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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">STROKOG (stroke and cognition consortium): An international consortium to examine the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocognitive disorders in relation to cerebrovascular disease</title><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Perminder S" sort="Sachdev, Perminder S" uniqKey="Sachdev P" first="Perminder S." last="Sachdev">Perminder S. Sachdev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Jessica W" sort="Lo, Jessica W" uniqKey="Lo J" first="Jessica W." last="Lo">Jessica W. Lo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crawford, John D" sort="Crawford, John D" uniqKey="Crawford J" first="John D." last="Crawford">John D. Crawford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mellon, Lisa" sort="Mellon, Lisa" uniqKey="Mellon L" first="Lisa" last="Mellon">Lisa Mellon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hickey, Anne" sort="Hickey, Anne" uniqKey="Hickey A" first="Anne" last="Hickey">Anne Hickey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Stroke and Geriatric Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bordet, Regis" sort="Bordet, Regis" uniqKey="Bordet R" first="Régis" last="Bordet">Régis Bordet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendyk, Anne Marie" sort="Mendyk, Anne Marie" uniqKey="Mendyk A" first="Anne-Marie" last="Mendyk">Anne-Marie Mendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gele, Patrick" sort="Gele, Patrick" uniqKey="Gele P" first="Patrick" last="Gelé">Patrick Gelé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deplanque, Dominique" sort="Deplanque, Dominique" uniqKey="Deplanque D" first="Dominique" last="Deplanque">Dominique Deplanque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bae, Hee Joon" sort="Bae, Hee Joon" uniqKey="Bae H" first="Hee-Joon" last="Bae">Hee-Joon Bae</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Jae Sung" sort="Lim, Jae Sung" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Jae-Sung" last="Lim">Jae-Sung Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodtmann, Amy" sort="Brodtmann, Amy" uniqKey="Brodtmann A" first="Amy" last="Brodtmann">Amy Brodtmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Werden, Emilio" sort="Werden, Emilio" uniqKey="Werden E" first="Emilio" last="Werden">Emilio Werden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cumming, Toby" sort="Cumming, Toby" uniqKey="Cumming T" first="Toby" last="Cumming">Toby Cumming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohler, Sebastian" sort="Kohler, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kohler S" first="Sebastian" last="Köhler">Sebastian Köhler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhey, Frans R J" sort="Verhey, Frans R J" uniqKey="Verhey F" first="Frans R. J." last="Verhey">Frans R. J. Verhey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Yan Hong" sort="Dong, Yan Hong" uniqKey="Dong Y" first="Yan-Hong" last="Dong">Yan-Hong Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Hui Hui" sort="Tan, Hui Hui" uniqKey="Tan H" first="Hui Hui" last="Tan">Hui Hui Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Christopher" sort="Chen, Christopher" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Christopher" last="Chen">Christopher Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xin, Xu" sort="Xin, Xu" uniqKey="Xin X" first="Xu" last="Xin">Xu Xin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalaria, Raj N" sort="Kalaria, Raj N" uniqKey="Kalaria R" first="Raj N." last="Kalaria">Raj N. Kalaria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allan, Louise M" sort="Allan, Louise M" uniqKey="Allan L" first="Louise M." last="Allan">Louise M. Allan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemi, Rufus O" sort="Akinyemi, Rufus O" uniqKey="Akinyemi R" first="Rufus O." last="Akinyemi">Rufus O. Akinyemi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunniyi, Adesola" sort="Ogunniyi, Adesola" uniqKey="Ogunniyi A" first="Adesola" last="Ogunniyi">Adesola Ogunniyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klimkowicz Mrowiec, Aleksandra" sort="Klimkowicz Mrowiec, Aleksandra" uniqKey="Klimkowicz Mrowiec A" first="Aleksandra" last="Klimkowicz-Mrowiec">Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dichgans, Martin" sort="Dichgans, Martin" uniqKey="Dichgans M" first="Martin" last="Dichgans">Martin Dichgans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollenweber, Frank A" sort="Wollenweber, Frank A" uniqKey="Wollenweber F" first="Frank A." last="Wollenweber">Frank A. Wollenweber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zietemann, Vera" sort="Zietemann, Vera" uniqKey="Zietemann V" first="Vera" last="Zietemann">Vera Zietemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Michael" sort="Hoffmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hoffmann M" first="Michael" last="Hoffmann">Michael Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Cognitive Neurology and Stroke Programs, University of Central Florida, Orlando VA Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desmond, David W" sort="Desmond, David W" uniqKey="Desmond D" first="David W." last="Desmond">David W. Desmond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">No Affiliation</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linden, Thomas" sort="Linden, Thomas" uniqKey="Linden T" first="Thomas" last="Linden">Thomas Linden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blomstrand, Christian" sort="Blomstrand, Christian" uniqKey="Blomstrand C" first="Christian" last="Blomstrand">Christian Blomstrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagerberg, Bjorn" sort="Fagerberg, Bjorn" uniqKey="Fagerberg B" first="Björn" last="Fagerberg">Björn Fagerberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skoog, Ingmar" sort="Skoog, Ingmar" uniqKey="Skoog I" first="Ingmar" last="Skoog">Ingmar Skoog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Ageing AGECAP, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godefroy, Olivier" sort="Godefroy, Olivier" uniqKey="Godefroy O" first="Olivier" last="Godefroy">Olivier Godefroy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbay, Melanie" sort="Barbay, Melanie" uniqKey="Barbay M" first="Mélanie" last="Barbay">Mélanie Barbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roussel, Martine" sort="Roussel, Martine" uniqKey="Roussel M" first="Martine" last="Roussel">Martine Roussel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Byung Chul" sort="Lee, Byung Chul" uniqKey="Lee B" first="Byung-Chul" last="Lee">Byung-Chul Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Kyung Ho" sort="Yu, Kyung Ho" uniqKey="Yu K" first="Kyung-Ho" last="Yu">Kyung-Ho Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wardlaw, Joanna" sort="Wardlaw, Joanna" uniqKey="Wardlaw J" first="Joanna" last="Wardlaw">Joanna Wardlaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makin, Stephen J" sort="Makin, Stephen J" uniqKey="Makin S" first="Stephen J." last="Makin">Stephen J. Makin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doubal, Fergus N" sort="Doubal, Fergus N" uniqKey="Doubal F" first="Fergus N." last="Doubal">Fergus N. Doubal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chappell, Francesca M" sort="Chappell, Francesca M" uniqKey="Chappell F" first="Francesca M." last="Chappell">Francesca M. Chappell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Srikanth, Velandai K" sort="Srikanth, Velandai K" uniqKey="Srikanth V" first="Velandai K." last="Srikanth">Velandai K. Srikanth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32">Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thrift, Amanda G" sort="Thrift, Amanda G" uniqKey="Thrift A" first="Amanda G." last="Thrift">Amanda G. Thrift</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnan, Geoffrey A" sort="Donnan, Geoffrey A" uniqKey="Donnan G" first="Geoffrey A." last="Donnan">Geoffrey A. Donnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kandiah, Nagaendran" sort="Kandiah, Nagaendran" uniqKey="Kandiah N" first="Nagaendran" last="Kandiah">Nagaendran Kandiah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chander, Russell J" sort="Chander, Russell J" uniqKey="Chander R" first="Russell J." last="Chander">Russell J. Chander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Xuling" sort="Lin, Xuling" uniqKey="Lin X" first="Xuling" last="Lin">Xuling Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cordonnier, Charlotte" sort="Cordonnier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Cordonnier C" first="Charlotte" last="Cordonnier">Charlotte Cordonnier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moulin, Solene" sort="Moulin, Solene" uniqKey="Moulin S" first="Solene" last="Moulin">Solene Moulin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Costanza" sort="Rossi, Costanza" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Costanza" last="Rossi">Costanza Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabayan, Behnam" sort="Sabayan, Behnam" uniqKey="Sabayan B" first="Behnam" last="Sabayan">Behnam Sabayan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34">Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stott, David J" sort="Stott, David J" uniqKey="Stott D" first="David J." last="Stott">David J. Stott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35">Academic Section of Geriatrics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jukema, J Wouter" sort="Jukema, J Wouter" uniqKey="Jukema J" first="J. Wouter" last="Jukema">J. Wouter Jukema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36">Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melkas, Susanna" sort="Melkas, Susanna" uniqKey="Melkas S" first="Susanna" last="Melkas">Susanna Melkas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokinen, Hanna" sort="Jokinen, Hanna" uniqKey="Jokinen H" first="Hanna" last="Jokinen">Hanna Jokinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erkinjuntti, Timo" sort="Erkinjuntti, Timo" uniqKey="Erkinjuntti T" first="Timo" last="Erkinjuntti">Timo Erkinjuntti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mok, Vincent C T" sort="Mok, Vincent C T" uniqKey="Mok V" first="Vincent C. T." last="Mok">Vincent C. T. Mok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Adrian" sort="Wong, Adrian" uniqKey="Wong A" first="Adrian" last="Wong">Adrian Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Bonnie Y K" sort="Lam, Bonnie Y K" uniqKey="Lam B" first="Bonnie Y. K." last="Lam">Bonnie Y. K. Lam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leys, Didier" sort="Leys, Didier" uniqKey="Leys D" first="Didier" last="Leys">Didier Leys</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henon, Hilde" sort="Henon, Hilde" uniqKey="Henon H" first="Hilde" last="Hénon">Hilde Hénon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bombois, Stephanie" sort="Bombois, Stephanie" uniqKey="Bombois S" first="Stéphanie" last="Bombois">Stéphanie Bombois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipnicki, Darren M" sort="Lipnicki, Darren M" uniqKey="Lipnicki D" first="Darren M." last="Lipnicki">Darren M. Lipnicki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kochan, Nicole A" sort="Kochan, Nicole A" uniqKey="Kochan N" first="Nicole A." last="Kochan">Nicole A. Kochan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28138511</idno><idno type="pmc">5257024</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5257024</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5257024</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.dadm.2016.10.006</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002225</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002225</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">STROKOG (stroke and cognition consortium): An international consortium to examine the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocognitive disorders in relation to cerebrovascular disease</title><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Perminder S" sort="Sachdev, Perminder S" uniqKey="Sachdev P" first="Perminder S." last="Sachdev">Perminder S. Sachdev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Jessica W" sort="Lo, Jessica W" uniqKey="Lo J" first="Jessica W." last="Lo">Jessica W. Lo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crawford, John D" sort="Crawford, John D" uniqKey="Crawford J" first="John D." last="Crawford">John D. Crawford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mellon, Lisa" sort="Mellon, Lisa" uniqKey="Mellon L" first="Lisa" last="Mellon">Lisa Mellon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hickey, Anne" sort="Hickey, Anne" uniqKey="Hickey A" first="Anne" last="Hickey">Anne Hickey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Stroke and Geriatric Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bordet, Regis" sort="Bordet, Regis" uniqKey="Bordet R" first="Régis" last="Bordet">Régis Bordet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendyk, Anne Marie" sort="Mendyk, Anne Marie" uniqKey="Mendyk A" first="Anne-Marie" last="Mendyk">Anne-Marie Mendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gele, Patrick" sort="Gele, Patrick" uniqKey="Gele P" first="Patrick" last="Gelé">Patrick Gelé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deplanque, Dominique" sort="Deplanque, Dominique" uniqKey="Deplanque D" first="Dominique" last="Deplanque">Dominique Deplanque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bae, Hee Joon" sort="Bae, Hee Joon" uniqKey="Bae H" first="Hee-Joon" last="Bae">Hee-Joon Bae</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Jae Sung" sort="Lim, Jae Sung" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Jae-Sung" last="Lim">Jae-Sung Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodtmann, Amy" sort="Brodtmann, Amy" uniqKey="Brodtmann A" first="Amy" last="Brodtmann">Amy Brodtmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Werden, Emilio" sort="Werden, Emilio" uniqKey="Werden E" first="Emilio" last="Werden">Emilio Werden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cumming, Toby" sort="Cumming, Toby" uniqKey="Cumming T" first="Toby" last="Cumming">Toby Cumming</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohler, Sebastian" sort="Kohler, Sebastian" uniqKey="Kohler S" first="Sebastian" last="Köhler">Sebastian Köhler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verhey, Frans R J" sort="Verhey, Frans R J" uniqKey="Verhey F" first="Frans R. J." last="Verhey">Frans R. J. Verhey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Yan Hong" sort="Dong, Yan Hong" uniqKey="Dong Y" first="Yan-Hong" last="Dong">Yan-Hong Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Hui Hui" sort="Tan, Hui Hui" uniqKey="Tan H" first="Hui Hui" last="Tan">Hui Hui Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Christopher" sort="Chen, Christopher" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Christopher" last="Chen">Christopher Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xin, Xu" sort="Xin, Xu" uniqKey="Xin X" first="Xu" last="Xin">Xu Xin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalaria, Raj N" sort="Kalaria, Raj N" uniqKey="Kalaria R" first="Raj N." last="Kalaria">Raj N. Kalaria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allan, Louise M" sort="Allan, Louise M" uniqKey="Allan L" first="Louise M." last="Allan">Louise M. Allan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akinyemi, Rufus O" sort="Akinyemi, Rufus O" uniqKey="Akinyemi R" first="Rufus O." last="Akinyemi">Rufus O. Akinyemi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunniyi, Adesola" sort="Ogunniyi, Adesola" uniqKey="Ogunniyi A" first="Adesola" last="Ogunniyi">Adesola Ogunniyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klimkowicz Mrowiec, Aleksandra" sort="Klimkowicz Mrowiec, Aleksandra" uniqKey="Klimkowicz Mrowiec A" first="Aleksandra" last="Klimkowicz-Mrowiec">Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dichgans, Martin" sort="Dichgans, Martin" uniqKey="Dichgans M" first="Martin" last="Dichgans">Martin Dichgans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollenweber, Frank A" sort="Wollenweber, Frank A" uniqKey="Wollenweber F" first="Frank A." last="Wollenweber">Frank A. Wollenweber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zietemann, Vera" sort="Zietemann, Vera" uniqKey="Zietemann V" first="Vera" last="Zietemann">Vera Zietemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, Michael" sort="Hoffmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hoffmann M" first="Michael" last="Hoffmann">Michael Hoffmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Cognitive Neurology and Stroke Programs, University of Central Florida, Orlando VA Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desmond, David W" sort="Desmond, David W" uniqKey="Desmond D" first="David W." last="Desmond">David W. Desmond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">No Affiliation</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linden, Thomas" sort="Linden, Thomas" uniqKey="Linden T" first="Thomas" last="Linden">Thomas Linden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blomstrand, Christian" sort="Blomstrand, Christian" uniqKey="Blomstrand C" first="Christian" last="Blomstrand">Christian Blomstrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fagerberg, Bjorn" sort="Fagerberg, Bjorn" uniqKey="Fagerberg B" first="Björn" last="Fagerberg">Björn Fagerberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skoog, Ingmar" sort="Skoog, Ingmar" uniqKey="Skoog I" first="Ingmar" last="Skoog">Ingmar Skoog</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Ageing AGECAP, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godefroy, Olivier" sort="Godefroy, Olivier" uniqKey="Godefroy O" first="Olivier" last="Godefroy">Olivier Godefroy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbay, Melanie" sort="Barbay, Melanie" uniqKey="Barbay M" first="Mélanie" last="Barbay">Mélanie Barbay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roussel, Martine" sort="Roussel, Martine" uniqKey="Roussel M" first="Martine" last="Roussel">Martine Roussel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Byung Chul" sort="Lee, Byung Chul" uniqKey="Lee B" first="Byung-Chul" last="Lee">Byung-Chul Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Kyung Ho" sort="Yu, Kyung Ho" uniqKey="Yu K" first="Kyung-Ho" last="Yu">Kyung-Ho Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wardlaw, Joanna" sort="Wardlaw, Joanna" uniqKey="Wardlaw J" first="Joanna" last="Wardlaw">Joanna Wardlaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makin, Stephen J" sort="Makin, Stephen J" uniqKey="Makin S" first="Stephen J." last="Makin">Stephen J. Makin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doubal, Fergus N" sort="Doubal, Fergus N" uniqKey="Doubal F" first="Fergus N." last="Doubal">Fergus N. Doubal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chappell, Francesca M" sort="Chappell, Francesca M" uniqKey="Chappell F" first="Francesca M." last="Chappell">Francesca M. Chappell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Srikanth, Velandai K" sort="Srikanth, Velandai K" uniqKey="Srikanth V" first="Velandai K." last="Srikanth">Velandai K. Srikanth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32">Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thrift, Amanda G" sort="Thrift, Amanda G" uniqKey="Thrift A" first="Amanda G." last="Thrift">Amanda G. Thrift</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donnan, Geoffrey A" sort="Donnan, Geoffrey A" uniqKey="Donnan G" first="Geoffrey A." last="Donnan">Geoffrey A. Donnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kandiah, Nagaendran" sort="Kandiah, Nagaendran" uniqKey="Kandiah N" first="Nagaendran" last="Kandiah">Nagaendran Kandiah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chander, Russell J" sort="Chander, Russell J" uniqKey="Chander R" first="Russell J." last="Chander">Russell J. Chander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Xuling" sort="Lin, Xuling" uniqKey="Lin X" first="Xuling" last="Lin">Xuling Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cordonnier, Charlotte" sort="Cordonnier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Cordonnier C" first="Charlotte" last="Cordonnier">Charlotte Cordonnier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moulin, Solene" sort="Moulin, Solene" uniqKey="Moulin S" first="Solene" last="Moulin">Solene Moulin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Costanza" sort="Rossi, Costanza" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Costanza" last="Rossi">Costanza Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabayan, Behnam" sort="Sabayan, Behnam" uniqKey="Sabayan B" first="Behnam" last="Sabayan">Behnam Sabayan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34">Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stott, David J" sort="Stott, David J" uniqKey="Stott D" first="David J." last="Stott">David J. Stott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35">Academic Section of Geriatrics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jukema, J Wouter" sort="Jukema, J Wouter" uniqKey="Jukema J" first="J. Wouter" last="Jukema">J. Wouter Jukema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36">Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melkas, Susanna" sort="Melkas, Susanna" uniqKey="Melkas S" first="Susanna" last="Melkas">Susanna Melkas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokinen, Hanna" sort="Jokinen, Hanna" uniqKey="Jokinen H" first="Hanna" last="Jokinen">Hanna Jokinen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erkinjuntti, Timo" sort="Erkinjuntti, Timo" uniqKey="Erkinjuntti T" first="Timo" last="Erkinjuntti">Timo Erkinjuntti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mok, Vincent C T" sort="Mok, Vincent C T" uniqKey="Mok V" first="Vincent C. T." last="Mok">Vincent C. T. Mok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Adrian" sort="Wong, Adrian" uniqKey="Wong A" first="Adrian" last="Wong">Adrian Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Bonnie Y K" sort="Lam, Bonnie Y K" uniqKey="Lam B" first="Bonnie Y. K." last="Lam">Bonnie Y. K. Lam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leys, Didier" sort="Leys, Didier" uniqKey="Leys D" first="Didier" last="Leys">Didier Leys</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henon, Hilde" sort="Henon, Hilde" uniqKey="Henon H" first="Hilde" last="Hénon">Hilde Hénon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bombois, Stephanie" sort="Bombois, Stephanie" uniqKey="Bombois S" first="Stéphanie" last="Bombois">Stéphanie Bombois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipnicki, Darren M" sort="Lipnicki, Darren M" uniqKey="Lipnicki D" first="Darren M." last="Lipnicki">Darren M. Lipnicki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kochan, Nicole A" sort="Kochan, Nicole A" uniqKey="Kochan N" first="Nicole A." last="Kochan">Nicole A. Kochan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Alzheimer's & Dementia : Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring</title><idno type="eISSN">2352-8729</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The Stroke and Cognition consortium (STROKOG) aims to facilitate a better understanding of the determinants of vascular contributions to cognitive disorders and help improve the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Longitudinal studies with ≥75 participants who had suffered or were at risk of stroke or TIA and which evaluated cognitive function were invited to join STROKOG. The consortium will facilitate projects investigating rates and patterns of cognitive decline, risk factors for VCD, and biomarkers of vascular dementia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Currently, STROKOG includes 25 (21 published) studies, with 12,092 participants from five continents. The duration of follow-up ranges from 3 months to 21 years.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Although data harmonization will be a key challenge, STROKOG is in a unique position to reuse and combine international cohort data and fully explore patient level characteristics and outcomes. STROKOG could potentially transform our understanding of VCD and have a worldwide impact on promoting better vascular cognitive outcomes.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roman, G C" uniqKey="Roman G">G.C. Román</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lobo, A" uniqKey="Lobo A">A. 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ref-type="aff">gg</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Xuling</given-names></name><xref rid="aff33" ref-type="aff">gg</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cordonnier</surname><given-names>Charlotte</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moulin</surname><given-names>Solene</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Costanza</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sabayan</surname><given-names>Behnam</given-names></name><xref rid="aff34" ref-type="aff">hh</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stott</surname><given-names>David J.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff35" ref-type="aff">ii</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jukema</surname><given-names>J. Wouter</given-names></name><xref rid="aff36" ref-type="aff">jj</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melkas</surname><given-names>Susanna</given-names></name><xref rid="aff37" ref-type="aff">kk</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jokinen</surname><given-names>Hanna</given-names></name><xref rid="aff37" ref-type="aff">kk</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Erkinjuntti</surname><given-names>Timo</given-names></name><xref rid="aff37" ref-type="aff">kk</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mok</surname><given-names>Vincent C.T.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff38" ref-type="aff">ll</xref><xref rid="aff39" ref-type="aff">mm</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Adrian</given-names></name><xref rid="aff38" ref-type="aff">ll</xref><xref rid="aff39" ref-type="aff">mm</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>Bonnie Y.K.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff38" ref-type="aff">ll</xref><xref rid="aff39" ref-type="aff">mm</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leys</surname><given-names>Didier</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hénon</surname><given-names>Hilde</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bombois</surname><given-names>Stéphanie</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lipnicki</surname><given-names>Darren M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kochan</surname><given-names>Nicole A.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label>Department of Stroke and Geriatric Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, Lille, France</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>g</label>Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>h</label>Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>i</label>Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>j</label>Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>k</label>School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>l</label>Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>m</label>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>n</label>Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>o</label>Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>p</label>Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>q</label>Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>r</label>Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>s</label>Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="aff20"><label>t</label>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>u</label>Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>v</label>Cognitive Neurology and Stroke Programs, University of Central Florida, Orlando VA Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, USA</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>w</label>No Affiliation</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>x</label>Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>y</label>Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>z</label>Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff27"><label>aa</label>Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Ageing AGECAP, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff28"><label>bb</label>Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France</aff><aff id="aff29"><label>cc</label>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="aff30"><label>dd</label>Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK</aff><aff id="aff31"><label>ee</label>Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="aff32"><label>ff</label>Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia</aff><aff id="aff33"><label>gg</label>Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore</aff><aff id="aff34"><label>hh</label>Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands</aff><aff id="aff35"><label>ii</label>Academic Section of Geriatrics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="aff36"><label>jj</label>Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="aff37"><label>kk</label>Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland</aff><aff id="aff38"><label>ll</label>Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</aff><aff id="aff39"><label>mm</label>Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Hong Kong SAR, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Tel.: 612 9382 3763; Fax: 612 9382 3774. <email>p.sachdev@unsw.edu.au</email></corresp><fn id="fn1"><label>1</label><p id="ntpara0010">Consortium head.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="CC BY-NC-ND" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0010"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The Stroke and Cognition consortium (STROKOG) aims to facilitate a better understanding of the determinants of vascular contributions to cognitive disorders and help improve the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Longitudinal studies with ≥75 participants who had suffered or were at risk of stroke or TIA and which evaluated cognitive function were invited to join STROKOG. The consortium will facilitate projects investigating rates and patterns of cognitive decline, risk factors for VCD, and biomarkers of vascular dementia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Currently, STROKOG includes 25 (21 published) studies, with 12,092 participants from five continents. The duration of follow-up ranges from 3 months to 21 years.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Although data harmonization will be a key challenge, STROKOG is in a unique position to reuse and combine international cohort data and fully explore patient level characteristics and outcomes. STROKOG could potentially transform our understanding of VCD and have a worldwide impact on promoting better vascular cognitive outcomes.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Cohort studies</kwd><kwd>Vascular dementia</kwd><kwd>Post-stroke dementia</kwd><kwd>Vascular cognitive disorder</kwd><kwd>Small vessel disease</kwd><kwd>Data harmonization</kwd><kwd>International consortium</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p>Vascular cognitive disorders (VCDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurocognitive disorders with the salient feature being that cognitive decline is primarily attributable to cerebrovascular disease. The term VCD has a chequered history, and it includes not only vascular dementia (VaD; e.g., post-stroke and multi-infarct dementia), but also cognitive impairment of vascular origin that does not meet the criteria for dementia. VaD is common and is generally considered to be the second most common form of dementia, after Alzheimer's disease (AD) <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>.</p><p>The prevalence and incidence of VCD varies depending on the diagnostic criteria applied and the populations studied. In 11 population-based European studies conducted in the 1990s, the age-standardized prevalence of VaD was estimated to be 1.6% compared to 4.4% for AD <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>; the prevalence of VaD was 0.3% in the age group 65–69 years and 5.2% in those aged 90 and above, and VaD accounted for 15.8% of all dementias in these studies <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging used a broader concept termed vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) which consisted of three subgroups: VCI with no dementia, VaD, and AD with a vascular component. The authors estimated that approximately 5% of people over the age of 65 years had VCI, with 2.4% having VCI with no dementia, 0.9% having mixed (vascular and neurodegenerative) dementia and 1.5% having VaD <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. Various clinical studies have shown that the prevalence of dementia is much greater in post-stroke patients, with 6 to 32% being reported as having dementia three months after stroke <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>. A systematic review reported that dementia is 3.5 to 5.6 fold more frequent in patients with stroke than in stroke-free controls <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. Because risk factors for stroke are modifiable, and its incidence has been shown to change with public health intervention, stroke may be regarded as a powerful and modifiable risk factor for dementia <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>.</p><p>Poststroke dementia has emerged as an important subset of VCD primarily because of the large impact stroke has on the risk of VCD. The cognitive consequences of stroke as well as the associated burden of increased functional dependency, institutionalization, and mortality rates are increasingly being recognized <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. However, many aspects of poststroke dementia are uncertain <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, and the precise impact of a stroke on pre-existing cognitive impairment has been disputed. Patients with stroke usually have a complex combination of large and small vessel disease in the brain; in older patients in particular, nonvascular pathology such as AD may also be present <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. Some studies found that up to 10% of stroke patients have cognitive impairment that could be classified as dementia before their first stroke <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, a finding that may be attributable to previous silent infarcts, noninfarct small vessel disease or AD pathology, or a combination of these. An American case-control longitudinal study reported that a stroke doubles the risk of dementia, that this excess risk diminishes with time, and that it does not apply to those >85 years <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. According to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, about one-tenth of patients develop new dementia soon after first stroke, and over one-third are demented after a recurrent stroke <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>.</p><p>Although older age and low levels of education have consistently emerged as key predictors of worse cognitive outcome soon after stroke <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, studies have shown inconsistent findings in relation to other risk factors, which include cerebrovascular disease risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation, prior pathology, stroke features, and infarct characteristics <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>, <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>.</p><p>Making better use of existing data to improve stroke and dementia prevention and treatment is a priority for many governments and funders. The Joint Program for Neurodegeneration (JPND) thus recently funded several initiatives to improve data usage. Metacohorts is one of these initiatives focused on vascular contributions to dementia and the group identified over 90 studies, including over 600,000 subjects worldwide that included data relevant to vascular effects on neurodegeneration including cognitive consequences of stroke <xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>.</p><p>Stroke and Cognition consortium (STROKOG) is a recently established consortium of prospective post-stroke/TIA studies from around the world, including, at the time of writing, 25 studies with up to 12,092 patients from 16 countries and 25 institutions worldwide. By harmonizing data and conducting individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses on studies from around the world, STROKOG aims to better understand the longitudinal course of poststroke cognitive impairment and investigate differences in the prevalence of VCD as well as risk and protective factors between different countries and ethnic groups. In IPD meta-analysis, the original research data are sought directly from the researchers responsible for each study rather than extracting summary (aggregate) data from study publications or from investigators. The original data can then be re-analyzed centrally and combined, if appropriate, in meta-analyses. There are various advantages of conducting IPD meta-analyses over standard meta-analysis, such as the ability to investigate patient level characteristics, adjust for the same confounding factors across studies, address new research questions, and reduce publication bias <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>, <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. By harmonizing and conducting analyses on a rich collection of individual participant data, STROKOG can examine risk factors on the patient level and apply standardized methods of statistical analyses and dementia diagnosis that could produce more accurate prevalence estimates and more detailed information on the risk factors for VCD and the impact stroke has on cognitive decline. It is anticipated that the findings of STROKOG will help guide and optimize preventative strategies and health policy worldwide. STROKOG was officially established at the VASCOG (Society for the Study of Vascular Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders) 2015 meeting in Tokyo, Japan.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><label>2</label><title>Methods</title><sec id="sec2.1"><label>2.1</label><title>Membership</title><p>Studies are eligible to participate in STROKOG if they meet the following membership criteria:<list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0010"><label>1.</label><p>Prospectively recruited patients with stroke, TIA, or high-stroke risk (such as patients with atrial fibrillation, hypertension, genetic disorders such as CADASIL and so forth).</p></list-item><list-item id="o0015"><label>2.</label><p>Are longitudinal, with a minimum of two waves of assessments conducted or planned.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0020"><label>3.</label><p>Have a minimum sample size of 75.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0025"><label>4.</label><p>The major outcome measures include dementia and/or cognitive impairment and/or cognitive decline.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Official enrollment requires the study lead investigator to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) which specifies a willingness to share nonidentifiable data for joint analyses. Studies that have restrictions on data use and data sharing may also participate in STROKOG by conducting in-house analyses using STROKOG protocols and providing summary data for pooling.</p><p>At the time of writing, there are 24 officially enrolled member studies of STROKOG and one unofficial member study which plan to obtain participants' permission to share data before signing the MoU. These studies and their key demographic characteristics are shown in <xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. <xref rid="appsec1" ref-type="sec">Supplementary Table S1</xref> shows some salient findings from each member study. They represent 16 different countries, including one lower middle income country from across five continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America). In total, there are 12,092 participants, and for most studies, patients were recruited consecutively as they were admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Approximately half of the studies admitted participants with a recent TIA, and those with a previous stroke were typically not excluded. The longest follow-up duration of the studies is 21 years and the median is 3 years. <xref rid="tbl2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> shows the list of neuropsychological tests used in each study.<table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>STROKOG member studies</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Study</th><th>Country</th><th>Period</th><th>Sample size<xref rid="tbl1fnlowast" ref-type="table-fn">∗</xref></th><th>Follow-up schedule</th><th>Cognitive assessments</th><th>MRI assessments<xref rid="tbl1fndagger" ref-type="table-fn">†</xref></th><th>Dementia criteria</th><th>Key reference(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Action on Secondary Prevention Interventions and Rehabilitation in Stroke (ASPIRE-S)<xref rid="tbl1fnddagger" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td><td>Ireland</td><td align="char">2011–2012</td><td align="char">256</td><td>6m</td><td>6 mo</td><td>No</td><td>NA</td><td>Mellon et al. (2015) <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Bundang VCI cohort (Bundang-VCI)</td><td>Korea</td><td>2007–ongoing</td><td align="char">918</td><td>3m, 1y, 2y, 3y; ongoing</td><td>3 mo, 1 y, 2 y, 3 y; ongoing</td><td>Initial, 1–3 y</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Lim et al. (2014) <xref rid="bib20" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Clinical Biological and Pharmacological Factors Influencing Stroke Outcome (BIOSTROKE)</td><td>France</td><td align="char">2005–2015</td><td align="char">477</td><td>3m, 5y</td><td>5 y</td><td>Initial, 5 y</td><td>NA</td><td>Ducroquet et al. (2013) <xref rid="bib21" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cognition and Affect after Stroke: Prospective Evaluation of Risks (CASPER)</td><td>Netherlands</td><td align="char">2013–2016</td><td align="char">250</td><td>3m, 9m, 15m</td><td>3 mo, 9 mo, 15 mo</td><td>3 mo</td><td>DSM-V, NINCDS-ADRDA, NINDS-AIREN</td><td>Douven et al. (2016) <xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cognition and Neocortical Volume After Stroke (CANVAS)</td><td>Australia</td><td align="char">2014–2018</td><td align="char">135</td><td>1m, 3m, 1y, 3y</td><td>3 mo, 1 y, 3 y</td><td>Initial, 3 mo, 1 y, 3 y</td><td>DSM, NINDS-AIREN</td><td>Brodtmann et al. (2014) <xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cognitive Function After Stroke (CogFAST-UK)</td><td>UK</td><td align="char">2002–2012</td><td align="char">355</td><td>3m; 1–8y (annually)</td><td>3 mo; 1–8 y (annually)</td><td>3 mo, 2 y</td><td>Yes</td><td>Allan et al. (2011) <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cognitive Function After Stroke Nigeria (CogFAST-Nigeria)</td><td>Nigeria</td><td>2010–ongoing</td><td align="char">217</td><td>3m</td><td>3 mo</td><td>3 mo (small subset only)</td><td>DSM-IV, AHA/ASA</td><td>Akinyemi et al. (2014) <xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cognitive Outcome After Stroke (COAST)</td><td>Singapore</td><td align="char">2009–2017</td><td>400 (planned)</td><td>3–6m, 1y, 3–4y, 5y, 6y, 7y</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y, 3–4 y, 5 y, 6 y, 7 y</td><td>Initial (small subset only)</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Dong et al. (2012) <xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Cracow Stroke Database (Cracow)</td><td>Poland</td><td align="char">2000–2001</td><td align="char">250</td><td>3m, 12m</td><td>3 mo, 12 mo</td><td>No</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Klimkowicz et al. (2004; 2006) <xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref>, <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Determinants of Dementia After Stroke (DEDEMAS)</td><td>Germany</td><td align="char">2011–2019</td><td>600 (planned)</td><td>3m, 6m, 1y, 2y, 3y, 4y, 5y</td><td>6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y; (TICS only: 3 mo, 2 y, 4 y)</td><td>Initial, 6 mo; 3 y, 5 y</td><td>DSM-V</td><td>Wollenweber et al. (2013) <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Durban Stroke Data Bank (DSDB)</td><td>South Africa</td><td align="char">1992–1998</td><td align="char">1000</td><td>3m, 6m, 12m</td><td>Initial, 3, 6, 13 mo</td><td>Initial</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Hoffmann (1998; 2001) <xref rid="bib29" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref>, <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Epidemiologic study of the risk of dementia after stroke (Epi USA)</td><td>USA</td><td align="char">1988–1999</td><td align="char">585</td><td>Initial, 3m–10 y (annually)</td><td>3 mo–10 y (annually)</td><td>No</td><td>Modified DSM-III-R</td><td>Desmond et al. (2000, 2002) <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib31" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Göteborg 70 + Stroke Study (Göteborg Neuro70+)</td><td>Sweden</td><td align="char">1993–1994</td><td align="char">243</td><td>3m, 12m, 18m</td><td>18 mo</td><td>Subset</td><td>DSM-III-R</td><td>Linden et al. (2004; 2007) <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>, <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Groupe de Réflexion pour l'Evaluation COGnitive VASCulaire study (GRECOG-VASC)<xref rid="tbl1fnSection" ref-type="table-fn">§</xref></td><td>France</td><td align="char">2010–2015</td><td align="char">360</td><td>6m</td><td>6 mo</td><td>6 mo</td><td>VASCOG</td><td>Godefroy et al. (2012) <xref rid="bib34" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory (SAM)</td><td>Finland</td><td align="char">1993–2015</td><td align="char">486</td><td>3m, 15m, 21y</td><td>3 mo</td><td>Initial</td><td>DSM</td><td>Jokinen et al. (2015) <xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>; Oksala et al.(2009) <xref rid="bib36" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Maastricht Cognitive Disorders After Stroke (CODAS)</td><td>Netherlands</td><td align="char">2000–2003</td><td align="char">194</td><td>1m, 6m, 1y, 2y</td><td>1 mo, 6 mo, 1 y, 2 y</td><td>No</td><td>DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN, ADDTC</td><td>Rasquin et al. (2005) <xref rid="bib37" ref-type="bibr">[37]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Mild Stroke Study II (MSS–II)</td><td>UK</td><td align="char">2010–2015</td><td align="char">264</td><td>1–3m, 1y, 3y</td><td>1–3 mo</td><td>Initial, 1–3 mo, 1 y</td><td>ACER; MoCA equivalent; NART</td><td>Heye et al. (2015; 2016) <xref rid="bib38" ref-type="bibr">[38]</xref>, <xref rid="bib39" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>, Valdes Hernanadez et al. (2015) <xref rid="bib40" ref-type="bibr">[40]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Korean-Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Study (K-VCIHS)</td><td>Korea</td><td align="char">2007–2008</td><td align="char">620</td><td>3m</td><td>3 mo</td><td>Initial</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Yu et al. (2013) <xref rid="bib41" ref-type="bibr">[41]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS)</td><td>Australia</td><td align="char">1998–2003</td><td align="char">99</td><td>3m, 1y, 2y</td><td>3 mo, 1 y, 2 y</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Srikanth et al. (2003; 2004; 2006) <xref rid="bib42" ref-type="bibr">[42]</xref>, <xref rid="bib43" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>, <xref rid="bib44" ref-type="bibr">[44]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>National Neuroscience Institute study (NNI Singapore)</td><td>Singapore</td><td align="char">2011–2017</td><td align="char">506</td><td>3–6m, 1y up to 5y</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y up to 5 y</td><td>Initial</td><td>Yes</td><td>Kandiah et al. (2011; 2014, 2016) <xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">[45]</xref>, <xref rid="bib46" ref-type="bibr">[46]</xref>, <xref rid="bib47" ref-type="bibr">[47]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Prognosis of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (PITCH)</td><td>France</td><td>2004–ongoing</td><td align="char">562</td><td>6 mo, 1 y, 2 y, 3 y, 4.5 y, 6 y, 8 y, 10 y</td><td>1 y, 2 y, 3 y, 4.5 y, 6 y, 8 y, 10 y</td><td>Initial, 6 mo; 1 y, 2 y, 3 y, 4.5 y, 6 y, 8 y, 10 y</td><td>Yes</td><td>Cordonnier et al. (2010) <xref rid="bib48" ref-type="bibr">[48]</xref>; Moulin et al. (2016) <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER)<xref rid="tbl1fnverbar" ref-type="table-fn">‖</xref></td><td>Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands</td><td align="char">1997–2001</td><td align="char">649</td><td>9 mo, 1.5 y, 2.5 y, up to 3 y</td><td>Initial, 9 mo, 1.5 y, 2.5 y, study end</td><td>Initial, study end</td><td>NA</td><td>Shepherd et al. (2002) <xref rid="bib50" ref-type="bibr">[50]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Stroke Registry Investigating Cognitive Decline (STRIDE)</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td align="char">2009–2015</td><td align="char">1013</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y, 2 y, 3 y, 4 y, 5 y</td><td>3–6 mo</td><td>Initial</td><td>DSM-IV</td><td>Yang et al. (2015) <xref rid="bib51" ref-type="bibr">[51]</xref>; Liu et al. (2015) <xref rid="bib52" ref-type="bibr">[52]</xref>; Wang et al. (2015a, 2015b) <xref rid="bib53" ref-type="bibr">[53]</xref>, <xref rid="bib54" ref-type="bibr">[54]</xref>; Mok et al. (2016) <xref rid="bib55" ref-type="bibr">[55]</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Study of Factors Influencing Post-Stroke Dementia (STROKDEM)</td><td>France</td><td align="char">2011–2018</td><td>1100 (planned)</td><td>6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>Initial, 6 mo, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>Yes</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Sydney Stroke Study (SSS)</td><td>Australia</td><td align="char">1997–2005</td><td align="char">351</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>3–6 mo, 1 y, 3 y, 5 y</td><td>Consensus diagnosis</td><td>Sachdev et al. (2004; 2014) <xref rid="bib56" ref-type="bibr">[56]</xref>, <xref rid="bib57" ref-type="bibr">[57]</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Abbreviations: m, month after index stroke; y, years after index stroke; ACER, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination; ADDTC, Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ICD-10, <italic>International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision</italic>; MoCA, The Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NART, National Adult Reading Test performance in established dementia; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; NINDS-AIREN, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; VASCOG, International Society for Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fnlowast"><label>∗</label><p id="ntpara0030">Sample size denotes enrollment number (not follow-up) and does not include healthy control subjects. The studies which recruited control subjects were: CANVAS (n = 40), CogFAST-Nigeria (n = 74), Epi USA (n = 249), NEMESIS (n = 99), PROSPER and SSS (n = 129).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fndagger"><label>†</label><p id="ntpara0035">Some studies also obtained PET scans from a subgroup of their participants: GRECOG-VASC (amyloid for 100 patients with poststroke cognitive deficit), STROKDEM (at 1 year), DEDEMAS (amyloid/FDG for incident dementia cases), CANVAS (amyloid at 3 years), STRIDE (PiB, n = 50) and DSDB (SPECT, n = 36).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fnddagger"><label>‡</label><p id="ntpara0040">ASPIRE-S is an unofficial member that is planning to obtain participants' permission to share data outside of Ireland before signing the MoU.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fnSection"><label>§</label><p id="ntpara0045">For the GRECOG-VASC study, only the 200 first patients from the Amiens center are included for STROKOG and the VASCOG criteria was used except for the threshold of cognitive impairment which was set at the 5th percentile.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fnverbar"><label>‖</label><p id="ntpara0050">PROSPER shares data at the summary level and not individual participant data.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Cognitive measures used by the STROKOG member studies to diagnose dementia</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study</th><th colspan="5">Cognitive domain<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th>Attention/processing speed</th><th>Memory</th><th>Language</th><th>Construction (visuospatial)</th><th>Executive function/abstract reasoning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ASPIRE-S<xref rid="tbl2fnlowast" ref-type="table-fn">∗</xref></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0010"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0015"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0020"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0025"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0030"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>BIOSTROKE</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0035"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0040"><label>-</label><p>Zazzo Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0045"><label>-</label><p>Digit symbol coding</p></list-item><list-item id="u0050"><label>-</label><p>Bell's Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0055"><label>-</label><p>FCSRT</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0060"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category</p></list-item><list-item id="u0065"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0070"><label>-</label><p>VOSP</p></list-item><list-item id="u0075"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item><list-item id="u0080"><label>-</label><p>Praxis score</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0085"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0090"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter</p></list-item><list-item id="u0095"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>Bundang-VCI</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0100"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0105"><label>-</label><p>Digit symbol coding</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0110"><label>-</label><p>Seoul Verbal Learning Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0115"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0120"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0125"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0130"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0135"><label>-</label><p>COWAT</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>CASPER</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0140"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0145"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0150"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item><list-item id="u0155"><label>-</label><p>Start Cancellation Task</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0160"><label>-</label><p>RAVLT (15-Word, Dutch)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0165"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0170"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals and professions)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0175"><label>-</label><p>Clock-drawing</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0180"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0185"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0190"><label>-</label><p>BADS Zoo map and key search</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>CANVAS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0195"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0200"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0205"><label>-</label><p>Symbol Digit Modalities Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0210"><label>-</label><p>Cogstate Detection Test and Identification Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0215"><label>-</label><p>Star Cancellation Task</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0220"><label>-</label><p>Hopkins Verbal Learning Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0225"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0230"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0235"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0240"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0245"><label>-</label><p>Clock-Drawing Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0250"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0255"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0260"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (FAS)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0265"><label>-</label><p>Cogstate One-Back Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>CogFAST-UK</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0270"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0275"><label>-</label><p>Simple Reaction Time</p></list-item><list-item id="u0280"><label>-</label><p>Choice Reaction Time</p></list-item><list-item id="u0285"><label>-</label><p>Number Vigilance task</p></list-item><list-item id="u0290"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span forward</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0295"><label>-</label><p>Word-List Memory</p></list-item><list-item id="u0300"><label>-</label><p>Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0305"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0310"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0315"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0320"><label>-</label><p>Clock-Drawing Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0325"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0330"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (FAS)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0335"><label>-</label><p>Verbal Reasoning</p></list-item><list-item id="u0340"><label>-</label><p>Visual Reasoning</p></list-item><list-item id="u0345"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0350"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0355"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>CogFAST-Nigeria</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0360"><label>-</label><p>Choice Reaction Time</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0365"><label>-</label><p>Word-List Learning Test (10-item)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0370"><label>-</label><p>Delayed recall of stick design</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0375"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0380"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0385"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0390"><label>-</label><p>Stick Design Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0395"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (FAS)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0400"><label>-</label><p>Verbal Reasoning</p></list-item><list-item id="u0405"><label>-</label><p>Visual Reasoning</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>COAST</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0410"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0415"><label>-</label><p>Visual Memory Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0420"><label>-</label><p>Auditory Detection Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0425"><label>-</label><p>Symbol Digit Modalities Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0430"><label>-</label><p>Digit cancellation task</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0435"><label>-</label><p>Word-List Recall</p></list-item><list-item id="u0440"><label>-</label><p>Story Recall</p></list-item><list-item id="u0445"><label>-</label><p>Picture Recall (immediate and delayed recall, and recognition)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0450"><label>-</label><p>Visual Reproduction (immediate and delayed recall, and recognition)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0455"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0460"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals, food)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0465"><label>-</label><p>Clock-Drawing Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0470"><label>-</label><p>Block Design</p></list-item><list-item id="u0475"><label>-</label><p>Visual reproduction copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0480"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0485"><label>-</label><p>Visual memory span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0490"><label>-</label><p>Frontal Assessment Battery</p></list-item><list-item id="u0495"><label>-</label><p>Maze task</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>Cracow<xref rid="tbl2fndagger" ref-type="table-fn">†</xref></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0500"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0505"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0510"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0515"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0520"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>DEDEMAS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0525"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0530"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0535"><label>-</label><p>Word-List Memory and Recall</p></list-item><list-item id="u0540"><label>-</label><p>Discriminability</p></list-item><list-item id="u0545"><label>-</label><p>Constructional praxis (recall and savings)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0550"><label>-</label><p>FCSRT</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0555"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0560"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0565"><label>-</label><p>CERAD copy visual construction</p></list-item><list-item id="u0570"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0575"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0580"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (S-words)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0585"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>DSDB</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0590"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0595"><label>-</label><p>RAVLT</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0600"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0605"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0610"><label>-</label><p>Trial Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0615"><label>-</label><p>Luria's tests</p></list-item><list-item id="u0620"><label>-</label><p>Wisconsin Card Sorting Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0625"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (FAS)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>Epi USA</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0630"><label>-</label><p>Target finding for shapes and letters</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0635"><label>-</label><p>Selective Reminding Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0640"><label>-</label><p>Benton Recognition Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0645"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0650"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category</p></list-item><list-item id="u0655"><label>-</label><p>Complex Ideation and Repetition subtests of BDAE</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0660"><label>-</label><p>Copying geometric figures</p></list-item><list-item id="u0665"><label>-</label><p>Benton Matching Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0670"><label>-</label><p>Similarities subtest</p></list-item><list-item id="u0675"><label>-</label><p>Identities and oddities</p></list-item><list-item id="u0680"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>Göteborg Neuro70+<xref rid="tbl2fnlowast" ref-type="table-fn">∗</xref></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0685"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0690"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0695"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0700"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0705"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>GRECOG-VASC</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0710"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0715"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item><list-item id="u0720"><label>-</label><p>Simple Reaction Time</p></list-item><list-item id="u0725"><label>-</label><p>Digit Tapping</p></list-item><list-item id="u0730"><label>-</label><p>Albert cancellation test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0735"><label>-</label><p>FCSRT</p></list-item><list-item id="u0740"><label>-</label><p>Door Visual Recognition Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0745"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0750"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0755"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0760"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0765"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0770"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (PVR)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0775"><label>-</label><p>Strategic index (FCSRT)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0780"><label>-</label><p>Inventory of Behavioral Dysexecutive Disorders</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>SAM</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0785"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0790"><label>-</label><p>Stroop color naming</p></list-item><list-item id="u0795"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0800"><label>-</label><p>Bell's Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0805"><label>-</label><p>Logical memory</p></list-item><list-item id="u0810"><label>-</label><p>Visual Reproduction</p></list-item><list-item id="u0815"><label>-</label><p>Fuld Object Memory Evaluation</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0820"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0825"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0830"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0835"><label>-</label><p>Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam (overall speech evaluation)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0840"><label>-</label><p>Reading, writing, arithmetic operations</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0845"><label>-</label><p>Block Design</p></list-item><list-item id="u0850"><label>-</label><p>Figure copying test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0855"><label>-</label><p>Clock-Drawing Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0860"><label>-</label><p>Poppelreuter</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0865"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0870"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u0875"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (K)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0880"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0885"><label>-</label><p>Wisconsin Card Sorting Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0890"><label>-</label><p>Similarities</p></list-item><list-item id="u0895"><label>-</label><p>Comprehension</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>CODAS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0900"><label>-</label><p>Concept Shifting Test Parts A and B</p></list-item><list-item id="u0905"><label>-</label><p>Letter Digit Substitution Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u0910"><label>-</label><p>Stroop color naming and reading test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0915"><label>-</label><p>RAVLT (15-Word, Dutch)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0920"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals, professions)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0925"><label>-</label><p>GIT Vocabulary</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0930"><label>-</label><p>Clock drawing, house drawing, pentagons, spiral (CAMCOG)</p></list-item><list-item id="u0935"><label>-</label><p>GIT Mental Rotation</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0940"><label>-</label><p>Concept Shifting Test Part C</p></list-item><list-item id="u0945"><label>-</label><p>GIT Analogies</p></list-item><list-item id="u0950"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>MSS–II<xref rid="tbl2fnlowast" ref-type="table-fn">∗</xref></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0955"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0960"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0965"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0970"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0975"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>K-VCIHS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0980"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u0985"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0990"><label>-</label><p>Seoul Verbal Learning Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0995"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1000"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1005"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1010"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u1015"><label>-</label><p>COWAT</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>NEMESIS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1020"><label>-</label><p>KSNAP Mental Status</p></list-item><list-item id="u1025"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1030"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item><list-item id="u1035"><label>-</label><p>KSNAP Number Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1040"><label>-</label><p>Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1045"><label>-</label><p>RAVLT</p></list-item><list-item id="u1050"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1055"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item><list-item id="u1060"><label>-</label><p>Picture Completion</p></list-item><list-item id="u1065"><label>-</label><p>Block Design</p></list-item><list-item id="u1070"><label>-</label><p>KSNAP Gestalt closure</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1075"><label>-</label><p>KSNAP 4 letter word test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1080"><label>-</label><p>Similarities</p></list-item><list-item id="u1085"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1090"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter (FAS)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>NNI Singapore</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1095"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1100"><label>-</label><p>Word Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1105"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1110"><label>-</label><p>Clock drawing (Sutherland)</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1115"><label>-</label><p>Digit span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1120"><label>-</label><p>Frontal assessment battery</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>PITCH</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1125"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u1130"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1135"><label>-</label><p>FCSRT</p></list-item><list-item id="u1140"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1145"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category</p></list-item><list-item id="u1150"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1155"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item><list-item id="u1160"><label>-</label><p>Praxis score</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1165"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u1170"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter</p></list-item><list-item id="u1175"><label>-</label><p>Card Sorting Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1180"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1185"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>PROSPER</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1190"><label>-</label><p>Letter Digit Substitution Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1195"><label>-</label><p>Picture Learning test: immediate and delayed memory</p></list-item><list-item id="u1200"><label>-</label><p>Doors and People test</p></list-item></list></td><td></td><td></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1205"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>STRIDE<xref rid="tbl2fnlowast" ref-type="table-fn">∗</xref></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1210"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1215"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1220"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1225"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1230"><p>NA</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>STROKDEM</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1235"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u1240"><label>-</label><p>Zazzo Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1245"><label>-</label><p>Digit Symbol Coding</p></list-item><list-item id="u1250"><label>-</label><p>Bell's Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1255"><label>-</label><p>FCSRT</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1260"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category</p></list-item><list-item id="u1265"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1270"><label>-</label><p>VOSP</p></list-item><list-item id="u1275"><label>-</label><p>Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy</p></list-item><list-item id="u1280"><label>-</label><p>Praxis score</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1285"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u1290"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, letter</p></list-item><list-item id="u1295"><label>-</label><p>Stroop Test</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td>SSS</td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1300"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test A</p></list-item><list-item id="u1305"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span Forward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1310"><label>-</label><p>Mental Control</p></list-item><list-item id="u1315"><label>-</label><p>Symbol Digit Modalities Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1320"><label>-</label><p>Choice Reaction Time</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1325"><label>-</label><p>Logical Memory I & II</p></list-item><list-item id="u1330"><label>-</label><p>Verbal memory recall</p></list-item><list-item id="u1335"><label>-</label><p>Visual Reproduction I & II</p></list-item><list-item id="u1340"><label>-</label><p>Visual memory recall</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1345"><label>-</label><p>Boston Naming Test</p></list-item><list-item id="u1350"><label>-</label><p>Sentence repetition</p></list-item><list-item id="u1355"><label>-</label><p>Verbal fluency, category (animals)</p></list-item><list-item id="u1360"><label>-</label><p>Token Test</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1365"><label>-</label><p>Block design</p></list-item><list-item id="u1370"><label>-</label><p>Simple copying</p></list-item><list-item id="u1375"><label>-</label><p>Picture completion</p></list-item></list></td><td><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u1380"><label>-</label><p>Trail Making Test B</p></list-item><list-item id="u1385"><label>-</label><p>Digit Span backward</p></list-item><list-item id="u1390"><label>-</label><p>Similarities</p></list-item><list-item id="u1395"><label>-</label><p>Identities and oddities</p></list-item><list-item id="u1400"><label>-</label><p>COWAT</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tspara0025"><p>Abbreviations: BADS, behavioral assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome; BDAE, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination; CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CSID, Community Screening Interview for Dementia; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; GIT, Groninger Intelligence Test; HCFD, higher cortical function deficits; KSNAP, Kaufman short neuropsychological assessment procedure; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; VOSP, visual object and space perception battery.</p></fn><fn id="tspara0030"><p>NOTE. The assignment of a neuropsychological test to a particular cognitive domain is based on convention and previous work such as for COSMIC <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref> and may not be how a study has assigned the test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl2fnlowast"><label>∗</label><p id="ntpara0055">ASPIRE-S, MSS-II, Göteborg Neuro70+ and STRIDE did not conduct detailed neuropsychological test batteries, instead, the following tests were used to diagnose dementia in each study: ASPIRE-S: MoCA (The Montreal Cognitive Assessment); Göteborg Neuro70+: Cognitive symptom ratings and items from ADAS-Cog (The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition); MSS-II: NART (National Adult Reading Test performance in established dementia) was conducted for pre-morbid cognitive ability; specific additional tests for current cognition were not performed outside of ACER (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination) and MOCA (equivalent); STRIDE: The Mini–Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and MoCA.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl2fndagger"><label>†</label><p id="ntpara0060">Cracow study conducted neuropsychological tests under the five domains but these data were lost and not available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="sec2.2"><label>2.2</label><title>Organization</title><p>The STROKOG Research Steering Committee (RSC) consists of a representative from each of the contributing studies, generally the lead investigator or a delegate. The primary functions of the RSC are to<list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0030"><label>1.</label><p>Develop guidelines for the inclusion and exclusion of studies.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0035"><label>2.</label><p>Provide rules of participation and guidelines for the roles and responsibilities of the participating studies.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0040"><label>3.</label><p>Approve Work Groups (see research projects below).</p></list-item><list-item id="o0045"><label>4.</label><p>Select topics of interest.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0050"><label>5.</label><p>Provide overall analytic strategies.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0055"><label>6.</label><p>Develop rules for publication, including authorship.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0060"><label>7.</label><p>Develop rules for the protection of intellectual property, when relevant.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0065"><label>8.</label><p>Seek funds to support STROKOG.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="sec2.3"><label>2.3</label><title>Meetings</title><p>An initial meeting of many study leaders at the VASCOG 2015 conference in Tokyo on 16 September 2015 supported the official establishment of STROKOG. The proposed structure of the consortium, including the functions of the RSC and proposed projects were discussed. A second international meeting was held at VASCOG 2016 in Amsterdam on 14 October 2016. Preliminary findings from the first project were presented and potential projects were discussed.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.4"><label>2.4</label><title>Website</title><p>A website that contains a description of STROKOG and summaries of the member studies has been established (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/group/strokog" id="intref0010">https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/group/strokog</ext-link>). The website is intended to serve as an avenue for presenting and preserving STROKOG project protocols and results.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.5"><label>2.5</label><title>Ethics</title><p>The overall STROKOG project has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney (reference number: HC14359). Member studies are responsible for obtaining approval (if necessary) from their local institutional review board for the sharing of data. Although de-identified data are not considered Protected Health Information by the National Institutes of Health of the United States, ethics review boards differ in their approach to this matter. A protocol for the de-identification of data has been developed. Additionally, each new project presented to STROKOG must be approved by an institutional review board and the HREC of UNSW informed about the project.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.6"><label>2.6</label><title>Research projects and data</title><p>The Sydney team will initiate the first project, collate study data and conduct the initial data harmonization and IPD meta-analyses across the different studies. STROKOG will follow guidelines for rigorous and effective harmonization <xref rid="bib58" ref-type="bibr">[58]</xref> as well as for IPD meta-analyses and reporting <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>, <xref rid="bib59" ref-type="bibr">[59]</xref>. Original data sets supplied by members and the harmonized data sets, which will include derived data, will be held by the Sydney team on a secure database at the University of New South Wales. A STROKOG RSC member can propose a research project, which need to undergo an approval process by the RSC. If the prospective proposer of a project is not a member of the RSC or affiliated with a member study, the proposal can still go ahead if it is sponsored by a member of the RSC. A student may similarly request data for a research project if sponsored by a member of the RSC. Once approved, the proposer will be advised to form a Work Group for the specific project, with a clearly identified project leader. Other members of the consortium may volunteer to be part of the Work Group if they have a clear interest and expertise in the research project. The Work Group will address and be responsible for the planning, analysis, and publication of the approved project. Data held by STROKOG will be released to the Work Group; newly joined and existing member studies will be requested to provide additional de-identified data. Each cohort can opt-in or opt-out of participation; opting-in represents a commitment to collaborate on the project. The central STROKOG data repository at UNSW, Sydney, will hold a copy of the data sets used for each project. The STROKOG data will not be used or accessed for any purpose other than contributing to an approved STROKOG project.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><label>3</label><title>Discussion</title><sec id="sec3.1"><label>3.1</label><title>Challenges</title><p>Large international consortia face general challenges that include efficient communication among personnel involved with studies across different countries and a need for additional funding to enable the further use of previously collected data. Such challenges have been previously described by other consortia (e.g., by CHARGE <xref rid="bib60" ref-type="bibr">[60]</xref>).</p><p>Challenges more specific to STROKOG are those associated with data harmonization, many of which have also been previously described <xref rid="bib61" ref-type="bibr">[61]</xref>, <xref rid="bib62" ref-type="bibr">[62]</xref>. Neuropsychological test data are likely to be the most challenging set of data to be harmonized across studies due to heterogeneity in test instruments, administration, and criteria for defining impairment; however, the Sydney team has had experience harmonizing large data sets from diverse studies, for example, for the COSMIC consortium <xref rid="bib63" ref-type="bibr">[63]</xref>. There exists much heterogeneity in measurement instruments used by different studies. Even when studies have used similar tests, different versions of tests were used, and tests might have been administered in nonstandard ways. Owing to differences in culture and language, questions and responses may have been worded differently. There is no consensus on how each neuropsychological test should be allocated to a specific cognitive domain as such tests are generally multifactorial. <xref rid="tbl2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> shows the list of tests used in the studies under five cognitive domains; each test was assigned to a cognitive domain based on convention and previous work such as for COSMIC <xref rid="bib63" ref-type="bibr">[63]</xref>. Demographic effects such as age, gender, and education need to be accounted for. Furthermore, adequate normative data may or may not be available in all regions or for all ethnocultural groups; not all studies included nondemented stroke-free controls whose test scores may be used to derive adjusted scores and to define cognitive impairment.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.2"><label>3.2</label><title>Advantages</title><p>The benefits of being able to reuse, combine, and compare data from multiple cohorts are obvious, and this approach has been recommended by the Lancet REWARD Campaign <xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr">[64]</xref>. Cohort studies focused on stroke and cognition are expensive, labor-intensive, and very demanding of researchers' and participants' time. Multiple factors may limit the study sample size and duration. There already exists a wealth of data from previous or current studies that are underutilized and can be put to further use. Standard meta-analysis is one way of analyzing the combined cohorts of existing studies, but it is limited to published results and specific research questions. STROKOG's approach in harmonizing individual participant data from various studies is an economical use of previously collected data to explore both existing and novel research questions. According to the Cochrane Methods group, IPD meta-analyses are considered the “gold standard” of systematic review <xref rid="bib65" ref-type="bibr">[65]</xref>. In IPD meta-analyses, individual participant data from all studies can be modeled simultaneously while accounting for the clustering of participants within studies <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. It allows detailed participant-level exploration of cognitive disorders in relation to the individuals' characteristics. Additionally, statistical analysis can be standardized across studies where more appropriate or advanced methods can be used; baseline and potential confounding factors can be adjusted for consistency across studies; results for missing or poorly acquired outcomes can be reported, thereby reducing bias within study reporting; results for specific subgroups of participants can be obtained across studies; unpublished data can be included, thereby addressing publication bias <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. Having access to a rich collection of individual participant-level data from international studies, STROKOG is in a unique position to apply IPD meta-analyses techniques and fully explore and examine patient level characteristics and outcomes, which in turn could lead to facilitating a better understanding of various aspects of post-stroke cognitive impairment.</p><p>A consortium such as STROKOG has the added benefit of informing new researchers of the need to standardize their measures and methods so that they are in step with other researchers in the same field. This is particularly important for stroke and dementia, as many researchers from low and middle income countries have recently become interested in this topic and are mounting studies that would benefit from comparability with existing studies. New studies therefore would have the benefit of validated measures and better comparability.</p><p>There is also the potential for the STROKOG database to be made available to nonconsortium researchers following consortium-based publications and with the approval of the RSC and the ethics review board. The scientific benefits of making large databases available to researchers worldwide have been demonstrated by the more than 250 publications that have resulted from the sharing of ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) data <xref rid="bib66" ref-type="bibr">[66]</xref>.</p><p>The research community that STROKOG proposes to create is likely to pay other dividends. It is expected that the productivity of the group will increase over time in quality and quantity; junior researchers will be supported, new ideas and lines of investigation will be generated and scientific interchange and collaboration will be facilitated. The benefits will therefore extend beyond the harmonizing and pooling of data.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.3"><label>3.3</label><title>Specific projects</title><p>The first project aims to describe the prevalence and profile of poststroke cognitive impairment, measured between 1 and 6 months after a stroke or TIA, in diverse geographical and ethnocultural settings as represented by the STROKOG member cohorts. The project is currently underway and is being coordinated by the Sydney team. A project proposal was approved by the RSC, and the following data are currently being requested:<list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0070"><label>1.</label><p>Demographics.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0075"><label>2.</label><p>Stroke-related variables.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0080"><label>3.</label><p>Medical history/risk factors.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0085"><label>4.</label><p>Functional assessments and screening tests.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0090"><label>5.</label><p>Neuropsychological test data.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0095"><label>6.</label><p>Neurological assessments and psychiatric examinations.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0100"><label>7.</label><p>Cognitive disorder diagnosis.</p></list-item></list></p><p>A number of projects utilizing STROKOG data have been proposed for the future, and they aim to examine across STROKOG cohorts<list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0105"><label>1.</label><p>Rates of cognitive decline in post-stroke patients.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0110"><label>2.</label><p>Determinants of cognitive impairment.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0115"><label>3.</label><p>Determinants of cognitive decline.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0120"><label>4.</label><p>Effect of methodologic differences in the collection and interpretation of cognitive data on the estimation of prevalence of cognitive deficit.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0125"><label>5.</label><p>Specific risk factors such as atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and homocysteine.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0130"><label>6.</label><p>Depression and apathy in relation to cerebrovascular disease.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0135"><label>7.</label><p>Relative contributions of Alzheimer's and vascular pathologies to dementia.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0140"><label>8.</label><p>Precise and reliable quantitation and localization of white-matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, lacunes and micro-infarcts and examination of their relationship to cognition.</p></list-item></list></p><p>While many of the existing member studies have relevant data to contribute to the more general topics (such as 1 to 4 noted above), the more specific topics (5 to 8) will be best addressed by growing the STROKOG membership base. Therefore, we encourage any investigators with a study meeting the eligibility criteria to contact STROKOG and become a member of the consortium.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec4"><label>4</label><title>Conclusion</title><p>STROKOG is a truly international consortium of studies with a focus on cognitive disorders associated with cerebrovascular disease. It has the potential to transform our understanding of the epidemiology and natural course of VCD and have a worldwide impact on promoting better cognitive outcomes in the setting of cerebrovascular disease.<boxed-text id="dtbox1"><caption><title>Research in Context</title></caption><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="o0145"><label>1.</label><p>Systematic review: The authors performed a review of published studies of poststroke cognitive impairment and dementia using PubMed and invited all eligible studies to participate. Unpublished studies were identified through correspondence with members of the Society for Vascular Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (VASCOG).</p></list-item><list-item id="o0150"><label>2.</label><p>Interpretation: The STROKOG consortium brings together international longitudinal cohort studies of cognitive decline and dementia following stroke or TIA. By harmonizing data and conducting individual participant meta-analyses, STROKOG aims to better understand the determinants and manifestations of vascular contributions to cognitive disorders and help improve the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive disorders.</p></list-item><list-item id="o0155"><label>3.</label><p>Future directions: STROKOG will conduct individual projects investigating research topics such as the prevalence of VCD, rates of cognitive decline, determinants of cognitive impairment and the frequency of depression in relation to cerebrovascular disease. 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BIOSTROKE and STROKDEM: French Health Ministery, the Vascog FHU, the ‘Fondation Coeur et Artères’. CANVAS: CANVAS researchers wish to acknowledge support from the NHMRC (APP1020526 and APP1094974), Sidney and Fiona Myer Foundation and the Collie Trust. CASPER: The CASPER project team consists of Ms. Syenna Schievink, Ms Elles Douven, Dr Sebastian Köhler, Dr Pauline Aalten, Dr Julie Staals, Professor Robert van Oostenbrugge, and Professor Frans Verhey. COAST: The authors thank all participants for their involvement, the research team from NUHS Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre for data collection. CogFAST-UK: The authors are very grateful to the patients, families, clinical staff and previous co-investigators for their co-operation and help with the execution of the study. CogFAST-Nigeria: The authors are very grateful to the patients, families and clinical staff for their co-operation and help with the execution of the study. DSDB: The Durban Cerebrovascular Group, Department of Surgery and Neurology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal and Entabeni Hospital Stroke Center, Durban, South Africa. GRECOG-VASC: French Health Ministry. MSS-II: MMS2 acknowledges the Wellcome Trust, Row Fogo Charitable Trust; Fergus Doubal is supported by the Stroke Association and Garfield Weston Foundation. NEMESIS: The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC). PITCH: Charlotte Cordonnier is a member of the Institut Universitaire de France.</p><p>The funding provided for the study is as follows: STROKOG: The Dementia Momentum fund from the Centre of Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales and Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation. ASPIRE-S: Irish Health Research Board (HRB; grant number 1404/7400). CASPER and CODAS: Maastricht University, Health Foundation Limburg, and the Adriana van Rinsum-Ponsen Stichting. The sponsors had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript. COAST: National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CG/NUHS/2010) and National University Health System National Clinician Scientist Program (NUHS NCSP). Y.D. was a recipient of the NUHS NCSP award during this study. CogFAST-UK: R.N.K. was supported by grants from the Newcastle Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality (BBSRC, EPSRC, ESRC and MRC, LLHW; G0700718). The original CogFAST-UK research programmes were supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC, G0500247 and G9817621). CogFAST-Nigeria: R.O.A. was supported by a fellowship from the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) Paris, France and by an ORS Award from the Newcastle University, UK. DEDEMAS: Vascular Dementia Research Foundation. Flutemetamol (18F) was provided by GE Healthcare. Epi USA: National Institutes of Health (grants R01-NS26179 and P01-AG07232). GRECOG-VASC: French Health Ministry. MSS-II: Wellcome Trust number WT088134/Z/09/A.Row Fogo Trust. NEMESIS: NHMRC, Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, Austin Hospital Medical Research Foundation, Perpetual Trustees, National Stroke Foundation, Foundation for High Blood Pressure Research. NNI: National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. PROSPER: The original PROSPER clinical trial was founded by an investigator initiated grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb, USA. However, the company had no involvement in the formulation of hypotheses, analysis of the data or in any aspect of the preparation of this manuscript. SAM: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki. STRIDE: Health and Health Services Research Fund (0708041) of the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the HKSAR, the Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, and Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia (in memory of Donald H K Chow). SSS: National Health and Medical Research Council.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="d31e2374"><p id="ntpara0010a">Authors' contributions: P.S.S. is the instigator and head of STROKOG and together with J.W.L. and D.M.L. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to their local study, contributed to critically revising the manuscript for important intellectual content, and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.</p></fn><fn id="d31e2377"><p id="ntpara0020">The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></fn><fn id="appsec2" fn-type="supplementary-material"><p>Supplementary data related to this article can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1016/j.dadm.2016.10.006" id="intref0015">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2016.10.006</ext-link>.</p></fn></fn-group></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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