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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts</title><author><name sortKey="Hudson, Lawrence N" sort="Hudson, Lawrence N" uniqKey="Hudson L" first="Lawrence N" last="Hudson">Lawrence N. Hudson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newbold, Tim" sort="Newbold, Tim" uniqKey="Newbold T" first="Tim" last="Newbold">Tim Newbold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Computational Ecology and Environmental Science, Microsoft Research</institution><addr-line>21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Contu, Sara" sort="Contu, Sara" uniqKey="Contu S" first="Sara" last="Contu">Sara Contu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Samantha L L" sort="Hill, Samantha L L" uniqKey="Hill S" first="Samantha L L" last="Hill">Samantha L L. Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lysenko, Igor" sort="Lysenko, Igor" uniqKey="Lysenko I" first="Igor" last="Lysenko">Igor Lysenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Palma, Adriana" sort="De Palma, Adriana" uniqKey="De Palma A" first="Adriana" last="De Palma">Adriana De Palma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Helen R P" sort="Phillips, Helen R P" uniqKey="Phillips H" first="Helen R P" last="Phillips">Helen R P. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Senior, Rebecca A" sort="Senior, Rebecca A" uniqKey="Senior R" first="Rebecca A" last="Senior">Rebecca A. Senior</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Dominic J" sort="Bennett, Dominic J" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="Dominic J" last="Bennett">Dominic J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Booth, Hollie" sort="Booth, Hollie" uniqKey="Booth H" first="Hollie" last="Booth">Hollie Booth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au5"><institution>Frankfurt Zoological Society, Africa Regional Office</institution><addr-line>PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choimes, Argyrios" sort="Choimes, Argyrios" uniqKey="Choimes A" first="Argyrios" last="Choimes">Argyrios Choimes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Correia, David L P" sort="Correia, David L P" uniqKey="Correia D" first="David L P" last="Correia">David L P. Correia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Day, Julie" sort="Day, Julie" uniqKey="Day J" first="Julie" last="Day">Julie Day</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Echeverria Londo O, Susy" sort="Echeverria Londo O, Susy" uniqKey="Echeverria Londo O S" first="Susy" last="Echeverría-Londo O">Susy Echeverría-Londo O</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garon, Morgan" sort="Garon, Morgan" uniqKey="Garon M" first="Morgan" last="Garon">Morgan Garon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Michelle L K" sort="Harrison, Michelle L K" uniqKey="Harrison M" first="Michelle L K" last="Harrison">Michelle L K. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Daniel J" sort="Ingram, Daniel J" uniqKey="Ingram D" first="Daniel J" last="Ingram">Daniel J. Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Martin" sort="Jung, Martin" uniqKey="Jung M" first="Martin" last="Jung">Martin Jung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Center for Macroecology, Climate and Evolution, the Natural History Museum of Denmark</institution><addr-line>Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, Victoria" sort="Kemp, Victoria" uniqKey="Kemp V" first="Victoria" last="Kemp">Victoria Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkpatrick, Lucinda" sort="Kirkpatrick, Lucinda" uniqKey="Kirkpatrick L" first="Lucinda" last="Kirkpatrick">Lucinda Kirkpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>School of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Bridge of Allan, Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Callum D" sort="Martin, Callum D" uniqKey="Martin C" first="Callum D" last="Martin">Callum D. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Yuan" sort="Pan, Yuan" uniqKey="Pan Y" first="Yuan" last="Pan">Yuan Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au9"><institution>Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield</institution><addr-line>Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Hannah J" sort="White, Hannah J" uniqKey="White H" first="Hannah J" last="White">Hannah J. White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast</institution><addr-line>97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aben, Job" sort="Aben, Job" uniqKey="Aben J" first="Job" last="Aben">Job Aben</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp</institution><addr-line>Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamczyk, Stefan" sort="Abrahamczyk, Stefan" uniqKey="Abrahamczyk S" first="Stefan" last="Abrahamczyk">Stefan Abrahamczyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn</institution><addr-line>Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adum, Gilbert B" sort="Adum, Gilbert B" uniqKey="Adum G" first="Gilbert B" last="Adum">Gilbert B. Adum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, FRNR, CANR, KNUST</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana</institution><addr-line>Box KS 15924, Adum-Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Barquero, Virginia" sort="Aguilar Barquero, Virginia" uniqKey="Aguilar Barquero V" first="Virginia" last="Aguilar-Barquero">Virginia Aguilar-Barquero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au15"><institution>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>2060, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aizen, Marcelo A" sort="Aizen, Marcelo A" uniqKey="Aizen M" first="Marcelo A" last="Aizen">Marcelo A. Aizen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>CONICET, Lab. INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET)</institution><addr-line>Pasaje Gutierrez 1125, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ancrenaz, Marc" sort="Ancrenaz, Marc" uniqKey="Ancrenaz M" first="Marc" last="Ancrenaz">Marc Ancrenaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au17"><institution>HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme</institution><addr-line>PO Box 17793, 88874, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arbelaez Cortes, Enrique" sort="Arbelaez Cortes, Enrique" uniqKey="Arbelaez Cortes E" first="Enrique" last="Arbeláez-Cortés">Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au18"><institution>Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>México D.F, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Colección de Tejidos, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Km 17 Cali-Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armbrecht, Inge" sort="Armbrecht, Inge" uniqKey="Armbrecht I" first="Inge" last="Armbrecht">Inge Armbrecht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle</institution><addr-line>Calle 13 #100-00, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azhar, Badrul" sort="Azhar, Badrul" uniqKey="Azhar B" first="Badrul" last="Azhar">Badrul Azhar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azpiroz, Adrian B" sort="Azpiroz, Adrian B" uniqKey="Azpiroz A" first="Adrián B" last="Azpiroz">Adrián B. Azpiroz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable</institution><addr-line>Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baeten, Lander" sort="Baeten, Lander" uniqKey="Baeten L" first="Lander" last="Baeten">Lander Baeten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Department of Forest and Water Management, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Gontrode, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au25"><institution>Terrestrial Ecology Unit</institution><institution>Department of Biology, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldi, Andras" sort="Baldi, Andras" uniqKey="Baldi A" first="András" last="Báldi">András Báldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au26"><institution>MTA Centre for Ecological Research</institution><addr-line>Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banks, John E" sort="Banks, John E" uniqKey="Banks J" first="John E" last="Banks">John E. Banks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au27"><institution>University of Washington</institution><addr-line>1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, Washington, 98402, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barlow, Jos" sort="Barlow, Jos" uniqKey="Barlow J" first="Jos" last="Barlow">Jos Barlow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au28"><institution>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University</institution><addr-line>Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au29"><institution>MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batary, Peter" sort="Batary, Peter" uniqKey="Batary P" first="Péter" last="Batáry">Péter Batáry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Agroecology, Georg-August University</institution><addr-line>Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, Adam J" sort="Bates, Adam J" uniqKey="Bates A" first="Adam J" last="Bates">Adam J. Bates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bayne, Erin M" sort="Bayne, Erin M" uniqKey="Bayne E" first="Erin M" last="Bayne">Erin M. Bayne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au32"><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta</institution><addr-line>CW 405 – Biological Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beja, Pedro" sort="Beja, Pedro" uniqKey="Beja P" first="Pedro" last="Beja">Pedro Beja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au33"><institution>EDP Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto</institution><addr-line>Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601, Vairão, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, Ke" sort="Berg, Ke" uniqKey="Berg " first=" Ke" last="Berg"> Ke Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Swedish Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berry, Nicholas J" sort="Berry, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Berry N" first="Nicholas J" last="Berry">Nicholas J. Berry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au35"><institution>University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences</institution><addr-line>Crew Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bicknell, Jake E" sort="Bicknell, Jake E" uniqKey="Bicknell J" first="Jake E" last="Bicknell">Jake E. Bicknell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent</institution><addr-line>Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au37"><institution>Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development</institution><addr-line>77 High Street, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bihn, Jochen H" sort="Bihn, Jochen H" uniqKey="Bihn J" first="Jochen H" last="Bihn">Jochen H. Bihn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au38"><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Philipps-University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohning Gaese, Katrin" sort="Bohning Gaese, Katrin" uniqKey="Bohning Gaese K" first="Katrin" last="Böhning-Gaese">Katrin Böhning-Gaese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au40"><institution>Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Biologicum, Goethe University Frankfurt</institution><addr-line>Max von Laue St. 13, D 60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, Teun" sort="Boekhout, Teun" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="Teun" last="Boekhout">Teun Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boutin, Celine" sort="Boutin, Celine" uniqKey="Boutin C" first="Céline" last="Boutin">Céline Boutin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Carleton University</institution><addr-line>1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouyer, Jeremy" sort="Bouyer, Jeremy" uniqKey="Bouyer J" first="Jérémy" last="Bouyer">Jérémy Bouyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au43"><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au44"><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brearley, Francis Q" sort="Brearley, Francis Q" uniqKey="Brearley F" first="Francis Q" last="Brearley">Francis Q. Brearley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au45"><institution>School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University</institution><addr-line>Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brito, Isabel" sort="Brito, Isabel" uniqKey="Brito I" first="Isabel" last="Brito">Isabel Brito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>University of Évora – ICAAMA, Apartado 94</institution><addr-line>7002-554, Évora, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brunet, Jorg" sort="Brunet, Jorg" uniqKey="Brunet J" first="Jörg" last="Brunet">Jörg Brunet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au47"><institution>Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buczkowski, Grzegorz" sort="Buczkowski, Grzegorz" uniqKey="Buczkowski G" first="Grzegorz" last="Buczkowski">Grzegorz Buczkowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au48"><institution>Department of Entomology, Purdue University</institution><addr-line>901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buscardo, Erika" sort="Buscardo, Erika" uniqKey="Buscardo E" first="Erika" last="Buscardo">Erika Buscardo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au49"><institution>Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au50"><institution>Escritório Central do LBA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au51"><institution>Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cabra Garcia, Jimmy" sort="Cabra Garcia, Jimmy" uniqKey="Cabra Garcia J" first="Jimmy" last="Cabra-García">Jimmy Cabra-García</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au52"><institution>Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvi O Cancela, Maria" sort="Calvi O Cancela, Maria" uniqKey="Calvi O Cancela M" first="María" last="Calvi O-Cancela">María Calvi O-Cancela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au53"><institution>Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo</institution><addr-line>36310, Vigo, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, Sydney A" sort="Cameron, Sydney A" uniqKey="Cameron S" first="Sydney A" last="Cameron">Sydney A. Cameron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au54"><institution>Department of Entomology, University of Illinois</institution><addr-line>Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cancello, Eliana M" sort="Cancello, Eliana M" uniqKey="Cancello E" first="Eliana M" last="Cancello">Eliana M. Cancello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Av. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrijo, Tiago F" sort="Carrijo, Tiago F" uniqKey="Carrijo T" first="Tiago F" last="Carrijo">Tiago F. Carrijo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Av. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Anelena L" sort="Carvalho, Anelena L" uniqKey="Carvalho A" first="Anelena L" last="Carvalho">Anelena L. Carvalho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au56"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro, Helena" sort="Castro, Helena" uniqKey="Castro H" first="Helena" last="Castro">Helena Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au57"><institution>Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Luna, Alejandro A" sort="Castro Luna, Alejandro A" uniqKey="Castro Luna A" first="Alejandro A" last="Castro-Luna">Alejandro A. Castro-Luna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au58"><institution>Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana</institution><addr-line>Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas, 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, CP 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerda, Rolando" sort="Cerda, Rolando" uniqKey="Cerda R" first="Rolando" last="Cerda">Rolando Cerda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au59"><institution>Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center</institution><addr-line>7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerezo, Alexis" sort="Cerezo, Alexis" uniqKey="Cerezo A" first="Alexis" last="Cerezo">Alexis Cerezo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au60"><institution>Department of Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires</institution><addr-line>Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, C.P. 1417, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chauvat, Matthieu" sort="Chauvat, Matthieu" uniqKey="Chauvat M" first="Matthieu" last="Chauvat">Matthieu Chauvat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au61"><institution>Normandie Univ., EA 1293 ECODIV-Rouen, SFR SCALE, UFR Sciences et Techniques</institution><addr-line>76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Frank M" sort="Clarke, Frank M" uniqKey="Clarke F" first="Frank M" last="Clarke">Frank M. Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au62"><institution>University of Aberdeen</institution><addr-line>Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cleary, Daniel F R" sort="Cleary, Daniel F R" uniqKey="Cleary D" first="Daniel F R" last="Cleary">Daniel F R. Cleary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au63"><institution>Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connop, Stuart P" sort="Connop, Stuart P" uniqKey="Connop S" first="Stuart P" last="Connop">Stuart P. Connop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au64"><institution>Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London</institution><addr-line>4-6 University Way, London, E16 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Aniello, Biagio" sort="D Aniello, Biagio" uniqKey="D Aniello B" first="Biagio" last="D'Aniello">Biagio D'Aniello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au65"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”</institution><addr-line>Naples, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Pedro Giovani" sort="Da Silva, Pedro Giovani" uniqKey="Da Silva P" first="Pedro Giovâni" last="Da Silva">Pedro Giovâni Da Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au66"><institution>Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution><addr-line>Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darvill, Ben" sort="Darvill, Ben" uniqKey="Darvill B" first="Ben" last="Darvill">Ben Darvill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au67"><institution>British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dauber, Jens" sort="Dauber, Jens" uniqKey="Dauber J" first="Jens" last="Dauber">Jens Dauber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au68"><institution>Thünen Institute of Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dejean, Alain" sort="Dejean, Alain" uniqKey="Dejean A" first="Alain" last="Dejean">Alain Dejean</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au69"><institution>CNRS, Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172)</institution><addr-line>BP 316, 97379, Kourou cedex, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au70"><institution>Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (Ecolab)</institution><addr-line>118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diekotter, Tim" sort="Diekotter, Tim" uniqKey="Diekotter T" first="Tim" last="Diekötter">Tim Diekötter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au71"><institution>Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Nature and Resource Conservation, Kiel University</institution><addr-line>Olshausenstrasse 75, 24098, Kiel, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au72"><institution>Department of Biology, Nature Conservation, University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au73"><institution>Institute of Integrative Biology</institution><addr-line>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Haydar, Yamileth" sort="Dominguez Haydar, Yamileth" uniqKey="Dominguez Haydar Y" first="Yamileth" last="Dominguez-Haydar">Yamileth Dominguez-Haydar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au74"><institution>Programa de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico Km</institution><addr-line>7 vía Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dormann, Carsten F" sort="Dormann, Carsten F" uniqKey="Dormann C" first="Carsten F" last="Dormann">Carsten F. Dormann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au75"><institution>Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg</institution><addr-line>Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dumont, Bertrand" sort="Dumont, Bertrand" uniqKey="Dumont B" first="Bertrand" last="Dumont">Bertrand Dumont</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au76"><institution>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores</institution><addr-line>63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dures, Simon G" sort="Dures, Simon G" uniqKey="Dures S" first="Simon G" last="Dures">Simon G. Dures</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au77"><institution>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London</institution><addr-line>Nuffield Building, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dynesius, Mats" sort="Dynesius, Mats" uniqKey="Dynesius M" first="Mats" last="Dynesius">Mats Dynesius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au78"><institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University</institution><addr-line>901 87, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edenius, Lars" sort="Edenius, Lars" uniqKey="Edenius L" first="Lars" last="Edenius">Lars Edenius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au79"><institution>Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>901 83, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elek, Zoltan" sort="Elek, Zoltan" uniqKey="Elek Z" first="Zoltán" last="Elek">Zoltán Elek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au80"><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, c/o Biological Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C., 1117, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Entling, Martin H" sort="Entling, Martin H" uniqKey="Entling M" first="Martin H" last="Entling">Martin H. Entling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au81"><institution>University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farwig, Nina" sort="Farwig, Nina" uniqKey="Farwig N" first="Nina" last="Farwig">Nina Farwig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au82"><institution>Department of Ecology – Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch-Street 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fayle, Tom M" sort="Fayle, Tom M" uniqKey="Fayle T" first="Tom M" last="Fayle">Tom M. Fayle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au83"><institution>Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences Czech Republic</institution><addr-line>Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au84"><institution>Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah</institution><addr-line>88999, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felicioli, Antonio" sort="Felicioli, Antonio" uniqKey="Felicioli A" first="Antonio" last="Felicioli">Antonio Felicioli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au85"><institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa</institution><addr-line>Viale delle Piagge, n°2, 56124, Pisa, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felton, Annika M" sort="Felton, Annika M" uniqKey="Felton A" first="Annika M" last="Felton">Annika M. Felton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au86"><institution>The Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>PO Box 49, 23453, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ficetola, Gentile F" sort="Ficetola, Gentile F" uniqKey="Ficetola G" first="Gentile F" last="Ficetola">Gentile F. Ficetola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au87"><institution>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes</institution><addr-line>F-38000, Grenoble, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filgueiras, Bruno K C" sort="Filgueiras, Bruno K C" uniqKey="Filgueiras B" first="Bruno K C" last="Filgueiras">Bruno K C. Filgueiras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au88"><institution>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution><addr-line>Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonte, Steven J" sort="Fonte, Steven J" uniqKey="Fonte S" first="Steven J" last="Fonte">Steven J. Fonte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au89"><institution>Department of Plant Sciences, University of California</institution><addr-line>Davis, California, 95616, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Lauchlan H" sort="Fraser, Lauchlan H" uniqKey="Fraser L" first="Lauchlan H" last="Fraser">Lauchlan H. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au90"><institution>Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University</institution><addr-line>900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuda, Daisuke" sort="Fukuda, Daisuke" uniqKey="Fukuda D" first="Daisuke" last="Fukuda">Daisuke Fukuda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au91"><institution>IDEA Consultants Inc</institution><addr-line>Okinawa Branch Office, Aja 2-6-19, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0003, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlani, Dario" sort="Furlani, Dario" uniqKey="Furlani D" first="Dario" last="Furlani">Dario Furlani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au92"><institution>Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH</institution><addr-line>Königsallee 9 – 21, 37081, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ganzhorn, Jorg U" sort="Ganzhorn, Jorg U" uniqKey="Ganzhorn J" first="Jörg U" last="Ganzhorn">Jörg U. Ganzhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au93"><institution>University of Hamburg, Biocentre Grindel</institution><addr-line>Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garden, Jenni G" sort="Garden, Jenni G" uniqKey="Garden J" first="Jenni G" last="Garden">Jenni G. Garden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au94"><institution>Seed Consulting Services</institution><addr-line>106 Gilles Street, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au95"><institution>School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland</institution><addr-line>St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gheler Costa, Carla" sort="Gheler Costa, Carla" uniqKey="Gheler Costa C" first="Carla" last="Gheler-Costa">Carla Gheler-Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au96"><institution>Ecologia Aplicada/Applied Ecology, Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC)</institution><addr-line>Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giordani, Paolo" sort="Giordani, Paolo" uniqKey="Giordani P" first="Paolo" last="Giordani">Paolo Giordani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au97"><institution>DISTAV, University of Genova</institution><addr-line>Corso Dogali 1M, 16136, Genova, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giordano, Simonetta" sort="Giordano, Simonetta" uniqKey="Giordano S" first="Simonetta" last="Giordano">Simonetta Giordano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au98"><institution>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II</institution><addr-line>Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottschalk, Marco S" sort="Gottschalk, Marco S" uniqKey="Gottschalk M" first="Marco S" last="Gottschalk">Marco S. Gottschalk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au99"><institution>Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel)</institution><addr-line>PO Box 354, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goulson, Dave" sort="Goulson, Dave" uniqKey="Goulson D" first="Dave" last="Goulson">Dave Goulson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gove, Aaron D" sort="Gove, Aaron D" uniqKey="Gove A" first="Aaron D" last="Gove">Aaron D. Gove</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au100"><institution>Astron Environmental Services</institution><addr-line>129 Royal Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au101"><institution>Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University</institution><addr-line>Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grogan, James" sort="Grogan, James" uniqKey="Grogan J" first="James" last="Grogan">James Grogan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au102"><institution>Mount Holyoke College, Department of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanley, Mick E" sort="Hanley, Mick E" uniqKey="Hanley M" first="Mick E" last="Hanley">Mick E. Hanley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au103"><institution>School of Biological Science, University of Plymouth</institution><addr-line>Drake's Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, Thor" sort="Hanson, Thor" uniqKey="Hanson T" first="Thor" last="Hanson">Thor Hanson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au104"><addr-line>351 False Bay Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashim, Nor R" sort="Hashim, Nor R" uniqKey="Hashim N" first="Nor R" last="Hashim">Nor R. Hashim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au105"><institution>International University of Malaya-Wales</institution><addr-line>Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawes, Joseph E" sort="Hawes, Joseph E" uniqKey="Hawes J" first="Joseph E" last="Hawes">Joseph E. Hawes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au106"><institution>Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au107"><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hebert, Christian" sort="Hebert, Christian" uniqKey="Hebert C" first="Christian" last="Hébert">Christian Hébert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au108"><institution>Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre</institution><addr-line>1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helden, Alvin J" sort="Helden, Alvin J" uniqKey="Helden A" first="Alvin J" last="Helden">Alvin J. Helden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au109"><institution>Animal & Environmental Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University</institution><addr-line>East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henden, John Andre" sort="Henden, John Andre" uniqKey="Henden J" first="John-André" last="Henden">John-André Henden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au110"><institution>University of Tromsø, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology</institution><addr-line>9037, Tromsø, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Lionel" sort="Hernandez, Lionel" uniqKey="Hernandez L" first="Lionel" last="Hernández">Lionel Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au111"><institution>Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana</institution><addr-line>Apdo. Postal 8050, Puerto Ordaz, 8015, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Felix" sort="Herzog, Felix" uniqKey="Herzog F" first="Felix" last="Herzog">Felix Herzog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au112"><institution>Agroscope</institution><addr-line>Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higuera Diaz, Diego" sort="Higuera Diaz, Diego" uniqKey="Higuera Diaz D" first="Diego" last="Higuera-Diaz">Diego Higuera-Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au113"><institution>Corporación Sentido Natural</institution><addr-line>Carrera 70H No. 122 – 98, Apartamento 101, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilje, Branko" sort="Hilje, Branko" uniqKey="Hilje B" first="Branko" last="Hilje">Branko Hilje</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au114"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Tecnológico de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>Apartado, 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au115"><institution>Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad (ACEBIO)</institution><addr-line>Casa 15, Barrio Los Abogados, Zapote, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horgan, Finbarr G" sort="Horgan, Finbarr G" uniqKey="Horgan F" first="Finbarr G" last="Horgan">Finbarr G. Horgan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au116"><institution>International Rice Research Institute</institution><addr-line>DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horvath, Roland" sort="Horvath, Roland" uniqKey="Horvath R" first="Roland" last="Horváth">Roland Horváth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au117"><institution>University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>PO Box 71, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hylander, Kristoffer" sort="Hylander, Kristoffer" uniqKey="Hylander K" first="Kristoffer" last="Hylander">Kristoffer Hylander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au118"><institution>Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs Cubides, Paola" sort="Isaacs Cubides, Paola" uniqKey="Isaacs Cubides P" first="Paola" last="Isaacs-Cubides">Paola Isaacs-Cubides</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au119"><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones y Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishitani, Masahiro" sort="Ishitani, Masahiro" uniqKey="Ishitani M" first="Masahiro" last="Ishitani">Masahiro Ishitani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au120"><institution>Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Education</institution><addr-line>1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Carmen T" sort="Jacobs, Carmen T" uniqKey="Jacobs C" first="Carmen T" last="Jacobs">Carmen T. Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au121"><institution>Scarab Research Group, University of Pretoria</institution><addr-line>Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaramillo, Victor J" sort="Jaramillo, Victor J" uniqKey="Jaramillo V" first="Víctor J" last="Jaramillo">Víctor J. Jaramillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au122"><institution>Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>A.P. 27-3 Santa María de Guido, Morelia, Michoacán,, México C.P. 58090, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jauker, Birgit" sort="Jauker, Birgit" uniqKey="Jauker B" first="Birgit" last="Jauker">Birgit Jauker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au123"><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsell, Mats" sort="Jonsell, Mats" uniqKey="Jonsell M" first="Mats" last="Jonsell">Mats Jonsell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au124"><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Thomas S" sort="Jung, Thomas S" uniqKey="Jung T" first="Thomas S" last="Jung">Thomas S. Jung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au125"><institution>Yukon Department of Environment</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapoor, Vena" sort="Kapoor, Vena" uniqKey="Kapoor V" first="Vena" last="Kapoor">Vena Kapoor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au126"><institution>Nature Conservation Foundation</institution><addr-line>Mysore, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kati, Vassiliki" sort="Kati, Vassiliki" uniqKey="Kati V" first="Vassiliki" last="Kati">Vassiliki Kati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au127"><institution>Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, University of Patras</institution><addr-line>Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katovai, Eric" sort="Katovai, Eric" uniqKey="Katovai E" first="Eric" last="Katovai">Eric Katovai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au128"><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Qld, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au129"><institution>School of Science and Technology, Pacific Adventist University</institution><addr-line>Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Michael" sort="Kessler, Michael" uniqKey="Kessler M" first="Michael" last="Kessler">Michael Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au130"><institution>Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich</institution><addr-line>Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knop, Eva" sort="Knop, Eva" uniqKey="Knop E" first="Eva" last="Knop">Eva Knop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au131"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern</institution><addr-line>Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolb, Annette" sort="Kolb, Annette" uniqKey="Kolb A" first="Annette" last="Kolb">Annette Kolb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au132"><institution>Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen</institution><addr-line>FB2, Leobener Str., 28359, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Rosi, Adam" sort="K Rosi, Adam" uniqKey="K Rosi A" first="Ádám" last="K Rösi">Ádám K Rösi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au133"><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au134"><institution>Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg</institution><addr-line>Glasshüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lachat, Thibault" sort="Lachat, Thibault" uniqKey="Lachat T" first="Thibault" last="Lachat">Thibault Lachat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au135"><institution>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL</institution><addr-line>Zürcherstrasse 11, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lantschner, Victoria" sort="Lantschner, Victoria" uniqKey="Lantschner V" first="Victoria" last="Lantschner">Victoria Lantschner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au136"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria</institution><addr-line>EEA Bariloche, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Feon, Violette" sort="Le Feon, Violette" uniqKey="Le Feon V" first="Violette" last="Le Féon">Violette Le Féon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au137"><institution>INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement</institution><addr-line>F-84914, Avignon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebuhn, Gretchen" sort="Lebuhn, Gretchen" uniqKey="Lebuhn G" first="Gretchen" last="Lebuhn">Gretchen Lebuhn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au138"><institution>Department of Biology, San Francisco State University</institution><addr-line>1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California, 94132</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Legare, Jean Philippe" sort="Legare, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Legare J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Légaré">Jean-Philippe Légaré</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au139"><institution>Laboratoire de diagnostic en phytoprotection, Ministère de l'agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Québec</institution><addr-line>2700 rue Einstein, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letcher, Susan G" sort="Letcher, Susan G" uniqKey="Letcher S" first="Susan G" last="Letcher">Susan G. Letcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au140"><institution>Purchase College (State University of New York)</institution><addr-line>735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York, 10577, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Littlewood, Nick A" sort="Littlewood, Nick A" uniqKey="Littlewood N" first="Nick A" last="Littlewood">Nick A. Littlewood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au141"><institution>The James Hutton Institute</institution><addr-line>Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen,, AB15 8QH, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Quintero, Carlos A" sort="L Pez Quintero, Carlos A" uniqKey="L Pez Quintero C" first="Carlos A" last="L Pez-Quintero">Carlos A. L Pez-Quintero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au142"><institution>Universidad de Antioquia</institution><addr-line>Calle 67 No. 53 – 108, Medellín, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louhaichi, Mounir" sort="Louhaichi, Mounir" uniqKey="Louhaichi M" first="Mounir" last="Louhaichi">Mounir Louhaichi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au143"><institution>International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 950764, Amman, 11195, Jordan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovei, Gabor L" sort="Lovei, Gabor L" uniqKey="Lovei G" first="Gabor L" last="Lövei">Gabor L. Lövei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au144"><institution>Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg Research Centre</institution><addr-line>Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas Borja, Manuel Esteban" sort="Lucas Borja, Manuel Esteban" uniqKey="Lucas Borja M" first="Manuel Esteban" last="Lucas-Borja">Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au145"><institution>Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitario s/n, C.P. 02071, Albacete, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luja, Victor H" sort="Luja, Victor H" uniqKey="Luja V" first="Victor H" last="Luja">Victor H. Luja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au146"><institution>Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Turismo, Coordinación de Investigación y Posgrado</institution><addr-line>Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo s/n, C.P. 63155, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeto, Kaoru" sort="Maeto, Kaoru" uniqKey="Maeto K" first="Kaoru" last="Maeto">Kaoru Maeto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au147"><institution>Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University</institution><addr-line>Kobe, 657-8501, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magura, Tibor" sort="Magura, Tibor" uniqKey="Magura T" first="Tibor" last="Magura">Tibor Magura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au148"><addr-line>Hortobágy National Park Directorate, 4002, Debrecen, P.O.Box 216, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallari, Neil Aldrin" sort="Mallari, Neil Aldrin" uniqKey="Mallari N" first="Neil Aldrin" last="Mallari">Neil Aldrin Mallari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au149"><institution>Fauna & Flora International Philippines</institution><addr-line>#8 Foggy Heights Subdivision San Jose, Tagaytay City, 4120, Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au150"><institution>De La Salle University-Dasmariñas</institution><addr-line>West Ave, Dasmariñas, 4115, Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marin Spiotta, Erika" sort="Marin Spiotta, Erika" uniqKey="Marin Spiotta E" first="Erika" last="Marin-Spiotta">Erika Marin-Spiotta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au151"><institution>Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison</institution><addr-line>550 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marshall, E J P" sort="Marshall, E J P" uniqKey="Marshall E" first="E J P" last="Marshall">E J P. Marshall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au152"><institution>Marshall Agroecology Ltd, 2</institution><addr-line>Nut Tree Cottages, Barton, Winscombe,, BS25 1DU, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, Eliana" sort="Martinez, Eliana" uniqKey="Martinez E" first="Eliana" last="Martínez">Eliana Martínez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au153"><institution>Escuela de Posgrados, Facultad de Agronomía, Doctorado en Agroecología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayfield, Margaret M" sort="Mayfield, Margaret M" uniqKey="Mayfield M" first="Margaret M" last="Mayfield">Margaret M. Mayfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au154"><institution>The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>Brisbane, Qld, 4120, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikusinski, Grzegorz" sort="Mikusinski, Grzegorz" uniqKey="Mikusinski G" first="Grzegorz" last="Mikusinski">Grzegorz Mikusinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au155"><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milder, Jeffrey C" sort="Milder, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Milder J" first="Jeffrey C" last="Milder">Jeffrey C. Milder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au156"><institution>Rainforest Alliance</institution><addr-line>233 Broadway, 28th Floor, New York City, New York, 10279, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, James R" sort="Miller, James R" uniqKey="Miller J" first="James R" last="Miller">James R. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au157"><institution>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>N-407 Turner Hall, MC-047, 1102 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, Carolina L" sort="Morales, Carolina L" uniqKey="Morales C" first="Carolina L" last="Morales">Carolina L. Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>CONICET, Lab. INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET)</institution><addr-line>Pasaje Gutierrez 1125, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muchane, Mary N" sort="Muchane, Mary N" uniqKey="Muchane M" first="Mary N" last="Muchane">Mary N. Muchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au158"><institution>National Museums of Kenya, Botany Department</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muchane, Muchai" sort="Muchane, Muchai" uniqKey="Muchane M" first="Muchai" last="Muchane">Muchai Muchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au159"><institution>Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Robin" sort="Naidoo, Robin" uniqKey="Naidoo R" first="Robin" last="Naidoo">Robin Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au160"><institution>WWF</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20037, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Akihiro" sort="Nakamura, Akihiro" uniqKey="Nakamura A" first="Akihiro" last="Nakamura">Akihiro Nakamura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au161"><institution>Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden</institution><addr-line>CAS, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naoe, Shoji" sort="Naoe, Shoji" uniqKey="Naoe S" first="Shoji" last="Naoe">Shoji Naoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au162"><institution>Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305–8687, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nates Parra, Guiomar" sort="Nates Parra, Guiomar" uniqKey="Nates Parra G" first="Guiomar" last="Nates-Parra">Guiomar Nates-Parra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au163"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Sede Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A" sort="Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A" uniqKey="Navarrete Gutierrez D" first="Dario A" last="Navarrete Gutierrez">Dario A. Navarrete Gutierrez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au164"><institution>El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico</institution><addr-line>Sur S/N. 29290, Chiapas, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neuschulz, Eike L" sort="Neuschulz, Eike L" uniqKey="Neuschulz E" first="Eike L" last="Neuschulz">Eike L. Neuschulz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noreika, Norbertas" sort="Noreika, Norbertas" uniqKey="Noreika N" first="Norbertas" last="Noreika">Norbertas Noreika</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au165"><institution>Department of Biosciences and Department of Environmental Sciences, Urban Ecology Research Group, University of Helsinki</institution><addr-line>Viikinkaari 2a, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norfolk, Olivia" sort="Norfolk, Olivia" uniqKey="Norfolk O" first="Olivia" last="Norfolk">Olivia Norfolk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au166"><institution>School of Biology, The University of Nottingham</institution><addr-line>University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noriega, Jorge Ari" sort="Noriega, Jorge Ari" uniqKey="Noriega J" first="Jorge Ari" last="Noriega">Jorge Ari Noriega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au167"><institution>Laboratorio de Zoología y Ecología Acuática – LAZOEA, Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noske, Nicole M" sort="Noske, Nicole M" uniqKey="Noske N" first="Nicole M" last="Nöske">Nicole M. Nöske</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au168"><institution>BIO-Diverse</institution><addr-line>Ließemer Str. 32 a, 53179 Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Dea, Niall" sort="O Dea, Niall" uniqKey="O Dea N" first="Niall" last="O'Dea">Niall O'Dea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au169"><institution>Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oduro, William" sort="Oduro, William" uniqKey="Oduro W" first="William" last="Oduro">William Oduro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, FRNR, CANR, KNUST</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana</institution><addr-line>Box KS 15924, Adum-Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ofori Boateng, Caleb" sort="Ofori Boateng, Caleb" uniqKey="Ofori Boateng C" first="Caleb" last="Ofori-Boateng">Caleb Ofori-Boateng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au170"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au171"><institution>Forestry Research Institute of Ghana</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oke, Chris O" sort="Oke, Chris O" uniqKey="Oke C" first="Chris O" last="Oke">Chris O. Oke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au172"><institution>Department of Animal & Environmental Biology, University of Benin</institution><addr-line>Benin City, Nigeria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osgathorpe, Lynne M" sort="Osgathorpe, Lynne M" uniqKey="Osgathorpe L" first="Lynne M" last="Osgathorpe">Lynne M. Osgathorpe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au173"><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge</institution><addr-line>Sandy, Bedfordshire,, SG19 2DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paritsis, Juan" sort="Paritsis, Juan" uniqKey="Paritsis J" first="Juan" last="Paritsis">Juan Paritsis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au174"><institution>Laboratorio Ecotono, CONICET–INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue</institution><addr-line>Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parra H, Alejandro" sort="Parra H, Alejandro" uniqKey="Parra H A" first="Alejandro" last="Parra-H">Alejandro Parra-H</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au175"><institution>Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Avenida. Bandeirantes, 3900 – CEP 14040-901 – Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au176"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas-LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Carrera 45 N° 26-85, Edificio Uriel Gutiérrez, Bogotá, DC, Colombia, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelegrin, Nicolas" sort="Pelegrin, Nicolas" uniqKey="Pelegrin N" first="Nicolás" last="Pelegrin">Nicolás Pelegrin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au177"><institution>Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada (UNC)</institution><addr-line>Rondeau 798 X5000AVP, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A" last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au178"><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Persson, Anna S" sort="Persson, Anna S" uniqKey="Persson A" first="Anna S" last="Persson">Anna S. Persson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au179"><institution>Lund University, Department of Biology/Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petanidou, Theodora" sort="Petanidou, Theodora" uniqKey="Petanidou T" first="Theodora" last="Petanidou">Theodora Petanidou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au180"><institution>Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean</institution><addr-line>81100, Mytilene, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phalan, Ben" sort="Phalan, Ben" uniqKey="Phalan B" first="Ben" last="Phalan">Ben Phalan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au181"><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</institution><addr-line>Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Philips, T Keith" sort="Philips, T Keith" uniqKey="Philips T" first="T Keith" last="Philips">T Keith Philips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au182"><institution>Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University</institution><addr-line>1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, Kentucky, 42101, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poveda, Katja" sort="Poveda, Katja" uniqKey="Poveda K" first="Katja" last="Poveda">Katja Poveda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au183"><institution>Entomology, Cornell University</institution><addr-line>4126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14850, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Eileen F" sort="Power, Eileen F" uniqKey="Power E" first="Eileen F" last="Power">Eileen F. Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au184"><institution>School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Presley, Steven J" sort="Presley, Steven J" uniqKey="Presley S" first="Steven J" last="Presley">Steven J. Presley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au185"><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Proenca, Vania" sort="Proenca, Vania" uniqKey="Proenca V" first="Vânia" last="Proença">Vânia Proença</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au186"><institution>IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa</institution><addr-line>Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaranta, Marino" sort="Quaranta, Marino" uniqKey="Quaranta M" first="Marino" last="Quaranta">Marino Quaranta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au187"><institution>CRA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di ricerca per l'agrobiologia e la pedologia</institution><addr-line>Via Lanciola 12/A, 50125 – Cascine del Riccio, Firenze, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quintero, Carolina" sort="Quintero, Carolina" uniqKey="Quintero C" first="Carolina" last="Quintero">Carolina Quintero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au174"><institution>Laboratorio Ecotono, CONICET–INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue</institution><addr-line>Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Redpath Downing, Nicola A" sort="Redpath Downing, Nicola A" uniqKey="Redpath Downing N" first="Nicola A" last="Redpath-Downing">Nicola A. Redpath-Downing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au188"><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)</institution><addr-line>2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, J Leighton" sort="Reid, J Leighton" uniqKey="Reid J" first="J Leighton" last="Reid">J Leighton Reid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au189"><institution>Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University</institution><addr-line>Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Yana T" sort="Reis, Yana T" uniqKey="Reis Y" first="Yana T" last="Reis">Yana T. Reis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au190"><institution>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos</institution><addr-line>Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Danilo B" sort="Ribeiro, Danilo B" uniqKey="Ribeiro D" first="Danilo B" last="Ribeiro">Danilo B. Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au191"><institution>Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Barbara A" sort="Richardson, Barbara A" uniqKey="Richardson B" first="Barbara A" last="Richardson">Barbara A. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au192"><addr-line>165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au193"><institution>Associate Scientist, Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Michael J" sort="Richardson, Michael J" uniqKey="Richardson M" first="Michael J" last="Richardson">Michael J. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au192"><addr-line>165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au193"><institution>Associate Scientist, Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robles, Carolina A" sort="Robles, Carolina A" uniqKey="Robles C" first="Carolina A" last="Robles">Carolina A. Robles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au194"><institution>PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>PB II, 4to piso, (CP1428EHA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rombke, Jorg" sort="Rombke, Jorg" uniqKey="Rombke J" first="Jörg" last="Römbke">Jörg Römbke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au195"><institution>ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH</institution><addr-line>Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romero Duque, Luz Piedad" sort="Romero Duque, Luz Piedad" uniqKey="Romero Duque L" first="Luz Piedad" last="Romero-Duque">Luz Piedad Romero-Duque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au196"><institution>Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A.</institution><addr-line>Cl 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosselli, Loreta" sort="Rosselli, Loreta" uniqKey="Rosselli L" first="Loreta" last="Rosselli">Loreta Rosselli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au196"><institution>Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A.</institution><addr-line>Cl 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossiter, Stephen J" sort="Rossiter, Stephen J" uniqKey="Rossiter S" first="Stephen J" last="Rossiter">Stephen J. Rossiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au197"><institution>School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London</institution><addr-line>Mile End Road, London, E3 5GN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roulston, T Ai H" sort="Roulston, T Ai H" uniqKey="Roulston T" first="T'Ai H" last="Roulston">T'Ai H. Roulston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au198"><institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia</institution><addr-line>Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4123, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au199"><institution>Blandy Experimental Farm</institution><addr-line>400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, Virginia, 22620, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rousseau, Laurent" sort="Rousseau, Laurent" uniqKey="Rousseau L" first="Laurent" last="Rousseau">Laurent Rousseau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au200"><institution>Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)</institution><addr-line>Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, Jonathan P" sort="Sadler, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Sadler J" first="Jonathan P" last="Sadler">Jonathan P. Sadler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au201"><institution>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Safian, Szabolcs" sort="Safian, Szabolcs" uniqKey="Safian S" first="Szabolcs" last="Sáfián">Szabolcs Sáfián</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au202"><institution>Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West Hungary</institution><addr-line>Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 4., 9400, Sopron, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salda A Vazquez, Romeo A" sort="Salda A Vazquez, Romeo A" uniqKey="Salda A Vazquez R" first="Romeo A" last="Salda A-Vázquez">Romeo A. Salda A-Vázquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au203"><institution>Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec</institution><addr-line>N° 351 El Haya, CP, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samneg Rd, Ulrika" sort="Samneg Rd, Ulrika" uniqKey="Samneg Rd U" first="Ulrika" last="Samneg Rd">Ulrika Samneg Rd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au204"><institution>Stockholm University, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences</institution><addr-line>SE, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuepp, Christof" sort="Schuepp, Christof" uniqKey="Schuepp C" first="Christof" last="Schüepp">Christof Schüepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au131"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern</institution><addr-line>Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schweiger, Oliver" sort="Schweiger, Oliver" uniqKey="Schweiger O" first="Oliver" last="Schweiger">Oliver Schweiger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au205"><institution>Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ</institution><addr-line>Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sedlock, Jodi L" sort="Sedlock, Jodi L" uniqKey="Sedlock J" first="Jodi L" last="Sedlock">Jodi L. Sedlock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au206"><institution>Lawrence University</institution><addr-line>711 E. Boldt Way, Appleton, Wisconsin, 54911, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahabuddin, Ghazala" sort="Shahabuddin, Ghazala" uniqKey="Shahabuddin G" first="Ghazala" last="Shahabuddin">Ghazala Shahabuddin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au207"><institution>School of Human Ecology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University</institution><addr-line>Lothian Road, Delhi, 110006, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheil, Douglas" sort="Sheil, Douglas" uniqKey="Sheil D" first="Douglas" last="Sheil">Douglas Sheil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au208"><institution>Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)</institution><addr-line>Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au209"><institution>Center for International Forestry Research</institution><addr-line>Bogor, 16000, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Fernando A B" sort="Silva, Fernando A B" uniqKey="Silva F" first="Fernando A B" last="Silva">Fernando A B. Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au210"><institution>Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas</institution><addr-line>Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slade, Eleanor M" sort="Slade, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Slade E" first="Eleanor M" last="Slade">Eleanor M. Slade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au211"><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith Pardo, Allan H" sort="Smith Pardo, Allan H" uniqKey="Smith Pardo A" first="Allan H" last="Smith-Pardo">Allan H. Smith-Pardo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au212"><institution>USDA – APHIS – PPQ</institution><addr-line>389 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 2, South San Francisco, California, 94080, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au213"><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Cra. 64 X Cll. 65. Bloque 11, Oficina 207, Medellin, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sodhi, Navjot S" sort="Sodhi, Navjot S" uniqKey="Sodhi N" first="Navjot S" last="Sodhi">Navjot S. Sodhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au214"><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore</institution><addr-line>14 Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117543, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somarriba, Eduardo J" sort="Somarriba, Eduardo J" uniqKey="Somarriba E" first="Eduardo J" last="Somarriba">Eduardo J. Somarriba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au59"><institution>Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center</institution><addr-line>7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sosa, Ram N A" sort="Sosa, Ram N A" uniqKey="Sosa R" first="Ram N A" last="Sosa">Ram N A. Sosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au215"><institution>EComAS (Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Comunidades Áridas y Semiáridas), Dpto. de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa</institution><addr-line>Santa Rosa, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stout, Jane C" sort="Stout, Jane C" uniqKey="Stout J" first="Jane C" last="Stout">Jane C. Stout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au216"><institution>School of Natural Sciences and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Struebig, Matthew J" sort="Struebig, Matthew J" uniqKey="Struebig M" first="Matthew J" last="Struebig">Matthew J. Struebig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent</institution><addr-line>Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sung, Yik Hei" sort="Sung, Yik Hei" uniqKey="Sung Y" first="Yik-Hei" last="Sung">Yik-Hei Sung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au217"><institution>Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Threlfall, Caragh G" sort="Threlfall, Caragh G" uniqKey="Threlfall C" first="Caragh G" last="Threlfall">Caragh G. Threlfall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au218"><institution>Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne</institution><addr-line>500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonietto, Rebecca" sort="Tonietto, Rebecca" uniqKey="Tonietto R" first="Rebecca" last="Tonietto">Rebecca Tonietto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au219"><institution>Northwestern University Program in Plant Biology and Conservation</institution><addr-line>2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au220"><institution>Chicago Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="T Thmeresz, Bela" sort="T Thmeresz, Bela" uniqKey="T Thmeresz B" first="Béla" last="T Thmérész">Béla T Thmérész</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au221"><institution>MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group</institution><addr-line>Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tscharntke, Teja" sort="Tscharntke, Teja" uniqKey="Tscharntke T" first="Teja" last="Tscharntke">Teja Tscharntke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Agroecology, Georg-August University</institution><addr-line>Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Edgar C" sort="Turner, Edgar C" uniqKey="Turner E" first="Edgar C" last="Turner">Edgar C. Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au222"><institution>University Museum of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tylianakis, Jason M" sort="Tylianakis, Jason M" uniqKey="Tylianakis J" first="Jason M" last="Tylianakis">Jason M. Tylianakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au223"><institution>University of Canterbury</institution><addr-line>Private bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanbergen, Adam J" sort="Vanbergen, Adam J" uniqKey="Vanbergen A" first="Adam J" last="Vanbergen">Adam J. Vanbergen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au224"><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate</institution><addr-line>Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vassilev, Kiril" sort="Vassilev, Kiril" uniqKey="Vassilev K" first="Kiril" last="Vassilev">Kiril Vassilev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au225"><institution>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Science</institution><addr-line>23 Akademik Georgi Bonchev str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verboven, Hans A F" sort="Verboven, Hans A F" uniqKey="Verboven H" first="Hans A F" last="Verboven">Hans A F. Verboven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au226"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven</institution><addr-line>Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergara, Carlos H" sort="Vergara, Carlos H" uniqKey="Vergara C" first="Carlos H" last="Vergara">Carlos H. Vergara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au227"><institution>Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla</institution><addr-line>72810, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergara, Pablo M" sort="Vergara, Pablo M" uniqKey="Vergara P" first="Pablo M" last="Vergara">Pablo M. Vergara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au228"><institution>Universidad de Santiago de Chile</institution><addr-line>Avenida Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhulst, Jort" sort="Verhulst, Jort" uniqKey="Verhulst J" first="Jort" last="Verhulst">Jort Verhulst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au229"><addr-line>Spotvogellaan 68, 2566 PN, The Hague, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Tony R" sort="Walker, Tony R" uniqKey="Walker T" first="Tony R" last="Walker">Tony R. Walker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au166"><institution>School of Biology, The University of Nottingham</institution><addr-line>University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au230"><institution>Dillon Consulting Limited</institution><addr-line>137 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, NS, B3S 1B3, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yanping" sort="Wang, Yanping" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yanping" last="Wang">Yanping Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au231"><institution>The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University</institution><addr-line>Hangzhou, 310058, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watling, James I" sort="Watling, James I" uniqKey="Watling J" first="James I" last="Watling">James I. Watling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au232"><institution>University of Florida</institution><addr-line>3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, Konstans" sort="Wells, Konstans" uniqKey="Wells K" first="Konstans" last="Wells">Konstans Wells</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au233"><institution>The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide</institution><addr-line>SA, 5005, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au234"><institution>Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm</institution><addr-line>Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Christopher D" sort="Williams, Christopher D" uniqKey="Williams C" first="Christopher D" last="Williams">Christopher D. Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au235"><institution>Behavioural Ecology and Biocontrol, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland</institution><addr-line>Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willig, Michael R" sort="Willig, Michael R" uniqKey="Willig M" first="Michael R" last="Willig">Michael R. Willig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au236"><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au237"><institution>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woinarski, John C Z" sort="Woinarski, John C Z" uniqKey="Woinarski J" first="John C Z" last="Woinarski">John C Z. Woinarski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au238"><institution>Charles Darwin University</institution><addr-line>7 Ellengowan Dr, Brinkin, NT, 0810, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, Jan H D" sort="Wolf, Jan H D" uniqKey="Wolf J" first="Jan H D" last="Wolf">Jan H D. Wolf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au239"><institution>University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodcock, Ben A" sort="Woodcock, Ben A" uniqKey="Woodcock B" first="Ben A" last="Woodcock">Ben A. Woodcock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au240"><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford</institution><addr-line>Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Douglas W" sort="Yu, Douglas W" uniqKey="Yu D" first="Douglas W" last="Yu">Douglas W. Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au241"><institution>University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk,, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au242"><institution>Kunming Institute of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Kunming, Yunnan,, 650023, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaitsev, Andrey S" sort="Zaitsev, Andrey S" uniqKey="Zaitsev A" first="Andrey S" last="Zaitsev">Andrey S. Zaitsev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au243"><institution>Institute of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au244"><institution>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution</institution><addr-line>Leninsky Prospekt 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collen, Ben" sort="Collen, Ben" uniqKey="Collen B" first="Ben" last="Collen">Ben Collen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au245"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution><addr-line>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ewers, Rob M" sort="Ewers, Rob M" uniqKey="Ewers R" first="Rob M" last="Ewers">Rob M. Ewers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mace, Georgina M" sort="Mace, Georgina M" uniqKey="Mace G" first="Georgina M" last="Mace">Georgina M. Mace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au245"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution><addr-line>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purves, Drew W" sort="Purves, Drew W" uniqKey="Purves D" first="Drew W" last="Purves">Drew W. Purves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Computational Ecology and Environmental Science, Microsoft Research</institution><addr-line>21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scharlemann, Jorn P W" sort="Scharlemann, Jorn P W" uniqKey="Scharlemann J" first="Jörn P W" last="Scharlemann">Jörn P W. Scharlemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purvis, Andy" sort="Purvis, Andy" uniqKey="Purvis A" first="Andy" last="Purvis">Andy Purvis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25558364</idno><idno type="pmc">4278822</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278822</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4278822</idno><idno type="doi">10.1002/ece3.1303</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002442</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002442</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts</title><author><name sortKey="Hudson, Lawrence N" sort="Hudson, Lawrence N" uniqKey="Hudson L" first="Lawrence N" last="Hudson">Lawrence N. Hudson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newbold, Tim" sort="Newbold, Tim" uniqKey="Newbold T" first="Tim" last="Newbold">Tim Newbold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Computational Ecology and Environmental Science, Microsoft Research</institution><addr-line>21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Contu, Sara" sort="Contu, Sara" uniqKey="Contu S" first="Sara" last="Contu">Sara Contu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Samantha L L" sort="Hill, Samantha L L" uniqKey="Hill S" first="Samantha L L" last="Hill">Samantha L L. Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lysenko, Igor" sort="Lysenko, Igor" uniqKey="Lysenko I" first="Igor" last="Lysenko">Igor Lysenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Palma, Adriana" sort="De Palma, Adriana" uniqKey="De Palma A" first="Adriana" last="De Palma">Adriana De Palma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Helen R P" sort="Phillips, Helen R P" uniqKey="Phillips H" first="Helen R P" last="Phillips">Helen R P. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Senior, Rebecca A" sort="Senior, Rebecca A" uniqKey="Senior R" first="Rebecca A" last="Senior">Rebecca A. Senior</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Dominic J" sort="Bennett, Dominic J" uniqKey="Bennett D" first="Dominic J" last="Bennett">Dominic J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Booth, Hollie" sort="Booth, Hollie" uniqKey="Booth H" first="Hollie" last="Booth">Hollie Booth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au5"><institution>Frankfurt Zoological Society, Africa Regional Office</institution><addr-line>PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choimes, Argyrios" sort="Choimes, Argyrios" uniqKey="Choimes A" first="Argyrios" last="Choimes">Argyrios Choimes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Correia, David L P" sort="Correia, David L P" uniqKey="Correia D" first="David L P" last="Correia">David L P. Correia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Day, Julie" sort="Day, Julie" uniqKey="Day J" first="Julie" last="Day">Julie Day</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Echeverria Londo O, Susy" sort="Echeverria Londo O, Susy" uniqKey="Echeverria Londo O S" first="Susy" last="Echeverría-Londo O">Susy Echeverría-Londo O</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garon, Morgan" sort="Garon, Morgan" uniqKey="Garon M" first="Morgan" last="Garon">Morgan Garon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Michelle L K" sort="Harrison, Michelle L K" uniqKey="Harrison M" first="Michelle L K" last="Harrison">Michelle L K. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, Daniel J" sort="Ingram, Daniel J" uniqKey="Ingram D" first="Daniel J" last="Ingram">Daniel J. Ingram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Martin" sort="Jung, Martin" uniqKey="Jung M" first="Martin" last="Jung">Martin Jung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Center for Macroecology, Climate and Evolution, the Natural History Museum of Denmark</institution><addr-line>Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemp, Victoria" sort="Kemp, Victoria" uniqKey="Kemp V" first="Victoria" last="Kemp">Victoria Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkpatrick, Lucinda" sort="Kirkpatrick, Lucinda" uniqKey="Kirkpatrick L" first="Lucinda" last="Kirkpatrick">Lucinda Kirkpatrick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>School of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Bridge of Allan, Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Callum D" sort="Martin, Callum D" uniqKey="Martin C" first="Callum D" last="Martin">Callum D. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Yuan" sort="Pan, Yuan" uniqKey="Pan Y" first="Yuan" last="Pan">Yuan Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au9"><institution>Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield</institution><addr-line>Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Hannah J" sort="White, Hannah J" uniqKey="White H" first="Hannah J" last="White">Hannah J. White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast</institution><addr-line>97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aben, Job" sort="Aben, Job" uniqKey="Aben J" first="Job" last="Aben">Job Aben</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp</institution><addr-line>Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamczyk, Stefan" sort="Abrahamczyk, Stefan" uniqKey="Abrahamczyk S" first="Stefan" last="Abrahamczyk">Stefan Abrahamczyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn</institution><addr-line>Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adum, Gilbert B" sort="Adum, Gilbert B" uniqKey="Adum G" first="Gilbert B" last="Adum">Gilbert B. Adum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, FRNR, CANR, KNUST</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana</institution><addr-line>Box KS 15924, Adum-Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Barquero, Virginia" sort="Aguilar Barquero, Virginia" uniqKey="Aguilar Barquero V" first="Virginia" last="Aguilar-Barquero">Virginia Aguilar-Barquero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au15"><institution>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>2060, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aizen, Marcelo A" sort="Aizen, Marcelo A" uniqKey="Aizen M" first="Marcelo A" last="Aizen">Marcelo A. Aizen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>CONICET, Lab. INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET)</institution><addr-line>Pasaje Gutierrez 1125, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ancrenaz, Marc" sort="Ancrenaz, Marc" uniqKey="Ancrenaz M" first="Marc" last="Ancrenaz">Marc Ancrenaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au17"><institution>HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme</institution><addr-line>PO Box 17793, 88874, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arbelaez Cortes, Enrique" sort="Arbelaez Cortes, Enrique" uniqKey="Arbelaez Cortes E" first="Enrique" last="Arbeláez-Cortés">Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au18"><institution>Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>México D.F, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Colección de Tejidos, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Km 17 Cali-Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armbrecht, Inge" sort="Armbrecht, Inge" uniqKey="Armbrecht I" first="Inge" last="Armbrecht">Inge Armbrecht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle</institution><addr-line>Calle 13 #100-00, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azhar, Badrul" sort="Azhar, Badrul" uniqKey="Azhar B" first="Badrul" last="Azhar">Badrul Azhar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azpiroz, Adrian B" sort="Azpiroz, Adrian B" uniqKey="Azpiroz A" first="Adrián B" last="Azpiroz">Adrián B. Azpiroz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable</institution><addr-line>Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baeten, Lander" sort="Baeten, Lander" uniqKey="Baeten L" first="Lander" last="Baeten">Lander Baeten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Department of Forest and Water Management, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Gontrode, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au25"><institution>Terrestrial Ecology Unit</institution><institution>Department of Biology, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baldi, Andras" sort="Baldi, Andras" uniqKey="Baldi A" first="András" last="Báldi">András Báldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au26"><institution>MTA Centre for Ecological Research</institution><addr-line>Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banks, John E" sort="Banks, John E" uniqKey="Banks J" first="John E" last="Banks">John E. Banks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au27"><institution>University of Washington</institution><addr-line>1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, Washington, 98402, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barlow, Jos" sort="Barlow, Jos" uniqKey="Barlow J" first="Jos" last="Barlow">Jos Barlow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au28"><institution>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University</institution><addr-line>Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au29"><institution>MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batary, Peter" sort="Batary, Peter" uniqKey="Batary P" first="Péter" last="Batáry">Péter Batáry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Agroecology, Georg-August University</institution><addr-line>Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, Adam J" sort="Bates, Adam J" uniqKey="Bates A" first="Adam J" last="Bates">Adam J. Bates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bayne, Erin M" sort="Bayne, Erin M" uniqKey="Bayne E" first="Erin M" last="Bayne">Erin M. Bayne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au32"><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta</institution><addr-line>CW 405 – Biological Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beja, Pedro" sort="Beja, Pedro" uniqKey="Beja P" first="Pedro" last="Beja">Pedro Beja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au33"><institution>EDP Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto</institution><addr-line>Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601, Vairão, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, Ke" sort="Berg, Ke" uniqKey="Berg " first=" Ke" last="Berg"> Ke Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Swedish Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berry, Nicholas J" sort="Berry, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Berry N" first="Nicholas J" last="Berry">Nicholas J. Berry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au35"><institution>University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences</institution><addr-line>Crew Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bicknell, Jake E" sort="Bicknell, Jake E" uniqKey="Bicknell J" first="Jake E" last="Bicknell">Jake E. Bicknell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent</institution><addr-line>Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au37"><institution>Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development</institution><addr-line>77 High Street, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bihn, Jochen H" sort="Bihn, Jochen H" uniqKey="Bihn J" first="Jochen H" last="Bihn">Jochen H. Bihn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au38"><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Philipps-University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohning Gaese, Katrin" sort="Bohning Gaese, Katrin" uniqKey="Bohning Gaese K" first="Katrin" last="Böhning-Gaese">Katrin Böhning-Gaese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au40"><institution>Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Biologicum, Goethe University Frankfurt</institution><addr-line>Max von Laue St. 13, D 60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, Teun" sort="Boekhout, Teun" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="Teun" last="Boekhout">Teun Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boutin, Celine" sort="Boutin, Celine" uniqKey="Boutin C" first="Céline" last="Boutin">Céline Boutin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Carleton University</institution><addr-line>1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouyer, Jeremy" sort="Bouyer, Jeremy" uniqKey="Bouyer J" first="Jérémy" last="Bouyer">Jérémy Bouyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au43"><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au44"><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brearley, Francis Q" sort="Brearley, Francis Q" uniqKey="Brearley F" first="Francis Q" last="Brearley">Francis Q. Brearley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au45"><institution>School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University</institution><addr-line>Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brito, Isabel" sort="Brito, Isabel" uniqKey="Brito I" first="Isabel" last="Brito">Isabel Brito</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>University of Évora – ICAAMA, Apartado 94</institution><addr-line>7002-554, Évora, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brunet, Jorg" sort="Brunet, Jorg" uniqKey="Brunet J" first="Jörg" last="Brunet">Jörg Brunet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au47"><institution>Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buczkowski, Grzegorz" sort="Buczkowski, Grzegorz" uniqKey="Buczkowski G" first="Grzegorz" last="Buczkowski">Grzegorz Buczkowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au48"><institution>Department of Entomology, Purdue University</institution><addr-line>901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buscardo, Erika" sort="Buscardo, Erika" uniqKey="Buscardo E" first="Erika" last="Buscardo">Erika Buscardo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au49"><institution>Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au50"><institution>Escritório Central do LBA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au51"><institution>Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cabra Garcia, Jimmy" sort="Cabra Garcia, Jimmy" uniqKey="Cabra Garcia J" first="Jimmy" last="Cabra-García">Jimmy Cabra-García</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au52"><institution>Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvi O Cancela, Maria" sort="Calvi O Cancela, Maria" uniqKey="Calvi O Cancela M" first="María" last="Calvi O-Cancela">María Calvi O-Cancela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au53"><institution>Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo</institution><addr-line>36310, Vigo, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, Sydney A" sort="Cameron, Sydney A" uniqKey="Cameron S" first="Sydney A" last="Cameron">Sydney A. Cameron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au54"><institution>Department of Entomology, University of Illinois</institution><addr-line>Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cancello, Eliana M" sort="Cancello, Eliana M" uniqKey="Cancello E" first="Eliana M" last="Cancello">Eliana M. Cancello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Av. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrijo, Tiago F" sort="Carrijo, Tiago F" uniqKey="Carrijo T" first="Tiago F" last="Carrijo">Tiago F. Carrijo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Av. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Anelena L" sort="Carvalho, Anelena L" uniqKey="Carvalho A" first="Anelena L" last="Carvalho">Anelena L. Carvalho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au56"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro, Helena" sort="Castro, Helena" uniqKey="Castro H" first="Helena" last="Castro">Helena Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au57"><institution>Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Luna, Alejandro A" sort="Castro Luna, Alejandro A" uniqKey="Castro Luna A" first="Alejandro A" last="Castro-Luna">Alejandro A. Castro-Luna</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au58"><institution>Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana</institution><addr-line>Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas, 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, CP 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerda, Rolando" sort="Cerda, Rolando" uniqKey="Cerda R" first="Rolando" last="Cerda">Rolando Cerda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au59"><institution>Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center</institution><addr-line>7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cerezo, Alexis" sort="Cerezo, Alexis" uniqKey="Cerezo A" first="Alexis" last="Cerezo">Alexis Cerezo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au60"><institution>Department of Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires</institution><addr-line>Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, C.P. 1417, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chauvat, Matthieu" sort="Chauvat, Matthieu" uniqKey="Chauvat M" first="Matthieu" last="Chauvat">Matthieu Chauvat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au61"><institution>Normandie Univ., EA 1293 ECODIV-Rouen, SFR SCALE, UFR Sciences et Techniques</institution><addr-line>76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Frank M" sort="Clarke, Frank M" uniqKey="Clarke F" first="Frank M" last="Clarke">Frank M. Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au62"><institution>University of Aberdeen</institution><addr-line>Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cleary, Daniel F R" sort="Cleary, Daniel F R" uniqKey="Cleary D" first="Daniel F R" last="Cleary">Daniel F R. Cleary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au63"><institution>Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connop, Stuart P" sort="Connop, Stuart P" uniqKey="Connop S" first="Stuart P" last="Connop">Stuart P. Connop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au64"><institution>Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London</institution><addr-line>4-6 University Way, London, E16 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Aniello, Biagio" sort="D Aniello, Biagio" uniqKey="D Aniello B" first="Biagio" last="D'Aniello">Biagio D'Aniello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au65"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”</institution><addr-line>Naples, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Pedro Giovani" sort="Da Silva, Pedro Giovani" uniqKey="Da Silva P" first="Pedro Giovâni" last="Da Silva">Pedro Giovâni Da Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au66"><institution>Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution><addr-line>Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darvill, Ben" sort="Darvill, Ben" uniqKey="Darvill B" first="Ben" last="Darvill">Ben Darvill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au67"><institution>British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dauber, Jens" sort="Dauber, Jens" uniqKey="Dauber J" first="Jens" last="Dauber">Jens Dauber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au68"><institution>Thünen Institute of Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dejean, Alain" sort="Dejean, Alain" uniqKey="Dejean A" first="Alain" last="Dejean">Alain Dejean</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au69"><institution>CNRS, Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172)</institution><addr-line>BP 316, 97379, Kourou cedex, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au70"><institution>Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (Ecolab)</institution><addr-line>118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diekotter, Tim" sort="Diekotter, Tim" uniqKey="Diekotter T" first="Tim" last="Diekötter">Tim Diekötter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au71"><institution>Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Nature and Resource Conservation, Kiel University</institution><addr-line>Olshausenstrasse 75, 24098, Kiel, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au72"><institution>Department of Biology, Nature Conservation, University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au73"><institution>Institute of Integrative Biology</institution><addr-line>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Haydar, Yamileth" sort="Dominguez Haydar, Yamileth" uniqKey="Dominguez Haydar Y" first="Yamileth" last="Dominguez-Haydar">Yamileth Dominguez-Haydar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au74"><institution>Programa de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico Km</institution><addr-line>7 vía Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dormann, Carsten F" sort="Dormann, Carsten F" uniqKey="Dormann C" first="Carsten F" last="Dormann">Carsten F. Dormann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au75"><institution>Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg</institution><addr-line>Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dumont, Bertrand" sort="Dumont, Bertrand" uniqKey="Dumont B" first="Bertrand" last="Dumont">Bertrand Dumont</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au76"><institution>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores</institution><addr-line>63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dures, Simon G" sort="Dures, Simon G" uniqKey="Dures S" first="Simon G" last="Dures">Simon G. Dures</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au77"><institution>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London</institution><addr-line>Nuffield Building, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dynesius, Mats" sort="Dynesius, Mats" uniqKey="Dynesius M" first="Mats" last="Dynesius">Mats Dynesius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au78"><institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University</institution><addr-line>901 87, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edenius, Lars" sort="Edenius, Lars" uniqKey="Edenius L" first="Lars" last="Edenius">Lars Edenius</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au79"><institution>Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>901 83, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elek, Zoltan" sort="Elek, Zoltan" uniqKey="Elek Z" first="Zoltán" last="Elek">Zoltán Elek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au80"><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, c/o Biological Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C., 1117, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Entling, Martin H" sort="Entling, Martin H" uniqKey="Entling M" first="Martin H" last="Entling">Martin H. Entling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au81"><institution>University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farwig, Nina" sort="Farwig, Nina" uniqKey="Farwig N" first="Nina" last="Farwig">Nina Farwig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au82"><institution>Department of Ecology – Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch-Street 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fayle, Tom M" sort="Fayle, Tom M" uniqKey="Fayle T" first="Tom M" last="Fayle">Tom M. Fayle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au83"><institution>Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences Czech Republic</institution><addr-line>Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au84"><institution>Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah</institution><addr-line>88999, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felicioli, Antonio" sort="Felicioli, Antonio" uniqKey="Felicioli A" first="Antonio" last="Felicioli">Antonio Felicioli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au85"><institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa</institution><addr-line>Viale delle Piagge, n°2, 56124, Pisa, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felton, Annika M" sort="Felton, Annika M" uniqKey="Felton A" first="Annika M" last="Felton">Annika M. Felton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au86"><institution>The Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>PO Box 49, 23453, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ficetola, Gentile F" sort="Ficetola, Gentile F" uniqKey="Ficetola G" first="Gentile F" last="Ficetola">Gentile F. Ficetola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au87"><institution>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes</institution><addr-line>F-38000, Grenoble, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filgueiras, Bruno K C" sort="Filgueiras, Bruno K C" uniqKey="Filgueiras B" first="Bruno K C" last="Filgueiras">Bruno K C. Filgueiras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au88"><institution>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution><addr-line>Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonte, Steven J" sort="Fonte, Steven J" uniqKey="Fonte S" first="Steven J" last="Fonte">Steven J. Fonte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au89"><institution>Department of Plant Sciences, University of California</institution><addr-line>Davis, California, 95616, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Lauchlan H" sort="Fraser, Lauchlan H" uniqKey="Fraser L" first="Lauchlan H" last="Fraser">Lauchlan H. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au90"><institution>Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University</institution><addr-line>900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuda, Daisuke" sort="Fukuda, Daisuke" uniqKey="Fukuda D" first="Daisuke" last="Fukuda">Daisuke Fukuda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au91"><institution>IDEA Consultants Inc</institution><addr-line>Okinawa Branch Office, Aja 2-6-19, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0003, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furlani, Dario" sort="Furlani, Dario" uniqKey="Furlani D" first="Dario" last="Furlani">Dario Furlani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au92"><institution>Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH</institution><addr-line>Königsallee 9 – 21, 37081, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ganzhorn, Jorg U" sort="Ganzhorn, Jorg U" uniqKey="Ganzhorn J" first="Jörg U" last="Ganzhorn">Jörg U. Ganzhorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au93"><institution>University of Hamburg, Biocentre Grindel</institution><addr-line>Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garden, Jenni G" sort="Garden, Jenni G" uniqKey="Garden J" first="Jenni G" last="Garden">Jenni G. Garden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au94"><institution>Seed Consulting Services</institution><addr-line>106 Gilles Street, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au95"><institution>School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland</institution><addr-line>St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gheler Costa, Carla" sort="Gheler Costa, Carla" uniqKey="Gheler Costa C" first="Carla" last="Gheler-Costa">Carla Gheler-Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au96"><institution>Ecologia Aplicada/Applied Ecology, Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC)</institution><addr-line>Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giordani, Paolo" sort="Giordani, Paolo" uniqKey="Giordani P" first="Paolo" last="Giordani">Paolo Giordani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au97"><institution>DISTAV, University of Genova</institution><addr-line>Corso Dogali 1M, 16136, Genova, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giordano, Simonetta" sort="Giordano, Simonetta" uniqKey="Giordano S" first="Simonetta" last="Giordano">Simonetta Giordano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au98"><institution>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II</institution><addr-line>Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottschalk, Marco S" sort="Gottschalk, Marco S" uniqKey="Gottschalk M" first="Marco S" last="Gottschalk">Marco S. Gottschalk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au99"><institution>Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel)</institution><addr-line>PO Box 354, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goulson, Dave" sort="Goulson, Dave" uniqKey="Goulson D" first="Dave" last="Goulson">Dave Goulson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gove, Aaron D" sort="Gove, Aaron D" uniqKey="Gove A" first="Aaron D" last="Gove">Aaron D. Gove</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au100"><institution>Astron Environmental Services</institution><addr-line>129 Royal Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au101"><institution>Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University</institution><addr-line>Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grogan, James" sort="Grogan, James" uniqKey="Grogan J" first="James" last="Grogan">James Grogan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au102"><institution>Mount Holyoke College, Department of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanley, Mick E" sort="Hanley, Mick E" uniqKey="Hanley M" first="Mick E" last="Hanley">Mick E. Hanley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au103"><institution>School of Biological Science, University of Plymouth</institution><addr-line>Drake's Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, Thor" sort="Hanson, Thor" uniqKey="Hanson T" first="Thor" last="Hanson">Thor Hanson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au104"><addr-line>351 False Bay Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashim, Nor R" sort="Hashim, Nor R" uniqKey="Hashim N" first="Nor R" last="Hashim">Nor R. Hashim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au105"><institution>International University of Malaya-Wales</institution><addr-line>Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawes, Joseph E" sort="Hawes, Joseph E" uniqKey="Hawes J" first="Joseph E" last="Hawes">Joseph E. Hawes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au106"><institution>Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au107"><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hebert, Christian" sort="Hebert, Christian" uniqKey="Hebert C" first="Christian" last="Hébert">Christian Hébert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au108"><institution>Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre</institution><addr-line>1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helden, Alvin J" sort="Helden, Alvin J" uniqKey="Helden A" first="Alvin J" last="Helden">Alvin J. Helden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au109"><institution>Animal & Environmental Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University</institution><addr-line>East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henden, John Andre" sort="Henden, John Andre" uniqKey="Henden J" first="John-André" last="Henden">John-André Henden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au110"><institution>University of Tromsø, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology</institution><addr-line>9037, Tromsø, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Lionel" sort="Hernandez, Lionel" uniqKey="Hernandez L" first="Lionel" last="Hernández">Lionel Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au111"><institution>Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana</institution><addr-line>Apdo. Postal 8050, Puerto Ordaz, 8015, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herzog, Felix" sort="Herzog, Felix" uniqKey="Herzog F" first="Felix" last="Herzog">Felix Herzog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au112"><institution>Agroscope</institution><addr-line>Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higuera Diaz, Diego" sort="Higuera Diaz, Diego" uniqKey="Higuera Diaz D" first="Diego" last="Higuera-Diaz">Diego Higuera-Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au113"><institution>Corporación Sentido Natural</institution><addr-line>Carrera 70H No. 122 – 98, Apartamento 101, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilje, Branko" sort="Hilje, Branko" uniqKey="Hilje B" first="Branko" last="Hilje">Branko Hilje</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au114"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Tecnológico de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>Apartado, 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au115"><institution>Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad (ACEBIO)</institution><addr-line>Casa 15, Barrio Los Abogados, Zapote, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horgan, Finbarr G" sort="Horgan, Finbarr G" uniqKey="Horgan F" first="Finbarr G" last="Horgan">Finbarr G. Horgan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au116"><institution>International Rice Research Institute</institution><addr-line>DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horvath, Roland" sort="Horvath, Roland" uniqKey="Horvath R" first="Roland" last="Horváth">Roland Horváth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au117"><institution>University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>PO Box 71, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hylander, Kristoffer" sort="Hylander, Kristoffer" uniqKey="Hylander K" first="Kristoffer" last="Hylander">Kristoffer Hylander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au118"><institution>Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs Cubides, Paola" sort="Isaacs Cubides, Paola" uniqKey="Isaacs Cubides P" first="Paola" last="Isaacs-Cubides">Paola Isaacs-Cubides</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au119"><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones y Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishitani, Masahiro" sort="Ishitani, Masahiro" uniqKey="Ishitani M" first="Masahiro" last="Ishitani">Masahiro Ishitani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au120"><institution>Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Education</institution><addr-line>1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Carmen T" sort="Jacobs, Carmen T" uniqKey="Jacobs C" first="Carmen T" last="Jacobs">Carmen T. Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au121"><institution>Scarab Research Group, University of Pretoria</institution><addr-line>Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaramillo, Victor J" sort="Jaramillo, Victor J" uniqKey="Jaramillo V" first="Víctor J" last="Jaramillo">Víctor J. Jaramillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au122"><institution>Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>A.P. 27-3 Santa María de Guido, Morelia, Michoacán,, México C.P. 58090, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jauker, Birgit" sort="Jauker, Birgit" uniqKey="Jauker B" first="Birgit" last="Jauker">Birgit Jauker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au123"><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsell, Mats" sort="Jonsell, Mats" uniqKey="Jonsell M" first="Mats" last="Jonsell">Mats Jonsell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au124"><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Thomas S" sort="Jung, Thomas S" uniqKey="Jung T" first="Thomas S" last="Jung">Thomas S. Jung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au125"><institution>Yukon Department of Environment</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapoor, Vena" sort="Kapoor, Vena" uniqKey="Kapoor V" first="Vena" last="Kapoor">Vena Kapoor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au126"><institution>Nature Conservation Foundation</institution><addr-line>Mysore, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kati, Vassiliki" sort="Kati, Vassiliki" uniqKey="Kati V" first="Vassiliki" last="Kati">Vassiliki Kati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au127"><institution>Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, University of Patras</institution><addr-line>Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katovai, Eric" sort="Katovai, Eric" uniqKey="Katovai E" first="Eric" last="Katovai">Eric Katovai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au128"><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Qld, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au129"><institution>School of Science and Technology, Pacific Adventist University</institution><addr-line>Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Michael" sort="Kessler, Michael" uniqKey="Kessler M" first="Michael" last="Kessler">Michael Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au130"><institution>Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich</institution><addr-line>Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knop, Eva" sort="Knop, Eva" uniqKey="Knop E" first="Eva" last="Knop">Eva Knop</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au131"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern</institution><addr-line>Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolb, Annette" sort="Kolb, Annette" uniqKey="Kolb A" first="Annette" last="Kolb">Annette Kolb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au132"><institution>Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen</institution><addr-line>FB2, Leobener Str., 28359, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Rosi, Adam" sort="K Rosi, Adam" uniqKey="K Rosi A" first="Ádám" last="K Rösi">Ádám K Rösi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au133"><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au134"><institution>Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg</institution><addr-line>Glasshüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lachat, Thibault" sort="Lachat, Thibault" uniqKey="Lachat T" first="Thibault" last="Lachat">Thibault Lachat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au135"><institution>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL</institution><addr-line>Zürcherstrasse 11, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lantschner, Victoria" sort="Lantschner, Victoria" uniqKey="Lantschner V" first="Victoria" last="Lantschner">Victoria Lantschner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au136"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria</institution><addr-line>EEA Bariloche, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Feon, Violette" sort="Le Feon, Violette" uniqKey="Le Feon V" first="Violette" last="Le Féon">Violette Le Féon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au137"><institution>INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement</institution><addr-line>F-84914, Avignon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebuhn, Gretchen" sort="Lebuhn, Gretchen" uniqKey="Lebuhn G" first="Gretchen" last="Lebuhn">Gretchen Lebuhn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au138"><institution>Department of Biology, San Francisco State University</institution><addr-line>1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California, 94132</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Legare, Jean Philippe" sort="Legare, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Legare J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Légaré">Jean-Philippe Légaré</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au139"><institution>Laboratoire de diagnostic en phytoprotection, Ministère de l'agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Québec</institution><addr-line>2700 rue Einstein, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letcher, Susan G" sort="Letcher, Susan G" uniqKey="Letcher S" first="Susan G" last="Letcher">Susan G. Letcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au140"><institution>Purchase College (State University of New York)</institution><addr-line>735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York, 10577, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Littlewood, Nick A" sort="Littlewood, Nick A" uniqKey="Littlewood N" first="Nick A" last="Littlewood">Nick A. Littlewood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au141"><institution>The James Hutton Institute</institution><addr-line>Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen,, AB15 8QH, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Quintero, Carlos A" sort="L Pez Quintero, Carlos A" uniqKey="L Pez Quintero C" first="Carlos A" last="L Pez-Quintero">Carlos A. L Pez-Quintero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au142"><institution>Universidad de Antioquia</institution><addr-line>Calle 67 No. 53 – 108, Medellín, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Louhaichi, Mounir" sort="Louhaichi, Mounir" uniqKey="Louhaichi M" first="Mounir" last="Louhaichi">Mounir Louhaichi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au143"><institution>International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 950764, Amman, 11195, Jordan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovei, Gabor L" sort="Lovei, Gabor L" uniqKey="Lovei G" first="Gabor L" last="Lövei">Gabor L. Lövei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au144"><institution>Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg Research Centre</institution><addr-line>Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas Borja, Manuel Esteban" sort="Lucas Borja, Manuel Esteban" uniqKey="Lucas Borja M" first="Manuel Esteban" last="Lucas-Borja">Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au145"><institution>Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitario s/n, C.P. 02071, Albacete, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luja, Victor H" sort="Luja, Victor H" uniqKey="Luja V" first="Victor H" last="Luja">Victor H. Luja</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au146"><institution>Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Turismo, Coordinación de Investigación y Posgrado</institution><addr-line>Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo s/n, C.P. 63155, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeto, Kaoru" sort="Maeto, Kaoru" uniqKey="Maeto K" first="Kaoru" last="Maeto">Kaoru Maeto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au147"><institution>Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University</institution><addr-line>Kobe, 657-8501, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magura, Tibor" sort="Magura, Tibor" uniqKey="Magura T" first="Tibor" last="Magura">Tibor Magura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au148"><addr-line>Hortobágy National Park Directorate, 4002, Debrecen, P.O.Box 216, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallari, Neil Aldrin" sort="Mallari, Neil Aldrin" uniqKey="Mallari N" first="Neil Aldrin" last="Mallari">Neil Aldrin Mallari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au149"><institution>Fauna & Flora International Philippines</institution><addr-line>#8 Foggy Heights Subdivision San Jose, Tagaytay City, 4120, Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au150"><institution>De La Salle University-Dasmariñas</institution><addr-line>West Ave, Dasmariñas, 4115, Philippines</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marin Spiotta, Erika" sort="Marin Spiotta, Erika" uniqKey="Marin Spiotta E" first="Erika" last="Marin-Spiotta">Erika Marin-Spiotta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au151"><institution>Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison</institution><addr-line>550 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marshall, E J P" sort="Marshall, E J P" uniqKey="Marshall E" first="E J P" last="Marshall">E J P. Marshall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au152"><institution>Marshall Agroecology Ltd, 2</institution><addr-line>Nut Tree Cottages, Barton, Winscombe,, BS25 1DU, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, Eliana" sort="Martinez, Eliana" uniqKey="Martinez E" first="Eliana" last="Martínez">Eliana Martínez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au153"><institution>Escuela de Posgrados, Facultad de Agronomía, Doctorado en Agroecología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayfield, Margaret M" sort="Mayfield, Margaret M" uniqKey="Mayfield M" first="Margaret M" last="Mayfield">Margaret M. Mayfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au154"><institution>The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>Brisbane, Qld, 4120, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikusinski, Grzegorz" sort="Mikusinski, Grzegorz" uniqKey="Mikusinski G" first="Grzegorz" last="Mikusinski">Grzegorz Mikusinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au155"><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milder, Jeffrey C" sort="Milder, Jeffrey C" uniqKey="Milder J" first="Jeffrey C" last="Milder">Jeffrey C. Milder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au156"><institution>Rainforest Alliance</institution><addr-line>233 Broadway, 28th Floor, New York City, New York, 10279, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, James R" sort="Miller, James R" uniqKey="Miller J" first="James R" last="Miller">James R. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au157"><institution>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>N-407 Turner Hall, MC-047, 1102 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, Carolina L" sort="Morales, Carolina L" uniqKey="Morales C" first="Carolina L" last="Morales">Carolina L. Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>CONICET, Lab. INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET)</institution><addr-line>Pasaje Gutierrez 1125, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muchane, Mary N" sort="Muchane, Mary N" uniqKey="Muchane M" first="Mary N" last="Muchane">Mary N. Muchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au158"><institution>National Museums of Kenya, Botany Department</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muchane, Muchai" sort="Muchane, Muchai" uniqKey="Muchane M" first="Muchai" last="Muchane">Muchai Muchane</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au159"><institution>Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Robin" sort="Naidoo, Robin" uniqKey="Naidoo R" first="Robin" last="Naidoo">Robin Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au160"><institution>WWF</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20037, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Akihiro" sort="Nakamura, Akihiro" uniqKey="Nakamura A" first="Akihiro" last="Nakamura">Akihiro Nakamura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au161"><institution>Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden</institution><addr-line>CAS, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naoe, Shoji" sort="Naoe, Shoji" uniqKey="Naoe S" first="Shoji" last="Naoe">Shoji Naoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au162"><institution>Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305–8687, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nates Parra, Guiomar" sort="Nates Parra, Guiomar" uniqKey="Nates Parra G" first="Guiomar" last="Nates-Parra">Guiomar Nates-Parra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au163"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Sede Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A" sort="Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A" uniqKey="Navarrete Gutierrez D" first="Dario A" last="Navarrete Gutierrez">Dario A. Navarrete Gutierrez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au164"><institution>El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico</institution><addr-line>Sur S/N. 29290, Chiapas, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neuschulz, Eike L" sort="Neuschulz, Eike L" uniqKey="Neuschulz E" first="Eike L" last="Neuschulz">Eike L. Neuschulz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noreika, Norbertas" sort="Noreika, Norbertas" uniqKey="Noreika N" first="Norbertas" last="Noreika">Norbertas Noreika</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au165"><institution>Department of Biosciences and Department of Environmental Sciences, Urban Ecology Research Group, University of Helsinki</institution><addr-line>Viikinkaari 2a, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norfolk, Olivia" sort="Norfolk, Olivia" uniqKey="Norfolk O" first="Olivia" last="Norfolk">Olivia Norfolk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au166"><institution>School of Biology, The University of Nottingham</institution><addr-line>University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noriega, Jorge Ari" sort="Noriega, Jorge Ari" uniqKey="Noriega J" first="Jorge Ari" last="Noriega">Jorge Ari Noriega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au167"><institution>Laboratorio de Zoología y Ecología Acuática – LAZOEA, Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noske, Nicole M" sort="Noske, Nicole M" uniqKey="Noske N" first="Nicole M" last="Nöske">Nicole M. Nöske</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au168"><institution>BIO-Diverse</institution><addr-line>Ließemer Str. 32 a, 53179 Bonn, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Dea, Niall" sort="O Dea, Niall" uniqKey="O Dea N" first="Niall" last="O'Dea">Niall O'Dea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au169"><institution>Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oduro, William" sort="Oduro, William" uniqKey="Oduro W" first="William" last="Oduro">William Oduro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, FRNR, CANR, KNUST</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana</institution><addr-line>Box KS 15924, Adum-Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ofori Boateng, Caleb" sort="Ofori Boateng, Caleb" uniqKey="Ofori Boateng C" first="Caleb" last="Ofori-Boateng">Caleb Ofori-Boateng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au170"><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au171"><institution>Forestry Research Institute of Ghana</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oke, Chris O" sort="Oke, Chris O" uniqKey="Oke C" first="Chris O" last="Oke">Chris O. Oke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au172"><institution>Department of Animal & Environmental Biology, University of Benin</institution><addr-line>Benin City, Nigeria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osgathorpe, Lynne M" sort="Osgathorpe, Lynne M" uniqKey="Osgathorpe L" first="Lynne M" last="Osgathorpe">Lynne M. Osgathorpe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au173"><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge</institution><addr-line>Sandy, Bedfordshire,, SG19 2DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paritsis, Juan" sort="Paritsis, Juan" uniqKey="Paritsis J" first="Juan" last="Paritsis">Juan Paritsis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au174"><institution>Laboratorio Ecotono, CONICET–INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue</institution><addr-line>Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parra H, Alejandro" sort="Parra H, Alejandro" uniqKey="Parra H A" first="Alejandro" last="Parra-H">Alejandro Parra-H</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au175"><institution>Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Avenida. Bandeirantes, 3900 – CEP 14040-901 – Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au176"><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas-LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Carrera 45 N° 26-85, Edificio Uriel Gutiérrez, Bogotá, DC, Colombia, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelegrin, Nicolas" sort="Pelegrin, Nicolas" uniqKey="Pelegrin N" first="Nicolás" last="Pelegrin">Nicolás Pelegrin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au177"><institution>Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada (UNC)</institution><addr-line>Rondeau 798 X5000AVP, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A" last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au178"><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Persson, Anna S" sort="Persson, Anna S" uniqKey="Persson A" first="Anna S" last="Persson">Anna S. Persson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au179"><institution>Lund University, Department of Biology/Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petanidou, Theodora" sort="Petanidou, Theodora" uniqKey="Petanidou T" first="Theodora" last="Petanidou">Theodora Petanidou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au180"><institution>Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean</institution><addr-line>81100, Mytilene, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phalan, Ben" sort="Phalan, Ben" uniqKey="Phalan B" first="Ben" last="Phalan">Ben Phalan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au181"><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</institution><addr-line>Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Philips, T Keith" sort="Philips, T Keith" uniqKey="Philips T" first="T Keith" last="Philips">T Keith Philips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au182"><institution>Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University</institution><addr-line>1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, Kentucky, 42101, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poveda, Katja" sort="Poveda, Katja" uniqKey="Poveda K" first="Katja" last="Poveda">Katja Poveda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au183"><institution>Entomology, Cornell University</institution><addr-line>4126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14850, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Power, Eileen F" sort="Power, Eileen F" uniqKey="Power E" first="Eileen F" last="Power">Eileen F. Power</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au184"><institution>School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Presley, Steven J" sort="Presley, Steven J" uniqKey="Presley S" first="Steven J" last="Presley">Steven J. Presley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au185"><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Proenca, Vania" sort="Proenca, Vania" uniqKey="Proenca V" first="Vânia" last="Proença">Vânia Proença</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au186"><institution>IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa</institution><addr-line>Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quaranta, Marino" sort="Quaranta, Marino" uniqKey="Quaranta M" first="Marino" last="Quaranta">Marino Quaranta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au187"><institution>CRA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di ricerca per l'agrobiologia e la pedologia</institution><addr-line>Via Lanciola 12/A, 50125 – Cascine del Riccio, Firenze, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quintero, Carolina" sort="Quintero, Carolina" uniqKey="Quintero C" first="Carolina" last="Quintero">Carolina Quintero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au174"><institution>Laboratorio Ecotono, CONICET–INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue</institution><addr-line>Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Redpath Downing, Nicola A" sort="Redpath Downing, Nicola A" uniqKey="Redpath Downing N" first="Nicola A" last="Redpath-Downing">Nicola A. Redpath-Downing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au188"><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)</institution><addr-line>2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, J Leighton" sort="Reid, J Leighton" uniqKey="Reid J" first="J Leighton" last="Reid">J Leighton Reid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au189"><institution>Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University</institution><addr-line>Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Yana T" sort="Reis, Yana T" uniqKey="Reis Y" first="Yana T" last="Reis">Yana T. Reis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au190"><institution>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos</institution><addr-line>Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Danilo B" sort="Ribeiro, Danilo B" uniqKey="Ribeiro D" first="Danilo B" last="Ribeiro">Danilo B. Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au191"><institution>Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Barbara A" sort="Richardson, Barbara A" uniqKey="Richardson B" first="Barbara A" last="Richardson">Barbara A. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au192"><addr-line>165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au193"><institution>Associate Scientist, Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Michael J" sort="Richardson, Michael J" uniqKey="Richardson M" first="Michael J" last="Richardson">Michael J. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au192"><addr-line>165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au193"><institution>Associate Scientist, Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robles, Carolina A" sort="Robles, Carolina A" uniqKey="Robles C" first="Carolina A" last="Robles">Carolina A. Robles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au194"><institution>PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>PB II, 4to piso, (CP1428EHA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rombke, Jorg" sort="Rombke, Jorg" uniqKey="Rombke J" first="Jörg" last="Römbke">Jörg Römbke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au195"><institution>ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH</institution><addr-line>Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romero Duque, Luz Piedad" sort="Romero Duque, Luz Piedad" uniqKey="Romero Duque L" first="Luz Piedad" last="Romero-Duque">Luz Piedad Romero-Duque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au196"><institution>Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A.</institution><addr-line>Cl 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosselli, Loreta" sort="Rosselli, Loreta" uniqKey="Rosselli L" first="Loreta" last="Rosselli">Loreta Rosselli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au196"><institution>Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A.</institution><addr-line>Cl 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossiter, Stephen J" sort="Rossiter, Stephen J" uniqKey="Rossiter S" first="Stephen J" last="Rossiter">Stephen J. Rossiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au197"><institution>School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London</institution><addr-line>Mile End Road, London, E3 5GN, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roulston, T Ai H" sort="Roulston, T Ai H" uniqKey="Roulston T" first="T'Ai H" last="Roulston">T'Ai H. Roulston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au198"><institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia</institution><addr-line>Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4123, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au199"><institution>Blandy Experimental Farm</institution><addr-line>400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, Virginia, 22620, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rousseau, Laurent" sort="Rousseau, Laurent" uniqKey="Rousseau L" first="Laurent" last="Rousseau">Laurent Rousseau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au200"><institution>Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)</institution><addr-line>Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, Jonathan P" sort="Sadler, Jonathan P" uniqKey="Sadler J" first="Jonathan P" last="Sadler">Jonathan P. Sadler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au201"><institution>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Safian, Szabolcs" sort="Safian, Szabolcs" uniqKey="Safian S" first="Szabolcs" last="Sáfián">Szabolcs Sáfián</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au202"><institution>Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West Hungary</institution><addr-line>Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 4., 9400, Sopron, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salda A Vazquez, Romeo A" sort="Salda A Vazquez, Romeo A" uniqKey="Salda A Vazquez R" first="Romeo A" last="Salda A-Vázquez">Romeo A. Salda A-Vázquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au203"><institution>Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec</institution><addr-line>N° 351 El Haya, CP, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samneg Rd, Ulrika" sort="Samneg Rd, Ulrika" uniqKey="Samneg Rd U" first="Ulrika" last="Samneg Rd">Ulrika Samneg Rd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au204"><institution>Stockholm University, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences</institution><addr-line>SE, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuepp, Christof" sort="Schuepp, Christof" uniqKey="Schuepp C" first="Christof" last="Schüepp">Christof Schüepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au131"><institution>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern</institution><addr-line>Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schweiger, Oliver" sort="Schweiger, Oliver" uniqKey="Schweiger O" first="Oliver" last="Schweiger">Oliver Schweiger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au205"><institution>Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ</institution><addr-line>Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sedlock, Jodi L" sort="Sedlock, Jodi L" uniqKey="Sedlock J" first="Jodi L" last="Sedlock">Jodi L. Sedlock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au206"><institution>Lawrence University</institution><addr-line>711 E. Boldt Way, Appleton, Wisconsin, 54911, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahabuddin, Ghazala" sort="Shahabuddin, Ghazala" uniqKey="Shahabuddin G" first="Ghazala" last="Shahabuddin">Ghazala Shahabuddin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au207"><institution>School of Human Ecology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University</institution><addr-line>Lothian Road, Delhi, 110006, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheil, Douglas" sort="Sheil, Douglas" uniqKey="Sheil D" first="Douglas" last="Sheil">Douglas Sheil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au208"><institution>Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)</institution><addr-line>Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au209"><institution>Center for International Forestry Research</institution><addr-line>Bogor, 16000, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Fernando A B" sort="Silva, Fernando A B" uniqKey="Silva F" first="Fernando A B" last="Silva">Fernando A B. Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au210"><institution>Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas</institution><addr-line>Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slade, Eleanor M" sort="Slade, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Slade E" first="Eleanor M" last="Slade">Eleanor M. Slade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au211"><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith Pardo, Allan H" sort="Smith Pardo, Allan H" uniqKey="Smith Pardo A" first="Allan H" last="Smith-Pardo">Allan H. Smith-Pardo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au212"><institution>USDA – APHIS – PPQ</institution><addr-line>389 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 2, South San Francisco, California, 94080, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au213"><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Cra. 64 X Cll. 65. Bloque 11, Oficina 207, Medellin, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sodhi, Navjot S" sort="Sodhi, Navjot S" uniqKey="Sodhi N" first="Navjot S" last="Sodhi">Navjot S. Sodhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au214"><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore</institution><addr-line>14 Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117543, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Somarriba, Eduardo J" sort="Somarriba, Eduardo J" uniqKey="Somarriba E" first="Eduardo J" last="Somarriba">Eduardo J. Somarriba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au59"><institution>Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center</institution><addr-line>7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sosa, Ram N A" sort="Sosa, Ram N A" uniqKey="Sosa R" first="Ram N A" last="Sosa">Ram N A. Sosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au215"><institution>EComAS (Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Comunidades Áridas y Semiáridas), Dpto. de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa</institution><addr-line>Santa Rosa, Argentina</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stout, Jane C" sort="Stout, Jane C" uniqKey="Stout J" first="Jane C" last="Stout">Jane C. Stout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au216"><institution>School of Natural Sciences and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Struebig, Matthew J" sort="Struebig, Matthew J" uniqKey="Struebig M" first="Matthew J" last="Struebig">Matthew J. Struebig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent</institution><addr-line>Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sung, Yik Hei" sort="Sung, Yik Hei" uniqKey="Sung Y" first="Yik-Hei" last="Sung">Yik-Hei Sung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au217"><institution>Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Threlfall, Caragh G" sort="Threlfall, Caragh G" uniqKey="Threlfall C" first="Caragh G" last="Threlfall">Caragh G. Threlfall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au218"><institution>Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne</institution><addr-line>500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonietto, Rebecca" sort="Tonietto, Rebecca" uniqKey="Tonietto R" first="Rebecca" last="Tonietto">Rebecca Tonietto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au219"><institution>Northwestern University Program in Plant Biology and Conservation</institution><addr-line>2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au220"><institution>Chicago Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="T Thmeresz, Bela" sort="T Thmeresz, Bela" uniqKey="T Thmeresz B" first="Béla" last="T Thmérész">Béla T Thmérész</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au221"><institution>MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group</institution><addr-line>Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tscharntke, Teja" sort="Tscharntke, Teja" uniqKey="Tscharntke T" first="Teja" last="Tscharntke">Teja Tscharntke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Agroecology, Georg-August University</institution><addr-line>Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Edgar C" sort="Turner, Edgar C" uniqKey="Turner E" first="Edgar C" last="Turner">Edgar C. Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au222"><institution>University Museum of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tylianakis, Jason M" sort="Tylianakis, Jason M" uniqKey="Tylianakis J" first="Jason M" last="Tylianakis">Jason M. Tylianakis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au223"><institution>University of Canterbury</institution><addr-line>Private bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanbergen, Adam J" sort="Vanbergen, Adam J" uniqKey="Vanbergen A" first="Adam J" last="Vanbergen">Adam J. Vanbergen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au224"><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate</institution><addr-line>Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vassilev, Kiril" sort="Vassilev, Kiril" uniqKey="Vassilev K" first="Kiril" last="Vassilev">Kiril Vassilev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au225"><institution>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Science</institution><addr-line>23 Akademik Georgi Bonchev str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verboven, Hans A F" sort="Verboven, Hans A F" uniqKey="Verboven H" first="Hans A F" last="Verboven">Hans A F. Verboven</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au226"><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven</institution><addr-line>Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergara, Carlos H" sort="Vergara, Carlos H" uniqKey="Vergara C" first="Carlos H" last="Vergara">Carlos H. Vergara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au227"><institution>Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla</institution><addr-line>72810, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vergara, Pablo M" sort="Vergara, Pablo M" uniqKey="Vergara P" first="Pablo M" last="Vergara">Pablo M. Vergara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au228"><institution>Universidad de Santiago de Chile</institution><addr-line>Avenida Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhulst, Jort" sort="Verhulst, Jort" uniqKey="Verhulst J" first="Jort" last="Verhulst">Jort Verhulst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au229"><addr-line>Spotvogellaan 68, 2566 PN, The Hague, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Tony R" sort="Walker, Tony R" uniqKey="Walker T" first="Tony R" last="Walker">Tony R. Walker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au166"><institution>School of Biology, The University of Nottingham</institution><addr-line>University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au230"><institution>Dillon Consulting Limited</institution><addr-line>137 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, NS, B3S 1B3, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yanping" sort="Wang, Yanping" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yanping" last="Wang">Yanping Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au231"><institution>The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University</institution><addr-line>Hangzhou, 310058, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watling, James I" sort="Watling, James I" uniqKey="Watling J" first="James I" last="Watling">James I. Watling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au232"><institution>University of Florida</institution><addr-line>3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, Konstans" sort="Wells, Konstans" uniqKey="Wells K" first="Konstans" last="Wells">Konstans Wells</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au233"><institution>The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide</institution><addr-line>SA, 5005, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au234"><institution>Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm</institution><addr-line>Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Christopher D" sort="Williams, Christopher D" uniqKey="Williams C" first="Christopher D" last="Williams">Christopher D. Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au235"><institution>Behavioural Ecology and Biocontrol, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland</institution><addr-line>Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willig, Michael R" sort="Willig, Michael R" uniqKey="Willig M" first="Michael R" last="Willig">Michael R. Willig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au236"><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au237"><institution>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woinarski, John C Z" sort="Woinarski, John C Z" uniqKey="Woinarski J" first="John C Z" last="Woinarski">John C Z. Woinarski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au238"><institution>Charles Darwin University</institution><addr-line>7 Ellengowan Dr, Brinkin, NT, 0810, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, Jan H D" sort="Wolf, Jan H D" uniqKey="Wolf J" first="Jan H D" last="Wolf">Jan H D. Wolf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au239"><institution>University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodcock, Ben A" sort="Woodcock, Ben A" uniqKey="Woodcock B" first="Ben A" last="Woodcock">Ben A. Woodcock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au240"><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford</institution><addr-line>Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Douglas W" sort="Yu, Douglas W" uniqKey="Yu D" first="Douglas W" last="Yu">Douglas W. Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au241"><institution>University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk,, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au242"><institution>Kunming Institute of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Kunming, Yunnan,, 650023, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaitsev, Andrey S" sort="Zaitsev, Andrey S" uniqKey="Zaitsev A" first="Andrey S" last="Zaitsev">Andrey S. Zaitsev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au243"><institution>Institute of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au244"><institution>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution</institution><addr-line>Leninsky Prospekt 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collen, Ben" sort="Collen, Ben" uniqKey="Collen B" first="Ben" last="Collen">Ben Collen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au245"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution><addr-line>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ewers, Rob M" sort="Ewers, Rob M" uniqKey="Ewers R" first="Rob M" last="Ewers">Rob M. Ewers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mace, Georgina M" sort="Mace, Georgina M" uniqKey="Mace G" first="Georgina M" last="Mace">Georgina M. Mace</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au245"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution><addr-line>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purves, Drew W" sort="Purves, Drew W" uniqKey="Purves D" first="Drew W" last="Purves">Drew W. Purves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Computational Ecology and Environmental Science, Microsoft Research</institution><addr-line>21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scharlemann, Jorn P W" sort="Scharlemann, Jorn P W" uniqKey="Scharlemann J" first="Jörn P W" last="Scharlemann">Jörn P W. Scharlemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purvis, Andy" sort="Purvis, Andy" uniqKey="Purvis A" first="Andy" last="Purvis">Andy Purvis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Ecology and Evolution</title><idno type="ISSN">2045-7758</idno><idno type="eISSN">2045-7758</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.predicts.org.uk">http://www.predicts.org.uk</ext-link>). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ecol Evol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ecol Evol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ece3</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Ecology and Evolution</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2045-7758</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2045-7758</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25558364</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4278822</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ece3.1303</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib 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rid="au235">235</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Willig</surname><given-names>Michael R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au236">236</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au237">237</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woinarski</surname><given-names>John C Z</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au238">238</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wolf</surname><given-names>Jan H D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au239">239</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woodcock</surname><given-names>Ben A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au240">240</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Douglas W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au241">241</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au242">242</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>Andrey S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au243">243</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au244">244</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Collen</surname><given-names>Ben</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au245">245</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ewers</surname><given-names>Rob M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mace</surname><given-names>Georgina M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au245">245</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Purves</surname><given-names>Drew W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scharlemann</surname><given-names>Jörn P W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Purvis</surname><given-names>Andy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="au1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum</institution><addr-line>Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au2"><label>2</label><institution>United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre</institution><addr-line>219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au3"><label>3</label><institution>Computational Ecology and Environmental Science, Microsoft Research</institution><addr-line>21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au4"><label>4</label><institution>Imperial College London</institution><addr-line>Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au5"><label>5</label><institution>Frankfurt Zoological Society, Africa Regional Office</institution><addr-line>PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></aff><aff id="au6"><label>6</label><institution>School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex</institution><addr-line>Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au7"><label>7</label><institution>Center for Macroecology, Climate and Evolution, the Natural History Museum of Denmark</institution><addr-line>Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line></aff><aff id="au8"><label>8</label><institution>School of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Bridge of Allan, Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au9"><label>9</label><institution>Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield</institution><addr-line>Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au10"><label>10</label><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast</institution><addr-line>97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au11"><label>11</label><institution>Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp</institution><addr-line>Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="au12"><label>12</label><institution>Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn</institution><addr-line>Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au13"><label>13</label><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, FRNR, CANR, KNUST</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au14"><label>14</label><institution>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana</institution><addr-line>Box KS 15924, Adum-Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au15"><label>15</label><institution>Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>2060, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></aff><aff id="au16"><label>16</label><institution>CONICET, Lab. INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET)</institution><addr-line>Pasaje Gutierrez 1125, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au17"><label>17</label><institution>HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme</institution><addr-line>PO Box 17793, 88874, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au18"><label>18</label><institution>Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>México D.F, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au19"><label>19</label><institution>Colección de Tejidos, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Km 17 Cali-Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au20"><label>20</label><institution>Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle</institution><addr-line>Calle 13 #100-00, Cali, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au21"><label>21</label><institution>Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au22"><label>22</label><institution>Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution><addr-line>43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au23"><label>23</label><institution>Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable</institution><addr-line>Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></aff><aff id="au24"><label>24</label><institution>Department of Forest and Water Management, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Gontrode, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="au25"><label>25</label><institution>Terrestrial Ecology Unit</institution><institution>Department of Biology, Ghent University</institution><addr-line>K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="au26"><label>26</label><institution>MTA Centre for Ecological Research</institution><addr-line>Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au27"><label>27</label><institution>University of Washington</institution><addr-line>1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, Washington, 98402, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au28"><label>28</label><institution>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University</institution><addr-line>Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au29"><label>29</label><institution>MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au30"><label>30</label><institution>Agroecology, Georg-August University</institution><addr-line>Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au31"><label>31</label><institution>University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au32"><label>32</label><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta</institution><addr-line>CW 405 – Biological Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au33"><label>33</label><institution>EDP Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto</institution><addr-line>Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-601, Vairão, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au34"><label>34</label><institution>The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Swedish Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>SE 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au35"><label>35</label><institution>University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences</institution><addr-line>Crew Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au36"><label>36</label><institution>Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent</institution><addr-line>Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au37"><label>37</label><institution>Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development</institution><addr-line>77 High Street, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au38"><label>38</label><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Philipps-University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au39"><label>39</label><institution>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</institution><addr-line>Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au40"><label>40</label><institution>Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Biologicum, Goethe University Frankfurt</institution><addr-line>Max von Laue St. 13, D 60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au41"><label>41</label><institution>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au42"><label>42</label><institution>Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Carleton University</institution><addr-line>1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au43"><label>43</label><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au44"><label>44</label><institution>Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)</institution><addr-line>34398, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au45"><label>45</label><institution>School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University</institution><addr-line>Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au46"><label>46</label><institution>University of Évora – ICAAMA, Apartado 94</institution><addr-line>7002-554, Évora, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au47"><label>47</label><institution>Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au48"><label>48</label><institution>Department of Entomology, Purdue University</institution><addr-line>901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au49"><label>49</label><institution>Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au50"><label>50</label><institution>Escritório Central do LBA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au51"><label>51</label><institution>Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au52"><label>52</label><institution>Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au53"><label>53</label><institution>Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo</institution><addr-line>36310, Vigo, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="au54"><label>54</label><institution>Department of Entomology, University of Illinois</institution><addr-line>Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au55"><label>55</label><institution>Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Av. Nazaré 481, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au56"><label>56</label><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au57"><label>57</label><institution>Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra</institution><addr-line>Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au58"><label>58</label><institution>Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana</institution><addr-line>Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas, 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, CP 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au59"><label>59</label><institution>Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center</institution><addr-line>7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica</addr-line></aff><aff id="au60"><label>60</label><institution>Department of Quantitative Methods and Information Systems, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires</institution><addr-line>Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, C.P. 1417, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au61"><label>61</label><institution>Normandie Univ., EA 1293 ECODIV-Rouen, SFR SCALE, UFR Sciences et Techniques</institution><addr-line>76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au62"><label>62</label><institution>University of Aberdeen</institution><addr-line>Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au63"><label>63</label><institution>Department of Biology, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au64"><label>64</label><institution>Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London</institution><addr-line>4-6 University Way, London, E16 2RD, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au65"><label>65</label><institution>Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”</institution><addr-line>Naples, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au66"><label>66</label><institution>Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution><addr-line>Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au67"><label>67</label><institution>British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling</institution><addr-line>Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au68"><label>68</label><institution>Thünen Institute of Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au69"><label>69</label><institution>CNRS, Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172)</institution><addr-line>BP 316, 97379, Kourou cedex, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au70"><label>70</label><institution>Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (Ecolab)</institution><addr-line>118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au71"><label>71</label><institution>Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Nature and Resource Conservation, Kiel University</institution><addr-line>Olshausenstrasse 75, 24098, Kiel, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au72"><label>72</label><institution>Department of Biology, Nature Conservation, University Marburg</institution><addr-line>Marburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au73"><label>73</label><institution>Institute of Integrative Biology</institution><addr-line>ETH Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au74"><label>74</label><institution>Programa de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico Km</institution><addr-line>7 vía Puerto Colombia, Atlántico, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au75"><label>75</label><institution>Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg</institution><addr-line>Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au76"><label>76</label><institution>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores</institution><addr-line>63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au77"><label>77</label><institution>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London</institution><addr-line>Nuffield Building, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au78"><label>78</label><institution>Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University</institution><addr-line>901 87, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au79"><label>79</label><institution>Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>901 83, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au80"><label>80</label><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, c/o Biological Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C., 1117, Budapest, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au81"><label>81</label><institution>University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au82"><label>82</label><institution>Department of Ecology – Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg</institution><addr-line>Karl-von-Frisch-Street 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au83"><label>83</label><institution>Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences Czech Republic</institution><addr-line>Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic</addr-line></aff><aff id="au84"><label>84</label><institution>Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah</institution><addr-line>88999, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au85"><label>85</label><institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa</institution><addr-line>Viale delle Piagge, n°2, 56124, Pisa, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au86"><label>86</label><institution>The Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</institution><addr-line>PO Box 49, 23453, Alnarp, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au87"><label>87</label><institution>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes</institution><addr-line>F-38000, Grenoble, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au88"><label>88</label><institution>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution><addr-line>Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au89"><label>89</label><institution>Department of Plant Sciences, University of California</institution><addr-line>Davis, California, 95616, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au90"><label>90</label><institution>Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University</institution><addr-line>900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au91"><label>91</label><institution>IDEA Consultants Inc</institution><addr-line>Okinawa Branch Office, Aja 2-6-19, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0003, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="au92"><label>92</label><institution>Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH</institution><addr-line>Königsallee 9 – 21, 37081, Göttingen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au93"><label>93</label><institution>University of Hamburg, Biocentre Grindel</institution><addr-line>Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au94"><label>94</label><institution>Seed Consulting Services</institution><addr-line>106 Gilles Street, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au95"><label>95</label><institution>School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland</institution><addr-line>St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au96"><label>96</label><institution>Ecologia Aplicada/Applied Ecology, Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC)</institution><addr-line>Rua Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au97"><label>97</label><institution>DISTAV, University of Genova</institution><addr-line>Corso Dogali 1M, 16136, Genova, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au98"><label>98</label><institution>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II</institution><addr-line>Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au99"><label>99</label><institution>Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel)</institution><addr-line>PO Box 354, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au100"><label>100</label><institution>Astron Environmental Services</institution><addr-line>129 Royal Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au101"><label>101</label><institution>Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University</institution><addr-line>Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au102"><label>102</label><institution>Mount Holyoke College, Department of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au103"><label>103</label><institution>School of Biological Science, University of Plymouth</institution><addr-line>Drake's Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au104"><label>104</label><addr-line>351 False Bay Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au105"><label>105</label><institution>International University of Malaya-Wales</institution><addr-line>Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au106"><label>106</label><institution>Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au107"><label>107</label><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au108"><label>108</label><institution>Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre</institution><addr-line>1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au109"><label>109</label><institution>Animal & Environmental Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University</institution><addr-line>East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au110"><label>110</label><institution>University of Tromsø, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology</institution><addr-line>9037, Tromsø, Norway</addr-line></aff><aff id="au111"><label>111</label><institution>Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana</institution><addr-line>Apdo. Postal 8050, Puerto Ordaz, 8015, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela</addr-line></aff><aff id="au112"><label>112</label><institution>Agroscope</institution><addr-line>Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au113"><label>113</label><institution>Corporación Sentido Natural</institution><addr-line>Carrera 70H No. 122 – 98, Apartamento 101, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au114"><label>114</label><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Tecnológico de Costa Rica</institution><addr-line>Apartado, 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica</addr-line></aff><aff id="au115"><label>115</label><institution>Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad (ACEBIO)</institution><addr-line>Casa 15, Barrio Los Abogados, Zapote, San José, Costa Rica</addr-line></aff><aff id="au116"><label>116</label><institution>International Rice Research Institute</institution><addr-line>DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines</addr-line></aff><aff id="au117"><label>117</label><institution>University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>PO Box 71, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au118"><label>118</label><institution>Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University</institution><addr-line>106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au119"><label>119</label><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones y Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au120"><label>120</label><institution>Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Education</institution><addr-line>1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="au121"><label>121</label><institution>Scarab Research Group, University of Pretoria</institution><addr-line>Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></aff><aff id="au122"><label>122</label><institution>Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution><addr-line>A.P. 27-3 Santa María de Guido, Morelia, Michoacán,, México C.P. 58090, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au123"><label>123</label><institution>Department of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au124"><label>124</label><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au125"><label>125</label><institution>Yukon Department of Environment</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au126"><label>126</label><institution>Nature Conservation Foundation</institution><addr-line>Mysore, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="au127"><label>127</label><institution>Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, University of Patras</institution><addr-line>Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece</addr-line></aff><aff id="au128"><label>128</label><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Qld, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au129"><label>129</label><institution>School of Science and Technology, Pacific Adventist University</institution><addr-line>Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</addr-line></aff><aff id="au130"><label>130</label><institution>Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich</institution><addr-line>Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au131"><label>131</label><institution>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern</institution><addr-line>Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au132"><label>132</label><institution>Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen</institution><addr-line>FB2, Leobener Str., 28359, Bremen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au133"><label>133</label><institution>MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group</institution><addr-line>Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au134"><label>134</label><institution>Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg</institution><addr-line>Glasshüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au135"><label>135</label><institution>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL</institution><addr-line>Zürcherstrasse 11, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au136"><label>136</label><institution>Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria</institution><addr-line>EEA Bariloche, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au137"><label>137</label><institution>INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement</institution><addr-line>F-84914, Avignon, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au138"><label>138</label><institution>Department of Biology, San Francisco State University</institution><addr-line>1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California, 94132</addr-line></aff><aff id="au139"><label>139</label><institution>Laboratoire de diagnostic en phytoprotection, Ministère de l'agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Québec</institution><addr-line>2700 rue Einstein, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au140"><label>140</label><institution>Purchase College (State University of New York)</institution><addr-line>735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York, 10577, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au141"><label>141</label><institution>The James Hutton Institute</institution><addr-line>Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen,, AB15 8QH, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au142"><label>142</label><institution>Universidad de Antioquia</institution><addr-line>Calle 67 No. 53 – 108, Medellín, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au143"><label>143</label><institution>International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 950764, Amman, 11195, Jordan</addr-line></aff><aff id="au144"><label>144</label><institution>Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg Research Centre</institution><addr-line>Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark</addr-line></aff><aff id="au145"><label>145</label><institution>Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agroforestry Technology and Science and Genetics</institution><addr-line>Campus Universitario s/n, C.P. 02071, Albacete, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="au146"><label>146</label><institution>Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Turismo, Coordinación de Investigación y Posgrado</institution><addr-line>Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo s/n, C.P. 63155, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au147"><label>147</label><institution>Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University</institution><addr-line>Kobe, 657-8501, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="au148"><label>148</label><addr-line>Hortobágy National Park Directorate, 4002, Debrecen, P.O.Box 216, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au149"><label>149</label><institution>Fauna & Flora International Philippines</institution><addr-line>#8 Foggy Heights Subdivision San Jose, Tagaytay City, 4120, Philippines</addr-line></aff><aff id="au150"><label>150</label><institution>De La Salle University-Dasmariñas</institution><addr-line>West Ave, Dasmariñas, 4115, Philippines</addr-line></aff><aff id="au151"><label>151</label><institution>Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison</institution><addr-line>550 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au152"><label>152</label><institution>Marshall Agroecology Ltd, 2</institution><addr-line>Nut Tree Cottages, Barton, Winscombe,, BS25 1DU, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au153"><label>153</label><institution>Escuela de Posgrados, Facultad de Agronomía, Doctorado en Agroecología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au154"><label>154</label><institution>The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences</institution><addr-line>Brisbane, Qld, 4120, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au155"><label>155</label><institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology</institution><addr-line>Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, 730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au156"><label>156</label><institution>Rainforest Alliance</institution><addr-line>233 Broadway, 28th Floor, New York City, New York, 10279, Kenya</addr-line></aff><aff id="au157"><label>157</label><institution>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences</institution><addr-line>N-407 Turner Hall, MC-047, 1102 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois, 61801, Kenya</addr-line></aff><aff id="au158"><label>158</label><institution>National Museums of Kenya, Botany Department</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></aff><aff id="au159"><label>159</label><institution>Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 40658, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></aff><aff id="au160"><label>160</label><institution>WWF</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20037, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="au161"><label>161</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden</institution><addr-line>CAS, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="au162"><label>162</label><institution>Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305–8687, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="au163"><label>163</label><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Sede Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au164"><label>164</label><institution>El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico</institution><addr-line>Sur S/N. 29290, Chiapas, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au165"><label>165</label><institution>Department of Biosciences and Department of Environmental Sciences, Urban Ecology Research Group, University of Helsinki</institution><addr-line>Viikinkaari 2a, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au166"><label>166</label><institution>School of Biology, The University of Nottingham</institution><addr-line>University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au167"><label>167</label><institution>Laboratorio de Zoología y Ecología Acuática – LAZOEA, Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au168"><label>168</label><institution>BIO-Diverse</institution><addr-line>Ließemer Str. 32 a, 53179 Bonn, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au169"><label>169</label><institution>Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au170"><label>170</label><institution>Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au171"><label>171</label><institution>Forestry Research Institute of Ghana</institution><addr-line>Kumasi, Ghana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au172"><label>172</label><institution>Department of Animal & Environmental Biology, University of Benin</institution><addr-line>Benin City, Nigeria</addr-line></aff><aff id="au173"><label>173</label><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge</institution><addr-line>Sandy, Bedfordshire,, SG19 2DL, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au174"><label>174</label><institution>Laboratorio Ecotono, CONICET–INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue</institution><addr-line>Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au175"><label>175</label><institution>Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>Avenida. Bandeirantes, 3900 – CEP 14040-901 – Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au176"><label>176</label><institution>Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas-LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Carrera 45 N° 26-85, Edificio Uriel Gutiérrez, Bogotá, DC, Colombia, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au177"><label>177</label><institution>Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Centro de Zoología Aplicada (UNC)</institution><addr-line>Rondeau 798 X5000AVP, Córdoba, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au178"><label>178</label><institution>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au179"><label>179</label><institution>Lund University, Department of Biology/Biodiversity</institution><addr-line>Ecology Building, 223 62, Lund, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au180"><label>180</label><institution>Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean</institution><addr-line>81100, Mytilene, Greece</addr-line></aff><aff id="au181"><label>181</label><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</institution><addr-line>Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au182"><label>182</label><institution>Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University</institution><addr-line>1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, Kentucky, 42101, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au183"><label>183</label><institution>Entomology, Cornell University</institution><addr-line>4126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14850, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au184"><label>184</label><institution>School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au185"><label>185</label><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au186"><label>186</label><institution>IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa</institution><addr-line>Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="au187"><label>187</label><institution>CRA-ABP, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di ricerca per l'agrobiologia e la pedologia</institution><addr-line>Via Lanciola 12/A, 50125 – Cascine del Riccio, Firenze, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au188"><label>188</label><institution>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)</institution><addr-line>2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au189"><label>189</label><institution>Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University</institution><addr-line>Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au190"><label>190</label><institution>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos</institution><addr-line>Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au191"><label>191</label><institution>Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au192"><label>192</label><addr-line>165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au193"><label>193</label><institution>Associate Scientist, Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au194"><label>194</label><institution>PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria</institution><addr-line>PB II, 4to piso, (CP1428EHA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au195"><label>195</label><institution>ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH</institution><addr-line>Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au196"><label>196</label><institution>Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A.</institution><addr-line>Cl 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au197"><label>197</label><institution>School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London</institution><addr-line>Mile End Road, London, E3 5GN, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au198"><label>198</label><institution>Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia</institution><addr-line>Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4123, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au199"><label>199</label><institution>Blandy Experimental Farm</institution><addr-line>400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, Virginia, 22620, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au200"><label>200</label><institution>Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)</institution><addr-line>Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au201"><label>201</label><institution>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham</institution><addr-line>Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au202"><label>202</label><institution>Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West Hungary</institution><addr-line>Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 4., 9400, Sopron, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au203"><label>203</label><institution>Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec</institution><addr-line>N° 351 El Haya, CP, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au204"><label>204</label><institution>Stockholm University, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences</institution><addr-line>SE, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="au205"><label>205</label><institution>Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ</institution><addr-line>Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au206"><label>206</label><institution>Lawrence University</institution><addr-line>711 E. Boldt Way, Appleton, Wisconsin, 54911, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="au207"><label>207</label><institution>School of Human Ecology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University</institution><addr-line>Lothian Road, Delhi, 110006, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="au208"><label>208</label><institution>Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)</institution><addr-line>Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway</addr-line></aff><aff id="au209"><label>209</label><institution>Center for International Forestry Research</institution><addr-line>Bogor, 16000, Indonesia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au210"><label>210</label><institution>Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas</institution><addr-line>Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au211"><label>211</label><institution>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au212"><label>212</label><institution>USDA – APHIS – PPQ</institution><addr-line>389 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 2, South San Francisco, California, 94080, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></aff><aff id="au213"><label>213</label><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Cra. 64 X Cll. 65. Bloque 11, Oficina 207, Medellin, Colombia, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></aff><aff id="au214"><label>214</label><institution>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore</institution><addr-line>14 Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117543, Republic of Singapore</addr-line></aff><aff id="au215"><label>215</label><institution>EComAS (Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Comunidades Áridas y Semiáridas), Dpto. de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa</institution><addr-line>Santa Rosa, Argentina</addr-line></aff><aff id="au216"><label>216</label><institution>School of Natural Sciences and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin</institution><addr-line>College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au217"><label>217</label><institution>Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="au218"><label>218</label><institution>Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne</institution><addr-line>500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au219"><label>219</label><institution>Northwestern University Program in Plant Biology and Conservation</institution><addr-line>2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au220"><label>220</label><institution>Chicago Botanic Garden</institution><addr-line>1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au221"><label>221</label><institution>MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group</institution><addr-line>Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary</addr-line></aff><aff id="au222"><label>222</label><institution>University Museum of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au223"><label>223</label><institution>University of Canterbury</institution><addr-line>Private bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand</addr-line></aff><aff id="au224"><label>224</label><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate</institution><addr-line>Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au225"><label>225</label><institution>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Science</institution><addr-line>23 Akademik Georgi Bonchev str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria</addr-line></aff><aff id="au226"><label>226</label><institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven</institution><addr-line>Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="au227"><label>227</label><institution>Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla</institution><addr-line>72810, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="au228"><label>228</label><institution>Universidad de Santiago de Chile</institution><addr-line>Avenida Alameda Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile</addr-line></aff><aff id="au229"><label>229</label><addr-line>Spotvogellaan 68, 2566 PN, The Hague, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au230"><label>230</label><institution>Dillon Consulting Limited</institution><addr-line>137 Chain Lake Drive, Halifax, NS, B3S 1B3, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="au231"><label>231</label><institution>The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University</institution><addr-line>Hangzhou, 310058, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="au232"><label>232</label><institution>University of Florida</institution><addr-line>3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au233"><label>233</label><institution>The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide</institution><addr-line>SA, 5005, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au234"><label>234</label><institution>Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm</institution><addr-line>Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au235"><label>235</label><institution>Behavioural Ecology and Biocontrol, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland</institution><addr-line>Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="au236"><label>236</label><institution>Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au237"><label>237</label><institution>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut</institution><addr-line>3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-4210, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au238"><label>238</label><institution>Charles Darwin University</institution><addr-line>7 Ellengowan Dr, Brinkin, NT, 0810, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au239"><label>239</label><institution>University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au240"><label>240</label><institution>NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford</institution><addr-line>Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au241"><label>241</label><institution>University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk,, NR4 7TJ, U.K</addr-line></aff><aff id="au242"><label>242</label><institution>Kunming Institute of Zoology</institution><addr-line>Kunming, Yunnan,, 650023, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="au243"><label>243</label><institution>Institute of Animal Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University</institution><addr-line>Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="au244"><label>244</label><institution>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution</institution><addr-line>Leninsky Prospekt 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au245"><label>245</label><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution><addr-line>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Lawrence Hudson, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)20 7942 5819; Fax: +44 (0)20 7942 5175; E-mail: <email>l.hudson@nhm.ac.uk</email> and Tim Newbold, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)1223 277 314; Fax: +44 (0)1223 277 136; E-mail: <email>tim.newbold@unep-wcmc.org</email></corresp><fn><p><bold>Funding Information</bold> The PREDICTS project was supported by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council (Grant Number NE/J011193/1) and is a contribution from the Imperial College Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment initiative. Adriana De Palma was supported by the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grant Number BB/F017324/1). Helen Philips was supported by a Hans Rausing PhD Scholarship.</p></fn><fn id="fn1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>24</issue><fpage>4701</fpage><lpage>4735</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 The Authors. <italic>Ecology and Evolution</italic> published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.predicts.org.uk">http://www.predicts.org.uk</ext-link>). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Data sharing</kwd><kwd>global change</kwd><kwd>habitat destruction</kwd><kwd>land use</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Despite the commitment made by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, global biodiversity indicators show continued decline at steady or accelerating rates, while the pressures behind the decline are steady or intensifying (Butchart et al. <xref rid="b44" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; Mace et al. <xref rid="b184" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>). Evaluations of progress toward the CBD's 2010 target highlighted the need for datasets with broader taxonomic and geographic coverage than existing ones (Walpole et al. <xref rid="b316" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Jones et al. <xref rid="b147" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Taxonomic breadth is needed because species’ ability to tolerate human impacts – destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitats, the reduction of individual survival and fecundity through exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species – varies among major taxonomic groups (Vié et al. <xref rid="b314" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>). For instance, the proportion of species listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List is much higher in amphibians than in birds (International Union for Conservation of Nature <xref rid="b139" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Geographic breadth is needed because human impacts show strong spatial variation: most of Western Europe has long been dominated by human land use, for example, whereas much of the Amazon basin is still close to a natural state (Ellis et al. <xref rid="b85" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>). Thus, in the absence of broad coverage, any pattern seen in a dataset is prone to reflect the choice of taxa and region as much as true global patterns and trends.</p><p>The most direct way to capture the effects of human activities on biodiversity is by analysis of time-series data from ecological communities, assemblages or populations, relating changes in biodiversity to changes in human activity (Vačkář <xref rid="b305" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). However, long-term data suitable for such modeling have limited geographic and taxonomic coverage, and often record only the presence or absence of species (e.g., Dornelas et al. <xref rid="b80" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Time-series data are also seldom linked to site-level information on drivers of change, making it hard to use such data to model biodiversity responses or to project responses into the future. Ecologists have therefore more often analyzed spatial comparisons among sites that differ in the human impacts they face. Although the underlying assumption that biotic differences among sites are caused by human impacts has been criticized (e.g., Johnson and Miyanishi <xref rid="b144" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; Pfeifer et al. <xref rid="b239" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>), it is more likely to be reasonable when the sites being compared are surveyed in the same way, when they are well matched in terms of other potentially important variables (e.g., Blois et al. <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>; Pfeifer et al. <xref rid="b239" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>), when analyses focus on community-level summaries rather than individual species (e.g., Algar et al. <xref rid="b7" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>), and when the spatial and temporal variations being considered are similar in magnitude (Blois et al. <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Collations of well-matched site surveys therefore offer the possibility of analyzing how biodiversity is responding to human impacts without losing taxonomic and geographic breadth.</p><p>Openness of data is a further important consideration. The reproducibility and transparency that open data can confer offer benefits to all areas of scientific research, and are particularly important to research that is potentially relevant to policy (Reichman et al. <xref rid="b252" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Transparency has already been highlighted as crucial to the credibility of biodiversity indicators and models (e.g., UNEP-WCMC <xref rid="b304" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Feld et al. <xref rid="b91" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; Heink and Kowarik <xref rid="b123" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>) but the datasets underpinning previous policy-relevant analyses have not always been made publicly available.</p><p>We present a new database that collates published, in-press and other quality-assured spatial comparisons of community composition and site-level biodiversity from terrestrial sites around the world. The underlying data are made up of abundance, presence/absence and species-richness measures of a wide range of taxa that face many different anthropogenic pressures. As of March 2014, the dataset contains more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species. The dataset, which is still being added to, is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.predicts.org.uk">http://www.predicts.org.uk</ext-link>), the primary purpose of which is to model and project how biodiversity in terrestrial communities responds to human activity. The dataset is already considerably larger and more representative than those used in existing quantitative models of biodiversity trends such as the Living Planet Index (WWF International <xref rid="b328" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) and GLOBIO3 (Alkemade et al. <xref rid="b8" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>).</p><p>In this paper we introduce the database, describe in detail how it was collated, validated and curated, and assess its taxonomic, geographic and temporal coverage. We make available a summary dataset that contains, for each sampling location, the predominant land use, land-use intensity, type of habitat fragmentation, geographic coordinates, sampling dates, country, biogeographic realm, ecoregion, biome, biodiversity hotspot, taxonomic group studied and the number of measurements taken. The full dataset constitutes a large evidence base for the analysis of:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The responses of biodiversity to human impacts for different countries, biomes and major taxonomic groups;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The differing responses within and outside protected areas;</p></list-item><list-item><p>How traits such as body size, range size and ecological specialism mediate responses and</p></list-item><list-item><p>How human impacts alter community composition.</p></list-item></list><p>The summary dataset permits analysis of geographic and taxonomic variation in study size and design. The complete database, which will be made freely available at the end of the current phase of the project in 2015, will be of use to all researchers interested in producing models of how biodiversity responds to human pressures.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Criteria for inclusion</title><p>We considered only data that met all of the following criteria:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Data are published, in press or were collected using a published methodology;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The paper or report presents data about the effect of one or more human activities on one or more named taxa, and where the degree of human activity differed among sampling locations and/or times;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Some measure of overall biodiversity, or of the abundance or occurrence of the named taxa, was made at two or more sampling locations and/or times;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Measurements within each data source were taken using the same sampling procedure, possibly with variation in sampling effort, at each site and time;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The paper reported, or authors subsequently provided, geographical coordinates for the sites sampled.</p></list-item></list><p>One of the modeling approaches used by PREDICTS is to relate diversity measurements to remotely sensed data, specifically those gathered by NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments (Justice et al. <xref rid="b151" ref-type="bibr">1998</xref>). MODIS data are available from early 2000 onwards so, after a short initial data collation stage, we additionally required that diversity sampling had been completed after the beginning of 2000.</p><p>Where possible, we also obtained the following (see Site characteristics, below, for more details):</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The identities of the taxa sampled, ideally resolved to species level;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The date(s) on which each measurement was taken;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The area of the habitat patch that encompassed each site;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The maximum linear extent sampled at the site;</p></list-item><list-item><p>An indication of the land use at each site, e.g. primary, secondary, cropland, pasture;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Indications of how intensively each site was used by people;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Descriptions of any transects used in sampling (start point, end point, direction, etc.);</p></list-item><list-item><p>Other information about each site that might be relevant to modeling responses of biodiversity to human activity, such as any pressures known to be acting on the site, descriptions of agriculture taking place and, for spatially blocked designs, which block each site was in.</p></list-item></list></sec><sec><title>Searches</title><p>We collated data by running sub-projects that investigated different regions, taxonomic groups or overlapping anthropogenic pressures: some focused on particular taxa (e.g., bees), threatening processes (e.g., habitat fragmentation, urbanization), land-cover classes (e.g., comparing primary, secondary and plantation tropical forests), or regions (e.g., Colombia). We introduced the project and requested data at conferences and in journals (Newbold et al. <xref rid="b212" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Hudson et al. <xref rid="b134" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). After the first six months of broad searching, we increasingly targeted efforts toward under-represented taxa, habitat types, biomes and regions. In addition to articles written in English, we also considered those written in Mandarin, Spanish and Portuguese – languages in which one or more of our data compilers were proficient.</p></sec><sec><title>Data collection</title><p>To maximize consistency in how incoming data were treated, we developed customized metadata and data capture tools – a PDF form and a structured Excel file – together with detailed definitions and instructions on their usage. The PDF form was used to capture bibliographic information, corresponding author contact details and meta-data such as the country or countries in which data were collected, the number of taxa sampled, the number of sampling locations and the approximate geographical center(s) of the study area(s). The Excel file was used to capture details of each sampling site and the diversity measurements themselves. The PDF form and Excel file are available in Supplementary Information. We wrote software that comprehensively validates pairs of PDF and Excel files for consistency; details are in the “Database” section.</p><p>Most papers that we considered did not publish all the information that we required; in particular, site coordinates and species names were frequently not published. We contacted authors for these data and to request permission to include their contributed data in the PREDICTS database. We used the insightly customer relationship management application (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.insightly.com/">https://www.insightly.com/</ext-link>) to manage contact with authors.</p></sec><sec><title>Structure of data</title><p>We structured data into Data Sources, Studies, and Sites. The highest level of organization is the Data Source. A Data Source typically represents data from a single published paper, although in some cases the data were taken from more than one paper, from a non-governmental organization report or from a PhD or MSc thesis. A Data Source contains one or more Studies. A Study contains two or more Sites, a list of taxa that were sampled and a site-by-species matrix of observations (e.g., presence/absence or abundance). All diversity measurements within a Study must have been collected using the same sampling method. For example, a paper might present, for the same set of Sites, data from pitfall traps and from Malaise traps. We would structure these data into a single Data Source containing two Studies – one for each trapping technique. It is therefore reasonable to directly compare observations within a Study but not, because of methodological differences, among Studies. Sometimes, the data presented in a paper were aggregates of data from multiple sampling methods. In these cases, provided that the same set of sampling methods was applied at each Site, we placed the data in a single Study.</p><p>We classified the diversity observations as abundance, occurrence or species richness. Some of the site-by-species matrices that we received contained empty cells, which we interpreted as follows: (1) where the filled-in values in the matrix were all non-zero, we interpreted blanks as zeros or (2) where some of the values in the matrix were zero, we took empty cells as an indication that the taxa concerned were not looked for at those Sites, and interpreted empty cells as missing values.</p><p>Where possible, we recorded the sampling effort expended at each Site and allowed the units of sampling effort to vary among Studies. For example, if transects had been used, the (Study-level) sampling effort units might be meters or kilometers and the (Site-level) sampling efforts might be the length of the transects. If pitfall traps had been used, the (Study-level) sampling effort units might be “number of trap nights” and the (Site-level) sampling efforts might be the number of traps used multiplied by the number of nights that sampling took place. Where possible, we also recorded an estimate of the maximum linear extent encompassed by the sampling at each Site – the distance covered by a transect, the distance between two pitfall traps or the greatest linear extent of a more complex sampling design (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S1</xref> in Supplementary Information for details).</p></sec><sec><title>Site characteristics</title><p>We recorded each Site's coordinates as latitude and longitude (WGS84 datum), converting where necessary from local grid-based coordinate systems. Where precise coordinates for Sites were not available, we georeferenced them from maps or schemes available from the published sources or provided by authors. We converted each map to a semi-transparent image that was georeferenced using either ArcGIS (Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) <xref rid="b87" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) or Google Earth (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/">http://www.google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/</ext-link> ), by positioning and resizing the image on the top of ArcGIS Online World Imagery or Google Maps until we achieved the best possible match of mapped geographical features with the base map. We then obtained geographic coordinates using geographic information systems (GIS) for each Site center or point location. We also recorded authors’ descriptions of the habitat at each Site and of any transects walked.</p><p>For each Site we recorded the dates during which sampling took place. Not all authors presented precise sampling dates – some gave them to the nearest month or year. We therefore recorded the earliest possible start date, the latest possible end date and the resolution of the dates that were given to us. Where dates were given to the nearest month or year, we recorded the start and end dates as the earliest and latest possible day, respectively. For example, if the authors reported that sampling took place between June and August of 2007, we recorded the date resolution as “month,” the start of sampling as June 1, 2007 and end of sampling as August 31, 2007. This scheme meant that we could store sampling dates using regular database structures (which require that the year, month, and day are all present), while retaining information about the precision of sampling dates that were given to us.</p><p>We assigned classifications of predominant land use and land-use intensity to each Site. Because of PREDICTS’ aim of making projections about the future of biodiversity under alternative scenarios, our land-use classification was based on five classes defined in the Representative Concentration Pathways harmonized land-use estimates (Hurtt et al. <xref rid="b135" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) – primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, cropland, pasture and urban – with the addition of plantation forest to account for the likely differences in the biodiversity of natural forest and plantation forest (e.g., Gibson et al. <xref rid="b105" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) and a “Cannot decide” category for when insufficient information was available. Previous work has suggested that both the biodiversity and community composition differ strongly between sites in secondary vegetation of different maturity (Barlow et al. <xref rid="b20" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>); therefore, we subdivided secondary vegetation by stage – young, intermediate, mature and (when information was lacking) indeterminate – by considering vegetation structure (not diversity). We used authors’ descriptions of Sites, when provided, to classify land-use intensity as minimal, light or intense, depending on the land use in question, again with “Cannot decide” as an option for when information was lacking. A detailed description of how classifications are assigned is in the Supplementary section “Notes on assigning predominant land use and use intensity” and Tables S1 and S2.</p><p>Given the likely importance of these classifications as explanatory variables in modeling responses of biodiversity to human impacts, we conducted a blind repeatability study in which one person (the last author, who had not originally scored any Sites) rescored both predominant land use and use intensity for 100 Sites chosen at random. Exact matches of predominant land use were achieved for 71 Sites; 15 of the remaining 29 were “near misses” specified in advance (i.e., primary vegetation versus mature secondary; adjacent stages of secondary vegetation; indeterminate secondary versus any other secondary stage; and cannot decide versus any other class). Cohen's kappa provides a measure of inter-rate agreement, ranging from 0 (agreement no better than random) to 1 (perfect agreement). For predominant land use, Cohen's kappa = 0.662 (if only exact agreement gets credit) or 0.721 (if near misses are scored as 0.5); values in the range 0.6–0.8 indicate “substantial agreement” (Landis and Koch <xref rid="b169" ref-type="bibr">1977</xref>), indicating that our categories, criteria and training are sufficiently clear for users to score Sites reliably. Moving to use intensity, we found exact agreement for 57 of 100 Sites, with 39 of the remaining 43 being “near misses” (adjacent intensity classes, or cannot decide versus any other class), giving Cohen's kappa values of 0.363 (exact agreement only) or 0.385 (near misses scored as 0.5), representing “fair agreement” (Landis and Koch <xref rid="b169" ref-type="bibr">1977</xref>); agreement is slightly higher among the 71 Sites for which predominant land use was matched (exact agreement in 44 of 71 Sites, kappa = 0.428, indicating “moderate agreement”: Landis and Koch <xref rid="b169" ref-type="bibr">1977</xref>).</p><p>Where known, we recorded the number of years since conversion to the present predominant land use. If the Site's previous land use was primary habitat, we recorded the number of years since it was converted to the current land use. If the habitat was converted to secondary forest (clear-felled forest or abandoned agricultural land), we recorded the number of years since it was converted/clear-felled/abandoned. Where ranges were reported, we used mid-range values; if papers reported times as “greater than N years” or “at least N years,” we recorded a value of N × 1.25. Based on previous work (Wilcove et al. <xref rid="b321" ref-type="bibr">1986</xref>; Dickman <xref rid="b75" ref-type="bibr">1987</xref>), we assigned one of five habitat fragmentation classes: (1) well within unfragmented habitat, (2) within unfragmented habitat but at or near its edge, (3) within a remnant patch (perhaps at its edge) that is surrounded by other habitats, (4) representative part of a fragmented landscape and (5) part of the matrix surrounding remnant patches. These are described and illustrated in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Table S3</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S2</xref>. We also recorded the area of the patch of predominant habitat within which the Site was located, where this information was available. We recorded a value of −1 if the patch area was unknown but large, extending far beyond the sampled Site.</p></sec><sec><title>Database</title><p>Completed PDF and Excel files were uploaded to a PostgreSQL 9.1 database (PostgreSQL Global Development Group, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.postgresql.org/">http://www.postgresql.org/</ext-link>) with the PostGIS 2.0.1 spatial extension (Refractions Research Inc, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.postgis.net/">http://www.postgis.net/</ext-link>). The database schema is shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S3</xref>.</p><p>We wrote software in the Python programming language (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.python.org/">http://www.python.org/</ext-link>) to perform comprehensive data validation; files were fully validated before their data were added to the database. Examples of lower level invalid data included missing values for mandatory fields, a negative time since conversion, a latitude given as 1° 61’, a date given as 32nd January, duplicated Site names and duplicated taxon names. Commonly encountered higher level problems included mistakes in coordinates, such as latitude and longitude swapped, decimal latitude and longitude incorrectly assembled from DD/MM/SS components, and direction (north/south, east/west) swapped round. These mistakes typically resulted in coordinates that plotted in countries not matching those given in the metadata and/or out to sea. The former was detected automatically by validation software, which required that the GIS-matched country for each Site (see “Biogeographical coverage ” below) matched the country name entered in the PDF file for the Study; where a Study spanned several countries, we set the country name to “Multiple countries.” We visually inspected all Site locations on a map and compared them to maps presented in the source article or given to us by the authors, catching coordinates that were mistakenly out to sea and providing a check of accuracy.</p><p>Our database linked each Data Source to the relevant record in our Insightly contact management database. This allows us to trace each datum back to the email that granted permission for us to include it in our database.</p></sec><sec><title>Biogeographical coverage</title><p>In order to assess the data's geographical and biogeographical coverage, we matched each Site's coordinates to GIS datasets that were loaded into our database:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (The Nature Conservancy <xref rid="b298" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>), giving the ecoregion, biome and biogeographic realm;</p></list-item><list-item><p>World Borders 0.3 (Thematic Mapping <xref rid="b299" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>), giving the country, United Nations (UN) region and UN subregion;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International Foundation <xref rid="b68" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>).</p></list-item></list><p>Global GIS layers appear coarse at local scales and we anticipated that Sites on coasts or on islands could fall slightly outside the relevant polygons. Our software therefore matched Sites to the nearest ecoregion and nearest country polygons, and recorded the distance in meters to that polygon, with a value of zero for Sites that fell within a polygon; we reviewed Sites with non-zero distances. The software precisely matched Sites to hotspot polygons. The relative coarseness of GIS polygons might result in small errors in our assessments of coverage (i.e., at borders between biomes, ecoregions and countries, and at the edges of hotspots) – we expect that these errors should be small in number and unbiased.</p><p>We also estimated the yearly value of total net primary production (TNPP) for biomes and five-degree latitudinal belts, using 2010 spatial (0.1-degree resolution) monthly datasets “NPP – Net Primary Productivity 1 month-Terra/MODIS” compiled and distributed by NASA Earth Observations (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MOD17A2_M_PSN&year=2010">http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MOD17A2_M_PSN&year=2010</ext-link>). We used the NPP values (average for each month assimilation measured in grams of carbon per square meter per day) to estimate monthly and annual NPP. We then derived TNPP values by multiplying NPP values by the total terrestrial area for that ecoregion/latitudinal belt. We assessed the representativeness of land use and land-use intensity combinations by comparing the proportion of Sites in each combination to a corresponding estimate of the proportion of total terrestrial area for 2005, computed using land-use data from the HYDE historical reconstruction (Hurtt et al. <xref rid="b135" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) and intensity data from the Global Land Systems dataset (van Asselen and Verburg <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Taxonomic names and classification</title><p>We wanted to identify taxa in our database as precisely as possible and to place them in higher level groups, which required relating the taxonomic names presented in our datasets to a stable and authoritative resource for nomenclature. We used the Catalogue of Life (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/">http://www.catalogueoflife.org/</ext-link>) for three main reasons. First, it provides broad taxonomic coverage. Second, Catalogue of Life publishes Annual Checklists. Third, Catalogue of Life provides a single accepted taxonomic classification for each species that is represented. Not all databases provide this guarantee; for example, Encyclopedia of Life (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eol.org/">http://www.eol.org/</ext-link>) provides zero, one or more taxonomic classifications for each represented species. We therefore matched taxonomic names to the Catalogue of Life 2013 Annual Checklist (Roskov et al. <xref rid="b262" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>, henceforth COL).</p><p>There was large variation in the form of the taxonomic names presented in the source datasets, for example:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>A Latin binomial, with and without authority, year and other information;</p></list-item><list-item><p>A generic name, possibly with a number to distinguish morphospecies from congenerics in the same Study (e.g., “<italic>Bracon</italic> sp. 1”);</p></list-item><list-item><p>The name of a higher taxonomic rank such as family, order, class;</p></list-item><list-item><p>A common name (usually for birds), sometimes not in English;</p></list-item><list-item><p>A textual description, code, letter or number with no further information except an indication of some aspect of higher taxonomy.</p></list-item></list><p>Most names were Latin binomials, generic names or morphospecies names. Few binomials were associated with an authority – even when they were, time constraints mean that it would not have been practical to make use of this information. Many names contained typographical errors.</p><p>We represented each taxon by three different names: “Name entered,” “Parsed name,” and “COL query name.” “Name entered” was the name assigned to the taxon in the dataset provided to us by the investigators who collected the data. We used the Global Names Architecture's biodiversity package (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/GlobalNamesArchitecture/biodiversity">https://github.com/GlobalNamesArchitecture/biodiversity</ext-link>) to parse “Name entered” and extract a putative Latin binomial, which we assigned to both “Parsed name” and “COL query name.” For example, the result of parsing the name “<italic>Ancistrocerus trifasciatus</italic> Müll.” was “<italic>Ancistrocerus trifasciatus</italic>.” The parser treated all names as if they were scientific taxonomic names, so the result of parsing common names was not sensible: e.g. “Black and White Casqued Hornbill” was parsed as “Black and.” We expected that common names would be rare – where they did arise, they were detected and corrected as part of our curation process, which is described below. Other examples of the parser's behavior are shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Table S4</xref>.</p><p>We queried COL with each “COL query name” and stored the matching COL ID, taxonomic name, rank and classification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species and infraspecies). We assumed that the original authors gave the most authoritative identification of species. Therefore, when a COL search returned more than one result, and the results were made up of one accepted name together with one or more synonyms and/or ambiguous synonyms and/or common names and/or misapplied names, our software recorded the accepted name. For example, COL returns three results for the salticid spider <italic>Euophrys frontalis</italic> – one accepted name and two synonyms.</p><p>When a COL search returned more than one result, and the results included zero or two or more accepted names, we used the lowest level of classification common to all results. For example, COL lists <italic>Notiophilus</italic> as an accepted genus in two beetle families – Carabidae and Erirhinidae. This is a violation of the rules of nomenclature, but taxonomic databases are imperfect and such violations are to be expected. In this case, the lowest rank common to both families is the order Coleoptera.</p><sec><title>Curating names</title><p>We reviewed:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Taxa that had no matching COL record;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Taxa that had a result at a rank higher than species and a “Name entered” that was either a Latin binomial or a common name;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Cases where the same “Parsed name” in different Studies linked to different COL records;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Studies for which the lowest common taxonomic rank did not seem appropriate; for example, a Study of birds should have a lowest common taxonomic rank of class Aves or lower rank within Aves.</p></list-item></list><p>Where a change was required, we altered “COL query name”, recording the reason why the change was made, and reran the COL query. Sometimes, this curation step had to be repeated multiple times. In all cases, we retained the names given to us by the authors, in the “Name entered” and “Parsed name” columns.</p><p>Typographical errors were the most common cause for failed COL searches; for example, the hymenopteran <italic>Diphaglossa gayi</italic> was given as <italic>Diphaglosa gayi</italic>. Such errors were detected by visual inspection and by performing manual searches on services that perform fuzzy matching and suggest alternatives, such as Google and Encyclopedia of Life. In cases where “Parsed name” was a binomial without typographical errors but that was not recognized by COL, we searched web sites such as Encyclopedia of Life and The Plant List (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.theplantlist.org/">http://www.theplantlist.org/</ext-link>) for synonyms and alternative spellings and queried COL with the results. Where there were no synonyms or where COL did not recognize the synonyms, we searched COL for just the genus. If the genus was not recognized by COL, we used the same web services to obtain higher level ranks, until we found a rank that COL recognized.</p><p>Some names matched COL records in two different kingdoms. For example, <italic>Bellardia</italic>, <italic>Dracaena</italic> and <italic>Ficus</italic> are all genera of plants and of animals. In such cases, we instructed our software to consider only COL records from the expected kingdom. We also constrained results when a name matched COL records in two different branches within the same kingdom; for example, considering the <italic>Notiophilus</italic> example given above – if the Study was of carabid beetles, we would instruct of software to consider only results within family Carabidae.</p><p>COL allows searches for common names. Where “Name entered” was a common name that was not recognized by COL, we searched web sites as described above and set “COL query name” to the appropriate Latin binomial.</p><p>Some studies of birds presented additional complications. Some authors presented taxon names as four-letter codes that are contractions of common names (e.g., AMKE was used by Chapman and Reich (<xref rid="b61" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) to indicate <italic>Falco sparverius</italic>, American kestrel) or of Latin binomials (e.g., ACBA was used by Shahabuddin and Kumar (<xref rid="b278" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) to indicate <italic>Accipiter badius</italic>). Some of these codes are valid taxonomic names in their own right. For example, Shahabuddin and Kumar (<xref rid="b278" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) used the code TEPA to indicate the passerine <italic>Terpsiphone paradisi</italic>. However, <italic>Tepa</italic> is also a genus of Hemiptera. Left uncurated, COL recognized TEPA as the hemipteran genus and the Study consequently had a lowest common taxonomic rank of kingdom Animalia, not of class Aves or a lower rank within Aves, as we would expect. Some codes did not appear on published lists (e.g., <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birdpop.org/alphacodes.htm">http://www.birdpop.org/alphacodes.htm</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/manual/speclist.cfm">http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/manual/speclist.cfm</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/bandcodes.html">http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/bandcodes.html</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://infohost.nmt.edu/~shipman/z/nom/bbs.html">http://infohost.nmt.edu/∼shipman/z/nom/bbs.html</ext-link>) or in the files provided by the authors, either because of typographical errors, omissions or incomplete coverage. Fortunately, codes are constructed by following a simple set of rules – the first two letters of the genus and species of binomials, and a slightly more complex method for common names of North American birds (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://infohost.nmt.edu/~shipman/z/nom/bblrules.html">http://infohost.nmt.edu/∼shipman/z/nom/bblrules.html</ext-link>). We cautiously reverse-engineered unrecognized codes by following the appropriate rules and then searched lists of birds of the country concerned for possible matches. For example, we deduced from the Wikipedia list of birds of India (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_India">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_India</ext-link>) that KEZE – used in a study of birds in Rajasthan, northwestern India (Shahabuddin and Kumar <xref rid="b278" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) – most likely indicates <italic>Ketupa zeylonensis</italic>. Another problem is that collisions occur – the same code can apply to more than one taxon. For example, PEPT is the accepted code for <italic>Atalotriccus pilaris</italic> (pale-eyed pygmy tyrant – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birdpop.org/alphacodes.htm">http://www.birdpop.org/alphacodes.htm</ext-link>), a species that occurs in the Neotropics. The same code was used by the Indian study of Shahabuddin and Kumar (<xref rid="b278" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) to indicate <italic>Pernis ptilorhynchus</italic> (crested honey buzzard). We therefore reverse-engineered bird codes on a case-by-case basis. Where a code could represent more than one species, we set “COL query name” as the lowest taxonomic rank common to all matching species.</p></sec><sec><title>Counting the number of species</title><p>It was not possible to precisely count the number of species represented in our database because of ambiguity inherent in the taxon names provided with the data. We estimated the number of species as follows. Names with a COL result at either species or infraspecies level were counted once per name. Names with a COL result resolved to higher taxonomic ranks were counted once per Study. To illustrate this scheme, consider the bat genus <italic>Eonycteris</italic>, which contains three species. Suppose that Study A sampled all three species and that the investigators could distinguish individuals as belonging to three separate species but could not assign them to named species, reporting them as <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 1, <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 2 and <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 3. Study B also sampled all three species of <italic>Eonycteris</italic> and again reported <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 1, <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 2 and <italic>Eonycteris</italic> sp. 3. We would erroneously consider these taxa to be six different species. We did not attempt to determine how often, if at all, such inflation occurred.</p><p>In order to assess the taxonomic coverage of our data, we computed a higher taxonomic grouping for each taxon as: (1) order where class was Insecta or Entognatha; (2) class where phylum was Arthropoda (excluding Insecta), Chordata or Tracheophyta; otherwise 3) phylum. So the higher taxonomic group of a bee is order Hymenoptera (following rule 1), the higher taxonomic group of a wolf is class Mammalia (rule 2), and the higher taxonomic group of a snail is phylum Gastropoda (rule 3). For each higher taxonomic group, we compared the numbers of species in our database to the estimated number of described species presented by Chapman (<xref rid="b60" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>). Some of the higher taxonomic groups that we computed did not directly relate to the groups presented by Chapman (<xref rid="b60" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>) so, in order to compare counts, we computed Magnoliophyta as the sum of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida; Gymnosperms as the sum of Pinopsida and Gnetopsida; Ferns and allies as the sum of Polypodiopsida, Lycopodiopsida, Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida and Marattiopsida; and Crustacea as Malacostraca.</p><p>For some of our analyses, we related taxonomic names to databases of species’ traits. To do this, we synthesized, for each taxon, a “Best guess binomial”:</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The COL taxon name if the COL rank was Species;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The first two words of the COL taxon if the rank was Infraspecies;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The first two words of “Parsed name” if the rank was neither Species nor Infraspecies and “Parsed name” contained two or more words;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Empty in other cases.</p></list-item></list><p>This scheme meant that even though COL did not recognize all of the Latin binomials that were given to us, we could maximize matches between names in our databases with names in the species’ trait databases.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>Between March 2012 and March 2014, we collated data from 284 Data Sources, 407 Studies and 13,337 Sites in 78 countries and 208 (of 814) ecoregions (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>). The best-represented UN-defined subregions are North America (17.51% of Sites), Western Europe (14.14%) and South America (13.37%). As of March 31, 2014, the database contained 1,624,685 biodiversity samples – 1,307,947 of abundance, 316,580 of occurrence and 158 of species richness. The subregions with the most samples are Southeast Asia (24.66%), Western Europe (11.36%) and North America (10.88%).</p><fig id="fig01" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Site locations. Colors indicate biomes, taken from The Nature Conservancy's (<xref rid="b298" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>) terrestrial ecoregions of the world dataset, shown in a geographic (WGS84) projection. Circle radii are proportional to log<sub>10</sub> of the number of samples at that Site. All circles have the same degree of partial transparency.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f1"></graphic></fig><p>Of the world's 35 biodiversity hotspots, 25 are represented (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>). Hotspots together account for just 16% of the world's terrestrial surface, yet 47.67% of our measurements were taken in hotspots. The vast majority of measurements in hotspots were taken in the Sundaland hotspot (Southeast Asia) and the latitudinal band with the most samples is 0° to 5° N (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>); many of these data come from two studies of higher plants from Indonesia that between them contribute just 284 sites but over 320,000 samples (Sheil et al. <xref rid="b279" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Coverage of hotspots.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hotspot</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Studies (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sites (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples (%)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terrestrial area (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.63</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Nearctic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> California Floristic Province</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Madrean Pine–Oak Woodlands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Neotropic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Atlantic Forest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caribbean Islands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.59</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cerrado</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Chilean Winter Rainfall and Valdivian Forests</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mesoamerica</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tropical Andes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Palearctic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caucasus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Irano-Anatolian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Japan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mediterranean Basin</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.98</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.52</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.63</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mountains of Central Asia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mountains of Southwest China</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Afrotropic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cape Floristic Region</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Eastern Afromontane</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Guinean Forests of West Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Horn of Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Succulent Karoo</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Indo-Malay</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Himalaya</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Indo-Burma</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Philippines</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sundaland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.55</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Western Ghats and Sri Lanka</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Australasia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> East Melanesian Islands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Forests of East Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> New Caledonia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> New Zealand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Southwest Australia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wallacea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Oceania</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Polynesia–Micronesia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Hotspots are shown grouped by realm.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="fig02" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Latitudinal coverage. The percentage of Studies (circles), Sites (crosses) and samples (pluses) in five-degree bands of latitude. We computed each Study's latitude as the median of its Sites’ latitudes. The solid and dashed lines show the percentage of total terrestrial area and percentage of total terrestrial NPP, respectively, in each five-degree band (see “ Biogeographical coverage ” in Methods). The dotted horizontal lines indicate the extent of the tropics.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f2"></graphic></fig><p>The best-represented biomes are “Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests” and “Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests” (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>). “Flooded Grasslands and Savannas” is the only biome that is unrepresented in our database (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>); although this biome is responsible for only 0.7% of global terrestrial net primary productivity, it is nevertheless ecologically important and will be a priority for future collation efforts. Two biomes – “Tundra” and “Deserts and Xeric Shrublands” – are underrepresented relative to their areas. Of the world's 17 megadiverse countries identified by Mittermeier et al. (<xref rid="b202" ref-type="bibr">1997</xref>), only Democratic Republic of Congo is not represented (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S4</xref>). The vast majority of sampling took place after the year 2000 (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>), reflecting our desire to collate diversity data that can be related to MODIS data, which are available from early 2000 onwards. The database's coverage of realms, biomes, countries, regions and subregions is shown in Supplementary Tables S5–S11.</p><fig id="fig03" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Spatiotemporal sampling coverage. Site sampling dates by biome (A) and absolute latitude (B). Each Site is represented by a circle and line. Circle radii are proportional to log<sub>10</sub> of the number of samples at that Site. Circle centers are at the midpoints of Site sampling dates; lines indicate the start and end dates of sampling. Y-values in (A) have been jittered at the study level. Circles and lines have the same degree of partial transparency. Biome colors and letters in (A) are as in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>. Colors in (B) indicate biogeographic realm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig04" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Coverage of biomes. The percentage of Studies (A and B), Sites (C and D) and samples (E and F) against percentages of terrestrial NPP (A, C and E) and terrestrial area (B, D and F). Biome colors and letters are as in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f4"></graphic></fig><p>The distribution of Site-level predominant land use and use intensity is different from the distribution of the estimated total terrestrial area in each land use/land-use intensity combination for 2005 (<italic>χ</italic>2 = 28,243.21, df = 16, <italic>P</italic> < 2.2 × 10<sup>−16</sup>; we excluded “Urban”/”Light use” from this test because the HYDE and Global Land Systems datasets did not allow us to compute an estimate for this combination). The main discrepancies are that the database has far fewer than expected Sites that are classified as “Primary habitat”/“Minimal use”, “Secondary vegetation”/“Light use” and “Pasture”/“Light use” (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>). We were unable to assign a classification of predominant land use to 3.34% of Sites and of use intensity to 12.09% of Sites. The most common fragmentation layout was “Representative part of a fragmented landscape” (27.95% of Sites; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Table S12</xref>) – a classification that indicates either that a Site is large enough to encompass multiple habitat types or that the Site is of a particular habitat type that is inherently fragmented and dominates the landscape e.g., the site is in an agricultural field and the landscape is comprised of many fields. We were unable to assign a fragmentation layout to 15.47% of Sites. We were able to determine the maximum linear extent of sampling for 60.09% of Sites – values range from 0.2 m to 39.15 km; median 120 m (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S5</xref>). The precise sampling days are known for 45.44% of Sites; 42.19% are known to the nearest month and 12.37% to the nearest year. The median sampling duration was 91 days; sampling lasted for 1 day or less at 9.90% of Sites (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S6</xref>). The area of habitat containing the site is known for 25.49% of Sites – values are approximately log-normally distributed (median 40,000 square meters; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S7</xref>). We reviewed all cases of Sites falling outside the GIS polygons for countries (0.82% of Sites; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S8</xref>) and ecoregions (0.52% of Sites; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Figure S9</xref>). These Sites were either on coasts and/or on islands too small to be included in the GIS dataset in question.</p><fig id="fig05" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Representativeness of predominant land use and land-use intensity classes. Numbers are the percentage of Sites assigned to each combination of land use and intensity. Numbers in brackets and colors are the differences between these and the proportional estimated total terrestrial area of each combination of land use and land-use intensity for 2005, computed from the HYDE (Hurtt et al. <xref rid="b135" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) and Global Land Systems datasets (van Asselen and Verburg <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>); no difference is shown for “Urban”/”Light use” because these datasets did not allow us to compute an estimate for this combination. The 12.15% of Sites that could not be assigned a classification for predominant land use and/or land-use intensity are not shown.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f5"></graphic></fig><p>The database contains measurements of approximately 28,735 species (see “ Counting the number of species ” in Methods) – 17,733 animals, 10,201 plants, 800 fungi and 1 protozoan. We were unable to place 97 taxa in a higher taxonomic group because they were not sufficiently well resolved. The database contains more than 1% as many species as have been described within 20 higher taxonomic groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>). Birds are particularly well represented, reflecting the sampling bias in favor of this charismatic group. Our database contains measurements of 2,479 species of birds – 24.81% of those described (Chapman <xref rid="b60" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>) – and 2,368 of these are resolved to either species or infraspecies levels. A total of 228,644 samples – more than 14% of the entire database – are of birds. In contrast, just 397 species of mammals are represented, but even this constitutes 7.24% of described species. Chiroptera (bats) are the best-represented mammalian order with 188 species. Of the 115,000 estimated described species of Hymenoptera, 3,556 (3.09%) are represented in the database, the best representation of an invertebrate group. The hymenopteran family with the most species in the database is Formicidae with 2,060 species. The database contains data for 4,056 species of Coleoptera – 1.07% of described beetles. Carabidae is the best-represented beetle family with 2,060 species. Some higher taxonomic groups have well below 1% representation and, as might be expected, the database has poor coverage of groups for which the majority of species are marine – nematodes, crustaceans and molluscs.</p><fig id="fig06" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Taxonomic coverage. The number of species in our database against the number of described species as estimated by Chapman (<xref rid="b60" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>). Vertebrates are shown in red, arthropods in pink, other animals in gray, plants in green and fungi in blue. The dashed, solid and dotted lines indicate 10, 1 and 0.1% representation, respectively. Groups with just a single species in the database – Diplura, Mycetozoa, Onychophora, Pauropoda, Phasmida, Siphonaptera, Symphyla and Zoraptera – are not shown.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f6"></graphic></fig><p>Of the 28,735 species, 43.26% are matched to a COL record with a rank of species or infraspecies, 37.47% to a COL record with a rank of genus and 19.27% to a COL record with a higher taxonomic rank (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">7</xref>). The species with the largest number of measurements – 1,305 – is <italic>Bombus pascuorum</italic> (the common carder bee), and bees constitute 35 of the top 100 most frequently sampled species: this results from a PREDICTS subproject that is examining pollinators. Birds make up most of the remaining top 100, with 36 species. Of the 407 Studies, 126 sampled within a single order (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08">8</xref>); just 12 Studies examined a single species. The six most commonly examined higher taxonomic groups are Tracheophyta (12.04% of Studies), Aves (11.06%), Hymenoptera (7.86%), Arthropoda (4.67%), Formicidae (4.67%) and Insecta (4.42%). The database contains 17,802 unique values of “Best guess binomial”. The overlap with species attribute databases is often much higher than would be expected by chance (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">2</xref>), greatly facilitating analyses that integrate PREDICTS data with species attributes (Newbold et al. <xref rid="b213" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>, <xref rid="b214" ref-type="bibr">2014a</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Names represented in species attribute databases.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attribute database</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trait</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Best guess binomials</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attribute database names</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species matches</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genus matches</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total matches</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GBIF</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Range size</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All taxa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,514</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,514</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUCN</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red list status</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All taxa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,521</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,521</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CITES</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CITES appendix</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All taxa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,801</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20,094</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">467</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PanTHERIA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mammalia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">376</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,542</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">372</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRY</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed mass</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plantae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,924</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,107</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,017</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,820</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,837</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRY</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vegetative height</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plantae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,924</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,822</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">772</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">768</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,540</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRY</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Generative height</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plantae</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,924</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,911</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,633</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,546</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,179</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gbif.org/">http://www.gbif.org/</ext-link>, queried 2014-03-31), IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.iucn.org/">http://www.iucn.org/</ext-link>, queried 2014-03-31), CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cites.org/">http://www.cites.org/</ext-link>, downloaded 2014-01-27), PanTHERIA (Jones et al. <xref rid="b146" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>), TRY (Kattge et al. <xref rid="b156" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Best guess binomials: the number of unique “Best guess binomials” in the PREDICTS database within that taxonomic group. Attribute database names: the number of unique binomials and trinomials for that attribute in attribute database. Species matches: the number of “Best guess binomials” that exactly match a record in the attribute database. Genus matches: the number of generic names in the PREDICTS database with a matching record in the attribute database (only for binomials for which there was not a species match). Total matches: sum of species matches and genus matches. We did not match generic names for GBIF range size, IUCN category or CITES appendix because we did not expect these traits to be highly conserved within genera.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="fig07" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Cumulative percentage of species in the database, by the taxonomic rank at which the name was matched to COL.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig08" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Number of Studies by lowest common taxonomic group. Bars show the number of Studies within each lowest common taxon (so, one Study examined the species <italic>Swietenia macrophylla</italic>, three Studies examined the species <italic>Bombus pascuorum</italic>, ten Studies examined multiple species within the genus <italic>Bombus</italic>, and so on). Colors are as in Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>. Numbers on the right are the primary references from which data were taken: 1 López-Quintero et al. <xref rid="b179" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 2 Buscardo et al. <xref rid="b43" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; 3 Domínguez et al. <xref rid="b78" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 4 Nöske et al. <xref rid="b224" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; 5 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) <xref rid="b56" ref-type="bibr">2013a</xref>; 6 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) <xref rid="b57" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>; 7 Sheil et al. <xref rid="b279" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>; 8 Dumont et al. <xref rid="b81" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; 9 Proenca et al. <xref rid="b248" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 10 Baeten et al. <xref rid="b16" ref-type="bibr">2010a</xref>,<xref rid="b17" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>; 11 Richardson et al. <xref rid="b257" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 12 Schon et al. <xref rid="b272" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 13 Muchane et al. <xref rid="b204" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 14 Vázquez and Simberloff <xref rid="b308" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>; 15 Bouyer et al. <xref rid="b35" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>; 16 O'Connor <xref rid="b226" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 17 Higuera and Wolf <xref rid="b128" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 18 Kati et al. <xref rid="b154" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 19 Lucas-Borja et al. <xref rid="b181" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 20 Louhaichi et al. <xref rid="b180" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; 21 Power et al. <xref rid="b246" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 22 Brearley <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 23 Baeten et al. <xref rid="b16" ref-type="bibr">2010a</xref>; 24 Williams et al. <xref rid="b322" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; 25 Mayfield et al. <xref rid="b194" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; 26 Kolb and Diekmann <xref rid="b163" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>; 27 Phalan et al. <xref rid="b240" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 28 Vassilev et al. <xref rid="b307" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 29 Paritsis and Aizen <xref rid="b236" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; 30 Boutin et al. <xref rid="b34" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; 31 Baur et al. <xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; 32 Fensham et al. <xref rid="b93" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 33 Brunet et al. <xref rid="b39" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; 34 Kessler et al. <xref rid="b158" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; 35 Hylander and Nemomissa <xref rid="b136" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; 36 Barlow et al. <xref rid="b20" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>; 37 Kumar and Shahabuddin <xref rid="b167" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 38 Kessler et al. <xref rid="b157" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 39 Hietz <xref rid="b127" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 40 Krauss et al. <xref rid="b166" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>; 41 Hernández et al. <xref rid="b125" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 42 Calviño-Cancela et al. <xref rid="b48" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; 43 Golodets et al. <xref rid="b108" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 44 Castro et al. <xref rid="b54" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 45 Milder et al. <xref rid="b200" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 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281 Hanson et al. <xref rid="b119" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; 282 Ferreira and Alves <xref rid="b95" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; 283 Luskin <xref rid="b183" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; 284 Grogan et al. <xref rid="b113" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f8"></graphic></fig><p>Of the 284 Data Sources, 271 were taken from articles published in scientific peer-reviewed journals; the rest came from unpublished data (5), internet databases (3), PhD theses (2), agency reports (1) and other sources (2). The vast majority – 273 (96.13%) – of Data Sources are taken from English articles; the remainder are in Mandarin (0.35%), Portuguese (1.06%) or Spanish (2.46%). 29.15% of Data Sources come from just four journals (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09">9</xref>): Biological Conservation (11.07%), Biodiversity and Conservation (8.86%), Forest Ecology & Management (5.17%) and Journal of Applied Ecology (4.06%). The Journal of Applied Ecology contributed many more Studies, Sites and samples than expected from the number of Data Sources (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09">9</xref>) because of a single Data Source that contributed 21 pan-European Studies and over 140,000 samples (data taken from Billeter et al. <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; Diekötter et al. <xref rid="b77" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref> and Le Féon et al. <xref rid="b173" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>).</p><fig id="fig09" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Data contributions by journal. The percentage of Data Sources (bars), Studies (circles), Sites (crosses) and samples (pluses) taken from each journal. Only journals from which more than one Data Source was taken are shown.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ece30004-4701-f9"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The coverage of the PREDICTS dataset illustrates the large number of published articles that are based on local-scale empirical data of the responses of diversity either to a difference in land-use type or along a gradient of land-use intensity or other human pressure. Such data can be used to model spatial responses of local communities to anthropogenic pressures and thus changes over time. This is essential for understanding the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function and ecosystem services, which operate at the local level (Fontaine et al. <xref rid="b99" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; Isbell et al. <xref rid="b141" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; Cardinale et al. <xref rid="b50" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Hooper et al. <xref rid="b131" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Regardless of scale, no single Study is or could ever be representative, but the sheer number and diversity of Studies means that a collation of these data can provide relatively representative coverage of biodiversity. The majority of Data Sources (271 of 284) come from peer-reviewed publications and all data have used peer-reviewed sampling procedures. There are doubtless very many more published data than we have so far acquired and been given permission to use. For the majority of Data Sources (225), it was necessary to contact the author(s) in order to get more information such as the Site coordinates or the names of the taxa studied: even now that supplementary data are commonplace and often extensive, we usually had to request more detail than had been published.</p><p>The database currently lacks Sites in ten biodiversity hotspots and one megadiverse country (Democratic Republic of the Congo). It also has no data from many large tropical or partially tropical countries such as Angola, Tanzania and Zambia. Many countries are underrepresented given their area and/or the distinctiveness of their biota e.g., Australia, China, Madagascar, New Zealand, Russia and South Africa. We have few data from islands and just 57 Sites from the biogeographic realm of Oceania (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Table S8</xref>): we have not yet directly targeted Oceania or island biota more generally. The database contains no studies of microbial diversity and few of parasites – major shortcomings that also apply to other large biodiversity databases such as the Living Planet Index (WWF International <xref rid="b328" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), the IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature <xref rid="b139" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>) and BIOFRAG (Pfeifer et al. <xref rid="b239" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Fewer than 50% of the taxa in our database are matched to a Catalogue of Life record with a rank of species or infraspecies (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>). The quality and coverage of taxonomic databases continues to improve and we hope to improve our database's coverage by making use of new Catalogue of Life checklists as they become available. Improved software would permit the use of fuzzy searches to reduce the current manual work required to curate taxonomic names.</p><p>Intersecting our data with datasets of species attributes (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">2</xref>) indicates much greater overlap among large-scale data resources than might be expected simply based on overall numbers of species. This suggests that the same species are being studied for different purposes, because of either ubiquity, abundance, interest or location. In one sense this is useful, allowing a thorough treatment of certain groups of species, for example by incorporating trait data in analyses. On the other hand, it highlights the fact that many species are poorly studied in terms of distribution, traits and responses to environmental change. Indeed, many taxonomic groups that matter greatly for ecosystem functions (e.g., earthworms, fungi) are routinely underrepresented in data compilations (Cardoso et al. <xref rid="b51" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; Norris <xref rid="b223" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), including – despite our efforts toward representativeness – ours.</p><p>The PREDICTS database is a work in progress, but already represents the most comprehensive database of its kind of which we are aware. Associated with this article is a site-level extract of the data: columns are described in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1">Table S13</xref>. The complete database will be made publicly available in 2015, before which we will attempt to improve all aspects of its coverage by targeting underrepresented hotspots, realms, biomes, countries and taxonomic groups. In addition to taking data from published articles, we will integrate measurements from existing large published datasets, where possible. We welcome and greatly value all contributions of suitable data; please contact us at <email>enquiries@predicts.org.uk</email>.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>We thank the following who either contributed or collated data: The Nature Conservation Foundation, E.L. Alcala, Paola Bartolommei, Yves Basset, Bruno Baur, Felicity Bedford, Roberto Bóçon, Sergio Borges, Cibele Bragagnolo, Christopher Buddle, Rob Bugter, Nilton Caceres, Nicolette Cagle, Zhi Ping Cao, Kim Chapman, Kristina Cockle, Giorgio Colombo, Adrian Davis, Emily Davis, Jeff Dawson, Moisés Barbosa de Souza, Olivier Deheuvels, Jiménez Hernández Fabiola, Aisyah Faruk, Roderick Fensham, Heleen Fermon, Catarina Ferreira, Toby Gardner, Carly Golodets, Wei Bin Gu, Doris Gutierrez-Lamus, Mike Harfoot, Farina Herrmann, Peter Hietz, Anke Hoffmann, Tamera Husseini, Juan Carlos Iturrondobeitia, Debbie Jewitt, M.F. Johnson, Heike Kappes, Daniel L. Kelly, Mairi Knight, Matti Koivula, Jochen Krauss, Patrick Lavelle, Yunhui Liu, Nancy Lo-Man-Hung, Matthew S. Luskin, Cristina MacSwiney, Takashi Matsumoto, Quinn S. McFrederick, Sean McNamara, Estefania Mico, Daniel Rafael Miranda-Esquivel, Elder F. Morato, David Moreno-Mateos, Luis Navarro, Violaine Nicolas, Catherine Numa, Samuel Eduardo Otavo, Clint Otto, Simon Paradis, Finn Pillsbury, Eduardo Pineda, Jaime Pizarro-Araya, Martha P. Ramirez-Pinilla, Juan Carlos Rey-Velasco, Alex Robinson, Marino Rodrigues, Jean-Claude Ruel, Watana Sakchoowong, Jade Savage, Nicole Schon, Dawn Scott, Nur Juliani Shafie, Frederick Sheldon, Hari Sridhar, Martin-Hugues St-Laurent, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Zhimin Su, Shinji Sugiura, Keith Summerville, Henry Tiandun, Diego Vázquez, José Verdú, Rachael Winfree, Volkmar Wolters, Joseph Wunderle, Sakato Yoshikura and Gregory Zimmerman.</p></ack><sec><title>Conflict of Interest</title><p>None declared.</p></sec><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aben</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Dorenbosch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Herzog</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Smolders</surname><given-names>AJP</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Der Velde</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human disturbance affects a deciduous forest bird community in the Andean foothills of Central Bolivia</article-title><source>Bird Conserv. 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