Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative, a pooled birth cohort of 13 pregnancy studies in Africa and the Western Pacific</title><author><name sortKey="Unger, Holger W" sort="Unger, Holger W" uniqKey="Unger H" first="Holger W" last="Unger">Holger W. Unger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>,<institution>Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cates, Jordan E" sort="Cates, Jordan E" uniqKey="Cates J" first="Jordan E" last="Cates">Jordan E. Cates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutman, Julie" sort="Gutman, Julie" uniqKey="Gutman J" first="Julie" last="Gutman">Julie Gutman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Briand, Valerie" sort="Briand, Valerie" uniqKey="Briand V" first="Valerie" last="Briand">Valerie Briand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (UMR216)</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie</addr-line>,<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fievet, Nadine" sort="Fievet, Nadine" uniqKey="Fievet N" first="Nadine" last="Fievet">Nadine Fievet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (UMR216)</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie</addr-line>,<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valea, Innocent" sort="Valea, Innocent" uniqKey="Valea I" first="Innocent" last="Valea">Innocent Valea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro</addr-line>,<institution>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Departement de Recherche Clinique</addr-line>,<institution>Centre Muraz</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tinto, Halidou" sort="Tinto, Halidou" uniqKey="Tinto H" first="Halidou" last="Tinto">Halidou Tinto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro</addr-line>,<institution>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Departement de Recherche Clinique</addr-line>,<institution>Centre Muraz</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alessandro, Umberto" sort="D Alessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Alessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D'Alessandro">Umberto D'Alessandro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Medical Research Council Unit</addr-line>,<country>The Gambia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>Institute of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Antwerp</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landis, Sarah H" sort="Landis, Sarah H" uniqKey="Landis S" first="Sarah H" last="Landis">Sarah H. Landis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Worldwide Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>GlaxoSmithKline</institution>,<addr-line>Uxbridge</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Afarwuah, Seth" sort="Adu Afarwuah, Seth" uniqKey="Adu Afarwuah S" first="Seth" last="Adu-Afarwuah">Seth Adu-Afarwuah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Nutrition and Food Science</addr-line>,<institution>University of Ghana</institution>,<addr-line>Legon, Accra</addr-line>,<country>Ghana</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dewey, Kathryn G" sort="Dewey, Kathryn G" uniqKey="Dewey K" first="Kathryn G" last="Dewey">Kathryn G. Dewey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Department of Nutrition</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Davis, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Kuile, Feiko" sort="Ter Kuile, Feiko" uniqKey="Ter Kuile F" first="Feiko" last="Ter Kuile">Feiko Ter Kuile</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, Stephanie" sort="Dellicour, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dellicour S" first="Stephanie" last="Dellicour">Stephanie Dellicour</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ouma, Peter" sort="Ouma, Peter" uniqKey="Ouma P" first="Peter" last="Ouma">Peter Ouma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slutsker, Laurence" sort="Slutsker, Laurence" uniqKey="Slutsker L" first="Laurence" last="Slutsker">Laurence Slutsker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terlouw, Dianne J" sort="Terlouw, Dianne J" uniqKey="Terlouw D" first="Dianne J" last="Terlouw">Dianne J. Terlouw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kariuki, Simon" sort="Kariuki, Simon" uniqKey="Kariuki S" first="Simon" last="Kariuki">Simon Kariuki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayisi, John" sort="Ayisi, John" uniqKey="Ayisi J" first="John" last="Ayisi">John Ayisi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nahlen, Bernard" sort="Nahlen, Bernard" uniqKey="Nahlen B" first="Bernard" last="Nahlen">Bernard Nahlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>President's Malaria Initiative</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, Meghna" sort="Desai, Meghna" uniqKey="Desai M" first="Meghna" last="Desai">Meghna Desai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madanitsa, Mwayi" sort="Madanitsa, Mwayi" uniqKey="Madanitsa M" first="Mwayi" last="Madanitsa">Mwayi Madanitsa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalilani Phiri, Linda" sort="Kalilani Phiri, Linda" uniqKey="Kalilani Phiri L" first="Linda" last="Kalilani-Phiri">Linda Kalilani-Phiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashorn, Per" sort="Ashorn, Per" uniqKey="Ashorn P" first="Per" last="Ashorn">Per Ashorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>Tampere Center for Child Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department for Pediatrics</addr-line>,<institution>University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maleta, Kenneth" sort="Maleta, Kenneth" uniqKey="Maleta K" first="Kenneth" last="Maleta">Kenneth Maleta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, Ivo" sort="Mueller, Ivo" uniqKey="Mueller I" first="Ivo" last="Mueller">Ivo Mueller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><institution>Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stanisic, Danielle" sort="Stanisic, Danielle" uniqKey="Stanisic D" first="Danielle" last="Stanisic">Danielle Stanisic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University</institution>,<addr-line>Gold Coast, Queensland</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmiegelow, Christentze" sort="Schmiegelow, Christentze" uniqKey="Schmiegelow C" first="Christentze" last="Schmiegelow">Christentze Schmiegelow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Faculty of Health Science, Department of Immunology and Microbiology</addr-line>,<institution>Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lusingu, John" sort="Lusingu, John" uniqKey="Lusingu J" first="John" last="Lusingu">John Lusingu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Faculty of Health Science, Department of Immunology and Microbiology</addr-line>,<institution>Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Tanga</addr-line>,<country>Tanzania</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westreich, Daniel" sort="Westreich, Daniel" uniqKey="Westreich D" first="Daniel" last="Westreich">Daniel Westreich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Eijk, Anna Maria" sort="Van Eijk, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Van Eijk A" first="Anna Maria" last="Van Eijk">Anna Maria Van Eijk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meshnick, Steven" sort="Meshnick, Steven" uniqKey="Meshnick S" first="Steven" last="Meshnick">Steven Meshnick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rogerson, Stephen" sort="Rogerson, Stephen" uniqKey="Rogerson S" first="Stephen" last="Rogerson">Stephen Rogerson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28003287</idno><idno type="pmc">5223676</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5223676</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5223676</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012697</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002317</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002317</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative, a pooled birth cohort of 13 pregnancy studies in Africa and the Western Pacific</title><author><name sortKey="Unger, Holger W" sort="Unger, Holger W" uniqKey="Unger H" first="Holger W" last="Unger">Holger W. Unger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>,<institution>Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cates, Jordan E" sort="Cates, Jordan E" uniqKey="Cates J" first="Jordan E" last="Cates">Jordan E. Cates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutman, Julie" sort="Gutman, Julie" uniqKey="Gutman J" first="Julie" last="Gutman">Julie Gutman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Briand, Valerie" sort="Briand, Valerie" uniqKey="Briand V" first="Valerie" last="Briand">Valerie Briand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (UMR216)</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie</addr-line>,<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fievet, Nadine" sort="Fievet, Nadine" uniqKey="Fievet N" first="Nadine" last="Fievet">Nadine Fievet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (UMR216)</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie</addr-line>,<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valea, Innocent" sort="Valea, Innocent" uniqKey="Valea I" first="Innocent" last="Valea">Innocent Valea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro</addr-line>,<institution>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Departement de Recherche Clinique</addr-line>,<institution>Centre Muraz</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tinto, Halidou" sort="Tinto, Halidou" uniqKey="Tinto H" first="Halidou" last="Tinto">Halidou Tinto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro</addr-line>,<institution>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Departement de Recherche Clinique</addr-line>,<institution>Centre Muraz</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alessandro, Umberto" sort="D Alessandro, Umberto" uniqKey="D Alessandro U" first="Umberto" last="D'Alessandro">Umberto D'Alessandro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Medical Research Council Unit</addr-line>,<country>The Gambia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>Institute of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Antwerp</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landis, Sarah H" sort="Landis, Sarah H" uniqKey="Landis S" first="Sarah H" last="Landis">Sarah H. Landis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Worldwide Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>GlaxoSmithKline</institution>,<addr-line>Uxbridge</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adu Afarwuah, Seth" sort="Adu Afarwuah, Seth" uniqKey="Adu Afarwuah S" first="Seth" last="Adu-Afarwuah">Seth Adu-Afarwuah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Nutrition and Food Science</addr-line>,<institution>University of Ghana</institution>,<addr-line>Legon, Accra</addr-line>,<country>Ghana</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dewey, Kathryn G" sort="Dewey, Kathryn G" uniqKey="Dewey K" first="Kathryn G" last="Dewey">Kathryn G. Dewey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Department of Nutrition</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Davis, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Kuile, Feiko" sort="Ter Kuile, Feiko" uniqKey="Ter Kuile F" first="Feiko" last="Ter Kuile">Feiko Ter Kuile</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, Stephanie" sort="Dellicour, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dellicour S" first="Stephanie" last="Dellicour">Stephanie Dellicour</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ouma, Peter" sort="Ouma, Peter" uniqKey="Ouma P" first="Peter" last="Ouma">Peter Ouma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slutsker, Laurence" sort="Slutsker, Laurence" uniqKey="Slutsker L" first="Laurence" last="Slutsker">Laurence Slutsker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terlouw, Dianne J" sort="Terlouw, Dianne J" uniqKey="Terlouw D" first="Dianne J" last="Terlouw">Dianne J. Terlouw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kariuki, Simon" sort="Kariuki, Simon" uniqKey="Kariuki S" first="Simon" last="Kariuki">Simon Kariuki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayisi, John" sort="Ayisi, John" uniqKey="Ayisi J" first="John" last="Ayisi">John Ayisi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nahlen, Bernard" sort="Nahlen, Bernard" uniqKey="Nahlen B" first="Bernard" last="Nahlen">Bernard Nahlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>President's Malaria Initiative</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, Meghna" sort="Desai, Meghna" uniqKey="Desai M" first="Meghna" last="Desai">Meghna Desai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madanitsa, Mwayi" sort="Madanitsa, Mwayi" uniqKey="Madanitsa M" first="Mwayi" last="Madanitsa">Mwayi Madanitsa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalilani Phiri, Linda" sort="Kalilani Phiri, Linda" uniqKey="Kalilani Phiri L" first="Linda" last="Kalilani-Phiri">Linda Kalilani-Phiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashorn, Per" sort="Ashorn, Per" uniqKey="Ashorn P" first="Per" last="Ashorn">Per Ashorn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>Tampere Center for Child Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department for Pediatrics</addr-line>,<institution>University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maleta, Kenneth" sort="Maleta, Kenneth" uniqKey="Maleta K" first="Kenneth" last="Maleta">Kenneth Maleta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, Ivo" sort="Mueller, Ivo" uniqKey="Mueller I" first="Ivo" last="Mueller">Ivo Mueller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><institution>Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stanisic, Danielle" sort="Stanisic, Danielle" uniqKey="Stanisic D" first="Danielle" last="Stanisic">Danielle Stanisic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University</institution>,<addr-line>Gold Coast, Queensland</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmiegelow, Christentze" sort="Schmiegelow, Christentze" uniqKey="Schmiegelow C" first="Christentze" last="Schmiegelow">Christentze Schmiegelow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Faculty of Health Science, Department of Immunology and Microbiology</addr-line>,<institution>Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lusingu, John" sort="Lusingu, John" uniqKey="Lusingu J" first="John" last="Lusingu">John Lusingu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Faculty of Health Science, Department of Immunology and Microbiology</addr-line>,<institution>Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Tanga</addr-line>,<country>Tanzania</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westreich, Daniel" sort="Westreich, Daniel" uniqKey="Westreich D" first="Daniel" last="Westreich">Daniel Westreich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Eijk, Anna Maria" sort="Van Eijk, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Van Eijk A" first="Anna Maria" last="Van Eijk">Anna Maria Van Eijk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meshnick, Steven" sort="Meshnick, Steven" uniqKey="Meshnick S" first="Steven" last="Meshnick">Steven Meshnick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rogerson, Stephen" sort="Rogerson, Stephen" uniqKey="Rogerson S" first="Stephen" last="Rogerson">Stephen Rogerson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMJ Open</title><idno type="eISSN">2044-6055</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative has pooled together 13 studies with the hope of improving understanding of malaria–nutrition interactions during pregnancy and to foster collaboration between nutritionists and malariologists.</p></sec><sec><title>Participants</title><p>Data were pooled on 14 635 singleton, live birth pregnancies from women who had participated in 1 of 13 pregnancy studies. The 13 studies cover 8 countries in Africa and Papua New Guinea in the Western Pacific conducted from 1996 to 2015.</p></sec><sec><title>Findings to date</title><p>Data are available at the time of antenatal enrolment of women into their respective parent study and at delivery. The data set comprises essential data such as malaria infection status, anthropometric assessments of maternal nutritional status, presence of anaemia and birth weight, as well as additional variables such gestational age at delivery for a subset of women. Participating studies are described in detail with regard to setting and primary outcome measures, and summarised data are available from each contributing cohort.</p></sec><sec><title>Future plans</title><p>This pooled birth cohort is the largest pregnancy data set to date to permit a more definite evaluation of the impact of plausible interactions between poor nutritional status and malaria infection in pregnant women on fetal growth and gestational length. Given the current comparative lack of large pregnancy cohorts in malaria-endemic settings, compilation of suitable pregnancy cohorts is likely to provide adequate statistical power to assess malaria–nutrition interactions, and could point towards settings where such interactions are most relevant. The M3 cohort may thus help to identify pregnant women at high risk of adverse outcomes who may benefit from tailored intensive antenatal care including nutritional supplements and alternative or intensified malaria prevention regimens, and the settings in which these interventions would be most effective.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, S" uniqKey="Dellicour S">S Dellicour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatem, Aj" uniqKey="Tatem A">AJ Tatem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guerra, Ca" uniqKey="Guerra C">CA Guerra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Umbers, Aj" uniqKey="Umbers A">AJ Umbers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aitken, Eh" uniqKey="Aitken E">EH Aitken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rogerson, Sj" uniqKey="Rogerson S">SJ Rogerson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bardaji, A" uniqKey="Bardaji A">A Bardají</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sigauque, B" uniqKey="Sigauque B">B Sigauque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz, S" uniqKey="Sanz S">S Sanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barker, Dj" uniqKey="Barker D">DJ Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gluckman, Pd" uniqKey="Gluckman P">PD Gluckman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Godfrey, Km" uniqKey="Godfrey K">KM Godfrey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nosten, F" uniqKey="Nosten F">F Nosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgready, R" uniqKey="Mcgready R">R McGready</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Ja" uniqKey="Simpson J">JA Simpson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burki, Tk" uniqKey="Burki T">TK Burki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Unger, Hw" uniqKey="Unger H">HW Unger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ome Kaius, M" uniqKey="Ome Kaius M">M Ome-Kaius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karl, S" uniqKey="Karl S">S Karl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanson, Ma" uniqKey="Hanson M">MA Hanson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bardsley, A" uniqKey="Bardsley A">A Bardsley</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Regil, Lm" uniqKey="De Regil L">LM De-Regil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Black, Re" uniqKey="Black R">RE Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Victora, Cg" uniqKey="Victora C">CG Victora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Sp" uniqKey="Walker S">SP Walker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landis, Sh" uniqKey="Landis S">SH Landis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lokomba, V" uniqKey="Lokomba V">V Lokomba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ananth, Cv" uniqKey="Ananth C">CV Ananth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griffin, Jb" uniqKey="Griffin J">JB Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lokomba, V" uniqKey="Lokomba V">V Lokomba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landis, Sh" uniqKey="Landis S">SH Landis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, Em" uniqKey="Mcclure E">EM McClure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meshnick, Sr" uniqKey="Meshnick S">SR Meshnick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lazebnik, N" uniqKey="Lazebnik N">N Lazebnik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rytter, Mjh" uniqKey="Rytter M">MJH Rytter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolte, L" uniqKey="Kolte L">L Kolte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Briend, A" uniqKey="Briend A">A Briend</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shankar, Ah" uniqKey="Shankar A">AH Shankar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Branca, F" uniqKey="Branca F">F Branca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piwoz, E" uniqKey="Piwoz E">E Piwoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schultink, W" uniqKey="Schultink W">W Schultink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huynh, B T" uniqKey="Huynh B">B-T Huynh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fievet, N" uniqKey="Fievet N">N Fievet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gbaguidi, G" uniqKey="Gbaguidi G">G Gbaguidi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valea, I" uniqKey="Valea I">I Valea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tinto, H" uniqKey="Tinto H">H Tinto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drabo, Mk" uniqKey="Drabo M">MK Drabo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adu Afarwuah, S" uniqKey="Adu Afarwuah S">S Adu-Afarwuah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lartey, A" uniqKey="Lartey A">A Lartey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okronipa, H" uniqKey="Okronipa H">H Okronipa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, S" uniqKey="Dellicour S">S Dellicour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, M" uniqKey="Desai M">M Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aol, G" uniqKey="Aol G">G Aol</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Desai, M" uniqKey="Desai M">M Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutman, J" uniqKey="Gutman J">J Gutman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Sm" uniqKey="Taylor S">SM Taylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ter Kuile, Fo" uniqKey="Ter Kuile F">FO ter Kuile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Terlouw, Dj" uniqKey="Terlouw D">DJ Terlouw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips Howard, Pa" uniqKey="Phillips Howard P">PA Phillips-Howard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Eijk, Am" uniqKey="Van Eijk A">AM van Eijk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayisi, Jg" uniqKey="Ayisi J">JG Ayisi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slutsker, L" uniqKey="Slutsker L">L Slutsker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Desai, M" uniqKey="Desai M">M Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutman, J" uniqKey="Gutman J">J Gutman</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Lanziva, A" uniqKey="L Lanziva A">A L'lanziva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luntamo, M" uniqKey="Luntamo M">M Luntamo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulmala, T" uniqKey="Kulmala T">T Kulmala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mbewe, B" uniqKey="Mbewe B">B Mbewe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Unger, Hw" uniqKey="Unger H">HW Unger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ome Kaius, M" uniqKey="Ome Kaius M">M Ome-Kaius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wangnapi, Ra" uniqKey="Wangnapi R">RA Wangnapi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stanisic, Di" uniqKey="Stanisic D">DI Stanisic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Ka" uniqKey="Moore K">KA Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baiwog, F" uniqKey="Baiwog F">F Baiwog</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmiegelow, C" uniqKey="Schmiegelow C">C Schmiegelow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minja, D" uniqKey="Minja D">D Minja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oesterholt, M" uniqKey="Oesterholt M">M Oesterholt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rijken, Mj" uniqKey="Rijken M">MJ Rijken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rijken, Ja" uniqKey="Rijken J">JA Rijken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papageorghiou, At" uniqKey="Papageorghiou A">AT Papageorghiou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huybregts, L" uniqKey="Huybregts L">L Huybregts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberfroid, D" uniqKey="Roberfroid D">D Roberfroid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lanou, H" uniqKey="Lanou H">H Lanou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wongsrichanalai, C" uniqKey="Wongsrichanalai C">C Wongsrichanalai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barcus, Mj" uniqKey="Barcus M">MJ Barcus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muth, S" uniqKey="Muth S">S Muth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rantala, Am" uniqKey="Rantala A">AM Rantala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Sm" uniqKey="Taylor S">SM Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trottman, Pa" uniqKey="Trottman P">PA Trottman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cottrell, G" uniqKey="Cottrell G">G Cottrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moussiliou, A" uniqKey="Moussiliou A">A Moussiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luty, Ajf" uniqKey="Luty A">AJF Luty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anchang Kimbi, Jk" uniqKey="Anchang Kimbi J">JK Anchang-Kimbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Achidi, Ea" uniqKey="Achidi E">EA Achidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nkegoum, B" uniqKey="Nkegoum B">B Nkegoum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ismail, Mr" uniqKey="Ismail M">MR Ismail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ordi, J" uniqKey="Ordi J">J Ordi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menendez, C" uniqKey="Menendez C">C Menendez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, A" uniqKey="Tang A">A Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, K" uniqKey="Dong K">K Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deitchler, M" uniqKey="Deitchler M">M Deitchler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ververs, Mt" uniqKey="Ververs M">MT Ververs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antierens, A" uniqKey="Antierens A">A Antierens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sackl, A" uniqKey="Sackl A">A Sackl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Unger, Hw" uniqKey="Unger H">HW Unger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wangnapi, Ra" uniqKey="Wangnapi R">RA Wangnapi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ome Kaius, M" uniqKey="Ome Kaius M">M Ome-Kaius</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luntamo, M" uniqKey="Luntamo M">M Luntamo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rantala, A M" uniqKey="Rantala A">A-M Rantala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meshnick, Sr" uniqKey="Meshnick S">SR Meshnick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luntamo, M" uniqKey="Luntamo M">M Luntamo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulmala, T" uniqKey="Kulmala T">T Kulmala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Yb" uniqKey="Cheung Y">YB Cheung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valea, I" uniqKey="Valea I">I Valea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tinto, H" uniqKey="Tinto H">H Tinto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drabo, Mk" uniqKey="Drabo M">MK Drabo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kayentao, K" uniqKey="Kayentao K">K Kayentao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garner, P" uniqKey="Garner P">P Garner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Eijk, Am" uniqKey="Van Eijk A">AM van Eijk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huynh, Bt" uniqKey="Huynh B">BT Huynh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cottrell, G" uniqKey="Cottrell G">G Cottrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cot, M" uniqKey="Cot M">M Cot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Westreich, D" uniqKey="Westreich D">D Westreich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahern, J" uniqKey="Ahern J">J Ahern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbard, A" uniqKey="Hubbard A">A Hubbard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galea, S" uniqKey="Galea S">S Galea</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taubman, Sl" uniqKey="Taubman S">SL Taubman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robins, Jm" uniqKey="Robins J">JM Robins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mittleman, Ma" uniqKey="Mittleman M">MA Mittleman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kozuki, N" uniqKey="Kozuki N">N Kozuki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, J" uniqKey="Katz J">J Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, R" uniqKey="Gonzalez R">R González</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ataide, R" uniqKey="Ataide R">R Ataíde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naniche, D" uniqKey="Naniche D">D Naniche</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siddique, J" uniqKey="Siddique J">J Siddique</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, Jp" uniqKey="Reiter J">JP Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brincks, A" uniqKey="Brincks A">A Brincks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Resche Rigon, M" uniqKey="Resche Rigon M">M Resche-Rigon</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Ir" uniqKey="White I">IR White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, Jw" uniqKey="Bartlett J">JW Bartlett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lisonkova, S" uniqKey="Lisonkova S">S Lisonkova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Ks" uniqKey="Joseph K">KS Joseph</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kapil, U" uniqKey="Kapil U">U Kapil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Lt" uniqKey="Andersen L">LT Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thilsted, Sh" uniqKey="Thilsted S">SH Thilsted</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Bb" uniqKey="Nielsen B">BB Nielsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMJ Open</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMJ Open</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">bmjopen</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bmjopen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMJ Open</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2044-6055</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28003287</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5223676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">bmjopen-2016-012697</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012697</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Cohort Profile</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject><subject>1692</subject><subject>1706</subject><subject>1714</subject><subject>1845</subject><subject>1699</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative, a pooled birth cohort of 13 pregnancy studies in Africa and the Western Pacific</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Unger</surname><given-names>Holger W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-7416</contrib-id><name><surname>Cates</surname><given-names>Jordan E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gutman</surname><given-names>Julie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Briand</surname><given-names>Valerie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fievet</surname><given-names>Nadine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valea</surname><given-names>Innocent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tinto</surname><given-names>Halidou</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>d'Alessandro</surname><given-names>Umberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10">10</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Landis</surname><given-names>Sarah H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adu-Afarwuah</surname><given-names>Seth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dewey</surname><given-names>Kathryn G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ter Kuile</surname><given-names>Feiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dellicour</surname><given-names>Stephanie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ouma</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slutsker</surname><given-names>Laurence</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Terlouw</surname><given-names>Dianne J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kariuki</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ayisi</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nahlen</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Desai</surname><given-names>Meghna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Madanitsa</surname><given-names>Mwayi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kalilani-Phiri</surname><given-names>Linda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ashorn</surname><given-names>Per</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af20">20</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maleta</surname><given-names>Kenneth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mueller</surname><given-names>Ivo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stanisic</surname><given-names>Danielle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmiegelow</surname><given-names>Christentze</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lusingu</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24">24</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Westreich</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Eijk</surname><given-names>Anna Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meshnick</surname><given-names>Steven</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rogerson</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>,<institution>Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</institution>,<addr-line>Edinburgh</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>UNC-Chapel Hill</institution>,<addr-line>Chapel Hill, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria</addr-line>,<institution>Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><institution>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (UMR216)</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af6"><label>6</label><addr-line>COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie</addr-line>,<institution>Université Paris Descartes</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro</addr-line>,<institution>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-DRO</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></aff><aff id="af8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Departement de Recherche Clinique</addr-line>,<institution>Centre Muraz</institution>,<addr-line>Bobo-Dioulasso</addr-line>,<country>Burkina Faso</country></aff><aff id="af9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Medical Research Council Unit</addr-line>,<country>The Gambia</country></aff><aff id="af10"><label>10</label><institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af11"><label>11</label><institution>Institute of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Antwerp</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></aff><aff id="af12"><label>12</label><addr-line>Worldwide Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>GlaxoSmithKline</institution>,<addr-line>Uxbridge</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af13"><label>13</label><addr-line>Department of Nutrition and Food Science</addr-line>,<institution>University of Ghana</institution>,<addr-line>Legon, Accra</addr-line>,<country>Ghana</country></aff><aff id="af14"><label>14</label><addr-line>Department of Nutrition</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Davis, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af15"><label>15</label><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af16"><label>16</label><institution>Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Center for Global Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Kisumu</addr-line>,<country>Kenya</country></aff><aff id="af17"><label>17</label><institution>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Liverpool</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af18"><label>18</label><institution>President's Malaria Initiative</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af19"><label>19</label><institution>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi</institution>,<addr-line>Blantyre</addr-line>,<country>Malawi</country></aff><aff id="af20"><label>20</label><institution>Tampere Center for Child Health Research</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="af21"><label>21</label><addr-line>Department for Pediatrics</addr-line>,<institution>University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Tampere</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="af22"><label>22</label><institution>Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Parkville, Victoria</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af23"><label>23</label><institution>Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University</institution>,<addr-line>Gold Coast, Queensland</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af24"><label>24</label><addr-line>Faculty of Health Science, Department of Immunology and Microbiology</addr-line>,<institution>Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></aff><aff id="af25"><label>25</label><institution>National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Tanga</addr-line>,<country>Tanzania</country></aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Professor Stephen Rogerson; <email>sroger@unimelb.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>e012697</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="bmjopen-2016-012697.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative has pooled together 13 studies with the hope of improving understanding of malaria–nutrition interactions during pregnancy and to foster collaboration between nutritionists and malariologists.</p></sec><sec><title>Participants</title><p>Data were pooled on 14 635 singleton, live birth pregnancies from women who had participated in 1 of 13 pregnancy studies. The 13 studies cover 8 countries in Africa and Papua New Guinea in the Western Pacific conducted from 1996 to 2015.</p></sec><sec><title>Findings to date</title><p>Data are available at the time of antenatal enrolment of women into their respective parent study and at delivery. The data set comprises essential data such as malaria infection status, anthropometric assessments of maternal nutritional status, presence of anaemia and birth weight, as well as additional variables such gestational age at delivery for a subset of women. Participating studies are described in detail with regard to setting and primary outcome measures, and summarised data are available from each contributing cohort.</p></sec><sec><title>Future plans</title><p>This pooled birth cohort is the largest pregnancy data set to date to permit a more definite evaluation of the impact of plausible interactions between poor nutritional status and malaria infection in pregnant women on fetal growth and gestational length. Given the current comparative lack of large pregnancy cohorts in malaria-endemic settings, compilation of suitable pregnancy cohorts is likely to provide adequate statistical power to assess malaria–nutrition interactions, and could point towards settings where such interactions are most relevant. The M3 cohort may thus help to identify pregnant women at high risk of adverse outcomes who may benefit from tailored intensive antenatal care including nutritional supplements and alternative or intensified malaria prevention regimens, and the settings in which these interventions would be most effective.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>malaria</kwd><kwd>malnutrition</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><caption><title>Strengths and limitations of this study</title></caption><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>This cohort pools data from 14 635 singleton, live birth pregnancies in women who participated in 1 of 13 pregnancy studies in areas with high burdens of malaria and undernutrition.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) pooled data set uses data collected at first antenatal attendance and at time of delivery.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The data set comprises essential information on malaria infection status, maternal anthropometric indicators of undernutrition, presence of maternal anaemia, neonatal anthropometrics and gestational age at delivery, among others.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The main limitation is the heterogeneity in availability of certain variables due to study design and data collection differences between studies.</p></list-item></list></boxed-text><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>It is estimated that each year over 125 million pregnant women residing in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at risk of infection with <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> and <italic>P. vivax</italic>.<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> Malaria contributes to the high burden of maternal morbidity and mortality in these settings and may affect placental development and fetal growth.<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> Sequestration of <italic>P. falciparum</italic> parasites in the placenta has been associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g), thus contributing to infant mortality and possibly long-term health problems.<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><italic>P. vivax</italic> has also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> Malaria during pregnancy may cause maternal anaemia, which itself can have deleterious effects on fetal development.<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> Maternal undernutrition is also common among pregnant women in these settings,<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6–8</xref> and undernourished women are more likely to have growth-restricted fetuses and babies with reduced birth weight.<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> To date, it remains unclear whether the susceptibility to, and the impact of, malarial infection are affected by maternal nutritional status. A small number of studies suggest that macronutrient nutritional status modifies the effects of malaria in pregnancy, specifically the impact of <italic>P. falciparum</italic> parasitaemia on fetal growth and birth weight.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10–12</xref> Although largely overlooked, this may not be surprising given that both macronutrient and micronutrient nutritional status affect immune function more broadly.<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> As such, there may be scope to design interventions that prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes by protecting women and their offspring from the deleterious consequences of malaria and undernutrition. This aligns with the 2015 Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health recommendations to reduce the risk of LBW and maternal anaemia through the prevention and treatment of malaria and through adequate nutrition during pregnancy.<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></p><p>The Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium (MiPc), which receives funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, brings together scientists whose aim is to reduce the burden and impact of malaria in pregnancy in LMICs.<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> At the 2014 MiPc meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Consortium members identified the need to study the relationship between macronutrient nutritional status and malaria in pregnancy, given the high prevalence of undernutrition in malaria-endemic countries. The MiPc and other malaria researchers have conducted a number of malaria in pregnancy studies (observational studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of malaria prevention strategies) and many had collected maternal anthropometrics and data on anaemia. Similarly, some recent trials of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy collected malariometric indices. Drawing on these data, there is a unique opportunity to study the interaction between undernutrition and malaria, together with other risk factors such as maternal anaemia.</p><p>The Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative has pooled data from 13 studies with the hope of improving the understanding of malaria–nutrition interactions and to foster collaboration between nutritionists and malariologists. Reduction of LBW and anaemia were two of the six global nutrition targets for 2025 agreed on at the 2012 World Health Assembly.<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> As of 2014, the Global Nutrition Report found that there was little progress towards this target.<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> Risk factors for, and interventions to prevent, LBW are all too commonly studied in isolation and without cross-discipline collaboration. Topics of interest for M3 include an evaluation of whether macronutrient undernutrition modifies the impact of malaria infection during pregnancy; the investigation of potential interventions that address both malaria risk and nutritional status during pregnancy; and the study of the role of anaemia in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Pooled cohort description</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Study populations</title><p>The M3 initiative comprises 13 studies (7 RCTs and 6 cohort studies) conducted among pregnant women in malaria-endemic countries from 1996 to 2015.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20–32</xref> Studies were selected based on the availability of a predetermined set of essential variables for each woman, adequate ethical clearance and willingness of collaborators to share data. Essential variables included the assessment of malariometric indices (light microscopy (LM), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and/or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)) at enrolment/first antenatal care visit (ANC), assessment of anthropometric indicators at enrolment (mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and/or body mass index (BMI)), gravidity, type of malaria prevention used and maternal age. Essential delivery outcomes included birth weight and newborn sex. With birth weight being the primary focus, we restricted inclusion to women who delivered live singleton infants without congenital abnormalities, as previously recommended.<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></p><p>We included 14 635 singleton, live birth pregnancies from women who had participated in 1 of 13 pregnancy studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB1">table 1</xref>) conducted in seven countries in Africa and one in the Western Pacific (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697F1">figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB1">table 1</xref>). Of the seven RCTs, four assessed the effectiveness of different pharmacological malaria prevention regimens,<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27–30</xref> one additionally evaluated nutritional supplementation,<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> one was designed solely to assess the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> and one measured the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) on birth weight.<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> The six prospective cohort studies were all designed to assess risk factors and consequences of malaria infection and/or antimalarial treatment during pregnancy in different locations and among different study populations.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></p><table-wrap id="BMJOPEN2016012697TB1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the 13 individual studies included in the M3 initiative</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="char" char="(" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Countries</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study name</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Design</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median GA (IQR)*</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaria prevention†</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nutritional intervention</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic>‡</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>§</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">STOPPAM I<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008–2010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (14–20)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1037</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">791</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BF</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FSP/MISAME<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006–2008</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (11–21)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP(2), IPT-SP(3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMS, FFS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1296</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1020</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECHO<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005–2006</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (17–21)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">182</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">iLiNS-DYAD<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009–2012</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (15–20)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">LNS, MMN, IFA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1068</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EMEP and IPTp-MON<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort ¶</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011–2013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (16–30)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPTp-SP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1453</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">473¶</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITN<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996–1999</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (20–30)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP started during study</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">911</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">711</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kisumu cohort<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1996–2001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (34–37)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP started during study</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3155</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3388**</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">STOPMIP<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012–2015</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (20–26)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP, IPT-DHA-PQ, IST-DHA-PQ</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1546</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1203</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malawi</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISTp<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011–2013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (19–23)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP, IST-DP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1602</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malawi</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">LAIS<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003–2006</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (18–23)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP(2), IPT-SP(4) IPT-SPAZ</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1190</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PNG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPTp study<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009–2013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (19–25)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SPAZ; Single dose SP and CQ</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2793</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1943</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PNG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sek cohort<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005–2007</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (22–28)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single dose SP and weekly CQ</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">470</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">293</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanzania</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">STOPPAM II<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cohort</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008–2010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (15–21)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPT-SP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">995</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">789</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Median (IQR): gestational age at enrolment assessed by fetal biometry, or symphysis-pubis fundal height when ultrasound unavailable.</p></fn><fn><p>†If RCT, describes the intervention, if cohort, describes the national policy during the study period.</p></fn><fn><p>‡N, enrolled in parent study.</p></fn><fn><p>§<italic>n,</italic> live birth pregnancies that met inclusion criteria for M3.</p></fn><fn><p>¶The EMEP study was a prospective cohort study with some overlapping enrolment with the cross-sectional study IPTp-MON. One hundred and eleven pregnancies were enrolled in EMEP and IPTp-MON; information on malaria infection at delivery was obtained for the subset of women in IPTp-MON.</p></fn><fn><p>**Includes additional women from a substudy not included in the parent study which otherwise met inclusion criteria for the pooled data.</p></fn><fn><p>BF, Burkina Faso; CQ, chloroquine; DHA-PQ, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; FFS, fortified food supplementation; IFA, iron and folic acid supplementation; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; IST, intermittent screening for malaria infection; ISTp, intermittent screening for malaria infection in pregnancy; ITN, insecticide-treated bed net; LNS, lipid-based nutrient supplementation; M3, Maternal Malnutrition and Malaria; MMS, multiple micronutrients supplementation; PNG, Papua New Guinea; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SP, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine; SPAZ, SP and azithromycin; STOPPAM, Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="BMJOPEN2016012697F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Geographical locations where the 13 parent studies were conducted: Benin, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Papua New Guinea and Tanzania.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bmjopen2016012697f01"></graphic></fig><p>For 10 of the 13 studies, pregnant women were identified and recruited at one of their self-initiated ANC, usually the booking visit<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27–32</xref> but sometimes at a subsequent visit.<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> The EMEP study enrolled women early in pregnancy, but a subset of these same women were also enrolled in a cross-sectional study at delivery, the intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp)-MON study.<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> The Asembo Bay ITN cohort (Kenya) identified pregnant women through monthly community census, and the FSP/MISAME (Burkina Faso) study recruited through a community-based network of home visitors.<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> Three studies excluded HIV-infected pregnant women,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> three studies did not assess HIV status<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> and the remaining seven studies included both HIV-infected and HIV-negative pregnant women.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></p><p>The predominant malaria species observed in all studies was <italic>P. falciparum</italic>. The two studies in Papua New Guinea (PNG) also reported <italic>P. vivax</italic> infections.<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> Some studies detected <italic>P. ovale</italic> and <italic>P. malariae</italic> infections but prevalence was very low (<1%). Studies not differentiating between species (n=4) were conducted in areas where <italic>P. falciparum</italic> is the principal malaria species, and <italic>P. vivax</italic> is thought to be largely absent.<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20–22</xref><xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> Eleven studies reported high and perennial malaria transmission, while two studies reported medium-to-high perennial malaria transmission.<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Measurements</title><p>Women in all studies had at least two study visits, at enrolment and delivery, but the frequency and timing of follow-up visits during pregnancy varied by study. Given logistical and computational intensity required in pooling longitudinal measures and substantial heterogeneity in frequency and timing of measurements, only data at enrolment and at delivery were pooled from every study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB3">3</xref> show available enrolment and delivery measurements for each included cohort. Measurements included both those variables deemed essential for the main analyses on malaria, anaemia and malnutrition, and those variables deemed optional but informative. A few measurements, specifically malaria infection diagnostics, malnutrition anthropometrics and anaemia diagnostics warrant further discussion.</p><table-wrap id="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Key measures at enrolment across the 13 studies included in the M3 initiative</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="bmjopen2016012697ileq01.jpg"></inline-graphic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Available information indicated with X, missing data >10% indicated by *, and systematically missing data indicated with grey highlighting.</p></fn><fn><p>†The STOPPAM Benin and Tanzania studies primarily used the Parascreen RDT (Zephyr Biomedical Systems, Goa, India), which detects <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> HRP-2 and pLDH.</p></fn><fn><p>‡The iLiNS-DYAD-Ghana study used the Clearview Malaria Combo RDT (British Biocell International, Dundee, UK), which detects HRP-2 and plasmodium aldolase.</p></fn><fn><p>§Women randomised to the ISTp arms of the STOPMIP-Kenya and ISTp-Malawi studies were tested with a First Response Malaria Ag. (pLDH/HRP2) Combo RDT (Premier Medical Corporation, India).</p></fn><fn><p>¶Maternal MUAC measured at delivery.</p></fn><fn><p>**Nine studies measured haemoglobin using a HemoCue haemoglobinometer (Hemocue, Angelholm, Sweden),<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20–22</xref><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26–31</xref> one study relied on haemoglobin measures from a local laboratory (unknown make),<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> one study used Sysmex hematological analyser (Kobe, Japan)<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> and one study collected capillary blood (finger stick) specimens for determination of haematocrit or haemoglobin levels using a standardised chart.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> In the ITN-Kenya study, haemoglobin was measured using a HemoCue haemoglobinometer (Hemocue, Angelholm, Sweden) before 1997, and from 1997 onwards capillary blood (finger stick) specimens were collected for determination of haematocrit levels, which were divided by a factor of three and presented as haemoglobin values for consistency with the 1996 data.</p></fn><fn><p>BF, Burkina Faso; DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; HRP-2, histidine protein-2; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; ISTp, intermittent screening for malaria infection in pregnancy; ITN, insecticide-treated bed nets; LM, light microscopy; M3, Maternal Malnutrition and Malaria; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; N, no; pLDH, <italic>Plasmodium</italic> lactate dehydrogenase; PNG, Papua New Guinea; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; STOPPAM, Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria; Y, yes.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="BMJOPEN2016012697TB3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Key measures at delivery across the 13 studies included in the M3 Initiative</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="bmjopen2016012697ileq02.jpg"></inline-graphic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Available information indicated with X, missing data >10% indicated by *, and systematically missing data indicated with grey highlighting.</p></fn><fn><p>†For the EMEP/IPTp-MON study, only women co-enrolled in the IPTp-MON study (n=111) had malaria diagnostics at delivery.</p></fn><fn><p>BF, Burkina Faso; DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; ISTp, intermittent screening for malaria infection in pregnancy; ITN, insecticide-treated bed nets; LM, light microscopy; M3, Maternal Malnutrition and Malaria; PNG, Papua New Guinea; STOPPAM, Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><sec id="s2b1"><title>Malaria infection at enrolment</title><p>At enrolment, malaria infection was diagnosed by examination of peripheral blood.<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref> Parasitaemia was assessed using one or more of the three following approaches: LM examination of a Giemsa-stained blood smear, qPCR and RDTs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2">table 2</xref>). In all but two studies, malaria at enrolment was routinely diagnosed by LM. In the FSP/MISAME study in Burkina Faso, LM was only performed if a woman presented with symptoms consistent with malaria, that is, fever or history of fever.<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> In the iLiNS-DYAD Ghana study, malaria was only diagnosed using an RDT.<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> RDTs detect circulating target malaria antigens and are increasingly used in malaria-endemic areas when microscopy is not readily available.<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> However, persistence of circulating target antigens after parasite clearance can lead to false-positive test results.<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref> Sensitivity of qPCR is much higher than LM and RDTs, but the role of submicroscopic infections detected by qPCR alone in causing adverse outcomes has not been clearly determined.<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref><xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2b2"><title>Malaria infection at delivery</title><p>In addition to peripheral blood diagnostics at delivery, some studies also assessed placental malaria infection at delivery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB3">table 3</xref>). Placental malaria was diagnosed by LM of a placental blood smear, qPCR and/or placental histology.<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> Three criteria are used to classify placental malaria by histology: presence of infected erythrocytes; haemozoin in monocytes/macrophages and haemozoin in fibrin deposits.<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> Placental histology is considered the diagnostic reference standard for placental infection.</p></sec><sec id="s2b3"><title>MUAC and BMI</title><p>Maternal macronutrient nutritional status was assessed by measurement of women's MUAC and/or BMI at enrolment. MUAC, the circumference of the upper arm, assessed at the mid-point between the elbow and the tip of the shoulder, is frequently used as a broad indicator of maternal protein reserves, fat stores and macronutrient nutritional status.<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> MUAC was measured in 10 of the 13 studies, which included 61% of our total study population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2">table 2</xref>). Weight and height (to derive BMI) were additionally measured in nine of these studies as well as in the three studies where MUAC was unavailable (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2">table 2</xref>). While neither measurement is perfect, MUAC and BMI are easy and low-cost nutritional assessments that can be undertaken in low-resource settings, and are clinically relevant.<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></p></sec><sec id="s2b4"><title>Anaemia at enrolment</title><p>Most women had haemoglobin measurements performed at first ANC, and most received routine iron/folate supplements, although information on their use was not routinely collected. The dosage of folate supplementation (0.4–5 mg) varied by study site.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Findings to date</title><p>Findings from each individual study emphasise how pooling these data has the potential to generate important information on malaria–nutrition interactions in pregnancy.</p><p>The ECHO study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was the first study to report an interaction between malaria and malnutrition on the risk of FGR.<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> In this study, the risk of FGR was 2–8 times higher among women with evidence of malnutrition. In this study, the magnitude of the difference in effect sizes depended on the measurement for malnutrition (BMI vs MUAC vs short stature vs weight gain) and the measurement for malaria (cross-sectional vs cumulative); however, with all measurements of malnutrition and malaria, the pattern and directionality of the modification was consistent. This study, together with a small number of follow-up studies, provided the necessary preliminary data for the M3 initiative.<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></p><p>Two participating studies provided evidence regarding nutritional interventions during pregnancy. The FSP/MISAME in Burkina Faso study concluded that multiple micronutrient-fortified food supplementation increased mean birth weight, and that this effect was most pronounced among women who were anaemic or undernourished early in their pregnancy.<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> The iLiNS-DYAD trial in Ghana found modest overall increases in birth weight with the provision of lipid-based nutrient supplements compared with iron and folic acid supplementation, but showed that the intervention may be most effective when given to primiparous women.<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> While nutritional assessment was not the primary aim of the remaining studies, the IPTp RCT in PNG and the Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria (STOPPAM) cohort study in Benin reported associations between low maternal anthropometrics and birth weight.<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></p><p>Other studies largely focused on malaria prevention. In the late 90s, the Kisumu cohort study found that implementation of two doses of IPT-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) halved the prevalence of placental malaria infection. In another study conducted concurrently in Kenya (Asembo Bay study) use of ITNs was associated with a marked reduction in placental malaria and LBW, but (as expected) with no apparent impact on nutritional status.<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> The LAIS study, conducted in Malawi from 2003 to 2006, found that adding azithromycin to two courses of monthly SP (SPAZ) was better at reducing malaria at delivery, LBW and preterm birth than monthly SP or two doses of SP.<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref><xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref> SPAZ was also superior when compared with the standard malaria prevention regimen used in PNG (SP plus chloroquine),<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> where placental infection is an important risk factor for LBW.<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> The EMEP cohort study found that use of artemisinin combination treatments during the first trimester was not associated with increased risk of miscarriage.<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> The IPTp-MON study found that with increasing resistance, the efficacy of IPTp-SP in clearing existing infections or preventing new ones is compromised; however, where the sextuple mutant is rare, it remains associated with improvements in birth weight and maternal haemoglobin.<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></p><p>The STOPPAM cohort studies conducted in Benin and Tanzania provided observational data on the effects and potential limitations of two-dose IPTp-SP. Specifically, the STOPPAM-Benin study found that a substantial proportion of women acquired malaria infections late in pregnancy, sometimes after the second IPTp dose had been given.<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> The STOPPAM-Tanzania study also found that malaria infections in the first or second trimester were associated with altered fetal growth that might not be detectable until the third trimester.<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> Trial data from the FSP/MISAME study further corroborated these observational studies; the FSP/MISAME study found that malaria infection during the first trimester was associated with higher risk of LBW and that additional doses of IPTp might be more effective.<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref> These studies, along with others, have highlighted the importance of early and frequent malaria prevention to improve birth outcomes, and IPT-SP is now routinely given monthly until delivery.<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref><xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></p><p>The intermittent screening for malaria infection (ISTp) Malawi study assessed another malaria prevention strategy by comparing IPTp-SP with ISTp at ANC visits using RDTs and treating infected women with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ).<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> The STOPMIP Kenya study also assessed ISTp with DHA-PQ, comparing it to IPTp with DHA-PQ as well as IPTp-SP. Analyses from both studies suggest that ISTp-DHA-PQ is not superior to the existing strategy of IPTp-SP, although IPTp-DHA-PQ was more effective than both ISTp-DP and IPTp-SP.<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Future plans</title><p>We plan to assess whether maternal macronutrient nutritional status, as assessed by MUAC, BMI and maternal height, alters the risk of reduced birth weight that is associated with malaria infection during pregnancy. Among women who underwent a dating ultrasound scan in early pregnancy, analyses will be performed using preterm birth and small-for-gestational age as end points in addition to LBW. To inform policy decisions, we further plan to use advanced epidemiological methods to stochastically model the impact that plausible targeted antimalarial and nutritional interventions during pregnancy could have on the number of babies born LBW in malaria endemic areas.<xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49–51</xref> Additional future analyses include, but are not limited to, the following: the impact of anaemia on LBW; the interaction between anaemia and malaria with regard to increasing the risk of LBW; the mediation of the effect of malaria through anaemia on LBW; and the usefulness and agreement of MUAC versus BMI to predict adverse birth outcomes. Short maternal stature, potentially indicative of stunting and reduced adolescent catch-up growth (chronic undernutrition), has also been associated with increased risks of adverse birth outcomes and will be explored using this pooled data set.<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> Finally, we will assess aforementioned relationships and effects among pregnant women with HIV, a patient cohort known to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes due to malaria and malnutrition.<xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Strengths and limitations</title><p>This pooled birth cohort holds promise as the largest pregnancy data set to date to address questions regarding malaria and nutrition that are of great importance to maternal and infant health. Prior research on this topic has been limited by insufficient statistical power to examine the interaction between malaria and malnutrition. The pooled M3 offers the opportunity to overcome this limitation by increasing statistical power and precision, which is particularly valuable for conducting subgroup analyses and investigating interactions. The substantial size of the pooled data set also facilitates the application of rigorous methodological approaches for systematically missing data, such as multiple imputation by chained equations, standardisation, latent variable methods or transformation of measurements to create commensurate measures.<xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref><xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> Availability of individual-level data, rather than aggregate data from each study, allows definitions of exposures and outcomes to be harmonised. Individual-level information on malaria and malnutrition further enables implementation of complex modelling to assess targeted antimalarial and nutritional interventions during pregnancy. The diversity of study populations included in the M3 cohort, for example, with respect to location, ethnicity, malaria transmission intensity, malaria and nutrition interventions, health infrastructure and HIV prevalence, could provide important data with regard to generalisability of our findings. Specifically, this level of population diversity, coupled with availability of data on multiple risk factors for LBW and greater statistical power to assess subgroup effects, may allow the identification of high-risk women who could benefit most from more intensive antenatal care, nutritional supplements and alternative malaria prevention regimens, and of the settings in which these interventions would be most effective.</p><p>The main limitations of the pooled data set are related to missing data and heterogeneity of the collected data. First, information that was collected by all studies varied, leading to systematically missing data on a number of important variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB2">tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB3">3</xref>). The limited availability of accurately measured gestational age hinders the ability to conduct preterm birth and small-for-gestational age analyses for the entire data set (<xref ref-type="table" rid="BMJOPEN2016012697TB3">table 3</xref>), but should allow for meaningful subanalyses. Second, exclusion of miscarriages and stillbirths may cause selection bias (left truncation) for some analyses, given the possibility of differential rates of early pregnancy losses in relation to infection and nutritional status.<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref> We will assess this potential bias using data on miscarriages and stillbirths extracted from a subset of studies.<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref><xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> Third, potential confounders such as concomitant helminth infection and micronutrient deficiencies were not measured in participant studies.<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref><xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> Fourth, while MUAC only modestly changes throughout pregnancy, BMI tends to increase with gestational age: gestational age-adjusted BMI may be one approach to address this problem. Fifth, while we have information on HIV status for a majority of studies, information on use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was not extracted, and secular changes over time regarding use and efficacy of ARTs could influence the comparability of results across studies that enrolled HIV-infected women. Finally, since the intention was to concentrate on areas of moderate-to-high <italic>P. falciparum</italic> transmission, we did not include any studies representing other malaria-affected regions such as Central/South America and India.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Collaboration</title><p>The investigators welcome collaboration for future projects and invite proposals for additional analyses. Further details can be obtained by contacting SR (sroger@unimelb.edu.au) and HWU (hwunger@doctors.org.uk).</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Contributors:</bold> HWU and SR were involved in the conception of this study. HWU, JG, VB, NF, IV, HT, Ud'A, SHL, SA-A, KGD, FTK, SD, PO, LS, DJT, SK, JA, BN, MD, MM, LK-P, PA, KM, IM, DS, CS, JL, AMvE, SM and SR were involved in design and supervision of data collection of the parent studies. JEC and HWU drafted the work. All the authors critically revised this article and approved the final manuscript as submitted.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Funding:</bold> The STOPPAM project, ‘Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria’ was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU FP7); STOPPAM contract number: 200889. STOPPAM I (Benin) and STOPPAM II (Tanzania). The FSP/MISAME study (Burkina Faso) was funded by Nutrition Third World, The Belgium Ministry of Development, Flemish Interuniversity Council, and French Ministry of Development. The ECHO study (Democratic Republic of the Congo) was funded by the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. The iLiNS-DYAD (Ghana) trial was funded by a grant to the University of California, Davis from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. EMEP was partly supported by the Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK (46099) and partly by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria through a cooperative agreement with Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya. The IPTp-MON study (Kenya) was supported by the CDC. The ITN project (Kenya) was funded by the US Agency for International Development. The Special Health Support Fund from the Royal Netherlands Embassy (Nairobi, Kenya) provided additional support for the study of the impact of ITN in pregnancy. The Kisumu study (Kenya) was funded by US Agency for International Development (grant numbers AOT0483-PH1-2171 and HRN-A-00-04-00010-02) and the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research. The STOPMIP study (Kenya) was funded by the Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK. The ISTp study (Malawi) was funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). The LAIS study was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland (grant numbers 79787 and 207010), the Foundation for Pediatric Research in Finland, and the Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital. Azithromycin and its placebo were provided free of charge by Pfizer (New York, New York, USA), which also provided funding for the PCR testing of the sexually transmitted infections. The IPTp study (Papua New Guinea (PNG)) was funded by the MiP Consortium, through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (46099); the Pregvax Consortium, through a grant from the EU FP7-2007-HEALTH (PREGVAX 201588) and the Spanish Government (EUROSALUD 2008 Programme); and Pfizer, through an investigator-initiated research grant (WS394663). The Sek study (PNG) was supported by AusAID (grant to PNG Institute of Medical Research (IMR)), the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; Australian Research Council; Wellcome Trust; and Veterans Affairs Research Service. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute is supported by the NHMRC Infrastructure for Research Institutes Support Scheme and Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support. JEC was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (Pre-doctoral Training in Infectious Disease Epidemiology grant #5 T32 AI070114).</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p><bold>Competing interests:</bold> None declared.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Provenance and peer review:</bold> Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Data sharing statement:</bold> Researchers can request data use by contacting SR (sroger@unimelb.edu.au) and HWU (hwunger@doctors.org.uk).</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dellicour</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tatem</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Guerra</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Quantifying the number of pregnancies at risk of Malaria in 2007: a demographic study</article-title>. <source>PLoS Med</source><year>2010</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>e1000221</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000221">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000221</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20126256</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Umbers</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Aitken</surname><given-names>EH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rogerson</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Malaria in pregnancy: small babies, big problem</article-title>. <source>Trends Parasitol</source><year>2011</year>;<volume>27</volume>:<fpage>168</fpage>–<lpage>75</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.007">doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.007</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21377424</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bardají</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sigauque</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sanz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Impact of malaria at the end of pregnancy on infant mortality and morbidity</article-title>. <source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year>;<volume>203</volume>:<fpage>691</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiq049">doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq049</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21199881</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gluckman</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Godfrey</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>341</volume>:<fpage>938</fpage>–<lpage>41</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-A">doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-A</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8096277</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nosten</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McGready</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Lancet Lond Engl</source><year>1999</year>;<volume>354</volume>:<fpage>546</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09247-2">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09247-2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burki</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Malaria and malnutrition: Niger's twin crises</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>382</volume>:<fpage>587</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61732-8">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61732-8</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23961550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Unger</surname><given-names>HW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ome-Kaius</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Karl</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Factors associated with ultrasound-aided detection of suboptimal fetal growth in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea</article-title>. <source>BMC Pregnancy Childbirth</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>15</volume>:<fpage>83</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0511-6">doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0511-6</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25881316</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hanson</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bardsley</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>De-Regil</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations on adolescent, preconception, and maternal nutrition: “Think Nutrition First”</article-title>. <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>131</volume>(Suppl <issue>4</issue>):<fpage>S213</fpage>–<lpage>53</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30023-0">doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30023-0</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Victora</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>SP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>382</volume>:<fpage>427</fpage>–<lpage>51</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23746772</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Landis</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lokomba</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ananth</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Impact of maternal malaria and under-nutrition on intrauterine growth restriction: a prospective ultrasound study in Democratic Republic of Congo</article-title>. <source>Epidemiol Infect</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>137</volume>:<fpage>294</fpage>–<lpage>304</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268808000915">doi:10.1017/S0950268808000915</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18588723</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lokomba</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Landis</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in the first half of pregnancy, uterine and umbilical artery blood flow, and foetal growth: a longitudinal Doppler ultrasound study</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2012</year>;<volume>11</volume>:<fpage>319</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-319">doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-319</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22963509</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McClure</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Meshnick</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lazebnik</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A cohort study of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy and associations with uteroplacental blood flow and fetal anthropometrics in Kenya</article-title>. <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2014</year>;<volume>126</volume>:<fpage>78</fpage>–<lpage>82</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.01.016">doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.01.016</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24792408</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rytter</surname><given-names>MJH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kolte</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Briend</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The immune system in children with malnutrition—a systematic review</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2014</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>e105017</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105017">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105017</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25153531</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shankar</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality</article-title>. <source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>182</volume>(Suppl <issue>1</issue>):<fpage>S37</fpage>–<lpage>53</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315906">doi:10.1086/315906</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10944483</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Branca</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Piwoz</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schultink</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Nutrition and health in women, children, and adolescent girls</article-title>. <source>BMJ</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>351</volume>:<fpage>h4173</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4173">doi:10.1136/bmj.h4173</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26371218</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>WHO</collab>. <comment>WHO | Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents’ Health, 2016–2030. (cited 2015 Sep 28). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/entity/life-course/partners/global-strategy/global-strategy-2016-2030/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/entity/life-course/partners/global-strategy/global-strategy-2016-2030/en/index.html</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>The Lancet Infectious Diseases</collab>. <article-title>Putting malaria in pregnancy firmly on the agenda</article-title>. <source>Lancet Infect Dis</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>79</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70002-6">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70002-6</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17251075</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Malaria in pregnancy consortium. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mip-consortium.org/">http://www.mip-consortium.org/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>International Food Policy Research Institute</collab>. <comment>Global nutrition report 2014: actions and accountability to accelerate the world's progress on nutrition</comment><year>2014</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/128484/filename/128695.pdf">http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/128484/filename/128695.pdf</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huynh</surname><given-names>B-T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Fievet</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gbaguidi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Influence of the timing of malaria infection during pregnancy on birth weight and on maternal anemia in Benin</article-title>. <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><year>2011</year>;<volume>85</volume>:<fpage>214</fpage>–<lpage>20</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0103">doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0103</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21813837</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Valea</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tinto</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Drabo</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>An analysis of timing and frequency of malaria infection during pregnancy in relation to the risk of low birth weight, anaemia and perinatal mortality in Burkina Faso</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2012</year>;<volume>11</volume>:<fpage>71</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-71">doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-71</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22433778</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adu-Afarwuah</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lartey</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Okronipa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Lipid-based nutrient supplement increases the birth size of infants of primiparous women in Ghana</article-title>. <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>101</volume>:<fpage>835</fpage>–<lpage>46</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.091546">doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.091546</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25833980</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dellicour</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Desai</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Aol</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risks of miscarriage and inadvertent exposure to artemisinin derivatives in the first trimester of pregnancy: a prospective cohort study in western Kenya</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>14</volume>:<fpage>461</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0950-6">doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0950-6</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26581434</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Desai</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gutman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Impact of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on effectiveness of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in pregnancy at clearing infections and preventing low birth weight</article-title>. <source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2016</year>;<volume>62</volume>:<fpage>323</fpage>–<lpage>33</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ881">doi:10.1093/cid/civ881</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26486699</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>ter Kuile</surname><given-names>FO</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Terlouw</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Phillips-Howard</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in Western Kenya</article-title>. <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>68</volume>:<fpage>50</fpage>–<lpage>60</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12749486</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Eijk</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ayisi</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Slutsker</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of haematinic supplementation and malaria prevention on maternal anaemia and malaria in western Kenya</article-title>. <source>Trop Med Int Health</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>12</volume>:<fpage>342</fpage>–<lpage>52</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01787.x">doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01787.x</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17313505</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Desai</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gutman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>L'lanziva</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Intermittent screening and treatment or intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the control of malaria during pregnancy in western Kenya: an open-label, three-group, randomised controlled superiority trial</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>386</volume>:<fpage>2507</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00310-4">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00310-4</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26429700</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Madanitsa, Mwayiwawo, Linda Kalilani, Victor Mwapasa, Anna M. van Eijk, Carole Khairallah, Doreen Ali, Cheryl Pace, <italic>et al</italic>. “Scheduled Intermittent Screening with Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine versus Intermittent Preventive Therapy with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Malaria in Pregnancy in Malawi: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.”</article-title><source>PLoS Medicine</source><comment>13, no. 9 (Sep 2016): e1002124. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.isrctn.com/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002124">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002124</ext-link></comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002124">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002124</ext-link></element-citation></ref><ref id="R29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Luntamo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kulmala</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mbewe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of repeated treatment of pregnant women with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and azithromycin on preterm delivery in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>. <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><year>2010</year>;<volume>83</volume>:<fpage>1212</fpage>–<lpage>20</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0264">doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0264</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21118924</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Unger</surname><given-names>HW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ome-Kaius</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wangnapi</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine plus azithromycin for the prevention of low birthweight in Papua New Guinea: a randomised controlled trial</article-title>. <source>BMC Med</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>13</volume>:<fpage>9</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0258-3">doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0258-3</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25591391</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stanisic</surname><given-names>DI</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Baiwog</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk factors for malaria and adverse birth outcomes in a prospective cohort of pregnant women resident in a high malaria transmission area of Papua New Guinea</article-title>. <source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>109</volume>:<fpage>313</fpage>–<lpage>24</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trv019">doi:10.1093/trstmh/trv019</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25758854</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schmiegelow</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Minja</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Oesterholt</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Malaria and fetal growth alterations in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy: a longitudinal ultrasound study</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>8</volume>:<fpage>e53794</fpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543265/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543265/</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23326508</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rijken</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rijken</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Papageorghiou</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Malaria in pregnancy: the difficulties in measuring birthweight</article-title>. <source>BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol</source><year>2011</year>;<volume>118</volume>:<fpage>671</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02880.x">doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02880.x</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huybregts</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Roberfroid</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lanou</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Prenatal food supplementation fortified with multiple micronutrients increases birth length: a randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso</article-title>. <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>90</volume>:<fpage>1593</fpage>–<lpage>600</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28253">doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28253</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19812173</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wongsrichanalai</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Barcus</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Muth</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT)</article-title>. <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>77</volume>:<fpage>119</fpage>–<lpage>27</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18165483</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>WHO</collab>. <comment>WHO | Information note on recommended selection criteria for procurement of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). (cited 2015 Aug 6). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/rdt_selection_criteria/en/">http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/rdt_selection_criteria/en/</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rantala</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Trottman</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparison of real-time PCR and microscopy for malaria parasite detection in Malawian pregnant women</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2010</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>269</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-269">doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-269</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20925928</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cottrell</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Moussiliou</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Luty</surname><given-names>AJF</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Submicroscopic plasmodium falciparum infections are associated with maternal anemia, premature births, and low birth weight</article-title>. <source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>60</volume>:<fpage>1481</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ122">doi:10.1093/cid/civ122</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25694651</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anchang-Kimbi</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Achidi</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nkegoum</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Diagnostic comparison of malaria infection in peripheral blood, placental blood and placental biopsies in Cameroonian parturient women</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>8</volume>:<fpage>126</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-126">doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-126</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19505312</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ismail</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ordi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Menendez</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Placental pathology in malaria: a histological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative study</article-title>. <source>Hum Pathol</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>31</volume>:<fpage>85</fpage>–<lpage>93</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80203-8">doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80203-8</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10665918</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Deitchler</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Use of cutoffs for mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as an indicator or predictor of nutritional and health related outcomes in adolescents and adults: a systematic review</article-title>. <publisher-loc>Washington DC</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>FHI 360/FANTA</publisher-name>, <year>2013</year>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ververs</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Antierens</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sackl</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Which anthropometric indicators identify a pregnant woman as acutely malnourished and predict adverse birth outcomes in the humanitarian context?</article-title><source>PLoS Curr</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>5</volume>:<fpage>ecurrents</fpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682760/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682760/</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R43"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Unger</surname><given-names>HW</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wangnapi</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ome-Kaius</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Azithromycin-containing intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy affects gestational weight gain, an important predictor of birthweight in Papua New Guinea—an exploratory analysis</article-title>. <source>Matern Child Nutr</source><year>2016</year>;<volume>12</volume>:<fpage>699</fpage>–<lpage>712</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12215">doi:10.1111/mcn.12215</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26373537</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R44"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Luntamo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rantala</surname><given-names>A-M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Meshnick</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The effect of monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, alone or with azithromycin, on PCR-diagnosed malaria at delivery: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>. <source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2012</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>e41123</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041123">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041123</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22829919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R45"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Luntamo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kulmala</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>YB</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The effect of antenatal monthly sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, alone or with azithromycin, on foetal and neonatal growth faltering in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial</article-title>. <source>Trop Med Int Health</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>18</volume>:<fpage>386</fpage>–<lpage>97</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12074">doi:10.1111/tmi.12074</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23432801</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R46"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Valea</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tinto</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Drabo</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy in Burkina Faso: effect of adding a third dose to the standard two-dose regimen on low birth weight, anaemia and pregnancy outcomes</article-title>. <source>Malar J</source><year>2010</year>;<volume>9</volume>:<fpage>324</fpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-324">doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-324</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24576068</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R47"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kayentao</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Garner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van Eijk</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Intermittent preventive therapy for malaria during pregnancy using 2 vs 3 or more doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and risk of low birth weight in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>JAMA</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>309</volume>:<fpage>594</fpage>–<lpage>604</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.216231">doi:10.1001/jama.2012.216231</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23403684</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R48"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huynh</surname><given-names>BT</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cottrell</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cot</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Burden of malaria in early pregnancy: a neglected problem?</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>60</volume>:<fpage>598</fpage>–<lpage>604</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu848">doi:10.1093/cid/ciu848</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R49"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Westreich</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>From exposures to population interventions: pregnancy and response to HIV therapy</article-title>. <source>Am J Epidemiol</source><year>2014</year>;<volume>179</volume>:<fpage>797</fpage>–<lpage>806</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt328">doi:10.1093/aje/kwt328</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24573538</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahern</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hubbard</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Galea</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Estimating the effects of potential public health interventions on population disease burden: a step-by-step illustration of causal inference methods</article-title>. <source>Am J Epidemiol</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>169</volume>:<fpage>1140</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp015">doi:10.1093/aje/kwp015</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19270051</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taubman</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Robins</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mittleman</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Intervening on risk factors for coronary heart disease: an application of the parametric g-formula</article-title>. <source>Int J Epidemiol</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>38</volume>:<fpage>1599</fpage>–<lpage>611</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp192">doi:10.1093/ije/dyp192</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19389875</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kozuki</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Short maternal stature increases risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births in low- and middle-income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis and population attributable fraction</article-title>. <source>J Nutr</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>145</volume>:<fpage>2542</fpage>–<lpage>50</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.216374">doi:10.3945/jn.115.216374</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26423738</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>González</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ataíde</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Naniche</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>HIV and malaria interactions: where do we stand?</article-title><source>Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther</source><year>2012</year>;<volume>10</volume>:<fpage>153</fpage>–<lpage>65</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.167">doi:10.1586/eri.11.167</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22339190</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Siddique</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Brincks</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Multiple imputation for harmonizing longitudinal non-commensurate measures in individual participant data meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Stat Med</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>34</volume>:<fpage>3399</fpage>–<lpage>414</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.6562">doi:10.1002/sim.6562</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26095855</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Resche-Rigon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>White</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bartlett</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><collab>PROG-IMT Study Group</collab>. <article-title>Multiple imputation for handling systematically missing confounders in meta-analysis of individual participant data</article-title>. <source>Stat Med</source><year>2013</year>;<volume>32</volume>:<fpage>4890</fpage>–<lpage>905</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5894">doi:10.1002/sim.5894</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23857554</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lisonkova</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Joseph</surname><given-names>KS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Left truncation bias as a potential explanation for the protective effect of smoking on preeclampsia</article-title>. <source>Epidemiol Camb Mass</source><year>2015</year>;<volume>26</volume>:<fpage>436</fpage>–<lpage>40</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000268">doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000268</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kapil</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Multiple micronutrient supplements will not reduce incidence of low birthweight</article-title>. <source>Indian J Community Med</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>34</volume>:<fpage>85</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.51221">doi:10.4103/0970-0218.51221</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19966949</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>LT</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Thilsted</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nielsen</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Food and nutrient intakes among pregnant women in rural Tamil Nadu, South India</article-title>. <source>Public Health Nutr</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>6</volume>:<fpage>131</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002367">doi:10.1079/PHN2002367</ext-link><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12675955</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002317 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002317 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |