencipe L">L Prencipe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marocchi, A" uniqKey="Marocchi A">A Marocchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casella, Gp" uniqKey="Casella G">GP Casella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lanzani, M" uniqKey="Lanzani M">M Lanzani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gandini, C" uniqKey="Gandini C">C Gandini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ammann, P" uniqKey="Ammann P">P Ammann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fehr, T" uniqKey="Fehr T">T Fehr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minder, Ei" uniqKey="Minder E">EI Minder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunter, C" uniqKey="Gunter C">C Gunter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertel, O" uniqKey="Bertel O">O Bertel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Nj" uniqKey="Mehta N">NJ Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ia" uniqKey="Khan I">IA Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, V" uniqKey="Gupta V">V Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jani, K" uniqKey="Jani K">K Jani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gowda, Rm" uniqKey="Gowda R">RM Gowda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Pr" uniqKey="Smith P">PR Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ammann, P" uniqKey="Ammann P">P Ammann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maggiorini, M" uniqKey="Maggiorini M">M Maggiorini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertel, O" uniqKey="Bertel O">O Bertel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haenseler, E" uniqKey="Haenseler E">E Haenseler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joller Jemelka, Hi" uniqKey="Joller Jemelka H">HI Joller-Jemelka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oechslin, E" uniqKey="Oechslin E">E Oechslin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minder, Ei" uniqKey="Minder E">EI Minder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rickli, H" uniqKey="Rickli H">H Rickli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fehr, T" uniqKey="Fehr T">T Fehr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maisel, A" uniqKey="Maisel A">A Maisel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollander, Je" uniqKey="Hollander J">JE Hollander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guss, D" uniqKey="Guss D">D Guss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, P" uniqKey="Mccullough P">P McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nowak, R" uniqKey="Nowak R">R Nowak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, G" uniqKey="Green G">G Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saltzberg, M" uniqKey="Saltzberg M">M Saltzberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellison, Sr" uniqKey="Ellison S">SR Ellison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhalla, Ma" uniqKey="Bhalla M">MA Bhalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhalla, V" uniqKey="Bhalla V">V Bhalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clopton, P" uniqKey="Clopton P">P Clopton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jesse, R" uniqKey="Jesse R">R Jesse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, B" uniqKey="Meyer B">B Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huelsmann, M" uniqKey="Huelsmann M">M Huelsmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wexberg, P" uniqKey="Wexberg P">P Wexberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delle Karth, G" uniqKey="Delle Karth G">G Delle Karth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berger, R" uniqKey="Berger R">R Berger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moertl, D" uniqKey="Moertl D">D Moertl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szekeres, T" uniqKey="Szekeres T">T Szekeres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pacher, R" uniqKey="Pacher R">R Pacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heinz, G" uniqKey="Heinz G">G Heinz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morrow, Da" uniqKey="Morrow D">DA Morrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Lemos, Ja" uniqKey="De Lemos J">JA de Lemos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blazing, Ma" uniqKey="Blazing M">MA Blazing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabatine, Ms" uniqKey="Sabatine M">MS Sabatine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Sa" uniqKey="Murphy S">SA Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarolim, P" uniqKey="Jarolim P">P Jarolim</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Hd" uniqKey="White H">HD White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Ka" uniqKey="Fox K">KA Fox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Califf, Rm" uniqKey="Califf R">RM Califf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braunwald, E" uniqKey="Braunwald E">E Braunwald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Latini, R" uniqKey="Latini R">R Latini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masson, S" uniqKey="Masson S">S Masson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anand, I" uniqKey="Anand I">I Anand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salio, M" uniqKey="Salio M">M Salio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hester, A" uniqKey="Hester A">A Hester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Judd, D" uniqKey="Judd D">D Judd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barlera, S" uniqKey="Barlera S">S Barlera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maggioni, Ap" uniqKey="Maggioni A">AP Maggioni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tognoni, G" uniqKey="Tognoni G">G Tognoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohn, Jn" uniqKey="Cohn J">JN Cohn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carr, Sj" uniqKey="Carr S">SJ Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavanandan, S" uniqKey="Bavanandan S">S Bavanandan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fentum, B" uniqKey="Fentum B">B Fentum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, L" uniqKey="Ng L">L Ng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Austin, Wj" uniqKey="Austin W">WJ Austin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhalla, V" uniqKey="Bhalla V">V Bhalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Arce, I" uniqKey="Hernandez Arce I">I Hernandez-Arce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isakson, Sr" uniqKey="Isakson S">SR Isakson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beede, J" uniqKey="Beede J">J Beede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clopton, P" uniqKey="Clopton P">P Clopton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maisel, As" uniqKey="Maisel A">AS Maisel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, Rl" uniqKey="Fitzgerald R">RL Fitzgerald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Januzzi, Jl" uniqKey="Januzzi J">JL Januzzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Camargo, Ca" uniqKey="Camargo C">CA Camargo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anwaruddin, S" uniqKey="Anwaruddin S">S Anwaruddin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baggish, Al" uniqKey="Baggish A">AL Baggish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Aa" uniqKey="Chen A">AA Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krauser, Dg" uniqKey="Krauser D">DG Krauser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tung, R" uniqKey="Tung R">R Tung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, R" uniqKey="Cameron R">R Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagurney, Jt" uniqKey="Nagurney J">JT Nagurney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chae, Cu" uniqKey="Chae C">CU Chae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd Jones, Dm" uniqKey="Lloyd Jones D">DM Lloyd-Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Df" uniqKey="Brown D">DF Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foran Melanson, S" uniqKey="Foran Melanson S">S Foran-Melanson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sluss, Pm" uniqKey="Sluss P">PM Sluss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee Lewandrowski, E" uniqKey="Lee Lewandrowski E">E Lee-Lewandrowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewandrowski, Kb" uniqKey="Lewandrowski K">KB Lewandrowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nowak, Rm" uniqKey="Nowak R">RM Nowak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccord, J" uniqKey="Mccord J">J McCord</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollander, Je" uniqKey="Hollander J">JE Hollander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrmann, Hc" uniqKey="Herrmann H">HC Herrmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steg, Pg" uniqKey="Steg P">PG Steg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duc, P" uniqKey="Duc P">P Duc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westheim, A" uniqKey="Westheim A">A Westheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omland, T" uniqKey="Omland T">T Omland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Cw" uniqKey="Knudsen C">CW Knudsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Storrow, Ab" uniqKey="Storrow A">AB Storrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Wt" uniqKey="Abraham W">WT Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamba, S" uniqKey="Lamba S">S Lamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ah" uniqKey="Wu A">AH Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, A" uniqKey="Perez A">A Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clopton, P" uniqKey="Clopton P">P Clopton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnaswamy, P" uniqKey="Krishnaswamy P">P Krishnaswamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kazanegra, R" uniqKey="Kazanegra R">R Kazanegra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maisel, As" uniqKey="Maisel A">AS Maisel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandberg, Kr" uniqKey="Sandberg K">KR Sandberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Focaccio, A" uniqKey="Focaccio A">A Focaccio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volpe, M" uniqKey="Volpe M">M Volpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ambrosio, G" uniqKey="Ambrosio G">G Ambrosio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lembo, G" uniqKey="Lembo G">G Lembo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pannain, S" uniqKey="Pannain S">S Pannain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubattu, S" uniqKey="Rubattu S">S Rubattu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enea, I" uniqKey="Enea I">I Enea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pignalosa, S" uniqKey="Pignalosa S">S Pignalosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiariello, M" uniqKey="Chiariello M">M Chiariello</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Munagala, Vk" uniqKey="Munagala V">VK Munagala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Jc" uniqKey="Burnett J">JC Burnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redfield, Mm" uniqKey="Redfield M">MM Redfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xu, S" uniqKey="Xu S">S Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venge, P" uniqKey="Venge P">P Venge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mori, K" uniqKey="Mori K">K Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ht" uniqKey="Lee H">HT Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rapoport, D" uniqKey="Rapoport D">D Rapoport</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drexler, Ir" uniqKey="Drexler I">IR Drexler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, K" uniqKey="Foster K">K Foster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt Ott, Km" uniqKey="Schmidt Ott K">KM Schmidt-Ott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jy" uniqKey="Li J">JY Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, S" uniqKey="Weiss S">S Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, J" uniqKey="Mishra J">J Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheema, Fh" uniqKey="Cheema F">FH Cheema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markowitz, G" uniqKey="Markowitz G">G Markowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suganami, T" uniqKey="Suganami T">T Suganami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sawai, K" uniqKey="Sawai K">K Sawai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukoyama, M" uniqKey="Mukoyama M">M Mukoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kunis, C" uniqKey="Kunis C">C Kunis</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Agati, V" uniqKey="D Agati V">V D'Agati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barasch, J" uniqKey="Barasch J">J Barasch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mishra, J" uniqKey="Mishra J">J Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Q" uniqKey="Ma Q">Q Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prada, A" uniqKey="Prada A">A Prada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitsnefes, M" uniqKey="Mitsnefes M">M Mitsnefes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zahedi, K" uniqKey="Zahedi K">K Zahedi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barasch, J" uniqKey="Barasch J">J Barasch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mishra, J" uniqKey="Mishra J">J Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, K" uniqKey="Mori K">K Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Q" uniqKey="Ma Q">Q Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, C" uniqKey="Kelly C">C Kelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barasch, J" uniqKey="Barasch J">J Barasch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Supavekin, S" uniqKey="Supavekin S">S Supavekin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kucherlapati, R" uniqKey="Kucherlapati R">R Kucherlapati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaskel, Fj" uniqKey="Kaskel F">FJ Kaskel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Lc" uniqKey="Moore L">LC Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmidt Ott, Km" uniqKey="Schmidt Ott K">KM Schmidt-Ott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, K" uniqKey="Mori K">K Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalandadze, A" uniqKey="Kalandadze A">A Kalandadze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jy" uniqKey="Li J">JY Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paragas, N" uniqKey="Paragas N">N Paragas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholas, T" uniqKey="Nicholas T">T Nicholas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barasch, J" uniqKey="Barasch J">J Barasch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mori, K" uniqKey="Mori K">K Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakao, K" uniqKey="Nakao K">K Nakao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herget Rosenthal, S" uniqKey="Herget Rosenthal S">S Herget-Rosenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marggraf, G" uniqKey="Marggraf G">G Marggraf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husing, J" uniqKey="Husing J">J Husing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goring, F" uniqKey="Goring F">F Goring</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pietruck, F" uniqKey="Pietruck F">F Pietruck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, O" uniqKey="Janssen O">O Janssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Philipp, T" uniqKey="Philipp T">T Philipp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kribben, A" uniqKey="Kribben A">A Kribben</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herget Rosenthal, S" uniqKey="Herget Rosenthal S">S Herget-Rosenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poppen, D" uniqKey="Poppen D">D Poppen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husing, J" uniqKey="Husing J">J Husing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marggraf, G" uniqKey="Marggraf G">G Marggraf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pietruck, F" uniqKey="Pietruck F">F Pietruck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakob, Hg" uniqKey="Jakob H">HG Jakob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Philipp, T" uniqKey="Philipp T">T Philipp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kribben, A" uniqKey="Kribben A">A Kribben</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, Wk" uniqKey="Han W">WK Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailly, V" uniqKey="Bailly V">V Bailly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abichandani, R" uniqKey="Abichandani R">R Abichandani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thadhani, R" uniqKey="Thadhani R">R Thadhani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonventre, Jv" uniqKey="Bonventre J">JV Bonventre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ichimura, T" uniqKey="Ichimura T">T Ichimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, Cc" uniqKey="Hung C">CC Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Sa" uniqKey="Yang S">SA Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Jl" uniqKey="Stevens J">JL Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonventre, Jv" uniqKey="Bonventre J">JV Bonventre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaidya, Vs" uniqKey="Vaidya V">VS Vaidya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez, V" uniqKey="Ramirez V">V Ramirez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ichimura, T" uniqKey="Ichimura T">T Ichimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bobadilla, Na" uniqKey="Bobadilla N">NA Bobadilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonventre, Jv" uniqKey="Bonventre J">JV Bonventre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liangos, O" uniqKey="Liangos O">O Liangos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perianayagam, Mc" uniqKey="Perianayagam M">MC Perianayagam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaidya, Vs" uniqKey="Vaidya V">VS Vaidya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Wk" uniqKey="Han W">WK Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wald, R" uniqKey="Wald R">R Wald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tighiouart, H" uniqKey="Tighiouart H">H Tighiouart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackinnon, Rw" uniqKey="Mackinnon R">RW MacKinnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, L" uniqKey="Li L">L Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balakrishnan, Vs" uniqKey="Balakrishnan V">VS Balakrishnan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Bj" uniqKey="Pereira B">BJ Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonventre, Jv" uniqKey="Bonventre J">JV Bonventre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaber, Bl" uniqKey="Jaber B">BL Jaber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bazzi, C" uniqKey="Bazzi C">C Bazzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petrini, C" uniqKey="Petrini C">C Petrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rizza, V" uniqKey="Rizza V">V Rizza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arrigo, G" uniqKey="Arrigo G">G Arrigo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Napodano, P" uniqKey="Napodano P">P Napodano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paparella, M" uniqKey="Paparella M">M Paparella</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Amico, G" uniqKey="D Amico G">G D'Amico</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wellwood, Jm" uniqKey="Wellwood J">JM Wellwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Bg" uniqKey="Ellis B">BG Ellis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Rg" uniqKey="Price R">RG Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond, K" uniqKey="Hammond K">K Hammond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Ae" uniqKey="Thompson A">AE Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Nf" uniqKey="Jones N">NF Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Uslu, S" uniqKey="Uslu S">S Uslu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Efe, B" uniqKey="Efe B">B Efe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alatas, O" uniqKey="Alatas O">O Alatas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kebapci, N" uniqKey="Kebapci N">N Kebapci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colak, O" uniqKey="Colak O">O Colak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demirustu, C" uniqKey="Demirustu C">C Demirustu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoruk, A" uniqKey="Yoruk A">A Yoruk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harmankaya, O" uniqKey="Harmankaya O">O Harmankaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozturk, Y" uniqKey="Ozturk Y">Y Ozturk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basturk, T" uniqKey="Basturk T">T Basturk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obek, A" uniqKey="Obek A">A Obek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsushima H, Yh" uniqKey="Matsushima H Y">YH Matsushima H</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machiguchi, T" uniqKey="Machiguchi T">T Machiguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muso, E" uniqKey="Muso E">E Muso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matusyama, E" uniqKey="Matusyama E">E Matusyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamura, T" uniqKey="Tamura T">T Tamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasayama, S" uniqKey="Sasayama S">S Sasayama</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melnikov, Vy" uniqKey="Melnikov V">VY Melnikov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ecder, T" uniqKey="Ecder T">T Ecder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fantuzzi, G" uniqKey="Fantuzzi G">G Fantuzzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siegmund, B" uniqKey="Siegmund B">B Siegmund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucia, Ms" uniqKey="Lucia M">MS Lucia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinarello, Ca" uniqKey="Dinarello C">CA Dinarello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schrier, Rw" uniqKey="Schrier R">RW Schrier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edelstein, Cl" uniqKey="Edelstein C">CL Edelstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parikh, Cr" uniqKey="Parikh C">CR Parikh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jani, A" uniqKey="Jani A">A Jani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melnikov, Vy" uniqKey="Melnikov V">VY Melnikov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faubel, S" uniqKey="Faubel S">S Faubel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edelstein, Cl" uniqKey="Edelstein C">CL Edelstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parikh, Cr" uniqKey="Parikh C">CR Parikh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, E" uniqKey="Abraham E">E Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ancukiewicz, M" uniqKey="Ancukiewicz M">M Ancukiewicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edelstein, Cl" uniqKey="Edelstein C">CL Edelstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parikh, Cr" uniqKey="Parikh C">CR Parikh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jani, A" uniqKey="Jani A">A Jani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, J" uniqKey="Mishra J">J Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Q" uniqKey="Ma Q">Q Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, C" uniqKey="Kelly C">C Kelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barasch, J" uniqKey="Barasch J">J Barasch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edelstein, Cl" uniqKey="Edelstein C">CL Edelstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devarajan, P" uniqKey="Devarajan P">P Devarajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Damman, K" uniqKey="Damman K">K Damman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Deursen, Vm" uniqKey="Van Deursen V">VM van Deursen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navis, G" uniqKey="Navis G">G Navis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voors, Aa" uniqKey="Voors A">AA Voors</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Veldhuisen, Dj" uniqKey="Van Veldhuisen D">DJ van Veldhuisen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillege, Hl" uniqKey="Hillege H">HL Hillege</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronco, C" uniqKey="Ronco C">C Ronco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haapio, M" uniqKey="Haapio M">M Haapio</name></author><author><name sortKey="House, Aa" uniqKey="House A">AA House</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anavekar, N" uniqKey="Anavekar N">N Anavekar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellomo, R" uniqKey="Bellomo R">R Bellomo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Sa" uniqKey="Hunt S">SA Hunt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boerrigter, Gc Bl" uniqKey="Boerrigter G">GC-BL Boerrigter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Wt" uniqKey="Abraham W">WT Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="St John Sutton, Mg" uniqKey="St John Sutton M">MG St. John Sutton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heublein, D" uniqKey="Heublein D">D Heublein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruger, Km" uniqKey="Kruger K">KM Kruger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Mr" uniqKey="Hill M">MR Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Jc" uniqKey="Burnett J">JC Burnett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kelly, Kj" uniqKey="Kelly K">KJ Kelly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolyn, R" uniqKey="Wolyn R">R Wolyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rocher, Ll" uniqKey="Rocher L">LL Rocher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levin, Rn" uniqKey="Levin R">RN Levin</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, Ww" uniqKey="O Neill W">WW O'Neill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullough, Pa" uniqKey="Mccullough P">PA McCullough</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dickstein, K" uniqKey="Dickstein K">K Dickstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen Solal, A" uniqKey="Cohen Solal A">A Cohen-Solal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Filippatos, G" uniqKey="Filippatos G">G Filippatos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmurray, Jj" uniqKey="Mcmurray J">JJ McMurray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ponikowski, P" uniqKey="Ponikowski P">P Ponikowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole Wilson, Pa" uniqKey="Poole Wilson P">PA Poole-Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stromberg, A" uniqKey="Stromberg A">A Stromberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Veldhuisen, Dj" uniqKey="Van Veldhuisen D">DJ van Veldhuisen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atar, D" uniqKey="Atar D">D Atar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoes, Aw" uniqKey="Hoes A">AW Hoes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keren, A" uniqKey="Keren A">A Keren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mebazaa, A" uniqKey="Mebazaa A">A Mebazaa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nieminen, M" uniqKey="Nieminen M">M Nieminen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priori, Sg" uniqKey="Priori S">SG Priori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swedberg, K" uniqKey="Swedberg K">K Swedberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vahanian, A" uniqKey="Vahanian A">A Vahanian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Camm, J" uniqKey="Camm J">J Camm</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Caterina, R" uniqKey="De Caterina R">R De Caterina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dean, V" uniqKey="Dean V">V Dean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Funck Brentano, C" uniqKey="Funck Brentano C">C Funck-Brentano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hellemans, I" uniqKey="Hellemans I">I Hellemans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kristensen, Sd" uniqKey="Kristensen S">SD Kristensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgregor, K" uniqKey="Mcgregor K">K McGregor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sechtem, U" uniqKey="Sechtem U">U Sechtem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silber, S" uniqKey="Silber S">S Silber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tendera, M" uniqKey="Tendera M">M Tendera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Widimsky, P" uniqKey="Widimsky P">P Widimsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zamorano, Jl" uniqKey="Zamorano J">JL Zamorano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Auricchio, A" uniqKey="Auricchio A">A Auricchio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bax, J" uniqKey="Bax J">J Bax</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bohm, M" uniqKey="Bohm M">M Bohm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corra, U" uniqKey="Corra U">U Corra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Della Bella, P" uniqKey="Della Bella P">P della Bella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliott, Pm" uniqKey="Elliott P">PM Elliott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Follath, F" uniqKey="Follath F">F Follath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gheorghiade, M" uniqKey="Gheorghiade M">M Gheorghiade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hasin, Y" uniqKey="Hasin Y">Y Hasin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernborg, A" uniqKey="Hernborg A">A Hernborg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaarsma, T" uniqKey="Jaarsma T">T Jaarsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Komajda, M" uniqKey="Komajda M">M Komajda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kornowski, R" uniqKey="Kornowski R">R Kornowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piepoli, M" uniqKey="Piepoli M">M Piepoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prendergast, B" uniqKey="Prendergast B">B Prendergast</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tavazzi, L" uniqKey="Tavazzi L">L Tavazzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vachiery, Jl" uniqKey="Vachiery J">JL Vachiery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verheugt, Fw" uniqKey="Verheugt F">FW Verheugt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zannad, F" uniqKey="Zannad F">F Zannad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taal, M" uniqKey="Taal M">M Taal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomson, C" uniqKey="Tomson C">C Tomson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cassidy, M" uniqKey="Cassidy M">M Cassidy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, D" uniqKey="Richardson D">D Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, C" uniqKey="Jones C">C Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hollenberg, Sm" uniqKey="Hollenberg S">SM Hollenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sackner Bernstein, Jd" uniqKey="Sackner Bernstein J">JD Sackner-Bernstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skopicki, Ha" uniqKey="Skopicki H">HA Skopicki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aaronson, Kd" uniqKey="Aaronson K">KD Aaronson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Owan, Te" uniqKey="Owan T">TE Owan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Hh" uniqKey="Chen H">HH Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frantz, Rp" uniqKey="Frantz R">RP Frantz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karon, Bl" uniqKey="Karon B">BL Karon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Wl" uniqKey="Miller W">WL Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodeheffer, Rj" uniqKey="Rodeheffer R">RJ Rodeheffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hodge, Do" uniqKey="Hodge D">DO Hodge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Jc" uniqKey="Burnett J">JC Burnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redfield, Mm" uniqKey="Redfield M">MM Redfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ho, Je" uniqKey="Ho J">JE Ho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teerlink, Jr" uniqKey="Teerlink J">JR Teerlink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zannad, F" uniqKey="Zannad F">F Zannad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mebazaa, A" uniqKey="Mebazaa A">A Mebazaa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juilliere, Y" uniqKey="Juilliere Y">Y Juilliere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen Solal, A" uniqKey="Cohen Solal A">A Cohen-Solal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guize, L" uniqKey="Guize L">L Guize</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alla, F" uniqKey="Alla F">F Alla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouge, P" uniqKey="Rouge P">P Rouge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blin, P" uniqKey="Blin P">P Blin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barlet, Mh" uniqKey="Barlet M">MH Barlet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paolozzi, L" uniqKey="Paolozzi L">L Paolozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, C" uniqKey="Vincent C">C Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desnos, M" uniqKey="Desnos M">M Desnos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samii, K" uniqKey="Samii K">K Samii</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tatsumi, E" uniqKey="Tatsumi E">E Tatsumi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakatani, T" uniqKey="Nakatani T">T Nakatani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imachi, K" uniqKey="Imachi K">K Imachi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umezu, M" uniqKey="Umezu M">M Umezu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kyo, Se" uniqKey="Kyo S">SE Kyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sase, K" uniqKey="Sase K">K Sase</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takatani, S" uniqKey="Takatani S">S Takatani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, H" uniqKey="Matsuda H">H Matsuda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bangalore, S" uniqKey="Bangalore S">S Bangalore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messerli, Fh" uniqKey="Messerli F">FH Messerli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kostis, Jb" uniqKey="Kostis J">JB Kostis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pepine, Cj" uniqKey="Pepine C">CJ Pepine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pfeffer, Ma" uniqKey="Pfeffer M">MA Pfeffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swedberg, K" uniqKey="Swedberg K">K Swedberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Granger, Cb" uniqKey="Granger C">CB Granger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Held, P" uniqKey="Held P">P Held</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmurray, Jj" uniqKey="Mcmurray J">JJ McMurray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michelson, El" uniqKey="Michelson E">EL Michelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olofsson, B" uniqKey="Olofsson B">B Olofsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostergren, J" uniqKey="Ostergren J">J Ostergren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yusuf, S" uniqKey="Yusuf S">S Yusuf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pocock, S" uniqKey="Pocock S">S Pocock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pitt, B" uniqKey="Pitt B">B Pitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zannad, F" uniqKey="Zannad F">F Zannad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remme, Wj" uniqKey="Remme W">WJ Remme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cody, R" uniqKey="Cody R">R Cody</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castaigne, A" uniqKey="Castaigne A">A Castaigne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, A" uniqKey="Perez A">A Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palensky, J" uniqKey="Palensky J">J Palensky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wittes, J" uniqKey="Wittes J">J Wittes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hasselblad, V" uniqKey="Hasselblad V">V Hasselblad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gattis Stough, W" uniqKey="Gattis Stough W">W Gattis Stough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Mr" uniqKey="Shah M">MR Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lokhnygina, Y" uniqKey="Lokhnygina Y">Y Lokhnygina</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, Cm" uniqKey="O Connor C">CM O'Connor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Califf, Rm" uniqKey="Califf R">RM Califf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Kf" uniqKey="Adams K">KF Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jasuja, D" uniqKey="Jasuja D">D Jasuja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mor, Mk" uniqKey="Mor M">MK Mor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartwig, Kc" uniqKey="Hartwig K">KC Hartwig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palevsky, Pm" uniqKey="Palevsky P">PM Palevsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fine, Mj" uniqKey="Fine M">MJ Fine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weisbord, Sd" uniqKey="Weisbord S">SD Weisbord</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palevsky, Pm" uniqKey="Palevsky P">PM Palevsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Rj" uniqKey="Solomon R">RJ Solomon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehran, R" uniqKey="Mehran R">R Mehran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Natarajan, Mk" uniqKey="Natarajan M">MK Natarajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doucet, S" uniqKey="Doucet S">S Doucet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katholi, Re" uniqKey="Katholi R">RE Katholi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staniloae, Cs" uniqKey="Staniloae C">CS Staniloae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Sk" uniqKey="Sharma S">SK Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Labinaz, M" uniqKey="Labinaz M">M Labinaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelormini, Jl" uniqKey="Gelormini J">JL Gelormini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Bj" uniqKey="Barrett B">BJ Barrett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mentzer, Rm" uniqKey="Mentzer R">RM Mentzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oz, Mc" uniqKey="Oz M">MC Oz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sladen, Rn" uniqKey="Sladen R">RN Sladen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graeve, Ah" uniqKey="Graeve A">AH Graeve</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hebeler, Rf" uniqKey="Hebeler R">RF Hebeler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luber, Jm" uniqKey="Luber J">JM Luber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gowdak, Lh" uniqKey="Gowdak L">LH Gowdak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arantes, Rl" uniqKey="Arantes R">RL Arantes</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Paula, Fj" uniqKey="De Paula F">FJ de Paula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krieger, Em" uniqKey="Krieger E">EM Krieger</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Lima, Jj" uniqKey="De Lima J">JJ De Lima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davenport, A" uniqKey="Davenport A">A Davenport</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, C" uniqKey="Cox C">C Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thuraisingham, R" uniqKey="Thuraisingham R">R Thuraisingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davenport, A" uniqKey="Davenport A">A Davenport</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, C" uniqKey="Cox C">C Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thuraisingham, R" uniqKey="Thuraisingham R">R Thuraisingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Eur Heart J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eurheartj</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">ehj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>European Heart Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0195-668X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1522-9645</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20037146</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2838681</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ehp507</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Research</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Heart failure/cardiomyopathy</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>Claudio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anker</surname><given-names>Stefan D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anand</surname><given-names>Inder</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aspromonte</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bagshaw</surname><given-names>Sean M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bellomo</surname><given-names>Rinaldo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berl</surname><given-names>Tomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bobek</surname><given-names>Ilona</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>Dinna N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daliento</surname><given-names>Luciano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davenport</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haapio</surname><given-names>Mikko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hillege</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>House</surname><given-names>Andrew A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>Nevin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maisel</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mankad</surname><given-names>Sunil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zanco</surname><given-names>Pierluigi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mebazaa</surname><given-names>Alexandre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Palazzuoli</surname><given-names>Alberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>Federico</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shaw</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sheinfeld</surname><given-names>Geoff</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Soni</surname><given-names>Sachin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vescovo</surname><given-names>Giorgio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zamperetti</surname><given-names>Nereo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ponikowski</surname><given-names>Piotr</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>for the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus group</collab></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Viale Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><addr-line>IRRIV, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza</addr-line>,<institution>Vicenza</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>William Beaumont Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Royal Oak, MI</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Applied Cachexia Research</institution>,<addr-line>Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><institution>Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>VA Medical Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Minneapolis, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>St Spirito Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Division of Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="af9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>Austin Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Melbourne</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Department of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Colorado Health Sciences Center</institution>,<addr-line>Denver, CO</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Padova</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af12"><label>12</label><addr-line>UCL Center for Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Royal Free and University College Medical School</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af13"><label>13</label><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Helsinki University Central Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="af14"><label>14</label><addr-line>Trial Coordination Center, Department of Cardiology and Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University Medical Center Groningen</institution>,<addr-line>Hanzeplein</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="af15"><label>15</label><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>London, Ont</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="af16"><label>16</label><addr-line>Department of Surgery</addr-line>,<institution>The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington, DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af17"><label>17</label><addr-line>Department of Medicine and Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>San Diego VA Medical Center and University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af18"><label>18</label><addr-line>Department of Cardiology</addr-line>,<institution>Mayo Clinic</institution>,<addr-line>Rochester, MN</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af19"><label>19</label><addr-line>Department of Nuclear Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af20"><label>20</label><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière. U 942 Inserm; University Paris 7</institution>,<addr-line>Paris Diderot</addr-line>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af21"><label>21</label><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of Siena, Le Scotte Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Siena</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af22"><label>22</label><addr-line>Department of Anesthesiology</addr-line>,<institution>Duke University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Durham, NC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af23"><label>23</label><addr-line>Department of Critical Care</addr-line>,<institution>University of Maryland</institution>,<addr-line>College Park, MD</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af24"><label>24</label><addr-line>Division of Nephrology</addr-line>,<institution>Mediciti Hospitals</institution>,<addr-line>Hyderabad</addr-line>,<country>India</country></aff><aff id="af25"><label>25</label><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af26"><label>26</label><addr-line>Department of Intensive Care</addr-line>,<institution>San Bortolo Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Vicenza</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af27"><label>27</label><addr-line>Cardiac Department, Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University, Military Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Wroclaw</addr-line>,<country>Poland</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. Email: <email>cronco@goldnet.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>31</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>703</fpage><lpage>711</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>6</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>7</day><month>8</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2009. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/"><license-p>The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal, Learned Society and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>A consensus conference on cardio-renal syndromes (CRS) was held in Venice Italy, in September 2008 under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). The following topics were matter of discussion after a systematic literature review and the appraisal of the best available evidence: definition/classification system; epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and biomarkers; prevention/protection strategies; management and therapy. The umbrella term CRS was used to identify a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction in the other organ. Different syndromes were identified and classified into five subtypes. Acute CRS (type 1): acute worsening of heart function (AHF–ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2): chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3): acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4): chronic kidney disease leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. Secondary CRS (type 5): systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Consensus statements concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management strategies are discussed in the paper for each of the syndromes.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cardio-renal syndromes</kwd><kwd>Acute heart failure</kwd><kwd>Acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>Chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>Worsening renal function</kwd><kwd>Chronic heart disease</kwd><kwd>Chronic heart failure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1" sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Cardiac and renal diseases are common and frequently coexist to significantly increase mortality, morbidity, and the complexity and cost of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C2">2</xref></sup> Syndromes describing the interaction between heart and kidney have been defined and classified<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C7">7</xref></sup> but never as a result of a consensus process. Thus, there is limited appreciation of epidemiology and standardized diagnostic criteria. Moreover, prevention and treatment is fragmented, single organ centred, and not multidisciplinary in approach. As a result, timing and quality of care may suffer. A consensus conference was organized under the auspices of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) in Venice, Italy, in September 2008. It involved opinion leaders and experts in nephrology, critical care, cardiac surgery, and cardiology. In this manuscript, we present the findings of this consensus conference.</p></sec><sec id="s2" sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>The ADQI process was applied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C8">8</xref></sup> The ADQI methodology comprises a systematic search for evidence, establishment of relevant clinical and physiological outcomes, description of current practice and analysis of areas lacking evidence and setting of a specific research agenda. Before the conference, topics were selected and work groups assembled. Groups identified the key questions and conducted a systematic literature search. During the conference, work groups assembled in breakout sessions, as well as plenary sessions where their findings were presented, debated, and refined. Key questions were identified by the group and subgroups deliberated on these questions, bringing forth recommendations to the group as a whole. Deliberations followed 3 days of discussion among 32 attendees. Summary statements were then developed by the entire group as reported here.</p></sec><sec id="s3" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>The Steering Committee assembled an expert panel, which was divided into five smaller working groups: (i) definition and classification, (ii) epidemiology, (iii) diagnostic biomarkers, (iv) prevention, and (v) treatment.</p><sec id="s3a"><title>Definition and classification</title><sec id="s3a1"><title>Need for consensus definition</title><p>We unanimously agreed that a consensus definition was needed to highlight the coexistence of cardiac and renal disorders and to identify the time course of heart–kidney interaction and the primacy of the organ leading to the syndrome. The goal of this definition would be to facilitate epidemiological studies, identify target populations for intervention, develop diagnostic tools, prevent and manage different syndromes.</p></sec><sec id="s3a2"><title>Principles of definition and classification</title><p>We chose a broad term, using the plural (cardio-renal syndromes, CRS), to indicate the presence of multiple syndromes. We chose subtypes to recognize primary organ dysfunction (cardiac vs. renal) and acute vs. chronic time frame. We considered structural and/or functional abnormalities of both organs necessary. We added an additional subtype to capture systemic conditions affecting both organs simultaneously. We chose definitions to include accepted criteria published by national and international societies.</p></sec><sec id="s3a3"><title>Consensus definition and classification of cardio-renal syndromes</title><p>We considered definitions from the literature and used a specific publication<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C4">4</xref></sup> as template. We defined the broad term ‘cardio-renal syndromes’ as ‘disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other’. We identified five subtypes of the syndromes (<italic>Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="EHP507TB1">1</xref></italic>). Their pathophysiological mechanisms are described in <italic>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="EHP507F1">1</xref></italic>.</p><fig id="EHP507F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Pathophysiology and definitions of the five subtypes of cardio-renal syndrome (modified by Ronco <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C105">105</xref></sup>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp50701"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="EHP507TB1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Cardio-renal syndromes: classification, definitions, and work group statements</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Syndromes</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute cardio-renal (type 1)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic cardio-renal (type 2)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute reno-cardiac (type 3)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic reno-cardiac (type 4)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary CRS (type 5)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Organ failure sequence</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ehp50703.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ehp50704.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ehp50705.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ehp50706.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="ehp50707.jpg"></inline-graphic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Definition</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute worsening of heart function (AHF–ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading to kidney injury or dysfunction</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute worsening of kidney function (AKI) leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to heart injury, disease and/or dysfunction</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary events</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute heart failure (AHF) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or cardiogenic shock</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic heart disease (LV remodelling and dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, chronic abnormalities in cardiac function, cardiomyopathy)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AKI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CKD</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systemic disease (sepsis, amyloidosis, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criteria for primary events</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESC, AHA/ACC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESC, AHA/ACC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RIFLE–AKIN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KDOQI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease-specific criteria</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary events</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AKI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CKD</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AHF, ACS, arrythmias, shock</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHD (LV remodelling and dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, abnormalities in cardiac function), AHF, ACS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AHF, ACS, AKI, CHD, CKD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criteria for secondary events</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RIFLE–AKIN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KDOQI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESC, AHA/ACC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESC, AHA/ACC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESC, AHA/ACC, RIFLE/AKIN ESC, AHA/ACC KDOQI</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac biomarkers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Troponin, CK-MB, BNP, NT-proBNP, MPO, IMA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BNP, NT-proBNP, C-reactive protein</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BNP, NT-proBNP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BNP, NT-proBNP, C-reactive protein</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, BNP</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Renal biomarkers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum cystatine C, creatinine, NGAL. Urinary KIM-1, IL-18, NGAL, NAG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea, uric acid, C-reactive protein, decreased GFR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum creatinine, cystatin C, NGAL. Urinary KIM-1, IL-18, NGAL, NAG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea, uric acid, decreased GFR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Creatinine, NGAL, IL-18, KIM-1, NAG</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevention strategies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acutely decompensated heart failure and acute coronary syndromes are most common scenariosInciting event may be acute coronary ischaemia, poorly controlled blood pressure, and noncompliance with medication and dietary sodium intakeRandomized trials improving compliance with heart failure care management have reduced rates of hospitalization and mortality, and a reduction in the rates of acute cardio-renal syndrome (type 1) can be inferred</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A common pathophysiology (neurohumoral, inflammatory, oxidative injury) could be at work to create organ dysfunctionDrugs that block the renin–angiotensin system reduce the progression of both heart failure and CKDIt is unknown whether other classes of drugs can prevent chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute sodium and volume overload are part of the pathogenesisIt is unknown whether sodium and volume overload is prevented with different forms of renal replacement therapy and if this will result in lower rates of cardiac decompensation</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The chronic processes of cardiac and renal fibrosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular stiffness, chronic Na and volume overload, and other factors (neurohumoral, inflammatory, oxidative injury) could be at work to create organ dysfunctionA reduction in the decline of renal function and albuminuria has been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular eventsThe role of chronic uraemia, anaemia, and changes in CKD-mineral and bone disorder on the cardiovascular system is known in chronic reno-cardiac syndrome</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential systemic factors negatively impact function of both organs acutelyIt is uncertain if reduction/elimination of the key factors (immune, inflammatory, oxidative stress, thrombosis) will prevent both cardiac and renal decline.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Management strategies</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specific—depends on precipitating factorsGeneral supportive—oxygenate, relieve pain & pulmonary congestion, treat arrhythmias appropriately, differentiate left from right heart failure, treat low cardiac output or congestion according to ESC guidelines<sup>(a)</sup>; avoid nephrotoxins, closely monitor kidney function.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treat CHF according to ESC guidelines<sup>a</sup>, exclude precipitating pre-renal AKI factors (hypovolaemia and/or hypotension), adjust therapy accordingly and avoid nephrotoxins, while monitoring renal function and electrolytesExtracorporeal ultrafiltration</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Follow ESC guidelines for acute CHF<sup>a</sup> specific management may depend on underlying aetiology, may need to exclude renovascular disease and consider early renal support, if diuretic resistant</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Follow KDOQI guidelines for CKD management, exclude precipitating causes (cardiac tamponade). Treat heart failure according to ESC guidelines<sup>a</sup>, consider early renal replacement support</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specific—according to etiology. General—see CRS management as advised by ESC guidelines* 2008</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NAG, <italic>N</italic>-acetyl-β-(<sc>d</sc>)glucosaminidase.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>a</sup>As advised by ESC guidelines 2008.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>We chose the term CRS to indicate the bidirectional nature of the various syndromes and to recognize that this term was already established in the medical lexicon, despite lack of formal definition.</p></sec><sec id="s3a4"><title>Acute cardio-renal syndrome (type 1)</title><p>Acute worsening of heart function leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. This is a syndrome of worsening renal function (WRF) complicating acute heart failure (AHF) and/or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Between 27 and 40% of patients hospitalized for acute de-compensated heart failure (ADHF) appear to develop acute kidney injury (AKI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C9">9</xref></sup> and fall into this clinical entity. These patients experience higher mortality and morbidity, and increased length of hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C4">4</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3a5"><title>Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2)</title><p>Chronic abnormalities in heart function leading to kidney injury or dysfunction. This subtype refers to a more chronic state of kidney disease complicating chronic heart disease. This syndrome is common and has been reported in 63% of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C11">11</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3a6"><title>Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3)</title><p>Acute worsening of kidney function leading to heart injury and/or dysfunction. This subtype refers to abnormalities in cardiac function secondary to AKI. The pathophysiological mechanisms likely go beyond simple volume overload and the recent consensus definition of AKI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C12">12</xref></sup> may help to investigate this syndrome further.</p></sec><sec id="s3a7"><title>Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4)</title><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to heart injury, disease, and/or dysfunction. This subtype refers to disease or dysfunction of the heart occurring secondary to CKD. There is a graded and independent association between the severity of CKD and adverse cardiac outcomes. In a recent meta-analysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C13">13</xref></sup> an exponential relation between the severity of renal dysfunction and the risk for all-cause mortality was described with excess cardiovascular deaths constituting over 50% of overall mortality.</p></sec><sec id="s3a8"><title>Secondary cardio-renal syndromes (type 5)</title><p>Systemic conditions leading to simultaneous injury and/or dysfunction of heart and kidney. Although this subtype does not have primary and/or secondary organ dysfunction, it refers to situations where both organs are simultaneously affected by systemic illnesses, either acute or chronic. Examples include sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, or other chronic inflammatory conditions.</p><p>The ADQI working group recognized that many patients may populate or move between subtypes during the course of their disease. This classification is not meant to fix patients into one immovable category (<italic>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="EHP507F2">2</xref></italic>). The group discussed and considered further sub-classification, to include situations of transient or reversible dysfunction, slowly or acutely progressive vs. stable disease, however it chose a more parsimonious classification system.</p><fig id="EHP507F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>In cardio-renal syndromes, there are two important aspects: the first is the sequence of organ involvement and the second is the bi-directionality of signalling leading to a vicious cycle. Another important aspect is the time frame in which the derangements occur (chronic or acute). In all cases, there are moments in which prevention is possible, in others mitigation of the insult is potentially feasible, in others, therapeutic strategies must be implemented. At different times, a crucial role is played by imaging techniques and biomarkers enabling the clinician to make an early diagnosis, establish illness severity, and to potentially predict outcomes. This flowchart describes a series of conditions indicating that patients may move from one type to another of cardio-renal syndromes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp50702"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>Epidemiology of cardio-renal syndromes</title><p>Cardio-renal syndromes are characterized by significant heart–kidney interactions that share similarities in pathophysiology. However, they are also likely to have important discriminating features, in terms of predisposing or precipitating events, natural history, and outcomes. A description of the epidemiology of heart–kidney interaction, stratified by the CRS subtypes, is a critical initial step towards understanding the overall burden of disease for each CRS subtype and vital in determining the presence of gaps in knowledge and helping design future trials.</p><sec id="s3b1"><title>Acute cardio-renal syndrome (type 1)</title><p>A large body of literature has examined AKI due to worsening heart function. Most studies are retrospective, secondary, and/or <italic>post hoc</italic> analyses from large databases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C18">18</xref></sup> or clinical trials of drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C20">20</xref></sup> The term ‘WRF’ has been used to describe the acute and/or sub-acute changes in kidney function in patients ADHF or ACS. Its incidence estimates range between 19 and 45%. This broad range is largely attributable to variations in the definitions of WRF, the observed time-at-risk and the population under study. Most studies have found that WRF/AKI in ADHF/ACS occurs early after presentation to hospital. In both ADHF and ACS, the development of WRF/AKI has been associated with greater short- and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, prolonged duration of hospitalization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C21">21</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C23">23</xref></sup> increased readmission rates,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C25">25</xref></sup> accelerated progression to CKD stages 4–5,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C17">17</xref></sup> and higher healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C15">15</xref></sup> In addition, there seems to be a biological gradient between severity of AKI and risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C24">24</xref></sup> Two studies have also shown the risk of poor outcome persists regardless of whether WRF/AKI was transient or sustained<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C25">25</xref></sup> and that even small acute changes in SCr (0.3 mg/dL) can modify the risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C19">19</xref></sup> Venous congestion may be an important haemodynamic factor driving WRF in patient with ADHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C26">26</xref></sup> In ICU patients admitted with ADHF, WRF was associated with greater central venous pressure (CVP) on admission and after intensive medical therapy. This finding was apparent across the spectrum of systemic blood pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, and estimated glomerular filtration rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C26">26</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3b2"><title>Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2)</title><p>Chronic heart disease and CKD frequently co-exist, and often the clinical scenario does not permit to distinguish which disease came first. Large database studies do not distinguish between type 2 and type 4 CRS. Nevertheless, between 45 and 63.6% of patients with CHF have evidence of CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C27">27</xref></sup> In these studies, CKD was associated with higher all-cause and cardiac-specific mortality. A ‘dose–response’ or graded association between decline in kidney function and worse clinical outcome was generally noted. An example of Type 2 CRS could be congenital heart disease (CHD). In selected circumstances, long-standing CHD results in adaptive alterations in kidney perfusion and neurohormonal activation. In a study of 1102 adult patients with CHD, over 50% had evidence of kidney dysfunction, and 9% had eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C28">28</xref></sup> This latter group had a three-fold increase in mortality. Kidney dysfunction was observed even among CHD patients with simple anatomical cardiac defects. A further challenge in describing the epidemiology of type 2 CRS is that patients may also transition between type 1 and type 2 CRS at various time points.</p></sec><sec id="s3b3"><title>Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3)</title><p>Defining the epidemiology of acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3) is challenging for several reasons: (i) considerable heterogeneity in predisposing conditions, (ii) different methods for defining AKI, (iii) variable baseline risk for the development of acute cardiac dysfunction (i.e. increased susceptibility in individuals with sub-clinical cardiovascular disease), and (iv) failure of many clinical studies of AKI to report the occurrence of acute cardiac dysfunction as outcomes. Accordingly, incidence estimates and clinical outcomes of acute cardiac dysfunction secondary to AKI are largely context and disease-specific. The group deliberated that RIFLE/AKIN criteria should be used to define AKI in the epidemiological studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C12">12</xref></sup></p><p>An example of type 3 CRS could be the development of an ACS, arrhythmia, or AHF after the onset of AKI or after acute glomerulonephritis or acute cortical necrosis. Toxaemia, fluid and sodium retention, humoral mediators, and electrolyte derangements may all contribute to acute dysfunction of the heart. Another case could be cardiac surgery-associated AKI (CSA-AKI), where AKI contributes to fluid overload and to the development of latent cardiac dysfunction. We also recognize that CSA-AKI may also represent type 1 CRS. This discrimination may have relevance as these two presentations may be characterized by important differences in epidemiology, risk factors, associated outcomes, and need for differing therapeutic interventions. The incidence of CSA-AKI has been reported between 0.3 and 29.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C29">29</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C34">34</xref></sup> This large range in incidence is attributed to the different definitions used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C35">35</xref></sup> However, the challenge in understanding the epidemiology of type 3 CRS is that its incidence and associated risk factors fail to consider the inciting event for CSA-AKI as either primarily AKI-related or heart-related.</p></sec><sec id="s3b4"><title>Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4)</title><p>Several observational studies have evaluated the cardiovascular event rates and outcomes in selected CKD populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C36">36</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C48">48</xref></sup> Cardiac disease in CKD patients is common and cardiac-specific mortality rates are 10- to 20-fold higher compared with age and sex-matched non-CKD populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C50">50</xref></sup> In non-renal replacement therapy (RRT) dependent CKD patients, the prevalence of CVD correlates with severity of CKD. Several observational studies have found graded increases in the prevalence of CVD and heart failure (HF), along with higher risk of subsequent cardiac events associated with degree of decline in kidney function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C45">45</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C48">48</xref></sup> This dose–response trend also translated into similar trends for the risk of cardiac-specific and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C43">43</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C48">48</xref></sup> Thus CKD likely accelerates the risk for and development of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C47">47</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3b5"><title>Secondary cardio-renal syndromes (type 5)</title><p>There are limited data on the epidemiology of secondary CRS (type 5) due to the large number of potential contributing acute and chronic systemic conditions. Accordingly, estimates of incidence, risk identification, and associated outcomes for type 5 CRS are considered largely disease and/or context-specific and may be time varying. We recognize that several chronic systemic illnesses (i.e. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, amyloidosis) could potentially fulfil the definition for CRS type 5, however, they may also at particular times in their natural history, fulfil criteria for other CRS subtypes. Importantly, in this context, there is currently an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of secondary heart–kidney interactions.</p><p>A prototypical condition that may lead to CRS type 5 is sepsis. Sepsis is common and its incidence is increasing,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C52">52</xref></sup> with a mortality estimated between 20 and 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C51">51</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C53">53</xref></sup> Approximately 11–64% of septic patients develop AKI that is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C54">54</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C60">60</xref></sup> Abnormalities in cardiac function are also common in sepsis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C61">61</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C63">63</xref></sup> Observational data have found ∼30–80% of septic patients have elevated cardiac-specific troponins,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C64">64</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C70">70</xref></sup> that often correlate with reduced left ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C69">69</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C70">70</xref></sup> Acute kidney injury and myocardial injury/dysfunction in severe sepsis/septic shock are exceedingly common, yet there is a lack of integrative and epidemiological studies that have specifically examined for insight on its pathophysiology, incidence, risk identification, and associated outcomes.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3c"><title>Diagnosis and biomarkers of cardio-renal syndromes</title><p>The consensus group deliberated on the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of the different types of the syndrome. The intention was to integrate biomarkers into the diagnosis of the various CRS, especially those that deal with AKI on top of acute cardiac disease. If biomarkers are to be clinically useful in these settings, physicians must be able to answer the following questions: (i) can biomarkers be used to (early) identify and classify CRS? (ii) Can biomarkers be used to risk-stratify patients with regard to reversibility? (iii) Can biomarkers be used as targets for treatment? (iv) Can biomarkers be used to monitor the effects of treatment?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C63">63</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C69">69</xref></sup> (v) Can imaging of the heart and kidneys be combined effectively with biomarkers across the spectrum of diagnosis and treatment of CRS?</p><sec id="s3c1"><title>Natriuretic peptides and heart failure</title><p>B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) are established diagnostic tools in ADHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C71">71</xref></sup> and represent independent predictors of cardiovascular events and overall mortality in critical illness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C72">72</xref></sup> ACS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C73">73</xref></sup> and stable HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C74">74</xref></sup> Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are elevated in patients with CRS (type 1) in which AKI occurs as a consequence of ADHF. Moreover, they have shown prognostic utility in patients with various stages of renal insufficiency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C75">75</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C76">76</xref></sup> demonstrating potential applications in CRS types 2 and 4. Although many previous studies support the usefulness of BNP in the diagnosis and management of HF patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C77">77</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C78">78</xref></sup> the relationship between BNP, renal function, and the severity of HF is less clear. Patients with CKD have higher levels of BNP and NT-proBNP than age- and gender-matched subjects without reduced renal function, even in the absence of clinical CHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C79">79</xref></sup> Although these higher levels of NPs have been attributed to reduced renal clearance, there is likely some contribution from other mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C80">80</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C81">81</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3c2"><title>Biomarkers of renal injury</title><sec id="s3c2a"><title>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin</title><p>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) seems to be one of the earliest kidney markers of ischaemic or nephrotoxic injury in animal models and is detected in the blood and urine of humans soon after AKI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C82">82</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C88">88</xref></sup> In a recent study, a single measurement of urinary NGAL was able to differentiate those with subsequent AKI, with a sensitivity and specificity of 90 and 99%, respectively. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin could be used as an earlier marker of impending WRF during the treatment of ADHF.</p></sec><sec id="s3c2b"><title>Cystatin C</title><p>Cystatin C appears to be a better predictor of glomerular function than serum creatinine in patients with CKD. In AKI, urinary excretion of cystatin C has been shown to predict the requirement for RRT earlier than creatinine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C89">89</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C90">90</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3c2c"><title>Kidney injury molecule-1</title><p>Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a protein detectable in the urine after ischaemic or nephrotoxic insults to proximal tubular cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C91">91</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C93">93</xref></sup> Urinary KIM-1 seems to be highly specific for ischaemic AKI and not for pre-renal azotemia, CKD, or contrast induced nephropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C94">94</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3c2d"><title><italic>N</italic>-acetyl-β-(<sc>d</sc>)glucosaminidase</title><p><italic>N</italic>-acetyl-β-(<sc>d</sc>)glucosaminidase is a lysosomal brush border enzyme found in proximal tubular cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C94">94</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C96">96</xref></sup> <italic>N</italic>-acetyl-β-(<sc>d</sc>)glucosaminidase has been shown to function as a marker of kidney injury, reflecting particularly the degree of tubular damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C94">94</xref></sup> It is not only found in elevated urinary concentrations in AKI and CKD, but also in diabetic patients, patients with essential hypertension, and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C97">97</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C99">99</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3c2e"><title>Interleukin-18</title><p>Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine detected in the urine after acute ischaemic proximal tubular damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C100">100</xref></sup> It displays good sensitivity and specificity for ischaemic AKI with an AUC > 90%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C101">101</xref></sup> with increased levels 48 h prior to increases in serum creatinine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C102">102</xref></sup> Urinary NGAL and IL-18 have been studied as joint biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C103">103</xref></sup></p><p>Of the biomarkers presented above, NGAL (urine and plasma) and Cystatin C are most likely to be integrated into clinical practice in the near future. Clinical trials will be needed to see if earlier identification of AKI and the use of specific treatment algorithms based on these markers will improve prognosis.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3c3"><title>Bioimpedance vector analysis</title><p>There is a general agreement that bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) may contribute to a better definition of the patient's hydration status. This may be used in combination with NGAL and BNP to guide fluid management strategies. In this way, patients will be kept within the narrow window of adequate hydration preventing worsening of both kidney and heart function.</p></sec><sec id="s3c4"><title>Imaging</title><p>Imaging techniques have an additional role with respect to the laboratory biomarkers in CRS. They may enhance, extend, and refine our ability to quantify renal damage and function. In patients affected by suspected CRS, it is prudent to avoid the use of iodinated contrast media if not strictly necessary. The presence of coronary disease should be excluded by stress echo or stress myocardial perfusion (SPECT/PET) in types III, IV, and V CRS and in types I and II CRS when the primary cardiac disease is valvular, congenital, or myopathic. In the future, research should be directed toward experimental studies that apply molecular imaging techniques (MRI and MRS, PET, etc.) to the search for <italic>in vivo</italic> specific markers for diagnosis and severity evaluation of the different types of CRS. Also in the future, non-invasive imaging techniques should be refined to quantify renal blood flow. Such data can then be correlated with cardiac and renal biomarkers and most importantly guide ongoing therapy designed to optimize renal blood flow and ultimately preserve kidney function. As for type 1 CRS, venous congestion and high CVP seem to be associated with impaired renal function and independently related to all-cause mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C104">104</xref></sup></p></sec></sec><sec id="s3d"><title>Prevention of cardio-renal syndromes</title><p>The rationale for the prevention of CRS is based on the concept that once the syndrome begins it is difficult to interrupt, not completely reversible in all cases, and associated with serious adverse outcomes. We approached prevention using a proposed classification system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C105">105</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C106">106</xref></sup></p><sec id="s3d1"><title>Acute cardio-renal syndrome (type 1)</title><p>The most important preventive approach in patients with <italic>de novo</italic> HF consists of the basic preventive strategies of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology for Stage A and B HF. These call for blood pressure control, use of drugs that block the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, beta-adrenergic blockers (BB), coronary artery disease risk factor modification, and compliance with dietary and drug treatments. As venous congestion seems to be an important haemodynamic factor driving WRF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C26">26</xref></sup> in ADHF, future studies should evaluate whether a CVP-tailored therapy might prevent WRF in those patients.</p></sec><sec id="s3d2"><title>Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2)</title><p>In this setting, therapies that improve the natural history of chronic HF include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), BB, aldosterone receptor blockers, combination of nitrates and hydralazine, and cardiac re-synchronization therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C107">107</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3d3"><title>Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3)</title><p>The clinical problem in many cases is sodium and water retention. Avoidance of hypervolaemia should help prevent cardiac decompensation. In addition, uremic changes, hyperkalaemia, and mediators of inflammation can have adverse cardiac consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C108">108</xref></sup> As mentioned previously, prototypical scenarios for type 3 CRS include forms of AKI (e.g. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) that secondarily lead to LV dysfunction. Contrast-induced AKI in most cases is asymptomatic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C106">106</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C109">109</xref></sup> and unlikely to cause cardiac dysfunction. However, some patients with contrast-induced AKI develop progressive renal failure, volume overload, and ADHF requiring intensive care treatment and/or transient and sometimes permanent dialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C110">110</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3d4"><title>Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4)</title><p>Type 4 CRS is a common syndrome since it involves the progression of CKD, often due to diabetes mellitus and hypertension, with accelerated calcific atherosclerosis, progressive LVH, and the development of diastolic and systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C111">111</xref></sup> The core prevention concept beyond attention to usual risk factor modification is that the reduction in the rate of progression of CKD may lead to reduced rates of type 4 CRS.</p></sec><sec id="s3d5"><title>Secondary cardio-renal syndrome (type 5)</title><p>A core concept is that treatment of the primary illness (diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, sepsis, rhabdomyolysis, haemorrhagic shock, etc.) in general improves both heart and kidney function.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3e"><title>Management strategies of cardio-renal syndromes</title><p>Although there are clinical guidelines for managing both HF and CKD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C113">113</xref></sup> there are no agreed guidelines for managing patients with cardio-renal and/or reno-cardiac syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C114">114</xref></sup></p><sec id="s3e1"><title>Acute cardio-renal syndrome (type 1)</title><p>Both abnormal renal function and also a deterioration early in the course of treatment of ADHF increase mortality. Thus, any treatment for HF should have a neutral effect or preferably improve renal function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup></p><p>The management of ADHF is described in the recent ESC/ESICM guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup> Vasodilators<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C115">115</xref></sup> and loop diuretics are widely recommended in cases of ADHF and in CRS type 1. However, loop diuretics predispose to electrolyte imbalances, and hypovolaemia leading to neurohumoral activation, reduced renal glomerular flow with further rises in serum urea and creatinine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C116">116</xref></sup> Vasodilators (e.g. nesiritide) may also affect renal function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C117">117</xref></sup> and in some cases exacerbate renal injury. Vasopressin receptor 2 antagonists can improve hyponatraemia, but without any clear survival benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C118">118</xref></sup> If congestion coincides with low blood pressure, inotropic agents should be considered.</p><p>In cardiogenic shock, treatments are designed to increase cardiac output and restore renal blood flow. Although inotropic drugs, typically dobutamine or dopamine, may tide patients over, they are often associated with increased mid-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C119">119</xref></sup> Other agents include phosphodiesterase inhibitors, milrinone, and levosimendan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup> Extracorporeal ultrafiltration may be useful in ADHF associated with diuretic resistance. If systemic hypotension persists, then norepineprine may be considered, along with elective ventilation and/or intra-aortic balloon pumping. Depending upon pre-existing co-morbidity and the underlying aetiology, left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplantation or cardiac surgery may be appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C120">120</xref></sup> It should be mentioned that over-treatment with loop diuretics, ACE-I, and/or spironolactone may induce AKI.</p></sec><sec id="s3e2"><title>Chronic cardio-renal syndrome (type 2)</title><p>Therapeutic approaches to patients with CHF are complex and involve the elimination and treatment of the underlying cause and/or disease leading to damage of the cardiovascular system and CHF progression. Self-care management is an important strategy in CHF, encompassing adherence to treatment, symptom recognition, and lifestyle changes (diet and nutrition, smoking cessation, exercise training).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup></p><p>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C121">121</xref></sup> beta-blockers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C122">122</xref></sup> ARBs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C123">123</xref></sup> and aldosterone antagonists<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C124">124</xref></sup> significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in CHF. The optimal approach is to combine ACE-I and beta-blocker, titrate dosages, to which either an ARB or aldosterone antagonist is subsequently added depending on clinical condition and patient characteristics. In patients unable to tolerate these agents, hydralazine and nitrates may be an option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup> Digoxin and diuretics improve symptoms in CHF but have no effect on mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C119">119</xref></sup></p><p>Cardiac re-synchronization therapy is now recommended for symptomatic CHF patients (NYHA III–IV) with poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and QRS prolongation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup> as are implantable cardiac defibrillators for both survivors of cardiac arrest and/or sustained ventricular arrhythmias and also for symptomatic CHF patients with impaired LVEF. In selected patients who do not respond to treatment, mechanical assist devices and/or cardiac transplantation may be appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C120">120</xref></sup></p><p>Therapy of CHF with concomitant renal impairment is still not evidence-based, as these patients are generally excluded from CHF trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C121">121</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C124">124</xref></sup> Typically, these patients are hypervolemic, and more intensive diuretic treatment is needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C113">113</xref></sup> Thiazide diuretics may be less effective, and loop diuretics are preferred.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C113">113</xref></sup> To improve natriuresis, loop diuretic infusions are more potent, and combinations with amiloride, aldosterone antagonists, or metolazone may be considered,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C124">124</xref></sup> as increasing doses of loop diuretics are associated with worse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C125">125</xref></sup> In refractory cases, RRT may be required.</p><p>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and ARB initiation may cause deterioration in renal function, which is frequently transient and reversible. Patients with CKD or renal artery stenosis are at a higher risk, and careful monitoring is recommended. If renal function declines, then other secondary causes such as excessive diuresis, persistent hypotension, prescription of nephrotoxic agents or underlying renovascular disease should be excluded. Hyperkalaemia occurs with these agents and dietary restriction may be required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C121">121</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C123">123</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C124">124</xref></sup></p><p>Anaemia is often present in patients with type 2 CRS, and correction of anaemia may improve symptoms without increasing survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C112">112</xref></sup> Renal dysfunction is associated with altered drug clearances, and some drugs, e.g. digoxin and allopurinol, require dose adjustment, and the risk of spontaneous haemorrhage with warfarin is increased.</p></sec><sec id="s3e3"><title>Acute reno-cardiac syndrome (type 3)</title><p>As previously discussed, type 3 CRS has only recently been recognized as a clinical entity, hence there is little known about the treatment of this complication. Since a typical clinical scenario would include AKI following contrast exposure, or following cardiovascular surgery (CSA-AKI), prevention likely affords a better chance to improve outcome than treating established disease. To prevent contrast nephropathy, many potential preventive strategies have been studied, and available evidence indicates that isotonic fluids have been the most successful intervention to date, with conflicting data surrounding <italic>N</italic>-acetylcysteine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C126">126</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C127">127</xref></sup> Recently, Solomon <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C128">128</xref></sup> using a more sensitive definition of AKI, identified a possible role for the low-osmolar, non-ionic monomer iopamidol. Germane to the discussion of CRS, they identified that patients suffering AKI secondary to contrast were almost twice as likely to suffer downstream adverse events, including cardiovascular events, in the year following the contrast exposure, indicative of the serious consequences of type 3 CRS.</p><p>In terms of prevention of CSA-AKI, in a recent prospective, double-blind study of patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery, nesiritide was associated with improved post-operative renal function compared with patients without nesiritide, thus suggesting a renoprotective property.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C129">129</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s3e4"><title>Chronic reno-cardiac syndrome (type 4)</title><p>The aetiology of HF in CKD is multifactorial. Despite cardioprotective strategies such as ACE-Is and/or beta-blockers only a minority of dialysis patients are prescribed these drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C130">130</xref></sup> Antihypertensives have been thought to increase intradialytic hypotension, but this has not been proven.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C131">131</xref></sup></p><p>Progressive CKD often leads to sodium retention due to reduced renal excretion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C113">113</xref></sup> and similarly during haemodialysis due to dietary noncompliance, inappropriately high dialysate sodium and inability to achieve target or ‘dry’ weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C132">132</xref></sup> Besides preventing hypervolaemia and a positive sodium balance, the other key management strategies include correcting anaemia and minimizing vascular calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C113">113</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="EHP507C114">114</xref></sup></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="s4" sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The aim of the ADQI consensus conference on CRS was to facilitate better understanding of their epidemiology, opportunities for early diagnosis through biomarkers, development of preventive strategies, and application of evidence-based management strategies (where available). A further aim was to allow identification of gaps in the literature and provide direction for future research including clinical trials. We have defined five syndromes that can now be the target of future studies, described series of biomarkers which may facilitate the identification and treatment of such syndromes and have outlined general strategies for prevention and management. We hope this document will serve as starting point for focused research into the care of these conditions which affect so many people worldwide.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Funding</title><p>The ADQI consensus conference was supported by the non profit organization AARVI (Associazione Amici del Rene di Vicenza) and its research branch IRRIV (International Renal Research Insitute of Vicenza). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by AARVI-IRRIV (Associazione Amici del Rene di Vicenza and International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza).</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> none declared.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="EHP507C1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heywood</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The cardiorenal syndrome: lessons from the ADHERE database and treatment options</article-title><source>Heart Fail Rev</source><year>2004</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>201</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15809817</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Forman</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Butler</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Connor</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Loh</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Massie</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>Rich</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevenson</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14715185</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Isles</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiorenal failure: pathophysiology, recognition and treatment</article-title><source>Clin Med</source><year>2002</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12108466</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>House</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Haapio</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiorenal syndrome: refining the definition of a complex symbiosis gone wrong</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>34</volume><fpage>957</fpage><lpage>962</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18251008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>KV</given-names></name><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>AW</given-names></name><name><surname>Greene</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name><name><surname>Redfield</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>36</volume><issue>Suppl. 1</issue><fpage>S75</fpage><lpage>S88</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18158481</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bongartz</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><name><surname>Cramer</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Doevendans</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Joles</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Braam</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The severe cardiorenal syndrome: 'Guyton revisited'</article-title><source>Eur Heart J</source><year>2005</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15615794</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schrier</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiorenal versus renocardiac syndrome: is there a difference?</article-title><source>Nat Clin Pract Nephrol</source><year>2007</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>637</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18033224</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kellum</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellomo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI): methodology</article-title><source>Int J Artif Organs</source><year>2008</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18311725</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Butler</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Forman</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Loh</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Massie</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Connor C</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rich</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevenson</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure</article-title><source>J Card Fail</source><year>2002</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>136</fpage><lpage>141</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12140805</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>National Kidney Foundation</collab><article-title>K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2002</year><volume>39</volume><issue>Suppl. 2 1</issue><fpage>S1</fpage><lpage>S266</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11904577</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heywood</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name><name><surname>Costanzo</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Mathur</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name><name><surname>Wigneswaran</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Wynne</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database</article-title><source>J Card Fail</source><year>2007</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>422</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17675055</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kellum</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouman</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Lameire</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure</article-title><source>Curr Opin Crit Care</source><year>2002</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>509</fpage><lpage>514</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12454534</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tonelli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiebe</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Culleton</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>House</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Rabbat</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fok</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>McAlister</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Garg</surname><given-names>AX</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2006</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>2034</fpage><lpage>2047</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16738019</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goldberg</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hammerman</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Petcherski</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Zdorovyak</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Yalonetsky</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kapeliovich</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Agmon</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Markiewicz</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Aronson</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inhospital and 1-year mortality of patients who develop worsening renal function following acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction</article-title><source>Am Heart J</source><year>2005</year><volume>150</volume><fpage>330</fpage><lpage>337</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16086939</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>YT</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaccarino</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Radford</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bradford</surname><given-names>WD</given-names></name><name><surname>Horwitz</surname><given-names>RI</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or =65 years of age with heart failure</article-title><source>Am J Cardiol</source><year>2000</year><volume>85</volume><fpage>1110</fpage><lpage>1113</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10781761</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>Parent</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Tu</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaccarino</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Radford</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Hennen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries</article-title><source>Arch Intern Med</source><year>1997</year><volume>157</volume><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8996046</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Newsome</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Warnock</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>McClellan</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></name><name><surname>Herzog</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kiefe</surname><given-names>CI</given-names></name><name><surname>Eggers</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Allison</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction</article-title><source>Arch Intern Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>168</volume><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>616</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18362253</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parikh</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Coca</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Masoudi</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction</article-title><source>Arch Intern Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>168</volume><fpage>987</fpage><lpage>995</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18474763</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jose</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Skali</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Anavekar</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>Rouleau</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Moye</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeffer</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2006</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>2886</fpage><lpage>2891</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16928807</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nohria</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hasselblad</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Stebbins</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Pauly</surname><given-names>DF</given-names></name><name><surname>Fonarow</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Yancy</surname><given-names>CW</given-names></name><name><surname>Califf</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevenson</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiorenal interactions: insights from the ESCAPE trial</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2008</year><volume>51</volume><fpage>1268</fpage><lpage>1274</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18371557</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cowie</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Komajda</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Murray-Thomas</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Underwood</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ticho</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence and impact of worsening renal function in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure: results of the prospective outcomes study in heart failure (POSH)</article-title><source>Eur Heart J</source><year>2006</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>1216</fpage><lpage>1222</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16624834</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Logeart</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tabet</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><name><surname>Hittinger</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Thabut</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Jourdain</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Maison</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Tartiere</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Solal</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Transient worsening of renal function during hospitalization for acute heart failure alters outcome</article-title><source>Int J Cardiol</source><year>2008</year><volume>127</volume><fpage>228</fpage><lpage>232</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17651843</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Metra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Nodari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Parrinello</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bordonali</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Bugatti</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Danesi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Fontanella</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lombardi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Milani</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Verzura</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Cotter</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Dittrich</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Massie</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>Dei Cas</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Worsening renal function in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: clinical implications and prognostic significance</article-title><source>Eur J Heart Fail</source><year>2008</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>188</fpage><lpage>195</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18279773</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaccarino</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Kosiborod</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lichtman</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Watnick</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumholz</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure?</article-title><source>J Card Fail</source><year>2003</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12612868</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latchamsetty</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kline-Rogers</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Mukherjee</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Otten</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>LaBounty</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Eagle</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Froehlich</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognostic value of transient and sustained increase in in-hospital creatinine on outcomes of patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome</article-title><source>Am J Cardiol</source><year>2007</year><volume>99</volume><fpage>939</fpage><lpage>942</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17398188</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mullens</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Abrahams</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Sokos</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Starling</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2009</year><volume>53</volume><fpage>589</fpage><lpage>596</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19215833</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Rich</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanders</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Perry</surname><given-names>GJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakris</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Zile</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Love</surname><given-names>TE</given-names></name><name><surname>Aban</surname><given-names>IB</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlipak</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic kidney disease associated mortality in diastolic versus systolic heart failure: a propensity matched study</article-title><source>Am J Cardiol</source><year>2007</year><volume>99</volume><fpage>393</fpage><lpage>398</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17261405</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dimopoulos</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Diller</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Koltsida</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Pijuan-Domenech</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Papadopoulou</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Babu-Narayan</surname><given-names>SV</given-names></name><name><surname>Salukhe</surname><given-names>TV</given-names></name><name><surname>Piepoli</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole-Wilson</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name><name><surname>Gatzoulis</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence, predictors, and prognostic value of renal dysfunction in adults with congenital heart disease</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2008</year><volume>117</volume><fpage>2320</fpage><lpage>2328</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18443238</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burns</surname><given-names>KE</given-names></name><name><surname>Chu</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Novick</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallo</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stitt</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name><name><surname>Heidenheim</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Myers</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Moist</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Perioperative <italic>N</italic>-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing cabg surgery: a randomized controlled trial</article-title><source>J Am Med Assoc</source><year>2005</year><volume>294</volume><fpage>342</fpage><lpage>350</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leacche</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rawn</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Mihaljevic</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Karavas</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Byrne</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Outcomes in patients with normal serum creatinine and with artificial renal support for acute renal failure developing after coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title><source>Am J Cardiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>93</volume><fpage>353</fpage><lpage>356</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14759390</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chertow</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Levy</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Hammermeister</surname><given-names>KE</given-names></name><name><surname>Grover</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Daley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery</article-title><source>Am J Med</source><year>1998</year><volume>104</volume><fpage>343</fpage><lpage>348</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9576407</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Conlon</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Stafford-Smith</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>WD</given-names></name><name><surname>Newman</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Winn</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Landolfo</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>1999</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>1158</fpage><lpage>1162</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10344355</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bove</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Calabro</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Landoni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Aletti</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Marino</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Crescenzi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosica</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Zangrillo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The incidence and risk of acute renal failure after cardiac surgery</article-title><source>J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth</source><year>2004</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>442</fpage><lpage>445</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15365924</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mangano</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Diamondstone</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramsay</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Aggarwal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Herskowitz</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mangano</surname><given-names>DT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>1998</year><volume>128</volume><fpage>194</fpage><lpage>203</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9454527</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoste</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>DN</given-names></name><name><surname>Davenport</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Piccinni</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Tetta</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Viscovo</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury</article-title><source>Int J Artif Organs</source><year>2008</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18311732</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarnak</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Berkoben</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Heyka</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaufman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rocco</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Toto</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Windus</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ornt</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Levey</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac diseases in maintenance hemodialysis patients: results of the HEMO Study</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2004</year><volume>65</volume><fpage>2380</fpage><lpage>2389</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15149351</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Culleton</surname><given-names>BF</given-names></name><name><surname>Larson</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Parfrey</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Levy</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>1999</year><volume>56</volume><fpage>2214</fpage><lpage>2219</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10594797</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C38"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dries</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Exner</surname><given-names>DV</given-names></name><name><surname>Domanski</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Greenberg</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevenson</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2000</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>681</fpage><lpage>689</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10716471</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C39"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Foley</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Herzog</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>McBean</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Eggers</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>495</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15590763</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C40"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Go</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Chertow</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>McCulloch</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>CY</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2004</year><volume>351</volume><fpage>1296</fpage><lpage>1305</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15385656</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C41"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Henry</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Kostense</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bos</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Dekker</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Nijpels</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Heine</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouter</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stehouwer</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn Study</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2002</year><volume>62</volume><fpage>1402</fpage><lpage>1407</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12234312</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C42"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herzog</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>JZ</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Poor long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction among patients on long-term dialysis</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1998</year><volume>339</volume><fpage>799</fpage><lpage>805</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9738087</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C43"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hillege</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Nitsch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeffer</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Swedberg</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>McMurray</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Yusuf</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Granger</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Michelson</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name><name><surname>Ostergren</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cornel</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>de Zeeuw</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Pocock</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>van Veldhuisen</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2006</year><volume>113</volume><fpage>671</fpage><lpage>678</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16461840</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C44"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahon</surname><given-names>NG</given-names></name><name><surname>Blackstone</surname><given-names>EH</given-names></name><name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Starling</surname><given-names>RC</given-names><suffix>III</suffix></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Lauer</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prognostic value of estimated creatinine clearance alongside functional capacity in ambulatory patients with chronic congestive heart failure</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2002</year><volume>40</volume><fpage>1106</fpage><lpage>1113</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12354436</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C45"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Jurkovitz</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></name><name><surname>Pergola</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>McGill</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Norris</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name><name><surname>Klag</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakris</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)</article-title><source>Arch Intern Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>167</volume><fpage>1122</fpage><lpage>1129</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17563019</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C46"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Jurkovitz</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Norris</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name><name><surname>McFarlane</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlipak</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Obialo</surname><given-names>CI</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name><name><surname>Vassalotti</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Whaley-Connell</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>CKD and cardiovascular disease in screened high-risk volunteer and general populations: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2008</year><volume>51</volume><issue>4 Suppl. 2</issue><fpage>S38</fpage><lpage>S45</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18359407</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C47"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Jurkovitz</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Norris</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name><name><surname>McFarlane</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlipak</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Obialo</surname><given-names>CI</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name><name><surname>Vassalotti</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Whaley-Connell</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></name><name><surname>Brenner</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakris</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic kidney disease, prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease, and relationship to short-term mortality</article-title><source>Am Heart J</source><year>2008</year><volume>156</volume><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>283</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18657657</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C48"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Muntner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamm</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Loria</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Whelton</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2002</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>745</fpage><lpage>753</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11856780</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C49"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name><name><surname>Craven</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Isbel</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Modification of cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients: an evidence-based review</article-title><source>Hemodial Int</source><year>2007</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17257349</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C50"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herzog</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dismal long-term survival of dialysis patients after acute myocardial infarction: can we alter the outcome?</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>2002</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11773452</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C51"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angus</surname><given-names>DC</given-names></name><name><surname>Linde-Zwirble</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name><name><surname>Lidicker</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Clermont</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Carcillo</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Pinsky</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2001</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>1303</fpage><lpage>1310</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11445675</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C52"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Mannino</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Eaton</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Moss</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2003</year><volume>348</volume><fpage>1546</fpage><lpage>1554</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12700374</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C53"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alberti</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Brun-Buisson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Burchardi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Goodman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Artigas</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Sicignano</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Palazzo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Boulme</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lepage</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Le Gall</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>2002</year><volume>28</volume><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11907653</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C54"><label>54</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bagshaw</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lapinsky</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dial</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Arabi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Dodek</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Guzman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Parrillo</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Skrobik</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute kidney injury in septic shock: clinical outcomes and impact of duration of hypotension prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>2009</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>871</fpage><lpage>881</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19066848</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C55"><label>55</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoste</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><name><surname>Lameire</surname><given-names>NH</given-names></name><name><surname>Vanholder</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name><name><surname>Benoit</surname><given-names>DD</given-names></name><name><surname>Decruyenaere</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Colardyn</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute renal failure in patients with sepsis in a surgical ICU: predictive factors, incidence, comorbidity, and outcome</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2003</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>1022</fpage><lpage>1030</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12660337</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C56"><label>56</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Jorge</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Resina</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Neves</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Antunes</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Prata</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute renal failure in patients with sepsis</article-title><source>Crit Care</source><year>2007</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>411</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17466080</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C57"><label>57</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oppert</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Engel</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Brunkhorst</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></name><name><surname>Bogatsch</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Reinhart</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Frei</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Eckardt</surname><given-names>KU</given-names></name><name><surname>Loeffler</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>John</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute renal failure in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock—a significant independent risk factor for mortality: results from the German Prevalence Study</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>2008</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>904</fpage><lpage>909</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18065435</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C58"><label>58</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vincent</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakr</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sprung</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name><name><surname>Ranieri</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></name><name><surname>Reinhart</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerlach</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlet</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Le Gall</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Payen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2006</year><volume>34</volume><fpage>344</fpage><lpage>353</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16424713</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C59"><label>59</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yegenaga</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoste</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Biesen</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Vanholder</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Benoit</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kantarci</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Dhondt</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Colardyn</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Lameire</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics of patients developing ARF due to sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome: results of a prospective study</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2004</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>817</fpage><lpage>824</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15112172</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C60"><label>60</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bagshaw</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellomo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Early acute kidney injury and sepsis: a multicentre evaluation</article-title><source>Crit Care</source><year>2008</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>R47</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18402655</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C61"><label>61</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Charpentier</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Luyt</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Fulla</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinsonneau</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Cariou</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Grabar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dhainaut</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Mira</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Chiche</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Brain natriuretic peptide: a marker of myocardial dysfunction and prognosis during severe sepsis</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2004</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>660</fpage><lpage>665</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15090944</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C62"><label>62</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>ver Elst</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Spapen</surname><given-names>HD</given-names></name><name><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>DN</given-names></name><name><surname>Garbar</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Huyghens</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name><name><surname>Gorus</surname><given-names>FK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac troponins I and T are biological markers of left ventricular dysfunction in septic shock</article-title><source>Clin Chem</source><year>2000</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>650</fpage><lpage>657</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10794747</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C63"><label>63</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jardin</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Fourme</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Page</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Loubieres</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Vieillard-Baron</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Beauchet</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bourdarias</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: a longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock</article-title><source>Chest</source><year>1999</year><volume>116</volume><fpage>1354</fpage><lpage>1359</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10559099</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C64"><label>64</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Akamine</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Knobel</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac troponin: a new serum marker of myocardial injury in sepsis</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>1999</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1165</fpage><lpage>1168</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10551977</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C65"><label>65</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Spies</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Haude</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Fitzner</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Schroder</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Overbeck</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Runkel</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Schaffartzik</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Serum cardiac troponin T as a prognostic marker in early sepsis</article-title><source>Chest</source><year>1998</year><volume>113</volume><fpage>1055</fpage><lpage>1063</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9554647</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C66"><label>66</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsamitros</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellomo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Myocardial cell injury in septic shock</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>1999</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>1775</fpage><lpage>1780</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10507597</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C67"><label>67</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arlati</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Brenna</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Prencipe</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Marocchi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Casella</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Lanzani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gandini</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Myocardial necrosis in ICU patients with acute non-cardiac disease: a prospective study</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>2000</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10663277</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C68"><label>68</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ammann</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Fehr</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Minder</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name><name><surname>Gunter</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertel</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elevation of troponin I in sepsis and septic shock</article-title><source>Intensive Care Med</source><year>2001</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>965</fpage><lpage>969</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11497154</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C69"><label>69</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>IA</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Jani</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Gowda</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock</article-title><source>Int J Cardiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>95</volume><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15159032</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C70"><label>70</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ammann</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Maggiorini</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertel</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Haenseler</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Joller-Jemelka</surname><given-names>HI</given-names></name><name><surname>Oechslin</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Minder</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name><name><surname>Rickli</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Fehr</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>41</volume><fpage>2004</fpage><lpage>2009</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12798573</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C71"><label>71</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maisel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hollander</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Guss</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Nowak</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Saltzberg</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ellison</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhalla</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhalla</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Clopton</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Jesse</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>1328</fpage><lpage>1333</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15364340</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C72"><label>72</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Huelsmann</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Wexberg</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Delle Karth</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Berger</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Moertl</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Szekeres</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Pacher</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Heinz</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is an independent predictor of outcome in an unselected cohort of critically ill patients</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>2268</fpage><lpage>2273</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17717488</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C73"><label>73</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morrow</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>de Lemos</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Blazing</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabatine</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Jarolim</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>HD</given-names></name><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Califf</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Braunwald</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognostic value of serial B-type natriuretic peptide testing during follow-up of patients with unstable coronary artery disease</article-title><source>J Am Med Assoc</source><year>2005</year><volume>294</volume><fpage>2866</fpage><lpage>2871</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C74"><label>74</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Masson</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Anand</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Salio</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hester</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Judd</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Barlera</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Maggioni</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Tognoni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohn</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The comparative prognostic value of plasma neurohormones at baseline in patients with heart failure enrolled in Val-HeFT</article-title><source>Eur Heart J</source><year>2004</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>292</fpage><lpage>299</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14984917</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C75"><label>75</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bavanandan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Fentum</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognostic potential of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients</article-title><source>Clin Sci (Lond)</source><year>2005</year><volume>109</volume><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15743271</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C76"><label>76</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Austin</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhalla</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernandez-Arce</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Isakson</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Beede</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Clopton</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Maisel</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Fitzgerald</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its amino-terminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease</article-title><source>Am J Clin Pathol</source><year>2006</year><volume>126</volume><fpage>506</fpage><lpage>512</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16938661</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C77"><label>77</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Januzzi</surname><given-names>JL</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Anwaruddin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Baggish</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Krauser</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>Tung</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Cameron</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Nagurney</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Chae</surname><given-names>CU</given-names></name><name><surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>DF</given-names></name><name><surname>Foran-Melanson</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Sluss</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee-Lewandrowski</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewandrowski</surname><given-names>KB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study</article-title><source>Am J Cardiol</source><year>2005</year><volume>95</volume><fpage>948</fpage><lpage>954</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15820160</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C78"><label>78</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Nowak</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>McCord</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hollander</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Herrmann</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><name><surname>Steg</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name><name><surname>Duc</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Westheim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Omland</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Knudsen</surname><given-names>CW</given-names></name><name><surname>Storrow</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name><name><surname>Lamba</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Clopton</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnaswamy</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Kazanegra</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Maisel</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2002</year><volume>106</volume><fpage>416</fpage><lpage>422</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12135939</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C79"><label>79</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandberg</surname><given-names>KR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sorting out the evidence on natriuretic peptides</article-title><source>Rev Cardiovasc Med</source><year>2003</year><volume>4</volume><issue>Suppl. 4</issue><fpage>S13</fpage><lpage>S19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14564224</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C80"><label>80</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Focaccio</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Volpe</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ambrosio</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Lembo</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Pannain</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Rubattu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Enea</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Pignalosa</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Chiariello</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Angiotensin II directly stimulates release of atrial natriuretic factor in isolated rabbit hearts</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>1993</year><volume>87</volume><fpage>192</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8419007</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C81"><label>81</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Munagala</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><name><surname>Burnett</surname><given-names>JC</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Redfield</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular medicine</article-title><source>Curr Probl Cardiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>707</fpage><lpage>769</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15550914</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C82"><label>82</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Venge</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lipocalins as biochemical markers of disease</article-title><source>Biochim Biophys Acta</source><year>2000</year><volume>1482</volume><fpage>298</fpage><lpage>307</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11058770</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C83"><label>83</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>HT</given-names></name><name><surname>Rapoport</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Drexler</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></name><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmidt-Ott</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><name><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheema</surname><given-names>FH</given-names></name><name><surname>Markowitz</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Suganami</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Sawai</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Mukoyama</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kunis</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>D'Agati</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Barasch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Endocytic delivery of lipocalin–siderophore–iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemia–reperfusion injury</article-title><source>J Clin Invest</source><year>2005</year><volume>115</volume><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>621</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15711640</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C84"><label>84</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Prada</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mitsnefes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Zahedi</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Barasch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2003</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>2534</fpage><lpage>2543</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14514731</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C85"><label>85</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Barasch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity</article-title><source>Am J Nephrol</source><year>2004</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>307</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15148457</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C86"><label>86</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Supavekin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Kucherlapati</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaskel</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Differential gene expression following early renal ischemia/reperfusion</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2003</year><volume>63</volume><fpage>1714</fpage><lpage>1724</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12675847</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C87"><label>87</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schmidt-Ott</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalandadze</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><name><surname>Paragas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicholas</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Barasch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-mediated iron traffic in kidney epithelia</article-title><source>Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens</source><year>2006</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>442</fpage><lpage>449</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16775460</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C88"><label>88</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakao</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as the real-time indicator of active kidney damage</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2007</year><volume>71</volume><fpage>967</fpage><lpage>970</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17342180</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C89"><label>89</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herget-Rosenthal</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Marggraf</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Husing</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Goring</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Pietruck</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Janssen</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Philipp</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kribben</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2004</year><volume>66</volume><fpage>1115</fpage><lpage>1122</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15327406</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C90"><label>90</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herget-Rosenthal</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Poppen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Husing</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Marggraf</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Pietruck</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Jakob</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name><name><surname>Philipp</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kribben</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis</article-title><source>Clin Chem</source><year>2004</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>552</fpage><lpage>558</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14709451</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C91"><label>91</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>WK</given-names></name><name><surname>Bailly</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Abichandani</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Thadhani</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonventre</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2002</year><volume>62</volume><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>244</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12081583</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C92"><label>92</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ichimura</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Hung</surname><given-names>CC</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonventre</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury</article-title><source>Am J Physiol Renal Physiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>286</volume><fpage>F552</fpage><lpage>F563</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14600030</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C93"><label>93</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vaidya</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramirez</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Ichimura</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Bobadilla</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonventre</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury</article-title><source>Am J Physiol Renal Physiol</source><year>2006</year><volume>290</volume><fpage>F517</fpage><lpage>F529</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16174863</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C94"><label>94</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liangos</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Perianayagam</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaidya</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>WK</given-names></name><name><surname>Wald</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Tighiouart</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>MacKinnon</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Balakrishnan</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonventre</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaber</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinay NAG activity and KIM-1 level are associated with adverse outcomes in acute renal failure</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2007</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>904</fpage><lpage>912</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17267747</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C95"><label>95</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bazzi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrini</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Rizza</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Arrigo</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Napodano</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Paparella</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>D'Amico</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary <italic>N</italic>-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase excretion is a marker of tubular cell dysfunction and a predictor of outcome in primary glomerulonephritis</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>2002</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>1890</fpage><lpage>1896</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12401843</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C96"><label>96</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wellwood</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Hammond</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>NF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary <italic>N</italic>-acetyl- beta-<sc>d</sc>-glucosaminidase activities in patients with renal disease</article-title><source>Br Med J</source><year>1975</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>408</fpage><lpage>411</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1156788</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C97"><label>97</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Uslu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Efe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Alatas</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Kebapci</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Colak</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Demirustu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoruk</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Serum cystatin C and urinary enzymes as screening markers of renal dysfunction in diabetic patients</article-title><source>J Nephrol</source><year>2005</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>559</fpage><lpage>567</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16299682</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C98"><label>98</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harmankaya</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Ozturk</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Basturk</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Obek</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary excretion of <italic>N</italic>-acetyl-beta-<sc>d</sc>-glucosaminidase in newly diagnosed essential hypertensive patients and its changes with effective antihypertensive therapy</article-title><source>Int Urol Nephrol</source><year>2001</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>583</fpage><lpage>584</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11989546</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C99"><label>99</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Matsushima H</surname><given-names>YH</given-names></name><name><surname>Machiguchi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Muso</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Matusyama</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamura</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Sasayama</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary albumin and TGF 1 levels as renal damage indices in patients with congestive heart failure</article-title><source>Clin Exp Nephrol</source><year>2002</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>9</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C100"><label>100</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>VY</given-names></name><name><surname>Ecder</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Fantuzzi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Siegmund</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lucia</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Dinarello</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Schrier</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Edelstein</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impaired IL-18 processing protects caspase-1-deficient mice from ischemic acute renal failure</article-title><source>J Clin Invest</source><year>2001</year><volume>107</volume><fpage>1145</fpage><lpage>1152</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11342578</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C101"><label>101</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parikh</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Jani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>VY</given-names></name><name><surname>Faubel</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Edelstein</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2004</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>405</fpage><lpage>414</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14981598</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C102"><label>102</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parikh</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Ancukiewicz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Edelstein</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>3046</fpage><lpage>3052</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16148039</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C103"><label>103</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parikh</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Jani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Barasch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Edelstein</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name><name><surname>Devarajan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation</article-title><source>Am J Transplant</source><year>2006</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>1639</fpage><lpage>1645</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16827865</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C104"><label>104</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Damman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>van Deursen</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></name><name><surname>Navis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Voors</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>van Veldhuisen</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Hillege</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2009</year><volume>53</volume><fpage>582</fpage><lpage>588</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19215832</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C105"><label>105</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ronco</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Haapio</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>House</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Anavekar</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellomo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiorenal syndrome</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2008</year><volume>52</volume><fpage>1527</fpage><lpage>1539</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19007588</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C106"><label>106</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hunt</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure)</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2005</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>e1</fpage><lpage>e82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16168273</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C107"><label>107</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boerrigter</surname><given-names>GC-BL</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>WT</given-names></name><name><surname>St. John Sutton</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Heublein</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kruger</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Burnett</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing improves renal function in heart failure patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2007</year><volume>116</volume><fpage>II_405</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C108"><label>108</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Distant effects of experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion injury</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2003</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>1549</fpage><lpage>1558</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12761255</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C109"><label>109</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute kidney injury with iodinated contrast</article-title><source>Crit Care Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>36</volume><issue>Suppl. 4</issue><fpage>S204</fpage><lpage>S211</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18382195</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C110"><label>110</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolyn</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Rocher</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name><name><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Neill</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality</article-title><source>Am J Med</source><year>1997</year><volume>103</volume><fpage>368</fpage><lpage>375</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9375704</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C111"><label>111</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McCullough</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease from a cardiologist's perspective</article-title><source>Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens</source><year>2004</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>591</fpage><lpage>600</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15483448</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C112"><label>112</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dickstein</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen-Solal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Filippatos</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>McMurray</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ponikowski</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole-Wilson</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Stromberg</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>van Veldhuisen</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Atar</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoes</surname><given-names>AW</given-names></name><name><surname>Keren</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mebazaa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Nieminen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Priori</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Swedberg</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Vahanian</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Camm</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>De Caterina</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Dean</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Funck-Brentano</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Hellemans</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Kristensen</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>McGregor</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Sechtem</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Silber</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tendera</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Widimsky</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Zamorano</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Auricchio</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bax</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Bohm</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Corra</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>della Bella</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Elliott</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Follath</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Gheorghiade</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hasin</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernborg</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaarsma</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Komajda</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kornowski</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Piepoli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Prendergast</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Tavazzi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Vachiery</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Verheugt</surname><given-names>FW</given-names></name><name><surname>Zannad</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)</article-title><source>Eur J Heart Fail</source><year>2008</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>933</fpage><lpage>989</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826876</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C113"><label>113</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taal</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical practice guidelines. Module 1. Chronic kidney disease</article-title><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.renal.org/pages/pages/guidelines/current/ckd.php">http://www.renal.org/pages/pages/guidelines/current/ckd.php</uri>. Published online ahead of print 7 August 2009</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C114"><label>114</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cassidy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical practice guidelines. Module 2. Complications</article-title><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.renal.org/pages/pages/guidelines/current/complications.php">http://www.renal.org/pages/pages/guidelines/current/complications.php</uri>. Published online ahead of print 7 August 2009</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C115"><label>115</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hollenberg</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Vasodilators in acute heart failure</article-title><source>Heart Fail Rev</source><year>2007</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>147</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17447137</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C116"><label>116</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sackner-Bernstein</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Skopicki</surname><given-names>HA</given-names></name><name><surname>Aaronson</surname><given-names>KD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2005</year><volume>111</volume><fpage>1487</fpage><lpage>1491</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15781736</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C117"><label>117</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Owan</surname><given-names>TE</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name><name><surname>Frantz</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name><name><surname>Karon</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>WL</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodeheffer</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Hodge</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Burnett</surname><given-names>JC</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Redfield</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effects of nesiritide on renal function and diuretic responsiveness in acutely decompensated heart failure patients with renal dysfunction</article-title><source>J Card Fail</source><year>2008</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>267</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18474338</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C118"><label>118</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Teerlink</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of tolvaptan in acute decompensated heart failure</article-title><source>Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther</source><year>2008</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>601</fpage><lpage>608</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18510477</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C119"><label>119</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zannad</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Mebazaa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Juilliere</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen-Solal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Guize</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Alla</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Rouge</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Blin</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Barlet</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Paolozzi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Vincent</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Desnos</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Samii</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical profile, contemporary management and one-year mortality in patients with severe acute heart failure syndromes: The EFICA study</article-title><source>Eur J Heart Fail</source><year>2006</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>697</fpage><lpage>705</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16516552</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C120"><label>120</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tatsumi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakatani</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Imachi</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Umezu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kyo</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Sase</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Takatani</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Matsuda</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Domestic and foreign trends in the prevalence of heart failure and the necessity of next-generation artificial hearts: a survey by the Working Group on Establishment of Assessment Guidelines for Next-Generation Artificial Heart Systems</article-title><source>J Artif Organs</source><year>2007</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18071846</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C121"><label>121</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>The SOLVD Investigators</collab><article-title>Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1991</year><volume>325</volume><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>302</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2057034</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C122"><label>122</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bangalore</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Messerli</surname><given-names>FH</given-names></name><name><surname>Kostis</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Pepine</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers: a critical review of the evidence</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2007</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>563</fpage><lpage>572</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17692739</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C123"><label>123</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pfeffer</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Swedberg</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Granger</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Held</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>McMurray</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Michelson</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name><name><surname>Olofsson</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ostergren</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Yusuf</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pocock</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2003</year><volume>362</volume><fpage>759</fpage><lpage>766</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">13678868</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C124"><label>124</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pitt</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Zannad</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Remme</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Cody</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Castaigne</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Palensky</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wittes</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1999</year><volume>341</volume><fpage>709</fpage><lpage>717</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10471456</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C125"><label>125</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hasselblad</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Gattis Stough</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Lokhnygina</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Connor</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Califf</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>KF</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name></person-group><article-title>Relation between dose of loop diuretics and outcomes in a heart failure population: results of the ESCAPE trial</article-title><source>Eur J Heart Fail</source><year>2007</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>1064</fpage><lpage>1069</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17719273</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C126"><label>126</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jasuja</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Mor</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Hartwig</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name><name><surname>Palevsky</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Fine</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Weisbord</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Provider knowledge of contrast-induced acute kidney injury</article-title><source>Am J Med Sci</source><year>2009</year><volume>338</volume><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>286</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19641454</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C127"><label>127</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palevsky</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Defining contrast-induced nephropathy</article-title><source>Clin J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>1151</fpage><lpage>1153</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19541810</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C128"><label>128</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehran</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Natarajan</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Doucet</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Katholi</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Staniloae</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Labinaz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gelormini</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Barrett</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Contrast-induced nephropathy and long-term adverse events: cause and effect?</article-title><source>Clin J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>1162</fpage><lpage>1169</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19556381</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C129"><label>129</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mentzer</surname><given-names>RM</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Oz</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Sladen</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name><name><surname>Graeve</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name><name><surname>Hebeler</surname><given-names>RF</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Luber</surname><given-names>JM</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of perioperative nesiritide in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery:the NAPA Trial</article-title><source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source><year>2007</year><volume>49</volume><fpage>716</fpage><lpage>726</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17291938</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C130"><label>130</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gowdak</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><name><surname>Arantes</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>de Paula</surname><given-names>FJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Krieger</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>De Lima</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Underuse of American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines in hemodialysis patients</article-title><source>Ren Fail</source><year>2007</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>559</fpage><lpage>565</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17654318</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C131"><label>131</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davenport</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cox</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Thuraisingham</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Achieving blood pressure targets during dialysis improves control but increases intradialytic hypotension</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2008</year><volume>73</volume><fpage>759</fpage><lpage>764</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18160959</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="EHP507C132"><label>132</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davenport</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cox</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Thuraisingham</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The importance of dialysate sodium concentration in determining interdialytic weight gains in chronic hemodialysis patients: the PanThames Renal Audit</article-title><source>Int J Artif Organs</source><year>2008</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>411</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18609514</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0024639 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0024639 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |