Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative</title><author><name sortKey="Visser, K" sort="Visser, K" uniqKey="Visser K" first="K" last="Visser">K. Visser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katchamart, W" sort="Katchamart, W" uniqKey="Katchamart W" first="W" last="Katchamart">W. Katchamart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loza, E" sort="Loza, E" uniqKey="Loza E" first="E" last="Loza">E. Loza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Lopez, J A" sort="Martinez Lopez, J A" uniqKey="Martinez Lopez J" first="J A" last="Martinez-Lopez">J A Martinez-Lopez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Research Unit, Fundación Española de Reumatología, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salliot, C" sort="Salliot, C" uniqKey="Salliot C" first="C" last="Salliot">C. Salliot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Paris Descartes University, Medicine Faculty; UPRES-EA 4058; APHP, Rheumatology B Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trudeau, J" sort="Trudeau, J" uniqKey="Trudeau J" first="J" last="Trudeau">J. Trudeau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>CHUM-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" sort="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C" first="C" last="Bombardier">C. Bombardier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Division of Clinical Decision Making and Health Care Research, Health Network Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carmona, L" sort="Carmona, L" uniqKey="Carmona L" first="L" last="Carmona">L. Carmona</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Research Unit, Fundación Española de Reumatología, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" sort="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D" first="D" last="Van Der Heijde">D. Van Der Heijde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bijlsma, J W J" sort="Bijlsma, J W J" uniqKey="Bijlsma J" first="J W J" last="Bijlsma">J W J. Bijlsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boumpas, D T" sort="Boumpas, D T" uniqKey="Boumpas D" first="D T" last="Boumpas">D T Boumpas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canhao, H" sort="Canhao, H" uniqKey="Canhao H" first="H" last="Canhao">H. Canhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, C J" sort="Edwards, C J" uniqKey="Edwards C" first="C J" last="Edwards">C J Edwards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamuryudan, V" sort="Hamuryudan, V" uniqKey="Hamuryudan V" first="V" last="Hamuryudan">V. Hamuryudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kvien, T K" sort="Kvien, T K" uniqKey="Kvien T" first="T K" last="Kvien">T K Kvien</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leeb, B F" sort="Leeb, B F" uniqKey="Leeb B" first="B F" last="Leeb">B F Leeb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>State Hospital Stockerau, Center for Rheumatology, Lower Austria, Stockerau, Austria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Mola, E M" sort="Martin Mola, E M" uniqKey="Martin Mola E" first="E M" last="Martín-Mola">E M Martín-Mola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Hospital Universitario La Paz, Department of Rheumatology, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mielants, H" sort="Mielants, H" uniqKey="Mielants H" first="H" last="Mielants">H. Mielants</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller Ladner, U" sort="Muller Ladner, U" uniqKey="Muller Ladner U" first="U" last="Müller-Ladner">U. Müller-Ladner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, G" sort="Murphy, G" uniqKey="Murphy G" first="G" last="Murphy">G. Murphy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Stergaard, M" sort=" Stergaard, M" uniqKey=" Stergaard M" first="M" last=" Stergaard">M. Stergaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Departments of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospitals at Hvidovre and Herlev, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, I A" sort="Pereira, I A" uniqKey="Pereira I" first="I A" last="Pereira">I A Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>University Hospital of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Division of Rheumatology, Florianopolis, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos Remus, C" sort="Ramos Remus, C" uniqKey="Ramos Remus C" first="C" last="Ramos-Remus">C. Ramos-Remus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Unidad de Investigación en Enf Cronico-Degenerativas, Guadalajara, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentini, G" sort="Valentini, G" uniqKey="Valentini G" first="G" last="Valentini">G. Valentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>University of Naples, Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Naples, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zochling, J" sort="Zochling, J" uniqKey="Zochling J" first="J" last="Zochling">J. Zochling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougados, M" sort="Dougados, M" uniqKey="Dougados M" first="M" last="Dougados">M. Dougados</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Paris Descartes University, Medicine Faculty; UPRES-EA 4058; APHP, Rheumatology B Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19033291</idno><idno type="pmc">2689523</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689523</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2689523</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/ard.2008.094474</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002262</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002262</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative</title><author><name sortKey="Visser, K" sort="Visser, K" uniqKey="Visser K" first="K" last="Visser">K. Visser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katchamart, W" sort="Katchamart, W" uniqKey="Katchamart W" first="W" last="Katchamart">W. Katchamart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loza, E" sort="Loza, E" uniqKey="Loza E" first="E" last="Loza">E. Loza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Lopez, J A" sort="Martinez Lopez, J A" uniqKey="Martinez Lopez J" first="J A" last="Martinez-Lopez">J A Martinez-Lopez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Research Unit, Fundación Española de Reumatología, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salliot, C" sort="Salliot, C" uniqKey="Salliot C" first="C" last="Salliot">C. Salliot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Paris Descartes University, Medicine Faculty; UPRES-EA 4058; APHP, Rheumatology B Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trudeau, J" sort="Trudeau, J" uniqKey="Trudeau J" first="J" last="Trudeau">J. Trudeau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>CHUM-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" sort="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C" first="C" last="Bombardier">C. Bombardier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Division of Clinical Decision Making and Health Care Research, Health Network Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carmona, L" sort="Carmona, L" uniqKey="Carmona L" first="L" last="Carmona">L. Carmona</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Research Unit, Fundación Española de Reumatología, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" sort="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D" first="D" last="Van Der Heijde">D. Van Der Heijde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bijlsma, J W J" sort="Bijlsma, J W J" uniqKey="Bijlsma J" first="J W J" last="Bijlsma">J W J. Bijlsma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boumpas, D T" sort="Boumpas, D T" uniqKey="Boumpas D" first="D T" last="Boumpas">D T Boumpas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canhao, H" sort="Canhao, H" uniqKey="Canhao H" first="H" last="Canhao">H. Canhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, C J" sort="Edwards, C J" uniqKey="Edwards C" first="C J" last="Edwards">C J Edwards</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamuryudan, V" sort="Hamuryudan, V" uniqKey="Hamuryudan V" first="V" last="Hamuryudan">V. Hamuryudan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kvien, T K" sort="Kvien, T K" uniqKey="Kvien T" first="T K" last="Kvien">T K Kvien</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leeb, B F" sort="Leeb, B F" uniqKey="Leeb B" first="B F" last="Leeb">B F Leeb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>State Hospital Stockerau, Center for Rheumatology, Lower Austria, Stockerau, Austria</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Mola, E M" sort="Martin Mola, E M" uniqKey="Martin Mola E" first="E M" last="Martín-Mola">E M Martín-Mola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Hospital Universitario La Paz, Department of Rheumatology, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mielants, H" sort="Mielants, H" uniqKey="Mielants H" first="H" last="Mielants">H. Mielants</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller Ladner, U" sort="Muller Ladner, U" uniqKey="Muller Ladner U" first="U" last="Müller-Ladner">U. Müller-Ladner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, G" sort="Murphy, G" uniqKey="Murphy G" first="G" last="Murphy">G. Murphy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Stergaard, M" sort=" Stergaard, M" uniqKey=" Stergaard M" first="M" last=" Stergaard">M. Stergaard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Departments of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospitals at Hvidovre and Herlev, Denmark</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, I A" sort="Pereira, I A" uniqKey="Pereira I" first="I A" last="Pereira">I A Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>University Hospital of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Division of Rheumatology, Florianopolis, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos Remus, C" sort="Ramos Remus, C" uniqKey="Ramos Remus C" first="C" last="Ramos-Remus">C. Ramos-Remus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Unidad de Investigación en Enf Cronico-Degenerativas, Guadalajara, Mexico</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentini, G" sort="Valentini, G" uniqKey="Valentini G" first="G" last="Valentini">G. Valentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>University of Naples, Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Naples, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zochling, J" sort="Zochling, J" uniqKey="Zochling J" first="J" last="Zochling">J. Zochling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dougados, M" sort="Dougados, M" uniqKey="Dougados M" first="M" last="Dougados">M. Dougados</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Paris Descartes University, Medicine Faculty; UPRES-EA 4058; APHP, Rheumatology B Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">0003-4967</idno><idno type="eISSN">1468-2060</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>To develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice in rheumatic disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>751 rheumatologists from 17 countries participated in the 3E (Evidence, Expertise, Exchange) Initiative of 2007–8 consisting of three separate rounds of discussions and Delphi votes. Ten clinical questions concerning the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders were formulated. A systematic literature search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and 2005–7 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism meeting abstracts was conducted. Selected articles were systematically reviewed and the evidence was appraised according to the Oxford levels of evidence. Each country elaborated a set of national recommendations. Finally, multinational recommendations were formulated and agreement among the participants and the potential impact on their clinical practice was assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>A total of 16 979 references was identified, of which 304 articles were included in the systematic reviews. Ten multinational key recommendations on the use of methotrexate were formulated. Nine recommendations were specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including the work-up before initiating methotrexate, optimal dosage and route, use of folic acid, monitoring, management of hepatotoxicity, long-term safety, mono versus combination therapy and management in the perioperative period and before/during pregnancy. One recommendation concerned methotrexate as a steroid-sparing agent in other rheumatic diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Ten recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice focussed on RA were developed, which are evidence based and supported by a large panel of rheumatologists, enhancing their validity and practical use.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pincus, T" uniqKey="Pincus T">T Pincus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yazici, Y" uniqKey="Yazici Y">Y Yazici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sokka, T" uniqKey="Sokka T">T Sokka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aletaha, D" uniqKey="Aletaha D">D Aletaha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smolen, Js" uniqKey="Smolen J">JS Smolen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, Jm" uniqKey="Wong J">JM Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, Jm" uniqKey="Esdaile J">JM Esdaile</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pope, Je" uniqKey="Pope J">JE Pope</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, P" uniqKey="Hong P">P Hong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koehler, Be" uniqKey="Koehler B">BE Koehler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Criswell, La" uniqKey="Criswell L">LA Criswell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henke, Cj" uniqKey="Henke C">CJ Henke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Combe, B" uniqKey="Combe B">B Combe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landewe, R" uniqKey="Landewe R">R Landewe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lukas, C" uniqKey="Lukas C">C Lukas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolosiu, Hd" uniqKey="Bolosiu H">HD Bolosiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Breedveld, F" uniqKey="Breedveld F">F Breedveld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dougados, M" uniqKey="Dougados M">M Dougados</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sidiropoulos, Pi" uniqKey="Sidiropoulos P">PI Sidiropoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatemi, G" uniqKey="Hatemi G">G Hatemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Ih" uniqKey="Song I">IH Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avouac, J" uniqKey="Avouac J">J Avouac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collantes, E" uniqKey="Collantes E">E Collantes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamuryudan, V" uniqKey="Hamuryudan V">V Hamuryudan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Tulder, M" uniqKey="Van Tulder M">M van Tulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furlan, A" uniqKey="Furlan A">A Furlan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouter, L" uniqKey="Bouter L">L Bouter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sackett, Dl" uniqKey="Sackett D">DL Sackett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Ws" uniqKey="Richardson W">WS Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, Wm" uniqKey="Rosenberg W">WM Rosenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haynes, Rb" uniqKey="Haynes R">RB Haynes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roddy, E" uniqKey="Roddy E">E Roddy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doherty, M" uniqKey="Doherty M">M Doherty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arden, Nk" uniqKey="Arden N">NK Arden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barlow, J" uniqKey="Barlow J">J Barlow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birrell, F" uniqKey="Birrell F">F Birrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alarcon, Gs" uniqKey="Alarcon G">GS Alarcon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaluso, M" uniqKey="Macaluso M">M Macaluso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinblatt, Me" uniqKey="Weinblatt M">ME Weinblatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, Gw" uniqKey="Cannon G">GW Cannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Wr" uniqKey="Palmer W">WR Palmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kent, Pd" uniqKey="Kent P">PD Kent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luthra, Hs" uniqKey="Luthra H">HS Luthra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michet, C" uniqKey="Michet C">C Michet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaye, Gi" uniqKey="Kaye G">GI Kaye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaye, Nw" uniqKey="Kaye N">NW Kaye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ishak, Kg" uniqKey="Ishak K">KG Ishak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Axiotis, Ca" uniqKey="Axiotis C">CA Axiotis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walker, Am" uniqKey="Walker A">AM Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Funch, D" uniqKey="Funch D">D Funch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dreyer, Na" uniqKey="Dreyer N">NA Dreyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tolman, Kg" uniqKey="Tolman K">KG Tolman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alarcon, Gs" uniqKey="Alarcon G">GS Alarcon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Golden, Mr" uniqKey="Golden M">MR Golden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, Rs" uniqKey="Katz R">RS Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balk, Ra" uniqKey="Balk R">RA Balk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golden, He" uniqKey="Golden H">HE Golden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cottin, V" uniqKey="Cottin V">V Cottin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tebib, J" uniqKey="Tebib J">J Tebib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massonnet, B" uniqKey="Massonnet B">B Massonnet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Souquet, Pj" uniqKey="Souquet P">PJ Souquet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernard, Jp" uniqKey="Bernard J">JP Bernard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beyeler, C" uniqKey="Beyeler C">C Beyeler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jordi, B" uniqKey="Jordi B">B Jordi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerber, Nj" uniqKey="Gerber N">NJ Gerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Im Hof, V" uniqKey="Im Hof V">V Im Hof</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ito, S" uniqKey="Ito S">S Ito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakazono, K" uniqKey="Nakazono K">K Nakazono</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murasawa, A" uniqKey="Murasawa A">A Murasawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mita, Y" uniqKey="Mita Y">Y Mita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hata, K" uniqKey="Hata K">K Hata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, N" uniqKey="Saito N">N Saito</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hagiyama, H" uniqKey="Hagiyama H">H Hagiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubota, T" uniqKey="Kubota T">T Kubota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Komano, Y" uniqKey="Komano Y">Y Komano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kurosaki, M" uniqKey="Kurosaki M">M Kurosaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, M" uniqKey="Watanabe M">M Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyasaka, N" uniqKey="Miyasaka N">N Miyasaka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shergy, Wj" uniqKey="Shergy W">WJ Shergy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Polisson, Rp" uniqKey="Polisson R">RP Polisson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caldwell, Ds" uniqKey="Caldwell D">DS Caldwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, Jr" uniqKey="Rice J">JR Rice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pisetsky, Ds" uniqKey="Pisetsky D">DS Pisetsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Nb" uniqKey="Allen N">NB Allen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ca" uniqKey="Phillips C">CA Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cera, Pj" uniqKey="Cera P">PJ Cera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mangan, Tf" uniqKey="Mangan T">TF Mangan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newman, Ed" uniqKey="Newman E">ED Newman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minocha, A" uniqKey="Minocha A">A Minocha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dean, Ha" uniqKey="Dean H">HA Dean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pittsley, Ra" uniqKey="Pittsley R">RA Pittsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koehnke, R" uniqKey="Koehnke R">R Koehnke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burmeister, Lf" uniqKey="Burmeister L">LF Burmeister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kohler, J" uniqKey="Kohler J">J Kohler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cargill, I" uniqKey="Cargill I">I Cargill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schnabel, A" uniqKey="Schnabel A">A Schnabel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinhold Keller, E" uniqKey="Reinhold Keller E">E Reinhold-Keller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willmann, V" uniqKey="Willmann V">V Willmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, Wl" uniqKey="Gross W">WL Gross</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verstappen, Sm" uniqKey="Verstappen S">SM Verstappen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Jw" uniqKey="Jacobs J">JW Jacobs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Veen, Mj" uniqKey="Van Der Veen M">MJ van der Veen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heurkens, Ah" uniqKey="Heurkens A">AH Heurkens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schenk, Y" uniqKey="Schenk Y">Y Schenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Borg, Ej" uniqKey="Ter Borg E">EJ Ter Borg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wegrzyn, J" uniqKey="Wegrzyn J">J Wegrzyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeleine, P" uniqKey="Adeleine P">P Adeleine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miossec, P" uniqKey="Miossec P">P Miossec</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rozin, A" uniqKey="Rozin A">A Rozin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schapira, D" uniqKey="Schapira D">D Schapira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balbir Gurman, A" uniqKey="Balbir Gurman A">A Balbir-Gurman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braun Moscovici, Y" uniqKey="Braun Moscovici Y">Y Braun-Moscovici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markovits, D" uniqKey="Markovits D">D Markovits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Militianu, D" uniqKey="Militianu D">D Militianu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jundt, Jw" uniqKey="Jundt J">JW Jundt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Browne, Ba" uniqKey="Browne B">BA Browne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fiocco, Gp" uniqKey="Fiocco G">GP Fiocco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steele, Ad" uniqKey="Steele A">AD Steele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mock, D" uniqKey="Mock D">D Mock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoekstra, M" uniqKey="Hoekstra M">M Hoekstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haagsma, C" uniqKey="Haagsma C">C Haagsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neef, C" uniqKey="Neef C">C Neef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proost, J" uniqKey="Proost J">J Proost</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knuif, A" uniqKey="Knuif A">A Knuif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Laar, M" uniqKey="Van De Laar M">M van de Laar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J">J Braun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaestner, P" uniqKey="Kaestner P">P Kaestner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaxenberg, P" uniqKey="Flaxenberg P">P Flaxenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waehrisch, J" uniqKey="Waehrisch J">J Waehrisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanke, P" uniqKey="Hanke P">P Hanke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demary, W" uniqKey="Demary W">W Demary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lambert, Cm" uniqKey="Lambert C">CM Lambert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandhu, S" uniqKey="Sandhu S">S Sandhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lochhead, A" uniqKey="Lochhead A">A Lochhead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurst, Np" uniqKey="Hurst N">NP Hurst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcrorie, E" uniqKey="Mcrorie E">E McRorie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhillon, V" uniqKey="Dhillon V">V Dhillon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katchamart, W" uniqKey="Katchamart W">W Katchamart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ortiz, Z" uniqKey="Ortiz Z">Z Ortiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shea, B" uniqKey="Shea B">B Shea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tugwell, P" uniqKey="Tugwell P">P Tugwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Ede, Ae" uniqKey="Van Ede A">AE van Ede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laan, Rf" uniqKey="Laan R">RF Laan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rood, Mj" uniqKey="Rood M">MJ Rood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huizinga, Tw" uniqKey="Huizinga T">TW Huizinga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Laar, Ma" uniqKey="Van De Laar M">MA van de Laar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Denderen, Cj" uniqKey="Van Denderen C">CJ van Denderen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morgan, Sl" uniqKey="Morgan S">SL Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baggott, Je" uniqKey="Baggott J">JE Baggott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaughn, Wh" uniqKey="Vaughn W">WH Vaughn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Pk" uniqKey="Young P">PK Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, Jv" uniqKey="Austin J">JV Austin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krumdieck, Cl" uniqKey="Krumdieck C">CL Krumdieck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morgan, Sl" uniqKey="Morgan S">SL Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baggott, Je" uniqKey="Baggott J">JE Baggott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaughn, Wh" uniqKey="Vaughn W">WH Vaughn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, Js" uniqKey="Austin J">JS Austin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veitch, Ta" uniqKey="Veitch T">TA Veitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jy" uniqKey="Lee J">JY Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griffith, Sm" uniqKey="Griffith S">SM Griffith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, J" uniqKey="Fisher J">J Fisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, S" uniqKey="Clarke S">S Clarke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, B" uniqKey="Montgomery B">B Montgomery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Pw" uniqKey="Jones P">PW Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saklatvala, J" uniqKey="Saklatvala J">J Saklatvala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buckley, Lm" uniqKey="Buckley L">LM Buckley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vacek, Pm" uniqKey="Vacek P">PM Vacek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Sm" uniqKey="Cooper S">SM Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shiroky, Jb" uniqKey="Shiroky J">JB Shiroky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neville, C" uniqKey="Neville C">C Neville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, Jm" uniqKey="Esdaile J">JM Esdaile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choquette, D" uniqKey="Choquette D">D Choquette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zummer, M" uniqKey="Zummer M">M Zummer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hazeltine, M" uniqKey="Hazeltine M">M Hazeltine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weinblatt, Me" uniqKey="Weinblatt M">ME Weinblatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maier, Al" uniqKey="Maier A">AL Maier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coblyn, Js" uniqKey="Coblyn J">JS Coblyn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanrahan, Ps" uniqKey="Hanrahan P">PS Hanrahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, As" uniqKey="Russell A">AS Russell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joyce, Da" uniqKey="Joyce D">DA Joyce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Will, Rk" uniqKey="Will R">RK Will</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Dm" uniqKey="Hoffman D">DM Hoffman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laing, B" uniqKey="Laing B">B Laing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blackbourn, Sj" uniqKey="Blackbourn S">SJ Blackbourn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Rg" uniqKey="Lee R">RG Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tolman, Kg" uniqKey="Tolman K">KG Tolman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weinblatt, Me" uniqKey="Weinblatt M">ME Weinblatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blotner, Sd" uniqKey="Blotner S">SD Blotner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tolman, Kg" uniqKey="Tolman K">KG Tolman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clegg, Do" uniqKey="Clegg D">DO Clegg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Rg" uniqKey="Lee R">RG Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Jr" uniqKey="Ward J">JR Ward</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willkens, Rf" uniqKey="Willkens R">RF Willkens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leonard, Pa" uniqKey="Leonard P">PA Leonard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clegg, Do" uniqKey="Clegg D">DO Clegg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tolman, Kg" uniqKey="Tolman K">KG Tolman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Jr" uniqKey="Ward J">JR Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Cr" uniqKey="Marks C">CR Marks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alarcon, Gs" uniqKey="Alarcon G">GS Alarcon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lightfoot, Rw" uniqKey="Lightfoot R">RW Lightfoot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willkens, Rf" uniqKey="Willkens R">RF Willkens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Hj" uniqKey="Williams H">HJ Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erickson, Ar" uniqKey="Erickson A">AR Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, V" uniqKey="Reddy V">V Reddy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vogelgesang, Sa" uniqKey="Vogelgesang S">SA Vogelgesang</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Sg" uniqKey="West S">SG West</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mckendry, Rj" uniqKey="Mckendry R">RJ Mckendry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, C" uniqKey="Freeman C">C Freeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dale, P" uniqKey="Dale P">P Dale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez Urena, S" uniqKey="Gutierrez Urena S">S Gutierrez-Urena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, Jf" uniqKey="Molina J">JF Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Co" uniqKey="Garcia C">CO Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuellar, Ml" uniqKey="Cuellar M">ML Cuellar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, Lr" uniqKey="Espinoza L">LR Espinoza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rau, R" uniqKey="Rau R">R Rau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karger, T" uniqKey="Karger T">T Karger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herborn, G" uniqKey="Herborn G">G Herborn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frenzel, H" uniqKey="Frenzel H">H Frenzel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Visser, K" uniqKey="Visser K">K Visser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D">D van der Heijde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, Lr" uniqKey="Espinoza L">LR Espinoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zakraoui, L" uniqKey="Zakraoui L">L Zakraoui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, Cg" uniqKey="Espinoza C">CG Espinoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, F" uniqKey="Gutierrez F">F Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jara, Lj" uniqKey="Jara L">LJ Jara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Lh" uniqKey="Silveira L">LH Silveira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grismer, Le" uniqKey="Grismer L">LE Grismer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Sa" uniqKey="Gill S">SA Gill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Md" uniqKey="Harris M">MD Harris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tilling, L" uniqKey="Tilling L">L Tilling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Townsend, S" uniqKey="Townsend S">S Townsend</name></author><author><name sortKey="David, J" uniqKey="David J">J David</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ujfalussy, I" uniqKey="Ujfalussy I">I Ujfalussy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koo, E" uniqKey="Koo E">E Koo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sesztak, M" uniqKey="Sesztak M">M Sesztak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gergely, P" uniqKey="Gergely P">P Gergely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ros, S" uniqKey="Ros S">S Ros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juanola, X" uniqKey="Juanola X">X Juanola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Condom, E" uniqKey="Condom E">E Condom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canas, C" uniqKey="Canas C">C Canas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riera, J" uniqKey="Riera J">J Riera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guardiola, J" uniqKey="Guardiola J">J Guardiola</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alarcon, Gs" uniqKey="Alarcon G">GS Alarcon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tracy, Ic" uniqKey="Tracy I">IC Tracy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strand, Gm" uniqKey="Strand G">GM Strand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, K" uniqKey="Singh K">K Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaluso, M" uniqKey="Macaluso M">M Macaluso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, Hk" uniqKey="Choi H">HK Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernan, Ma" uniqKey="Hernan M">MA Hernan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seeger, Jd" uniqKey="Seeger J">JD Seeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robins, Jm" uniqKey="Robins J">JM Robins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, F" uniqKey="Wolfe F">F Wolfe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Assous, N" uniqKey="Assous N">N Assous</name></author><author><name sortKey="Touze, E" uniqKey="Touze E">E Touze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meune, C" uniqKey="Meune C">C Meune</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahan, A" uniqKey="Kahan A">A Kahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allanore, Y" uniqKey="Allanore Y">Y Allanore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Halm, Vp" uniqKey="Van Halm V">VP van Halm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nurmohamed, Mt" uniqKey="Nurmohamed M">MT Nurmohamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Twisk, Jw" uniqKey="Twisk J">JW Twisk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dijkmans, Ba" uniqKey="Dijkmans B">BA Dijkmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voskuyl, Ae" uniqKey="Voskuyl A">AE Voskuyl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maetzel, A" uniqKey="Maetzel A">A Maetzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, A" uniqKey="Wong A">A Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strand, V" uniqKey="Strand V">V Strand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tugwell, P" uniqKey="Tugwell P">P Tugwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, G" uniqKey="Wells G">G Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salliot, C" uniqKey="Salliot C">C Salliot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D">D van der Heijde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doran, Mf" uniqKey="Doran M">MF Doran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crowson, Cs" uniqKey="Crowson C">CS Crowson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pond, Gr" uniqKey="Pond G">GR Pond</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Allon, Wm" uniqKey="O Allon W">WM O’Fallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gabriel, Se" uniqKey="Gabriel S">SE Gabriel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, F" uniqKey="Wolfe F">F Wolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michaud, K" uniqKey="Michaud K">K Michaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakravarty, Ef" uniqKey="Chakravarty E">EF Chakravarty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, F" uniqKey="Wolfe F">F Wolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michaud, K" uniqKey="Michaud K">K Michaud</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mariette, X" uniqKey="Mariette X">X Mariette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cazals Hatem, D" uniqKey="Cazals Hatem D">D Cazals-Hatem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warszawki, J" uniqKey="Warszawki J">J Warszawki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liote, F" uniqKey="Liote F">F Liote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balandraud, N" uniqKey="Balandraud N">N Balandraud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sibilia, J" uniqKey="Sibilia J">J Sibilia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoshida, Y" uniqKey="Hoshida Y">Y Hoshida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jx" uniqKey="Xu J">JX Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujita, S" uniqKey="Fujita S">S Fujita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamichi, I" uniqKey="Nakamichi I">I Nakamichi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeda, Ji" uniqKey="Ikeda J">JI Ikeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomita, Y" uniqKey="Tomita Y">Y Tomita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kojima, M" uniqKey="Kojima M">M Kojima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Itoh, H" uniqKey="Itoh H">H Itoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirabayashi, K" uniqKey="Hirabayashi K">K Hirabayashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, S" uniqKey="Igarashi S">S Igarashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamaki, Y" uniqKey="Tamaki Y">Y Tamaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murayama, K" uniqKey="Murayama K">K Murayama</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamel, Ow" uniqKey="Kamel O">OW Kamel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Lm" uniqKey="Weiss L">LM Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Rijn, M" uniqKey="Van De Rijn M">M van de Rijn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, Tv" uniqKey="Colby T">TV Colby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kingma, Dw" uniqKey="Kingma D">DW Kingma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaffe, Es" uniqKey="Jaffe E">ES Jaffe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamel, Ow" uniqKey="Kamel O">OW Kamel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Rijn, M" uniqKey="Van De Rijn M">M van de Rijn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lebrun, Dp" uniqKey="Lebrun D">DP Lebrun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Lm" uniqKey="Weiss L">LM Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warnke, Ra" uniqKey="Warnke R">RA Warnke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorfman, Rf" uniqKey="Dorfman R">RF Dorfman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tutor Ureta, P" uniqKey="Tutor Ureta P">P Tutor-Ureta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yebra Bango, M" uniqKey="Yebra Bango M">M Yebra-Bango</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salas Anton, C" uniqKey="Salas Anton C">C Salas-Anton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andreu, Jl" uniqKey="Andreu J">JL Andreu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katchamart, W" uniqKey="Katchamart W">W Katchamart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trudeau, J" uniqKey="Trudeau J">J Trudeau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phumethum, V" uniqKey="Phumethum V">V Phumethum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tugwell, P" uniqKey="Tugwell P">P Tugwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pincus, T" uniqKey="Pincus T">T Pincus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yocum, D" uniqKey="Yocum D">D Yocum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, M" uniqKey="Stein M">M Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gluck, O" uniqKey="Gluck O">O Gluck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraag, G" uniqKey="Kraag G">G Kraag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kremer, Jm" uniqKey="Kremer J">JM Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Genovese, Mc" uniqKey="Genovese M">MC Genovese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, Gw" uniqKey="Cannon G">GW Cannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caldwell, Jr" uniqKey="Caldwell J">JR Caldwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cush, Jj" uniqKey="Cush J">JJ Cush</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lehman, Aj" uniqKey="Lehman A">AJ Lehman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, Jm" uniqKey="Esdaile J">JM Esdaile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinkhoff, Av" uniqKey="Klinkhoff A">AV Klinkhoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, E" uniqKey="Grant E">E Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, A" uniqKey="Fitzgerald A">A Fitzgerald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canvin, J" uniqKey="Canvin J">J Canvin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ogrendik, M" uniqKey="Ogrendik M">M Ogrendik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Capell, Ha" uniqKey="Capell H">HA Capell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madhok, R" uniqKey="Madhok R">R Madhok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porter, Dr" uniqKey="Porter D">DR Porter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munro, Ra" uniqKey="Munro R">RA Munro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcinnes, Ib" uniqKey="Mcinnes I">IB McInnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, Ja" uniqKey="Hunter J">JA Hunter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ichikawa, Y" uniqKey="Ichikawa Y">Y Ichikawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, T" uniqKey="Saito T">T Saito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, H" uniqKey="Yamanaka H">H Yamanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akizuki, M" uniqKey="Akizuki M">M Akizuki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kondo, H" uniqKey="Kondo H">H Kondo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kobayashi, S" uniqKey="Kobayashi S">S Kobayashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haagsma, Cj" uniqKey="Haagsma C">CJ Haagsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Riel, Pl" uniqKey="Van Riel P">PL van Riel</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Aj" uniqKey="De Jong A">AJ de Jong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Putte, Lb" uniqKey="Van De Putte L">LB van de Putte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dougados, M" uniqKey="Dougados M">M Dougados</name></author><author><name sortKey="Combe, B" uniqKey="Combe B">B Combe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cantagrel, A" uniqKey="Cantagrel A">A Cantagrel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goupille, P" uniqKey="Goupille P">P Goupille</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olive, P" uniqKey="Olive P">P Olive</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schattenkirchner, M" uniqKey="Schattenkirchner M">M Schattenkirchner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchesoni, A" uniqKey="Marchesoni A">A Marchesoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Battafarano, N" uniqKey="Battafarano N">N Battafarano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arreghini, M" uniqKey="Arreghini M">M Arreghini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panni, B" uniqKey="Panni B">B Panni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallazzi, M" uniqKey="Gallazzi M">M Gallazzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tosi, S" uniqKey="Tosi S">S Tosi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hetland, Ml" uniqKey="Hetland M">ML Hetland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stengaard Pedersen, K" uniqKey="Stengaard Pedersen K">K Stengaard-Pedersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Junker, P" uniqKey="Junker P">P Junker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lottenburger, T" uniqKey="Lottenburger T">T Lottenburger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellingsen, T" uniqKey="Ellingsen T">T Ellingsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Ls" uniqKey="Andersen L">LS Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="O Ell, Jr" uniqKey="O Ell J">JR O’Dell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliott, Jr" uniqKey="Elliott J">JR Elliott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallek, Ja" uniqKey="Mallek J">JA Mallek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mikuls, Tr" uniqKey="Mikuls T">TR Mikuls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, Ca" uniqKey="Weaver C">CA Weaver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glickstein, S" uniqKey="Glickstein S">S Glickstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Islam, Mn" uniqKey="Islam M">MN Islam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alam, Mn" uniqKey="Alam M">MN Alam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haq, Sa" uniqKey="Haq S">SA Haq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moyenuzzaman, M" uniqKey="Moyenuzzaman M">M Moyenuzzaman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patwary, Mi" uniqKey="Patwary M">MI Patwary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Mh" uniqKey="Rahman M">MH Rahman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tascioglu, Fo" uniqKey="Tascioglu F">FO Tascioglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oner, C" uniqKey="Oner C">C Oner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armagan, O" uniqKey="Armagan O">O Armagan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="O Ell, Jr" uniqKey="O Ell J">JR O’Dell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haire, Ce" uniqKey="Haire C">CE Haire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erikson, N" uniqKey="Erikson N">N Erikson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drymalski, W" uniqKey="Drymalski W">W Drymalski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, W" uniqKey="Palmer W">W Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckhoff, Pj" uniqKey="Eckhoff P">PJ Eckhoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boers, M" uniqKey="Boers M">M Boers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verhoeven, Ac" uniqKey="Verhoeven A">AC Verhoeven</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markusse, Hm" uniqKey="Markusse H">HM Markusse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Laar, Ma" uniqKey="Van De Laar M">MA van de Laar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westhovens, R" uniqKey="Westhovens R">R Westhovens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Denderen, Jc" uniqKey="Van Denderen J">JC van Denderen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Breedveld, Fc" uniqKey="Breedveld F">FC Breedveld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weisman, Mh" uniqKey="Weisman M">MH Weisman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kavanaugh, Af" uniqKey="Kavanaugh A">AF Kavanaugh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Sb" uniqKey="Cohen S">SB Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pavelka, K" uniqKey="Pavelka K">K Pavelka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Vollenhoven, R" uniqKey="Van Vollenhoven R">R van Vollenhoven</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Genovese, Mc" uniqKey="Genovese M">MC Genovese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bathon, Jm" uniqKey="Bathon J">JM Bathon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Rw" uniqKey="Martin R">RW Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fleischmann, Rm" uniqKey="Fleischmann R">RM Fleischmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tesser, Jr" uniqKey="Tesser J">JR Tesser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schiff, Mh" uniqKey="Schiff M">MH Schiff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goekoop Ruiterman, Yp" uniqKey="Goekoop Ruiterman Y">YP Goekoop-Ruiterman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vries Bouwstra, Jk" uniqKey="Vries Bouwstra J">JK Vries-Bouwstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allaart, Cf" uniqKey="Allaart C">CF Allaart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zeben, D" uniqKey="Van Zeben D">D van Zeben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerstens, Pj" uniqKey="Kerstens P">PJ Kerstens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hazes, Jm" uniqKey="Hazes J">JM Hazes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahr, Ad" uniqKey="Mahr A">AD Mahr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jover, Ja" uniqKey="Jover J">JA Jover</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiera, Rf" uniqKey="Spiera R">RF Spiera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Garcia, C" uniqKey="Hernandez Garcia C">C Hernandez-Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez Gutierrez, B" uniqKey="Fernandez Gutierrez B">B Fernandez-Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lavalley, Mp" uniqKey="Lavalley M">MP Lavalley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferraccioli, G" uniqKey="Ferraccioli G">G Ferraccioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salaffi, F" uniqKey="Salaffi F">F Salaffi</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Vita, S" uniqKey="De Vita S">S De Vita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casatta, L" uniqKey="Casatta L">L Casatta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartoli, E" uniqKey="Bartoli E">E Bartoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caporali, R" uniqKey="Caporali R">R Caporali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cimmino, Ma" uniqKey="Cimmino M">MA Cimmino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferraccioli, G" uniqKey="Ferraccioli G">G Ferraccioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerli, R" uniqKey="Gerli R">R Gerli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klersy, C" uniqKey="Klersy C">C Klersy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salvarani, C" uniqKey="Salvarani C">C Salvarani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fortin, Pr" uniqKey="Fortin P">PR Fortin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamowicz, M" uniqKey="Abrahamowicz M">M Abrahamowicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferland, D" uniqKey="Ferland D">D Ferland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lacaille, D" uniqKey="Lacaille D">D Lacaille</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Cd" uniqKey="Smith C">CD Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zummer, M" uniqKey="Zummer M">M Zummer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carneiro, Jr" uniqKey="Carneiro J">JR Carneiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Ei" uniqKey="Sato E">EI Sato</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramanan, Av" uniqKey="Ramanan A">AV Ramanan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell Webster, N" uniqKey="Campbell Webster N">N Campbell-Webster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ota, S" uniqKey="Ota S">S Ota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parker, S" uniqKey="Parker S">S Parker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, D" uniqKey="Tran D">D Tran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tyrrell, Pn" uniqKey="Tyrrell P">PN Tyrrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sany, J" uniqKey="Sany J">J Sany</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anaya, Jm" uniqKey="Anaya J">JM Anaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canovas, F" uniqKey="Canovas F">F Canovas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Combe, B" uniqKey="Combe B">B Combe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jorgensen, C" uniqKey="Jorgensen C">C Jorgensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saker, S" uniqKey="Saker S">S Saker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grennan, Dm" uniqKey="Grennan D">DM Grennan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, J" uniqKey="Gray J">J Gray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loudon, J" uniqKey="Loudon J">J Loudon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fear, S" uniqKey="Fear S">S Fear</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, Mt" uniqKey="Carpenter M">MT Carpenter</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Sg" uniqKey="West S">SG West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vogelgesang, Sa" uniqKey="Vogelgesang S">SA Vogelgesang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casey Jones, De" uniqKey="Casey Jones D">DE Casey Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murata, K" uniqKey="Murata K">K Murata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuda, T" uniqKey="Yasuda T">T Yasuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ito, H" uniqKey="Ito H">H Ito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshida, M" uniqKey="Yoshida M">M Yoshida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimizu, M" uniqKey="Shimizu M">M Shimizu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, T" uniqKey="Nakamura T">T Nakamura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ostensen, M" uniqKey="Ostensen M">M Ostensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Esebeck, M" uniqKey="Von Esebeck M">M von Esebeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villiger, Pm" uniqKey="Villiger P">PM Villiger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ostensen, M" uniqKey="Ostensen M">M Ostensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, H" uniqKey="Hartmann H">H Hartmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salvesen, K" uniqKey="Salvesen K">K Salvesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewden, B" uniqKey="Lewden B">B Lewden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vial, T" uniqKey="Vial T">T Vial</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elefant, E" uniqKey="Elefant E">E Elefant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelva, A" uniqKey="Nelva A">A Nelva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlier, P" uniqKey="Carlier P">P Carlier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Descotes, J" uniqKey="Descotes J">J Descotes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kozlowski, Rd" uniqKey="Kozlowski R">RD Kozlowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinbrunner, Jv" uniqKey="Steinbrunner J">JV Steinbrunner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackenzie, Ah" uniqKey="Mackenzie A">AH MacKenzie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clough, Jd" uniqKey="Clough J">JD Clough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilke, Ws" uniqKey="Wilke W">WS Wilke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Segal, Am" uniqKey="Segal A">AM Segal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donnenfeld, Ae" uniqKey="Donnenfeld A">AE Donnenfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pastuszak, A" uniqKey="Pastuszak A">A Pastuszak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noah, Js" uniqKey="Noah J">JS Noah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schick, B" uniqKey="Schick B">B Schick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, Nc" uniqKey="Rose N">NC Rose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koren, G" uniqKey="Koren G">G Koren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chakravarty, Ef" uniqKey="Chakravarty E">EF Chakravarty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Yamamoto, D" uniqKey="Sanchez Yamamoto D">D Sanchez-Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bush, Tm" uniqKey="Bush T">TM Bush</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Regan, L" uniqKey="Regan L">L Regan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rai, R" uniqKey="Rai R">R Rai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ann Rheum Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ard</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0003-4967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1468-2060</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19033291</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2689523</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ar94474</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/ard.2008.094474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Recommendation</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1507</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Recommendation</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Visser</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Katchamart</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loza</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez-Lopez</surname><given-names>J A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salliot</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trudeau</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bombardier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carmona</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Heijde</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bijlsma</surname><given-names>J W J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boumpas</surname><given-names>D T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Canhao</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edwards</surname><given-names>C J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamuryudan</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kvien</surname><given-names>T K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leeb</surname><given-names>B F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martín-Mola</surname><given-names>E M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mielants</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller-Ladner</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Østergaard</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>I A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramos-Remus</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valentini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zochling</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dougados</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Research Unit, Fundación Española de Reumatología, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Paris Descartes University, Medicine Faculty; UPRES-EA 4058; APHP, Rheumatology B Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>CHUM-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Division of Clinical Decision Making and Health Care Research, Health Network Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label><addr-line>Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Istanbul, Turkey</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label><addr-line>State Hospital Stockerau, Center for Rheumatology, Lower Austria, Stockerau, Austria</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label><addr-line>Hospital Universitario La Paz, Department of Rheumatology, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label><addr-line>Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label><addr-line>Departments of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospitals at Hvidovre and Herlev, Denmark</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label><addr-line>University Hospital of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Division of Rheumatology, Florianopolis, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label><addr-line>Unidad de Investigación en Enf Cronico-Degenerativas, Guadalajara, Mexico</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label><addr-line>University of Naples, Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Naples, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label><addr-line>Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to: Dr K Visser, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; <email>k.visser@lumc.nl</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>WK, EL, JAM-L, CS and JT contributed equally to the work</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1086</fpage><lpage>1093</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="ard-68-07-1086.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>To develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice in rheumatic disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>751 rheumatologists from 17 countries participated in the 3E (Evidence, Expertise, Exchange) Initiative of 2007–8 consisting of three separate rounds of discussions and Delphi votes. Ten clinical questions concerning the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders were formulated. A systematic literature search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and 2005–7 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism meeting abstracts was conducted. Selected articles were systematically reviewed and the evidence was appraised according to the Oxford levels of evidence. Each country elaborated a set of national recommendations. Finally, multinational recommendations were formulated and agreement among the participants and the potential impact on their clinical practice was assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>A total of 16 979 references was identified, of which 304 articles were included in the systematic reviews. Ten multinational key recommendations on the use of methotrexate were formulated. Nine recommendations were specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including the work-up before initiating methotrexate, optimal dosage and route, use of folic acid, monitoring, management of hepatotoxicity, long-term safety, mono versus combination therapy and management in the perioperative period and before/during pregnancy. One recommendation concerned methotrexate as a steroid-sparing agent in other rheumatic diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Ten recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice focussed on RA were developed, which are evidence based and supported by a large panel of rheumatologists, enhancing their validity and practical use.</p></sec></abstract><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name><meta-value>unlocked</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Methotrexate is the disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) of first choice in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is also used in other systemic rheumatic disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref> Despite its widespread use and more than two decades of experience, considerable variation exists among rheumatologists in prescribing methotrexate, including the dosage, folic acid supplementation and safety monitoring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref> In addition, little is known about the optimal management of methotrexate in specific clinical situations such as the perioperative period and before/during pregnancy. Existing guidelines often lack this level of detail.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref></p><p>The 3E Initiative (Evidence, Expertise, Exchange) in rheumatology is a multinational effort, aimed at promoting evidence-based medicine, by formulating detailed recommendations addressing clinical problems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref> In contrast to guidelines developed by a limited panel of experts, the 3E Initiative involves a broad international panel of practising rheumatologists. Furthermore, the initiative promotes epidemiology, by teaching and conducting systematic literature research following a strict methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref></p><p>Therefore, the objective of the 3E Initiative of 2007–8 was to develop practical recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders, by integrating systematically generated evidence and expert opinion of a broad panel of international rheumatologists.</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="s2"><title>METHODS</title><p>A total of 751 rheumatologists from 17 countries participated in the 3E Initiative of 2007–8. Each country was represented by a scientific committee, consisting of one principal investigator and five to 16 members. The bibliographic team consisted of six international fellows (WK, EL, JAM-L, CS, JT, KV), three mentors (CB, LC, DvdH) and the scientific organiser (MD). During the first international meeting (n = 87 participants), 10 clinically relevant questions on the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders were formulated and selected by a Delphi vote. The areas addressed were, for RA: preadministration work-up, optimal dosage and route, use of folic acid, safety monitoring, hepatotoxicity (also for psoriatic arthritis (PsA)), long-term safety (>2 years), mono versus combination therapy, management in the perioperative period and before/during pregnancy, and methotrexate as a steroid-sparing agent in other rheumatic disorders.</p><p>The bibliographic team conducted a systematic literature review, following the updated guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref> Each question was rephrased according to the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) method with the population defined as adult RA, PsA or other rheumatic diseases, and specific interventions, comparisons and outcomes defined according to each question.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref> Comprehensive search strategies were developed in collaboration with experienced librarians, including terms for methotrexate, RA and specific key words, without language restriction. Subsequently, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2005–7 and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2005–6 abstracts were systematically searched for articles published up to September 2007. Additional references were identified by a hand search. Articles were selected applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and their methodological quality was graded according to the levels of evidence of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref> For each question, relevant data were extracted and appropriate statistics were calculated, including effect sizes, hazard ratios (HR), and standardised mortality ratios with 95% CI. If possible, meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 4.2.10, calculating odds ratios (OR) with fixed effects and relative risks (RR) with a random effects model.</p><p>In the second round, a national meeting was held in each country (total n = 751 participants) to discuss the generated evidence and propose a set of recommendations. In a third joint meeting, the scientific committees (n = 94 participants) merged all propositions to 10 final recommendations by discussion and Delphi vote. The grade of recommendation according to the Oxford Levels of Evidence was assessed and the level of agreement was measured on a 10-point visual analogue scale (1, no agreement; 10, full agreement).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref> Finally, the potential impact among the participants was assessed using three statements: “this recommendation will change my practice”; “this recommendation will not change my practice as it is already my practice”; “this recommendation will not change my practice as I don’t want to change my practice for this aspect”.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>A total of 16 979 references was identified, of which 304 articles were systematically reviewed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="ard-68-07-1086-t01">table 1</xref>). The 10 multinational key recommendations are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="ard-68-07-1086-t02">table 2</xref>, with the corresponding level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The mean level of agreement among the rheumatologists was 8.1 (range 7.4–8.8). The percentage of rheumatologists who indicated that they would change their clinical practice according to each recommendation is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="ard-68-07-1086-t03">table 3</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="ard-68-07-1086-t01" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Results of the systematic literature search for each recommendation topic</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retrieved references by systematic literature search (n)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Articles included in the systematic reviews (n)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-methotrexate work-up</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1214</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosage and route</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1748</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Folic acid</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">334</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">857</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatotoxicity</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">426</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Long-term safety</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2449</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mono vs combination</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6958</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steroid-sparing agent</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perioperative period</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">303</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pregnancy</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2163</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 979</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ard-68-07-1086-t02" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Multinational recommendations for the use of methotrexate in RA (1–7, 9–10) and other rheumatic disorders (8)</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Recommendation</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Level of evidence</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Grade of recommendation</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Agreement mean (SD)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The work-up for patients starting methotrexate should include clinical assessment of risk factors for methotrexate toxicity (including alcohol intake), patient education, AST, ALT, albumin, CBC, creatinine, chest <italic>x</italic> ray (obtained within the previous year); consider serology for HIV, hepatitis B/C, blood fasting glucose, lipid profile and pregnancy test.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">4</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">C</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.2 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral methotrexate should be started at 10–15 mg/week, with escalation of 5 mg every 2–4 weeks up to 20–30 mg/week, depending on clinical response and tolerability; parenteral administration should be considered in the case of inadequate clinical response or intolerance.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">2b</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">B</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">7.8 (2.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prescription of at least 5 mg folic acid per week with methotrexate therapy is strongly recommended.</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 (2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">When starting methotrexate or increasing the dose, ALT with or without AST, creatinine and CBC should be performed every 1–1.5 months until a stable dose is reached and every 1–3 months thereafter; clinical assessment for side effects and risk factors should be performed at each visit.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">4</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">C</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.1 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrexate should be stopped if there is a confirmed increase in ALT/AST greater than three times the ULN, but may be reinstituted at a lower dose following normalisation. If the ALT/AST levels are persistently elevated up to three times the ULN, the dose of methotrexate should be adjusted; diagnostic procedures should be considered in the case of persistently elevated ALT/AST more than three times the ULN after discontinuation.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">2b</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">C</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">7.4 (2.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Based on its acceptable safety profile, methotrexate is appropriate for long-term use.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">2b</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">B</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.7 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In DMARD-naive patients the balance of the efficacy/toxicity favours methotrexate monotherapy over combination with other conventional DMARD; methotrexate should be considered as the anchor for combination therapy when methotrexate monotherapy does not achieve disease control.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">1a–</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">A</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.3 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrexate, as a steroid-sparing agent, is recommended in giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica and can be considered in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or (juvenile) dermatomyositis.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">1b</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">B</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">7.7 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrexate can be safely continued in the perioperative period in RA patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">1b</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">B</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.8 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrexate should not be used for at least 3 months before planned pregnancy for men and women and should not be used during pregnancy or breast feeding.</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">4</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">C</td><td colspan="2" align="char" rowspan="1">8.2 (2.7)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt101"><p>ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CBC, complete blood count; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ULN, upper limit of normal.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ard-68-07-1086-t03" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Percentage of rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative who indicated for each recommendation if it would change their clinical practice</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Recommendation (number and topic)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recommendation will change my practice (%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recommendation is already my practice (%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I don’t want to change my practice for this aspect (%)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-methotrexate work-up</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.2</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosage and route</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.2</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.7</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.1</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Folic acid</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.6</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monitoring</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.5</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatotoxicity</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.0</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Long-term safety</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mono vs combination</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.9</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.1</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steroid-sparing agent</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.6</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.1</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perioperative period</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0</td></tr><tr><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pregnancy</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.3</td><td align="char" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><sec id="s3a"><title>Recommendation 1</title><p>The work-up for patients starting methotrexate should include a clinical assessment of risk factors for methotrexate toxicity (including alcohol intake), patient education, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, complete blood count (CBC), creatinine, chest <italic>x</italic> ray (obtained within the previous year); consider serology for HIV, hepatitis B/C, blood fasting glucose, lipid profile and pregnancy test.</p><p>The evidence needed to decide whether to start a patient with RA on methotrexate or not might be extrapolated from data on risk factors for severe toxicity. These data suggest that an estimated creatinine clearance of less than 79 ml/minute increases severe methotrexate (pulmonary) toxicity and that hypoalbuminaemia is associated with methotrexate-induced thrombocytopenia, liver and pulmonary toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref> In addition, lung abnormalities on radiographs, but not pulmonary function tests, are predictive of the development of methotrexate-induced pneumonitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref> Additional subgroups at risk of exacerbation of hepatic disease with methotrexate are obese patients, patients with diabetes and patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref> This observational evidence was combined with expert opinion, following from contraindications to methotrexate use frequently listed in randomised controlled trials (RCT) in RA from the past 15 years: significant renal disease, hepatic disorders, leucopenia less than 3.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l, thrombocytopenia less than 100 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l, age greater than 70 years, malignancy, pregnancy or inadequate contraception, history of alcohol/drug abuse, acute or chronic infection and pulmonary disease. Finally, four national recommendations from Austria, Germany, The Netherlands and Spain and the 1996 ACR guidelines on monitoring RA treatment, all suggest creatinine, CBC, AST/ALT with or without alkaline phosphatase, albumin, hepatitis B/C serology and a chest radiograph for the preadministration work-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>Recommendation 2</title><p>Oral methotrexate should be started at 10–15 mg/week, with escalation of 5 mg every 2–4 weeks up to 20–30 mg/week, depending on clinical response and tolerability; parenteral administration should be considered in the case of inadequate clinical response or intolerance.</p><p>The results of three RCT directly comparing different dosages of oral methotrexate in RA showed dose-dependent efficacy and toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref> A starting dose of 25 mg/week compared with 15 mg/week was more effective, but with a trend towards more gastrointestinal toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref> Starting doses of 12.5–20 mg/week versus 5–10 mg/week resulted in higher clinical efficacy, without more toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref> Rapid dose escalation of 5 mg/month to 25–30 mg/week was associated with higher efficacy, but also with more adverse events, in comparison with slow escalation of 5 mg/3 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref> Regarding the optimal route of administration, retrospective studies suggest higher efficacy and less gastrointestinal toxicity with parenteral versus oral methotrexate,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref> which might be explained by the greater bioavailability of the parenteral form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref> Indeed, the single RCT that compared 15 mg/week subcutaneous with oral methotrexate showed greater clinical efficacy, but also more withdrawal as a result of toxicity with subcutaneous methotrexate in early methotrexate-naive RA patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref> In contrast, in RA patients who failed methotrexate 15–20 mg/week plus other DMARD, neither a switch to 15 mg/week administered intramuscularly, nor subsequent dose escalation resulted in increased efficacy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref> In conclusion, the experts preferred the oral route, dosed according to the recommendation, with a possible switch to parenteral in case of an insufficient response at the highest tolerable dose.</p></sec><sec id="s3c"><title>Recommendation 3</title><p>Prescription of at least 5 mg folic acid per week with methotrexate therapy is strongly recommended.</p><p>A meta-analysis of nine studies including 788 RA patients suggested that folic acid supplementation reduces gastrointestinal and liver toxicity of methotrexate, without reducing efficacy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref> Four studies using folic acid 7–35 mg/week showed a significant reduction in the risk of gastrointestinal side effects (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.85),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref> in contrast with only one study using 5 mg/week folic acid, which did not reach significance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref> After further stratification, however, the protective effect was only significant in the two studies that used methotrexate at less than 10 mg/week (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.69)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref> and not in the two largest studies using methotrexate 14–18 mg/week (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.48).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref> The two studies in which hepatotoxicity was analysed showed a significant protective effect with 1 mg/day folic acid (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.32], irrespective of the methotrexate dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref> Only folinic acid at doses of 5 mg/week or less significantly decreased gastrointestinal side effects and hepatotoxicity (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.76 and OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.29, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref> Furthermore, folinic acid at greater than 5 mg/week was associated with a significant increase in the number of tender and swollen joints (OR 6.27; 95% CI 1.64 to 10.90 and OR 5.3; 95% CI 0.03 to 10.58, respectively), whereas folic acid or low dosages (⩽5 mg/week) of folinic acid were not.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref> In conclusion, the experts favoured folic acid and recommended at least 5 mg/week, taking into account the potential need for higher dosages, with the currently higher dosed methotrexate.</p></sec><sec id="s3d"><title>Recommendation 4</title><p>When starting methotrexate or increasing the dose, ALT with or without AST, creatinine and CBC should be performed every 1–1.5 months until a stable dose is reached and every 1–3 months thereafter; clinical assessment for side effects and risk factors should be performed at each visit.</p><p>Both the mean AST and the percentage of elevated AST have been reported to correlate with histological grades of liver disease in RA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">47</xref> The 1994 ACR guidelines for monitoring hepatotoxicity showed 80% sensitivity and 82% specificity for detecting fibrosis/cirrhosis of serial abnormal AST tests, with fewer costs and complications compared with routine liver biopsy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49">49</xref> One study suggests that ALT alone might detect 90% of the elevated AST or paired tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">50</xref> In contrast, alkaline phosphatase seems oversensitive for monitoring hepatotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref> In addition to transaminases, renal function should be monitored, as it is associated with increased (pulmonary) toxicity and CBC is required to monitor haematological toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">51</xref> Less evidence is available on the frequency of monitoring, although two observational studies showed an optimal interval for identifying abnormal liver enzymes of 30–60 days and a decreasing incidence of abnormal liver enzymes in the first months of methotrexate therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">52</xref> Accordingly, the four national recommendations and the 1996 ACR guidelines suggest monitoring every 1–3 months, with initially more frequent assessments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3e"><title>Recommendation 5</title><p>Methotrexate should be stopped if there is a confirmed increase in ALT/AST greater than three times the upper limit of normal (ULN), but may be reinstituted at a lower dose following normalisation. If the ALT/AST levels are persistently elevated up to three times the ULN, the dose of methotrexate should be adjusted; diagnostic procedures should be considered in the case of persistent elevated ALT/AST more than three times the ULN after discontinuation.</p><p>Pooled data of 2062 RA patients after a mean of 3.3 years on methotrexate showed that the cumulative incidence of abnormal ALT/AST was 48.9% above the ULN and 16.8% above two to three times the ULN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">53</xref> Methotrexate was frequently continued without a dose change, but the frequency of (spontaneous) normalisation was insufficiently reported. In addition, pooled percentages of mild and severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in 1113 RA patients after a mean of 4.1 years on methotrexate were 15.3%, 1.3% and 0.5%, respectively. However, the results of pre-methotrexate biopsies already showed a prevalence of 9.1% mild fibrosis and 0.3% cirrhosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">53</xref> For PsA, a somewhat higher incidence of elevated liver enzymes and fibrosis/cirrhosis compared with RA was found, but the evidence is very limited.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">54</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">57</xref> For RA, the evidence suggests that liver enzyme elevation is frequent but often transient, that multiple rather than single findings associate with an abnormal biopsy (as noted earlier) and that methotrexate-induced fibrosis/cirrhosis is rare. The experts emphasised considering other causal factors, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, obesity and alcohol and other diagnostic procedures than liver biopsy in the case of persistently elevated liver enzymes after the discontinuation of methotrexate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">58</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3f"><title>Recommendation 6</title><p>Based on its acceptable safety profile, methotrexate is appropriate for long-term use.</p><p>RA patients have an increased mortality rate compared with the general population (standardised mortality ratio 1.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.8).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">59</xref> However, RA patients on methotrexate compared with patients without methotrexate had a lower mortality incidence rate (23/1000 versus 26.7/1000 patient-years) and reduced cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7) in a large 6-year prospective study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">60</xref> In addition, in two case–control studies, methotrexate was not a risk factor and even reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.56).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">61</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">62</xref> In a meta-analysis and several cohorts with 5–12 years follow-up, methotrexate was less often discontinued because of toxicity than other DMARD, except for hydroxychloroquine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63">63</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64">64</xref> Gastrointestinal events and elevated liver enzymes are the most frequently encountered toxicities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64">64</xref> However, as discussed earlier, the risk of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis seems low. Long-term methotrexate use was not associated with an increased risk of serious infections (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.57 to 1.45), including herpes zoster (HR 1.0; 95% CI 0.8 to 1.3).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65">65</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66">66</xref> Although RA patients have an increased risk of lymphoma compared with the general population, evidence on the risk of methotrexate use independent of RA is inconclusive, because studies did not address RA as the reference population and the risk was not adjusted for disease severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">67</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68">68</xref> Five case reports suggest that methotrexate might be associated with Epstein–Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disease and regression after methotrexate withdrawal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69">69</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b73">73</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3g"><title>Recommendation 7</title><p>In DMARD-naive patients the balance of efficacy/toxicity favours methotrexate monotherapy over combination with other conventional DMARD; methotrexate should be considered as the anchor for combination therapy when methotrexate monotherapy does not achieve disease control.</p><p>A meta-analysis of 20 RCT evaluated methotrexate mono versus combination therapy in RA, excluding combinations with corticosteroids or biological agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74">74</xref> Analyses were stratified for DMARD-naive patients and patients with an inadequate response to previous methotrexate or other DMARD. Methotrexate combination therapy was superior to methotrexate monotherapy mainly in patients with a previous inadequate response to methotrexate, resulting in significantly more ACR20 (RR 2.51; 95% CI 1.92 to 3.28), ACR50 (RR 4.54; 95% CI 2.51 to 8.2) and ACR70 (RR 5.59; 95% CI 2.08 to 15.01) responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75">75</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b78">78</xref> In contrast, in patients who failed other DMARD, only significantly more ACR20 responses (RR 1.85; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.83) were seen with combination therapy and a trend for more EULAR good response and remission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">79</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80">80</xref> In DMARD-naive patients, combination therapy showed a trend for more EULAR moderate response and remission, but only ACR70 responses were significantly more often achieved (RR 2.41; 95% CI 1.07 to 5.44).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81">81</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">85</xref> Regarding toxicity, methotrexate combined with sulfasalazine and methotrexate combined with leflunomide each significantly increased the risk of gastrointestinal side effects and hepatotoxicity, with a trend towards more withdrawal as a result of toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76">76</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">79</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81">81</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">82</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86">86</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b87">87</xref> In contrast, methotrexate combined with sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine did not increase the risk of withdrawal due to toxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b88">88</xref> Weighing efficacy and toxicity, the experts favoured methotrexate monotherapy over the combination with conventional DMARD in DMARD-naive RA patients. As such, the recommendation does not contradict the well-established superiority of combination therapies including either prednisone or anti-tumour necrosis factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b89">89</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b92">92</xref></p></sec><sec id="s3h"><title>Recommendation 8</title><p>Methotrexate, as a steroid-sparing agent, is recommended in giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica and can be considered in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or (juvenile) dermatomyositis.</p><p>An individual patient data meta-analysis evaluated the steroid-sparing effect of methotrexate 7.5–17.5 mg/week versus placebo in giant-cell arteritis patients on high-dose prednisone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b93">93</xref> The results showed a higher prednisone discontinuation rate (HR 2.84; 95% CI 1.52 to 5.28), significantly lower cumulative steroid dose and fewer relapses with methotrexate therapy after 1 year. Two RCT in polymyalgia rheumatica also showed significantly more prednisone discontinuation with methotrexate 10 mg/week compared with placebo, significantly fewer relapses and a trend towards lower prednisone duration and cumulative dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b94">94</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b95">95</xref> Systemic lupus erythematosus patients in two RCT evaluating methotrexate 7.5–20 mg/week versus placebo had significantly more prednisone reduction, fewer skin and joint flares, but more adverse events with methotrexate therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b96">96</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b97">97</xref> Finally, in a cohort study, juvenile dermatomyositis patients discontinued prednisone significantly earlier and had significantly lower cumulative prednisone doses with concomitant methotrexate therapy, but without an additional beneficial effect on disease activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b98">98</xref> No studies were found comparing the steroid-sparing effect of methotrexate with other DMARD.</p></sec><sec id="s3i"><title>Recommendation 9</title><p>Methotrexate can be safely continued in the perioperative period in RA patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery.</p><p>Four studies evaluated stopping or continuing methotrexate one or more weeks before elective orthopaedic surgery in RA. In one RCT, no differences in postoperative complications were observed between patients who continued or stopped methotrexate (mean dose 10 mg/week).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b99">99</xref> In a second RCT, patients who continued methotrexate (mean dose 10 mg/week) reported significantly fewer RA flares than patients who stopped methotrexate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b100">100</xref> In contrast, in a prospective cohort study postoperative infections occurred in 30% of patients who continued methotrexate compared with none of the patients who stopped methotrexate, without postoperative flares of RA in either group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b101">101</xref> However, a multivariate analysis in another cohort study showed that the perioperative use of methotrexate was not associated with wound morbidity (p = 0.84) and significantly reduced RA flares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b102">102</xref> Although these studies suggest that methotrexate can be safely continued in the perioperative period of elective orthopaedic surgery, no studies were found regarding (non-)elective non-orthopaedic surgery.</p></sec><sec id="s3j"><title>Recommendation 10</title><p>Methotrexate should not be used for at least 3 months before planned pregnancy for men and women and should not be used during pregnancy or breast feeding.</p><p>Six studies assessed the outcome of continued methotrexate therapy before/during pregnancy in (mostly) RA patients by surveys and database searches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b103">103</xref><sup>–</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b108">108</xref> A total of 101 pregnancies was exposed to methotrexate during pregnancy (n = 92) or before conception (n = 9). Eighteen induced abortions were reported, but the reasons were not stated. A total of 20 (24%) miscarriages, five (6%) congenital malformations and 62 (75%) live births was reported, with one (1%) patient lost to follow-up. In healthy women, corresponding percentages are 12–16% miscarriages and 3–5% congenital malformations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b109">109</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b110">110</xref> In contrast, no studies were found that evaluated the effect of methotrexate for men on miscarriages/birth defects, male and female fertility or on newborns during lactation. Nevertheless, expert opinion is to stop methotrexate at least 3 months before planned pregnancy in both men and women and not to use methotrexate during pregnancy or breast feeding.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Ten multinational recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice were developed, which are practical, evidence-based and supported by a large panel of international rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative.</p><p>The involvement of 751 rheumatologists from 17 countries was unique in the development of the current recommendations. It allowed a selection of relevant topics, reflecting frequently encountered questions on the use of methotrexate in daily practice. Furthermore, a broad participation increases external validity and enhances future dissemination and implementation into rheumatological practice worldwide.</p><p>A second principal feature of the initiative was the systematic literature research. Following a strict methodology, we aimed to find all available evidence regarding each topic, which resulted in a large number of reviewed articles. Although for some areas little to no evidence was found, including (the frequency of) toxicity monitoring, the timing of folic acid, non-orthopaedic surgery and the effect of methotrexate on fertility and lactation, the majority of the recommendations is supported by evidence from RCT and high-quality cohort studies.</p><p>The same evidence, however, might limit the recommendations, as many studies were old and included longstanding RA patients who received methotrexate in low dosages without folic acid. As this may not reflect current clinical practice, the results should be interpreted and extrapolated with caution. In addition, patients’ participation and preferences may influence the recommendations. Nevertheless, the recommendations are based on currently available evidence and can be adjusted if future studies or clinical experience reveal new insights.</p><p>In summary, multinational recommendations for the use of methotrexate in daily clinical practice focussed on RA were developed, integrating systematic literature review and expert opinion, with the aim of promoting evidence-based medicine and ultimately improving patient care.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors would like to thank all members of the 3E scientific committees, all participants of the national meetings, the support from Margaux Orange and the librarians who helped elaborate the systematic literature searches.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p><bold>Funding:</bold> This work was supported by Abbott with an unrestricted educational grant.</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing interests:</bold> None.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="b1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pincus</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Yazici</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sokka</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Aletaha</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Smolen</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate as the “anchor drug” for the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Clin Exp Rheumatol</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>21</volume>:<fpage>S179</fpage>–<lpage>85</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14969073</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus.</article-title><source>Lupus</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>14</volume>:<fpage>101</fpage>–<lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15751813</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pope</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Koehler</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Prescribing trends in disease modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: a survey of practicing Canadian rheumatologists.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>29</volume>:<fpage>255</fpage>–<lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11838842</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Criswell</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Henke</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>What explains the variation among rheumatologists in their use of prednisone and second line agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>22</volume>:<fpage>829</fpage>–<lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8587068</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Combe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Landewe</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lukas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Bolosiu</surname><given-names>HD</given-names></name><name><surname>Breedveld</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Dougados</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis: report of a task force of the European Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT).</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>66</volume>:<fpage>34</fpage>–<lpage>45</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16396980</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sidiropoulos</surname><given-names>PI</given-names></name><name><surname>Hatemi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>IH</given-names></name><name><surname>Avouac</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Collantes</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamuryudan</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Evidence-based recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: systematic literature search of the 3E Initiative in Rheumatology involving a broad panel of experts and practising rheumatologists.</article-title><source>Rheumatology (Oxford)</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>47</volume>:<fpage>355</fpage>–<lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18276738</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Tulder</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Furlan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bombardier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouter</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group.</article-title><source>Spine</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>28</volume>:<fpage>1290</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12811274</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sackett</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>WS</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenberg</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></name><name><surname>Haynes</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name></person-group> <source>Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM</source>. <publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Churchill Livingstone</publisher-name>, <year>1997</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine</collab> <article-title>Levels of evidence.</article-title><year>1995</year> <comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1025">http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o = 1025</ext-link> (accessed March 2008)</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Roddy</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Doherty</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Arden</surname><given-names>NK</given-names></name><name><surname>Barlow</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Birrell</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Evidence-based clinical guidelines: a new system to better determine true strength of recommendation.</article-title><source>J Eval Clin Pract</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>12</volume>:<fpage>347</fpage>–<lpage>52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16722921</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trial Archive Group</collab> <article-title>The effect of age and renal function on the efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>22</volume>:<fpage>218</fpage>–<lpage>23</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7738941</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alarcon</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaluso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Weinblatt</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>GW</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>WR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Risk factors for methotrexate-induced lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A multicenter, case–control study. Methotrexate-Lung Study Group.</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>1997</year>;<volume>127</volume>:<fpage>356</fpage>–<lpage>64</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9273826</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kent</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name><name><surname>Luthra</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></name><name><surname>Michet</surname><given-names>C</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name></person-group> <article-title>Risk factors for methotrexate-induced abnormal laboratory monitoring results in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>31</volume>:<fpage>1727</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15338491</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaye</surname><given-names>GI</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaye</surname><given-names>NW</given-names></name><name><surname>Ishak</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name><name><surname>Axiotis</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Light and electron microscopic analysis of sequential liver biopsy samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. Followup over long treatment intervals and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>38</volume>:<fpage>1194</fpage>–<lpage>203</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7575712</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Funch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Dreyer</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name><name><surname>Tolman</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Alarcon</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Determinants of serious liver disease among patients receiving low-dose methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>36</volume>:<fpage>329</fpage>–<lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8452577</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Golden</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Balk</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Golden</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>The relationship of preexisting lung disease to the development of methotrexate pneumonitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>22</volume>:<fpage>1043</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7674228</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cottin</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Tebib</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Massonnet</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Souquet</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bernard</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Pulmonary function in patients receiving long-term low-dose methotrexate.</article-title><source>Chest</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>109</volume>:<fpage>933</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8635373</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beyeler</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jordi</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerber</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Im Hof</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Pulmonary function in rheumatoid arthritis treated with low-dose methotrexate: a longitudinal study.</article-title><source>Br J Rheumatol</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>35</volume>:<fpage>446</fpage>–<lpage>52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8646435</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ito</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakazono</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Murasawa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mita</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Hata</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Development of fulminant hepatitis B (precore variant mutant type) after the discontinuation of low-dose methotrexate therapy in a rheumatoid arthritis patient.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2001</year>;<volume>44</volume>:<fpage>339</fpage>–<lpage>42</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11229464</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hagiyama</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kubota</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Komano</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Kurosaki</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyasaka</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Fulminant hepatitis in an asymptomatic chronic carrier of hepatitis B virus mutant after withdrawal of low-dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Clin Exp Rheumatol</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>22</volume>:<fpage>375</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15144137</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shergy</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Polisson</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name><name><surname>Caldwell</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Pisetsky</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>NB</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Am J Med</source><year>1988</year>;<volume>85</volume>:<fpage>771</fpage>–<lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3195601</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Cera</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Mangan</surname><given-names>TF</given-names></name><name><surname>Newman</surname><given-names>ED</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Clinical liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1992</year>;<volume>19</volume>:<fpage>229</fpage>–<lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1629819</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Minocha</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Dean</surname><given-names>HA</given-names></name><name><surname>Pittsley</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Liver cirrhosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with long-term methotrexate.</article-title><source>Vet Hum Toxicol</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>35</volume>:<fpage>45</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8434456</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines</collab> <article-title>Guidelines for monitoring drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>39</volume>:<fpage>723</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8639168</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Furst</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Koehnke</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Burmeister</surname><given-names>LF</given-names></name><name><surname>Kohler</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cargill</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Increasing methotrexate effect with increasing dose in the treatment of resistant rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1989</year>;<volume>16</volume>:<fpage>313</fpage>–<lpage>20</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2724250</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schnabel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Reinhold-Keller</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Willmann</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>WL</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Tolerability of methotrexate starting with 15 or 25 mg/week for rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Rheumatol Int</source><year>1994</year>;<volume>14</volume>:<fpage>33</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7939138</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Verstappen</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacobs</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Veen</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Heurkens</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name><name><surname>Schenk</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Ter Borg</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Intensive treatment with methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: aiming for remission. Computer Assisted Management in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (CAMERA, an open-label strategy trial).</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>66</volume>:<fpage>1443</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17519278</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wegrzyn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Adeleine</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Miossec</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Better efficacy of methotrexate given by intramuscular injection than orally in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>63</volume>:<fpage>1232</fpage>–<lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15361377</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rozin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Schapira</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Balbir-Gurman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Braun-Moscovici</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Markovits</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Militianu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Relapse of rheumatoid arthritis after substitution of oral for parenteral administration of methotrexate.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>61</volume>:<fpage>756</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12117691</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jundt</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Browne</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Fiocco</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Steele</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Mock</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>A comparison of low dose methotrexate bioavailability: oral solution, oral tablet, subcutaneous and intramuscular dosing.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>20</volume>:<fpage>1845</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8308768</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoekstra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Haagsma</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Neef</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Proost</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Knuif</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Laar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Bioavailability of higher dose methotrexate comparing oral and subcutaneous administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>31</volume>:<fpage>645</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15088287</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Braun</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaestner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Flaxenberg</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Waehrisch</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanke</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Demary</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Comparison of the clinical efficacy and safety of subcutaneous versus oral administration of methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>58</volume>:<fpage>73</fpage>–<lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18163521</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lambert</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandhu</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lochhead</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hurst</surname><given-names>NP</given-names></name><name><surname>McRorie</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Dhillon</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Dose escalation of parenteral methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis that has been unresponsive to conventional doses of methotrexate: a randomized, controlled trial.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>50</volume>:<fpage>364</fpage>–<lpage>71</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14872477</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Katchamart</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Ortiz</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Shea</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Tugwell</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Bombardier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis (an update systematic review and metaanalysis).</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>58</volume><issue>suppl</issue>:<fpage>S473</fpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Ede</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Laan</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Rood</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Huizinga</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Laar</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>van Denderen</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Effect of folic or folinic acid supplementation on the toxicity and efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a forty-eight week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2001</year>;<volume>44</volume>:<fpage>1515</fpage>–<lpage>24</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11465701</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Baggott</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaughn</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Austin</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>Krumdieck</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low-dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1990</year>;<volume>33</volume>:<fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2405864</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Baggott</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaughn</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></name><name><surname>Austin</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Veitch</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Supplementation with folic acid during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>1994</year>;<volume>121</volume>:<fpage>833</fpage>–<lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7978695</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Griffith</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Montgomery</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Saklatvala</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Do patients with rheumatoid arthritis established on methotrexate and folic acid 5 mg daily need to continue folic acid supplements long term?</article-title><source>Rheumatology (Oxford)</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>39</volume>:<fpage>1102</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11035130</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Buckley</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Vacek</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Administration of folinic acid after low dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1990</year>;<volume>17</volume>:<fpage>1158</fpage>–<lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2132565</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiroky</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Neville</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Choquette</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Zummer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hazeltine</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Low-dose methotrexate with leucovorin (folinic acid) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>36</volume>:<fpage>795</fpage>–<lpage>803</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8507221</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weinblatt</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Maier</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Coblyn</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Low dose leucovorin does not interfere with the efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: an 8 week randomized placebo controlled trial.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>20</volume>:<fpage>950</fpage>–<lpage>2</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8350329</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hanrahan</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Concurrent use of folinic acid and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1988</year>;<volume>15</volume>:<fpage>1078</fpage>–<lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3050087</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b43"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joyce</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Will</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoffman</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Laing</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Blackbourn</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis in patients treated with methotrexate after administration of folinic acid.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>1991</year>;<volume>50</volume>:<fpage>913</fpage>–<lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1768158</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b44"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Tolman</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Liver histology in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. A prospective study with baseline and sequential biopsy samples.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1989</year>;<volume>32</volume>:<fpage>121</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2920047</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b45"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Furst</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Weinblatt</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Blotner</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Significant changes in serum AST across hepatic histological biopsy grades: prospective analysis of 3 cohorts receiving methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>23</volume>:<fpage>459</fpage>–<lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8832983</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b46"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tolman</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name><name><surname>Clegg</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate and the liver.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1985</year>;<volume>12</volume><issue>(suppl 12)</issue>:<fpage>29</fpage>–<lpage>34</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b47"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Willkens</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Leonard</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Clegg</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Tolman</surname><given-names>KG</given-names></name><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Marks</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Liver histology in patients receiving low dose pulse methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>1990</year>;<volume>49</volume>:<fpage>591</fpage>–<lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2396863</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b48"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Alarcon</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lightfoot</surname><given-names>RW</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Willkens</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Furst</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. American College of Rheumatology.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1994</year>;<volume>37</volume>:<fpage>316</fpage>–<lpage>28</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8129787</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b49"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Reddy</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Vogelgesang</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Usefulness of the American College of Rheumatology recommendations for liver biopsy in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>38</volume>:<fpage>1115</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7639808</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mckendry</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Dale</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Ast and/or Alt for methotrexate monitoring.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>38</volume>:<issue>9(suppl)</issue>:<fpage>680</fpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gutierrez-Urena</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Garcia</surname><given-names>CO</given-names></name><name><surname>Cuellar</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Espinoza</surname><given-names>LR</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Pancytopenia secondary to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>39</volume>:<fpage>272</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8849378</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rau</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Karger</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Herborn</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Frenzel</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Liver biopsy findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing longterm treatment with methotrexate.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1989</year>;<volume>16</volume>:<fpage>489</fpage>–<lpage>93</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2473207</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Visser</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Heijde</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Incidence of liver enzyme elevations and liver biopsy abnormalities during methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2008</year>;<volume>58</volume><issue>suppl</issue>:<fpage>S557</fpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Espinoza</surname><given-names>LR</given-names></name><name><surname>Zakraoui</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Espinoza</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name><name><surname>Gutierrez</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Jara</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Silveira</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Psoriatic arthritis: clinical response and side effects to methotrexate therapy.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1992</year>;<volume>19</volume>:<fpage>872</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1404123</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grismer</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name><name><surname>Gill</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Liver biopsy in psoriatic arthritis to detect methotrexate hepatotoxicity.</article-title><source>J Clin Rheumatol</source><year>2001</year>;<volume>7</volume>:<fpage>224</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17039139</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tilling</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Townsend</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>David</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate and hepatic toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.</article-title><source>Clin Drug Invest</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>26</volume>:<fpage>55</fpage>–<lpage>62</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ujfalussy</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Koo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Sesztak</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gergely</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Termination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and in psoriatic arthritis. A comparative study of 270 cases.</article-title><source>Z Rheumatol</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>62</volume>:<fpage>155</fpage>–<lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12721703</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ros</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Juanola</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Condom</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Canas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Riera</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Guardiola</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Light and electron microscopic analysis of liver biopsy samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy.</article-title><source>Scand J Rheumatol</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>31</volume>:<fpage>330</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12492247</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b59"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alarcon</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><name><surname>Tracy</surname><given-names>IC</given-names></name><name><surname>Strand</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaluso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Survival and drug discontinuation analyses in a large cohort of methotrexate treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>54</volume>:<fpage>708</fpage>–<lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7495340</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b60"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>HK</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernan</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Seeger</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Robins</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolfe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study.</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>359</volume>:<fpage>1173</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11955534</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b61"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Assous</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Touze</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Meune</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kahan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Allanore</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: single-center hospital-based cohort study in France.</article-title><source>Joint Bone Spine</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>74</volume>:<fpage>66</fpage>–<lpage>72</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17174586</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b62"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Halm</surname><given-names>VP</given-names></name><name><surname>Nurmohamed</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Twisk</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Dijkmans</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Voskuyl</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study.</article-title><source>Arthritis Res Ther</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>8</volume>:<fpage>R151</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16984661</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b63"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maetzel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Strand</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Tugwell</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bombardier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Meta-analysis of treatment termination rates among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.</article-title><source>Rheumatology (Oxford)</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>39</volume>:<fpage>975</fpage>–<lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10986302</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b64"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salliot</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Heijde</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Long term safety of methotrexate monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a systematic literature research.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>68</volume>:<fpage>1100</fpage>–<lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19060002</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b65"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doran</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name><name><surname>Crowson</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Pond</surname><given-names>GR</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Fallon</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></name><name><surname>Gabriel</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>46</volume>:<fpage>2294</fpage>–<lpage>300</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12355476</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b66"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolfe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Michaud</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Chakravarty</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Rates and predictors of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders.</article-title><source>Rheumatology (Oxford)</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>45</volume>:<fpage>1370</fpage>–<lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17003175</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b67"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolfe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Michaud</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>50</volume>:<fpage>1740</fpage>–<lpage>51</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15188349</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b68"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mariette</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Cazals-Hatem</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Warszawki</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Liote</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Balandraud</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Sibilia</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Lymphomas in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate: a 3-year prospective study in France.</article-title><source>Blood</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>99</volume>:<fpage>3909</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12010788</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b69"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoshida</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>JX</given-names></name><name><surname>Fujita</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakamichi</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Ikeda</surname><given-names>JI</given-names></name><name><surname>Tomita</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: clinicopathological analysis of 76 cases in relation to methotrexate medication.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>34</volume>:<fpage>322</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17117491</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b70"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kojima</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Itoh</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirabayashi</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamaki</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Murayama</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Methtrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. A clinicopathological study of 13 Japanese cases.</article-title><source>Pathol Res Pract</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>202</volume>:<fpage>679</fpage>–<lpage>85</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16859835</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b71"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kamel</surname><given-names>OW</given-names></name><name><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Rijn</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>TV</given-names></name><name><surname>Kingma</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaffe</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Hodgkin’s disease and lymphoproliferations resembling Hodgkin’s disease in patients receiving long-term low-dose methotrexate therapy.</article-title><source>Am J Surg Pathol</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>20</volume>:<fpage>1279</fpage>–<lpage>87</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8827036</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b72"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kamel</surname><given-names>OW</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Rijn</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lebrun</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name><name><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Warnke</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Dorfman</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Lymphoid neoplasms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis: frequency of Epstein–Barr virus and other features associated with immunosuppression.</article-title><source>Hum Pathol</source><year>1994</year>;<volume>25</volume>:<fpage>638</fpage>–<lpage>43</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8026822</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b73"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tutor-Ureta</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Yebra-Bango</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Salas-Anton</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Andreu</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Rheumatoid arthritis, methotrexate and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A report of 3 patients.</article-title><source>Medicina Clinica</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>125</volume>:<fpage>637</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16287579</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b74"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Katchamart</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Trudeau</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Phumethum</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Bombardier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>The efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy vs MTX combination therapy with non-biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2009</year>;<volume>68</volume>:<fpage>1105</fpage>–<lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19054823</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b75"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tugwell</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Pincus</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Yocum</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Stein</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gluck</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Kraag</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Combination therapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe rheumatoid arthritis. The Methotrexate–Cyclosporine Combination Study Group.</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1995</year>;<volume>333</volume>:<fpage>137</fpage>–<lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7791814</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b76"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Genovese</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>GW</given-names></name><name><surname>Caldwell</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Cush</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Furst</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>137</volume>:<fpage>726</fpage>–<lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12416946</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b77"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lehman</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Klinkhoff</surname><given-names>AV</given-names></name><name><surname>Grant</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Fitzgerald</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Canvin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>A 48-week, randomized, double-blind, double-observer, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of combination methotrexate and intramuscular gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: results of the METGO study.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>52</volume>:<fpage>1360</fpage>–<lpage>70</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15880810</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b78"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ogrendik</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Levofloxacin treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate.</article-title><source>South Med J</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>100</volume>:<fpage>135</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17330681</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b79"><label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Capell</surname><given-names>HA</given-names></name><name><surname>Madhok</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Porter</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name><name><surname>Munro</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>McInnes</surname><given-names>IB</given-names></name><name><surname>Hunter</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Combination therapy with sulfasalazine and methotrexate is more effective than either drug alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with a suboptimal response to sulfasalazine: results from the double-blind placebo-controlled MASCOT study.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>66</volume>:<fpage>235</fpage>–<lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16926184</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b80"><label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ichikawa</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamanaka</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Akizuki</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kondo</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kobayashi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Therapeutic effects of the combination of methotrexate and bucillamine in early rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled study.</article-title><source>Mod Rheumatol</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>15</volume>:<fpage>323</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17029087</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b81"><label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haagsma</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>van Riel</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></name><name><surname>de Jong</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Putte</surname><given-names>LB</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Combination of sulphasalazine and methotrexate versus the single components in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, 52 week clinical trial.</article-title><source>Br J Rheumatol</source><year>1997</year>;<volume>36</volume>:<fpage>1082</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9374925</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b82"><label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dougados</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Combe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Cantagrel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Goupille</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Olive</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Schattenkirchner</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, controlled, double blind 52 week clinical trial of sulphasalazine and methotrexate compared with the single components.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>1999</year>;<volume>58</volume>:<fpage>220</fpage>–<lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10364900</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b83"><label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marchesoni</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Battafarano</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Arreghini</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Panni</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallazzi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tosi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-month randomized controlled study comparing the combination of cyclosporin and methotrexate with methotrexate alone.</article-title><source>Rheumatology (Oxford)</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>42</volume>:<fpage>1545</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12810924</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b84"><label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hetland</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Stengaard-Pedersen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Junker</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Lottenburger</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Ellingsen</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Combination treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and intraarticular betamethasone compared with methotrexate and intraarticular betamethasone in early active rheumatoid arthritis: an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>54</volume>:<fpage>1401</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16645967</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b85"><label>85</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O’Dell</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Elliott</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Mallek</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Mikuls</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Glickstein</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: doxycycline plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>54</volume>:<fpage>621</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16447240</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b86"><label>86</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Islam</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name><name><surname>Alam</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name><name><surname>Haq</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Moyenuzzaman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Patwary</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Efficacy of sulphasalazine plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Bangladesh Medl Res CouncBull</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>26</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b87"><label>87</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tascioglu</surname><given-names>FO</given-names></name><name><surname>Oner</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Armagan</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Comparison of low dose methotrexate and combination therapy with methotrexate and sulphasalazine in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol Med Rehabil</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>14</volume>:<fpage>142</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b88"><label>88</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O’Dell</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Haire</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Erikson</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Drymalski</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Eckhoff</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications.</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>334</volume>:<fpage>1287</fpage>–<lpage>91</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8609945</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b89"><label>89</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Verhoeven</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Markusse</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>van de Laar</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Westhovens</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>van Denderen</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>1997</year>;<volume>350</volume>:<fpage>309</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9251634</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b90"><label>90</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Breedveld</surname><given-names>FC</given-names></name><name><surname>Weisman</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Kavanaugh</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>SB</given-names></name><name><surname>Pavelka</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>van Vollenhoven</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>The PREMIER study: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>54</volume>:<fpage>26</fpage>–<lpage>37</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16385520</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b91"><label>91</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Genovese</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Bathon</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Fleischmann</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Tesser</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Schiff</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2002</year>;<volume>46</volume>:<fpage>1443</fpage>–<lpage>50</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12115173</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b92"><label>92</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goekoop-Ruiterman</surname><given-names>YP</given-names></name><name><surname>Vries-Bouwstra</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name><name><surname>Allaart</surname><given-names>CF</given-names></name><name><surname>van Zeben</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerstens</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Hazes</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study)—a randomized, controlled trial.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>52</volume>:<fpage>3381</fpage>–<lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16258899</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b93"><label>93</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahr</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Jover</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Spiera</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernandez-Garcia</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandez-Gutierrez</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lavalley</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>56</volume>:<fpage>2789</fpage>–<lpage>97</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17665429</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b94"><label>94</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ferraccioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Salaffi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>De Vita</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Casatta</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Bartoli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate in polymyalgia rheumatica: preliminary results of an open, randomized study.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>23</volume>:<fpage>624</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8730115</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b95"><label>95</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caporali</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Cimmino</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferraccioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerli</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Klersy</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Salvarani</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Prednisone plus methotrexate for polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>141</volume>:<fpage>493</fpage>–<lpage>500</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15466766</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b96"><label>96</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fortin</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name><name><surname>Abrahamowicz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferland</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Lacaille</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name><name><surname>Zummer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Study of methotrexate in lupus erythematosus (SMILE): significant decreased disease activity and steroid sparing effect in patients without damage.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2001</year>;<volume>44</volume><issue>suppl</issue>:<fpage>S387</fpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b97"><label>97</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carneiro</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Sato</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial of methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1999</year>;<volume>26</volume>:<fpage>1275</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10381042</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b98"><label>98</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramanan</surname><given-names>AV</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell-Webster</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Ota</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Parker</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tran</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tyrrell</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>The effectiveness of treating juvenile dermatomyositis with methotrexate and aggressively tapered corticosteroids.</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><year>2005</year>;<volume>52</volume>:<fpage>3570</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16255046</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b99"><label>99</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sany</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Anaya</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Canovas</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Combe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Jorgensen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Saker</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> <article-title>Influence of methotrexate on the frequency of postoperative infectious complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>1993</year>;<volume>20</volume>:<fpage>1129</fpage>–<lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8371204</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b100"><label>100</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grennan</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Loudon</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fear</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate and early postoperative complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery.</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2001</year>;<volume>60</volume>:<fpage>214</fpage>–<lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11171680</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b101"><label>101</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carpenter</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Vogelgesang</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Casey Jones</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Postoperative joint infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients on methotrexate therapy.</article-title><source>Orthopedics</source><year>1996</year>;<volume>19</volume>:<fpage>207</fpage>–<lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8867548</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b102"><label>102</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murata</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Yasuda</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Ito</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoshida</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Shimizu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Lack of increase in postoperative complications with low-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.</article-title><source>Mod Rheumatol</source><year>2006</year>;<volume>16</volume>:<fpage>14</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16622718</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b103"><label>103</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ostensen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>von Esebeck</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Villiger</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Therapy with immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents and use of contraception in patients with rheumatic disease.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2007</year>;<volume>34</volume>:<fpage>1266</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17516615</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b104"><label>104</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ostensen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hartmann</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Salvesen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Low dose weekly methotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>27</volume>:<fpage>1872</fpage>–<lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10955326</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b105"><label>105</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lewden</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Vial</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Elefant</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Nelva</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Descotes</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Low dose methotrexate in the first trimester of pregnancy: results of a French collaborative study.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2004</year>;<volume>31</volume>:<fpage>2360</fpage>–<lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15570635</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b106"><label>106</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kozlowski</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Steinbrunner</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>MacKenzie</surname><given-names>AH</given-names></name><name><surname>Clough</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilke</surname><given-names>WS</given-names></name><name><surname>Segal</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Outcome of first-trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease.</article-title><source>Am J Med</source><year>1990</year>;<volume>88</volume>:<fpage>589</fpage>–<lpage>92</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2189302</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b107"><label>107</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Donnenfeld</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Pastuszak</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Noah</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Schick</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Rose</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>Koren</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Methotrexate exposure prior to and during pregnancy.</article-title><source>Teratology</source><year>1994</year>;<volume>49</volume>:<fpage>79</fpage>–<lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8016747</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b108"><label>108</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chakravarty</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanchez-Yamamoto</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Bush</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcomes.</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><year>2003</year>;<volume>30</volume>:<fpage>241</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12563675</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b109"><label>109</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Regan</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Rai</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group> <article-title>Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage.</article-title><source>Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source><year>2000</year>;<volume>14</volume>:<fpage>839</fpage>–<lpage>54</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11023804</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b110"><label>110</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>Otis</collab> <article-title>Información para mujeres embarazadas y amamantando sobre el estrés.</article-title><month>3</month><year>2006</year> <comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.otispregnancy.org/pdf/es_estres.pdf">http://www.otispregnancy.org/pdf/es_estres.pdf</ext-link> (accessed March 2008)</comment></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002262 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002262 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |