Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard second line therapy
Identifieur interne : 002217 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002216; suivant : 002218Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard second line therapy
Auteurs : Allison Martin ; Cecilia Moore ; Patrick W. G. Mallon ; Jennifer Hoy ; Sean Emery ; Waldo Belloso ; Praphan Phanuphak ; Samuel Ferret ; David A. Cooper ; Mark A. BoydSource :
- AIDS (London, England) [ 0269-9370 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
To compare changes over 48 weeks in bone mineral density (BMD) between participants randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + raltegravir (RAL) or LPV/r + 2–3 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) as second line therapy.
48-week open-label sub-study of the Second Line trial conducted in South Africa, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Argentina.
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of proximal femur and lumbar spine were performed at baseline and week 48. Linear regression was used to compare means of differences between arms. McNemars test compared osteopenia and osteoporosis. Associations between percentage BMD changes and baseline variables were assessed by multivariate linear regression.
Two hundred and ten participants were randomized. Analyses were adjusted for sex, BMI and smoking status. Mean (95% CI) proximal femur BMD% reduced over 48 weeks by −5.2% (−6.7 to −3.8%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.9% (−4.3 to −1.5%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (
An N(t)RTI-sparing antiretroviral regimen of LPV/r and raltegravir as second line therapy is associated with less bone loss than a LPV/r regimen containing N(t)RTIs.
Url:
DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000432534.47217.b4
PubMed: 23921615
PubMed Central: 3815006
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3815006Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard second line therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Martin, Allison" sort="Martin, Allison" uniqKey="Martin A" first="Allison" last="Martin">Allison Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Cecilia" sort="Moore, Cecilia" uniqKey="Moore C" first="Cecilia" last="Moore">Cecilia Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallon, Patrick W G" sort="Mallon, Patrick W G" uniqKey="Mallon P" first="Patrick W. G." last="Mallon">Patrick W. G. Mallon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Jennifer" sort="Hoy, Jennifer" uniqKey="Hoy J" first="Jennifer" last="Hoy">Jennifer Hoy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, Sean" sort="Emery, Sean" uniqKey="Emery S" first="Sean" last="Emery">Sean Emery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belloso, Waldo" sort="Belloso, Waldo" uniqKey="Belloso W" first="Waldo" last="Belloso">Waldo Belloso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">CICAL, Buenos Aires, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phanuphak, Praphan" sort="Phanuphak, Praphan" uniqKey="Phanuphak P" first="Praphan" last="Phanuphak">Praphan Phanuphak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferret, Samuel" sort="Ferret, Samuel" uniqKey="Ferret S" first="Samuel" last="Ferret">Samuel Ferret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, David A" sort="Cooper, David A" uniqKey="Cooper D" first="David A." last="Cooper">David A. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Mark A" sort="Boyd, Mark A" uniqKey="Boyd M" first="Mark A." last="Boyd">Mark A. Boyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23921615</idno><idno type="pmc">3815006</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815006</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3815006</idno><idno type="doi">10.1097/01.aids.0000432534.47217.b4</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002217</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002217</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard second line therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Martin, Allison" sort="Martin, Allison" uniqKey="Martin A" first="Allison" last="Martin">Allison Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Cecilia" sort="Moore, Cecilia" uniqKey="Moore C" first="Cecilia" last="Moore">Cecilia Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallon, Patrick W G" sort="Mallon, Patrick W G" uniqKey="Mallon P" first="Patrick W. G." last="Mallon">Patrick W. G. Mallon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Jennifer" sort="Hoy, Jennifer" uniqKey="Hoy J" first="Jennifer" last="Hoy">Jennifer Hoy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, Sean" sort="Emery, Sean" uniqKey="Emery S" first="Sean" last="Emery">Sean Emery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belloso, Waldo" sort="Belloso, Waldo" uniqKey="Belloso W" first="Waldo" last="Belloso">Waldo Belloso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">CICAL, Buenos Aires, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phanuphak, Praphan" sort="Phanuphak, Praphan" uniqKey="Phanuphak P" first="Praphan" last="Phanuphak">Praphan Phanuphak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferret, Samuel" sort="Ferret, Samuel" uniqKey="Ferret S" first="Samuel" last="Ferret">Samuel Ferret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, David A" sort="Cooper, David A" uniqKey="Cooper D" first="David A." last="Cooper">David A. Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Mark A" sort="Boyd, Mark A" uniqKey="Boyd M" first="Mark A." last="Boyd">Mark A. Boyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">AIDS (London, England)</title><idno type="ISSN">0269-9370</idno><idno type="eISSN">1473-5571</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective:</title><p>To compare changes over 48 weeks in bone mineral density (BMD) between participants randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + raltegravir (RAL) or LPV/r + 2–3 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) as second line therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Design:</title><p>48-week open-label sub-study of the Second Line trial conducted in South Africa, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Argentina.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods:</title><p>Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of proximal femur and lumbar spine were performed at baseline and week 48. Linear regression was used to compare means of differences between arms. McNemars test compared osteopenia and osteoporosis. Associations between percentage BMD changes and baseline variables were assessed by multivariate linear regression.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results:</title><p>Two hundred and ten participants were randomized. Analyses were adjusted for sex, BMI and smoking status. Mean (95% CI) proximal femur BMD% reduced over 48 weeks by −5.2% (−6.7 to −3.8%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.9% (−4.3 to −1.5%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0001). Lumbar spine BMD reduced by −4.2% (−5.7 to −2.7%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.0% (−3.5 to −0.6%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0006). The incidence of osteopenia (7.6%) and osteoporosis (2.0%) assessed over 48 weeks were similar between arms. Reduced BMD over 48 weeks was significantly associated with longer duration of tenofovir on study [% change (SE) −1.58 (0.38) femur, −1.65 (0.38) spine, <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001] and low baseline BMI [% change (SE) 0.5 (0.13) femur, 0.17 (0.07) spine; <italic>P</italic> < 0.01].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>An N(t)RTI-sparing antiretroviral regimen of LPV/r and raltegravir as second line therapy is associated with less bone loss than a LPV/r regimen containing N(t)RTIs.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daar, Es" uniqKey="Daar E">ES Daar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Ky" uniqKey="Smith K">KY Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powderly, Wg" uniqKey="Powderly W">WG Powderly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, A" uniqKey="Sharma A">A Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, F" uniqKey="Tian F">F Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yin, Mt" uniqKey="Yin M">MT Yin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, Mj" uniqKey="Keller M">MJ Keller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, M" uniqKey="Cohen M">M Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tien, Pc" uniqKey="Tien P">PC Tien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Tt" uniqKey="Brown T">TT Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qaqish, Rb" uniqKey="Qaqish R">RB Qaqish</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duvivier, C" uniqKey="Duvivier C">C Duvivier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolta, S" uniqKey="Kolta S">S Kolta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Assoumou, L" uniqKey="Assoumou L">L Assoumou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosn, J" uniqKey="Ghosn J">J Ghosn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rozenberg, S" uniqKey="Rozenberg S">S Rozenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Rl" uniqKey="Murphy R">RL Murphy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccomsey, Ga" uniqKey="Mccomsey G">GA McComsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitch, D" uniqKey="Kitch D">D Kitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daar, Es" uniqKey="Daar E">ES Daar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tierney, C" uniqKey="Tierney C">C Tierney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jahed, Nc" uniqKey="Jahed N">NC Jahed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tebas, P" uniqKey="Tebas P">P Tebas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Vonderen, Mg" uniqKey="Van Vonderen M">MG van Vonderen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lips, P" uniqKey="Lips P">P Lips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Agtmael, Ma" uniqKey="Van Agtmael M">MA van Agtmael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassink, Ea" uniqKey="Hassink E">EA Hassink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brinkman, K" uniqKey="Brinkman K">K Brinkman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geerlings, Se" uniqKey="Geerlings S">SE Geerlings</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Tt" uniqKey="Brown T">TT Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccomsey, Ga" uniqKey="Mccomsey G">GA McComsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, Ms" uniqKey="King M">MS King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qaqish, Rb" uniqKey="Qaqish R">RB Qaqish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, Bm" uniqKey="Bernstein B">BM Bernstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Ba" uniqKey="Da Silva B">BA da Silva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hansen, A" uniqKey="Hansen A">A Hansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obel, N" uniqKey="Obel N">N Obel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, H" uniqKey="Nielsen H">H Nielsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, C" uniqKey="Pedersen C">C Pedersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerstoft, J" uniqKey="Gerstoft J">J Gerstoft</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gallant, Je" uniqKey="Gallant J">JE Gallant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staszewski, S" uniqKey="Staszewski S">S Staszewski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pozniak, Al" uniqKey="Pozniak A">AL Pozniak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dejesus, E" uniqKey="Dejesus E">E DeJesus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suleiman, Jm" uniqKey="Suleiman J">JM Suleiman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Md" uniqKey="Miller M">MD Miller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grund, B" uniqKey="Grund B">B Grund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, G" uniqKey="Peng G">G Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibert, Cl" uniqKey="Gibert C">CL Gibert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Jf" uniqKey="Hoy J">JF Hoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isaksson, Rl" uniqKey="Isaksson R">RL Isaksson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlay, Jc" uniqKey="Shlay J">JC Shlay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yin, Mt" uniqKey="Yin M">MT Yin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kendall, Ma" uniqKey="Kendall M">MA Kendall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, X" uniqKey="Wu X">X Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tassiopoulos, K" uniqKey="Tassiopoulos K">K Tassiopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hochberg, M" uniqKey="Hochberg M">M Hochberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Js" uniqKey="Huang J">JS Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bloch, M" uniqKey="Bloch M">M Bloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, W" uniqKey="Tong W">W Tong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, J" uniqKey="Hoy J">J Hoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, R" uniqKey="Richardson R">R Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, D" uniqKey="Baker D">D Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, A" uniqKey="Carr A">A Carr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curran, A" uniqKey="Curran A">A Curran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, E" uniqKey="Martinez E">E Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saumoy, M" uniqKey="Saumoy M">M Saumoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Rio, L" uniqKey="Del Rio L">L del Rio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crespo, M" uniqKey="Crespo M">M Crespo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larrousse, M" uniqKey="Larrousse M">M Larrousse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Da" uniqKey="Wohl D">DA Wohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, L" uniqKey="Young L">L Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hyslop, Wb" uniqKey="Hyslop W">WB Hyslop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blevins, S" uniqKey="Blevins S">S Blevins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ragan, D" uniqKey="Ragan D">D Ragan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, K" uniqKey="Walsh K">K Walsh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haskelberg, H" uniqKey="Haskelberg H">H Haskelberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Jf" uniqKey="Hoy J">JF Hoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, J" uniqKey="Amin J">J Amin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebeling, Pr" uniqKey="Ebeling P">PR Ebeling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, S" uniqKey="Emery S">S Emery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, A" uniqKey="Carr A">A Carr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tebas, P" uniqKey="Tebas P">P Tebas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powderly, Wg" uniqKey="Powderly W">WG Powderly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Claxton, S" uniqKey="Claxton S">S Claxton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marin, D" uniqKey="Marin D">D Marin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tantisiriwat, W" uniqKey="Tantisiriwat W">W Tantisiriwat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teitelbaum, Sl" uniqKey="Teitelbaum S">SL Teitelbaum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carr, A" uniqKey="Carr A">A Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, J" uniqKey="Miller J">J Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eisman, Ja" uniqKey="Eisman J">JA Eisman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Da" uniqKey="Cooper D">DA Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nolan, D" uniqKey="Nolan D">D Nolan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Upton, R" uniqKey="Upton R">R Upton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckinnon, E" uniqKey="Mckinnon E">E McKinnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="John, M" uniqKey="John M">M John</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, I" uniqKey="James I">I James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adler, B" uniqKey="Adler B">B Adler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tomazi, J" uniqKey="Tomazi J">J Tomažič</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ul, K" uniqKey="Ul K">K Ul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vol Ansek, G" uniqKey="Vol Ansek G">G Volčanšek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorensek, S" uniqKey="Gorensek S">S Gorenšek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, M" uniqKey="Pfeifer M">M Pfeifer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karner, P" uniqKey="Karner P">P Karner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cazanave, C" uniqKey="Cazanave C">C Cazanave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dupon, M" uniqKey="Dupon M">M Dupon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lavignolle Aurillac, V" uniqKey="Lavignolle Aurillac V">V Lavignolle-Aurillac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barthe, N" uniqKey="Barthe N">N Barthe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawson Ayayi, S" uniqKey="Lawson Ayayi S">S Lawson-Ayayi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehsen, N" uniqKey="Mehsen N">N Mehsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bruera, D" uniqKey="Bruera D">D Bruera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luna, N" uniqKey="Luna N">N Luna</name></author><author><name sortKey="David, Do" uniqKey="David D">DO David</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergoglio, Lm" uniqKey="Bergoglio L">LM Bergoglio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zamudio, J" uniqKey="Zamudio J">J Zamudio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dolan, Se" uniqKey="Dolan S">SE Dolan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, S" uniqKey="Carpenter S">S Carpenter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grinspoon, S" uniqKey="Grinspoon S">S Grinspoon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mallon, Pw" uniqKey="Mallon P">PW Mallon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bolland, Mj" uniqKey="Bolland M">MJ Bolland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grey, Ab" uniqKey="Grey A">AB Grey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gamble, Gd" uniqKey="Gamble G">GD Gamble</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, Ir" uniqKey="Reid I">IR Reid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, A" uniqKey="Martin A">A Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloch, M" uniqKey="Bloch M">M Bloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, J" uniqKey="Amin J">J Amin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, D" uniqKey="Baker D">D Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Da" uniqKey="Cooper D">DA Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, S" uniqKey="Emery S">S Emery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stellbrink, Hj" uniqKey="Stellbrink H">HJ Stellbrink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orkin, C" uniqKey="Orkin C">C Orkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arribas, Jr" uniqKey="Arribas J">JR Arribas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Compston, J" uniqKey="Compston J">J Compston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerstoft, J" uniqKey="Gerstoft J">J Gerstoft</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Wijngaerden, E" uniqKey="Van Wijngaerden E">E Van Wijngaerden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacobson, Dl" uniqKey="Jacobson D">DL Jacobson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegelman, D" uniqKey="Spiegelman D">D Spiegelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knox, Tk" uniqKey="Knox T">TK Knox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Ib" uniqKey="Wilson I">IB Wilson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calmy, A" uniqKey="Calmy A">A Calmy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fux, Ca" uniqKey="Fux C">CA Fux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norris, R" uniqKey="Norris R">R Norris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vallier, N" uniqKey="Vallier N">N Vallier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delhumeau, C" uniqKey="Delhumeau C">C Delhumeau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samaras, K" uniqKey="Samaras K">K Samaras</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bedimo, R" uniqKey="Bedimo R">R Bedimo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maalouf, Nm" uniqKey="Maalouf N">NM Maalouf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, S" uniqKey="Zhang S">S Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drechsler, H" uniqKey="Drechsler H">H Drechsler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tebas, P" uniqKey="Tebas P">P Tebas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fux, Ca" uniqKey="Fux C">CA Fux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rauch, A" uniqKey="Rauch A">A Rauch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simcock, M" uniqKey="Simcock M">M Simcock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucher, Hc" uniqKey="Bucher H">HC Bucher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirschel, B" uniqKey="Hirschel B">B Hirschel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Opravil, M" uniqKey="Opravil M">M Opravil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, B" uniqKey="Young B">B Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dao, Cn" uniqKey="Dao C">CN Dao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchacz, K" uniqKey="Buchacz K">K Buchacz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, R" uniqKey="Baker R">R Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Jt" uniqKey="Brooks J">JT Brooks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Triant, Va" uniqKey="Triant V">VA Triant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Tt" uniqKey="Brown T">TT Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, H" uniqKey="Lee H">H Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grinspoon, Sk" uniqKey="Grinspoon S">SK Grinspoon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paul, Tv" uniqKey="Paul T">TV Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asha, Hs" uniqKey="Asha H">HS Asha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, N" uniqKey="Thomas N">N Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seshadri, Ms" uniqKey="Seshadri M">MS Seshadri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rupali, P" uniqKey="Rupali P">P Rupali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Oc" uniqKey="Abraham O">OC Abraham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mulligan, K" uniqKey="Mulligan K">K Mulligan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glidden, D" uniqKey="Glidden D">D Glidden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzales, P" uniqKey="Gonzales P">P Gonzales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Cardich, Me" uniqKey="Ramirez Cardich M">ME Ramirez-Cardich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Ay" uniqKey="Liu A">AY Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Namwongprom, S" uniqKey="Namwongprom S">S Namwongprom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">AIDS</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">AIDS</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AIDS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>AIDS (London, England)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0269-9370</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1473-5571</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23921615</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3815006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.aids.0000432534.47217.b4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard second line therapy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Allison</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>Cecilia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mallon</surname><given-names>Patrick W.G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hoy</surname><given-names>Jennifer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>Sean</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Belloso</surname><given-names>Waldo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phanuphak</surname><given-names>Praphan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferret</surname><given-names>Samuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>David A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boyd</surname><given-names>Mark A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><on-behalf-of>the Second Line study team</on-behalf-of></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label>CICAL, Buenos Aires, Argentina</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.</aff><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>24</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>15</issue><fpage>2403</fpage><lpage>2411</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>23</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivitives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="aids-27-2403.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective:</title><p>To compare changes over 48 weeks in bone mineral density (BMD) between participants randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + raltegravir (RAL) or LPV/r + 2–3 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) as second line therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Design:</title><p>48-week open-label sub-study of the Second Line trial conducted in South Africa, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Argentina.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods:</title><p>Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of proximal femur and lumbar spine were performed at baseline and week 48. Linear regression was used to compare means of differences between arms. McNemars test compared osteopenia and osteoporosis. Associations between percentage BMD changes and baseline variables were assessed by multivariate linear regression.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results:</title><p>Two hundred and ten participants were randomized. Analyses were adjusted for sex, BMI and smoking status. Mean (95% CI) proximal femur BMD% reduced over 48 weeks by −5.2% (−6.7 to −3.8%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.9% (−4.3 to −1.5%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0001). Lumbar spine BMD reduced by −4.2% (−5.7 to −2.7%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.0% (−3.5 to −0.6%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0006). The incidence of osteopenia (7.6%) and osteoporosis (2.0%) assessed over 48 weeks were similar between arms. Reduced BMD over 48 weeks was significantly associated with longer duration of tenofovir on study [% change (SE) −1.58 (0.38) femur, −1.65 (0.38) spine, <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001] and low baseline BMI [% change (SE) 0.5 (0.13) femur, 0.17 (0.07) spine; <italic>P</italic> < 0.01].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>An N(t)RTI-sparing antiretroviral regimen of LPV/r and raltegravir as second line therapy is associated with less bone loss than a LPV/r regimen containing N(t)RTIs.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd><kwd>bone mineral density</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>lopinavir</kwd><kwd>raltegravir</kwd><kwd>second line therapy</kwd><kwd>tenofovir</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name><meta-value>TRUE</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Continued morbidity from non-AIDS illnesses is a concern in the management of HIV-infected patients despite the success in controlling virus replication. Low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are prevalent in HIV-infected patients with some evidence suggesting that more osteoporosis-related fractures may be experienced in HIV-infected patients than the general population <xref rid="R1 R2" ref-type="bibr">[1,2]</xref>. Osteopenia occurs in up to 50% of HIV patients and osteoporosis up to 15% <xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. Cross-sectional studies suggest this prevalence is associated with both HIV infection itself and a greater prevalence of traditional risk factors for low BMD; such as smoking, low BMI and steroid use <xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. However, studies in combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) naive patients initiating therapy have demonstrated loss of BMD over the first 48–96 weeks of treatment <xref rid="R4 R5 R6 R7 R8" ref-type="bibr">[4–8]</xref>, with greater loss experienced by those initiating nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) <xref rid="R5 R6" ref-type="bibr">[5,6]</xref>, most notably with tenofovir (TDF) <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. In fact reduced BMD appears to be one of the few toxicities that worsens with cART treatment <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. In an evaluation of 4640 HIV participants in 26 randomized ACTG trials the incidence of fractures was higher in the first 2 years after cART initiation than in subsequent years <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. Little is known about the effects of exposure to HIV integrase inhibitors and BMD. There is some evidence that raltegravir (RAL) may increase BMD in the hip and spine over 48 weeks compared with TDF <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref> or protease inhibitors <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. However, these two studies were conducted on a small number of participants (<italic>n</italic> = 37 and 74, respectively) and only one was a randomized study <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>.</p><p>The Second Line study provided a unique opportunity to examine if a N(t)RTI-sparing cART regimen containing RAL and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) results in less BMD loss than combinations containing N(t)RTIs in HIV-infected patients.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>The Second Line study is a 96-week, multinational trial of participants virologically failing first-line therapy randomized 1 : 1 to currently recommended second line treatment (2-3N(t)RTI + LPV/r) or RAL (400 mg b.i.d.) + LPV/r (400/100 mg b.i.d. or 800 mg/200 mg q.i.d.). Eligible participants were HIV-1 positive adults (aged ≥16 years) who had received first-line cART comprised of a nonnucloeside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)+2N(t)RTIs for at least 24 weeks with no change within 12 weeks prior to screening; evidence of virological failure defined by two consecutive (≥7 days apart) plasma HIV RNA viral load more than 500 copies per ml; no previous exposure to protease inhibitors and/or integrase inhibitors. The study was approved by each site's Ethics Committee and was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00931463). The cohort median (IQR) age was 38.5 (32.4–44.4) years, 55% male, 42% Asian and 36% African, 73% heterosexual transmission, with an estimated median duration of HIV infection of six (3.6–8.7) years. The primary 48-week results of the Second Line study have been described <xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>.</p><p>Of the 37 sites that participated in the Second Line study eight sites from five countries (South Africa, India, Malaysia, Thailand and Argentina) participated in the body composition sub-study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01513122). These sites had access to a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner and recruitment was open to all participants screened at these sites between July 2010 and July 2011. The sub-study was approved by each site's Ethics committee's and all participants gave written, informed consent. DXA scans were performed at baseline and week 48 on either Lunar (India <italic>n</italic> = 48, Malaysia <italic>n</italic> = 13, Argentina <italic>n</italic> = 8, Thailand <italic>n</italic> = 22) or Hologic (Thailand <italic>n</italic> = 26, South Africa <italic>n</italic> = 94) DXA scanners. To assess BMD the proximal femur and lumbar spine (L2-L4) were measured as per a standard protocol provided to all sites. We did not use phantoms for quality assurance and scans were not subjected to central interpretation.</p><p>The primary objective was to determine the treatment arm difference in mean change from baseline BMD (%) at the proximal femur and lumbar spine to 48 weeks. We hypothesized that participants randomized to LPV/r+RAL would demonstrate smaller reductions in BMD over the 48 weeks compared with LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs. The secondary objectives included comparison between treatment arms for percentage of participants with osteopenia (T-score between −1.0 and −2.5) and osteoporosis (T-score less than −2.5), mean percentage change from baseline in Z-score and T-score, and to explore the relationship between lumbar spine and proximal femur BMD and baseline clinical demographics and cART. The T-score is the number of SDs below the average for a young adult at peak bone density. The Z-score is the number of SDs below an average person of the same age.</p><p>The baseline covariates that were included in the multivariate model as predictors of percentage change in proximal femur and lumbar spine BMD were age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, blood pressure; HIV and ART markers (randomized treatment arm, CD4<sup>+</sup> lymphocyte counts, plasma HIVRNA, prior and on-study use of TDF, duration of TDF use); body composition (total body fat and lean mass); and bone-specific variables (prior hypogonadism and physical activity).</p><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Analyses included available data from all participants who consented to the sub-study, who underwent randomization, received at least one dose of study medication and who completed both a week 0 and 48 DXA scan. Results were considered statistically significant at a two-sided α = 0.05. A sample size of 100 per randomized treatment arm was required to achieve 80% power to detect a mean difference of 1.7% change in BMD.</p><p>Linear regression was used to compare means of differences (baseline to week 48) between randomized arms. McNemars test for paired proportions was used to compare the categorized BMD variables. The association between BMD changes and the baseline variables was assessed by linear regression, any variable with <italic>P</italic> < 0.1 in univariate was included in the multivariate model. Backward stepwise methods were used to build the multivariate model. If parameters were found to be not normally distributed then the equivalent nonparametric test was used.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>The patient disposition is outlined in <xref rid="F1" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>. Six hundred and ninety-nine participants were screened for the parent Second Line study, of whom 236 consented to the bone sub-study. Two hundred and eleven participants were eligible and randomized into the sub-study and 210 made up the analysis population. Ninety-seven participants reached week 48 in the r/LPV+2-3N(t)RTI arm and 107 in the r/LPV+RAL arm.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Patient disposition of Second Line bone sub-study.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aids-27-2403-g001"></graphic></fig><p>The baseline characteristics of the sub-study cohort are described in <xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. The median age of the sub-study cohort was 38.8 years, 48% were male, 51% were Asian and 43% were African. Participant's median duration on cART at randomiszation was 3.4 years, 34% were on zidovudine, 48% on stavudine and 17% on TDF at baseline. The prevalence of osteopenia at the proximal femur was 20% and osteoporosis 2%, whereas at the lumbar spine prevalence of osteopenia was 31% and osteoporosis was 5%. At baseline, there were imbalances between the two treatment arms for sex, BMI and smoking status. All analyses were adjusted for the imbalances in these covariates.</p><p>The primary endpoint is outlined in <xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>. The mean (95% CI) proximal femur BMD (%) significantly reduced over the 48 weeks by −5.2% (−6.7 to −3.8%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.9% (−4.3 to −1.5%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm, with a mean difference of −2.4% (−3.5 to −1.2; <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001). The mean (95% CI) lumbar spine BMD (%) significantly reduced by −4.2% (−5.7 to −2.7%) in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and by −2.0% (−3.5 to – 0.6%) in the LPV/r+RAL arm, with a mean difference of −2.1% (−3.3 to −0.9; <italic>P</italic> = 0.0006). These results demonstrate that across two different anatomical regions BMD reduced in both treatment arms over 48 weeks, but reduced significantly less in recipients of r/LPV+RAL compared with r/LPV+2-3N(t)tRTI arm.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Mean percentage change (SE) from week 0 to 48 in proximal femur and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) by treatment arm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aids-27-2403-g002"></graphic></fig><p>The change over 48 weeks in T and Z scores at both the proximal femur and lumbar spine were significantly different between the two treatment arms. The mean difference (r/LPV+2-3N(t)RTIs versus r/LPV+RAL) in proximal femur for Z score was −0.18 (−0.3 to −0.19, <italic>P</italic> = 0.003) and for T score was −0.20 (−0.3 to −0.1, <italic>P</italic> = 0.0002). The mean difference (r/LPV+2-3N(t)tRTIs versus r/LPV+RAL) in lumbar spine femur for Z score was −0.18 (−0.3 to −0.1, <italic>P</italic> = 0.006) and for T score was −0.21 (−0.3 to −0.1, <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001). These results confirm the hypothesis that BMD reduction was less in the r/LPV+RAL arm compared with r/LPV+2-3NtRTI arm.</p><p>The prevalence of osteopenia (−2.5 <xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Only two (1%) participants experienced a bone fracture, one in the N(t)RTI arm and one in the RAL arm.</p><p>The multivariate regression analysis results are summarized in <xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>. The covariates that predicted a change in BMD in both the lumbar spine and proximal femur were higher baseline BMI and longer duration of TDF on study. Having a higher baseline BMI predicted a greater BMD at week 48, for every 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI the femur BMD increased by 0.5% and spine BMD by 0.17% (<italic>P</italic> < 0.01). Participants prescribed TDF for longer throughout the 48 weeks of the study had reduced BMD at week 48, for every 1 year of TDF use on study the femur BMD reduced by −1.58% and spine BMD by −1.65% (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The effects of raltegravir on BMD in people living with HIV have not been well defined. The bone sub-study of the Second Line clinical trial was conducted on 210 HIV-positive participants recruited from a range of middle-income countries in which there is a paucity of BMD data. The data generated in this sub-study of participants with confirmed virological failure of an NNRTI+2N(t)RTI cART regimen, demonstrate that effective second line therapy with either WHO standard of care [ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (r/PI) + 2-3 N(t)RTIs] or the nucleoside sparing regimen (r/LPV + RAL) reduced BMD over 48 weeks. However, the raltegravir arm was associated with less BMD loss than the N(t)RTI arm. The covariates predicting a greater loss of BMD in both the lumbar spine and proximal femur over the 48 weeks were low baseline BMI and longer duration of TDF on study. In our regression analyses, we were unable to detect an independent contribution from treatment arm on BMD change. As such, use of raltegravir provides an option to avoid the demonstrated risks to bone health arising from use of tenofovir. These findings are important as the use of integrase inhibitors and tenofovir are becoming more common in middle to low-income countries.</p><p>Previous studies examining the effect of raltegravir on bone metabolism are limited. The SPIRAL-LIP study was a small study conducted on 74 virologically controlled participants randomized to either continue with their r/PI regimen (<italic>n</italic> = 35) or switch their r/PI to raltegravir (<italic>n</italic> = 39) while continuing their N(t)RTIs <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. After 48 weeks, they reported no change in BMD or T scores in the r/PI arm but a significant improvement in total BMD, hip BMD and hip T score, with a significant difference between treatment groups. The SPIRAL-LIP study did not demonstrate any relationship between TDF use and changes in BMD or T score <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>. Another smaller, nonrandomized study <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref> confirmed these findings in a cohort of HIV-controlled osteopenic or osteoporotic HIV participants (<italic>n</italic> = 37) that switched from TDF+r/PI to RAL+r/PI. After 48 weeks, this cohort experienced a significant increase in spine and hip BMD as well as a significant reduction in bone turnover markers <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. One final small nonrandomized study on 30 HIV, treatment-naive African–Americans given RAL + TDF/FTC for 2 years demonstrated a significant reduction in total BMD of the same magnitude demonstrated in the 1 year of this Second Line sub-study (0.02 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>.</p><p>A reduction of between 0.02 and 0.05 g/cm<sup>2</sup> or 2–5% BMD over 48 weeks in lumbar spine and proximal femur in this cohort is larger than previously reported cART-experienced cohorts. Over 48 weeks in the STEAL study a reduction of 0.01 g/cm<sup>2</sup> BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur was reported <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>, in participants who were virologically controlled but switched to either abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine at baseline. In addition the SMART study reported a 0.8% loss of femur BMD and 0.4% loss of spine BMD per year in participants continuously ART treated and the majority were virologically controlled at baseline <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. Interestingly, the duration of cART at baseline in the STEAL study and SMART study was greater compared with the Second Line study, 6 years duration in STEAL and SMART compared with 4 years (median 3.4) second line. Therefore, in our Second Line study, the virologically failing participants experienced an overall decrease in BMD twice as great as other cART-experienced cohorts. Whether or not this is due to virological control at baseline is unknown. Interestingly, changing treatment in virologically failing HIV patients appears to have similar magnitudes of BMD loss as initiating treatment in naive patients <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>. Long-term follow-up of the Second Line study would be required to examine the magnitude of BMD change further, however these data suggest that if you continue N(t)RTIs into second line cART then you are likely to see continuing bone mineral loss.</p><p>Evidence suggests that the prevalence of osteoporosis in HIV-infected individuals may be more than three times greater compared with HIV-uninfected controls <xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. The prevalence of osteoporosis in HIV has been reported to be between 3 and 21% <xref rid="R17 R18 R19" ref-type="bibr">[17–19]</xref>. Osteopenia is more common, affecting about 30–50% of HIV-positive individuals <xref rid="R20 R21" ref-type="bibr">[20,21]</xref>. Our data support these previous estimates of bone disease in HIV populations, 20–31% osteopenia and 2–5% osteoporosis at baseline. This demonstrates that in middle-income countries where treatment options are limited, similar rates of bone disease are found compared with HIV populations from developed countries. The reason for such a high prevalence of bone disease in HIV is of concern and most probably multifactorial. The influence of HIV disease, social factors and cART all contribute. Studies have confirmed that BMD is significantly lower in HIV positive patients over a 1-year period compared with HIV-negative patients, independent of cART <xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>, though in our multivariate analysis neither HIV duration or HIV disease category were significant predictors of low BMD. In addition, smoking and alcohol intake are known lifestyle factors more common in the HIV-infected population and have previously been documented as associated with reduced BMD <xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. However, in the Second Line study cohort neither smoking nor alcohol was significant predictor of low BMD in the multivariate regression analysis. Another lifestyle factor known to affect BMD is a low BMI. In this analysis a low BMI at baseline was associated with a low BMD over 48 weeks, which has been demonstrated previously <xref rid="R23 R24 R25" ref-type="bibr">[23–25]</xref>. Ultimately, these differences in BMD did not significantly affect clinically significant bone disease in this cohort as only two participants experienced fractures. The reason for this may be the relatively short time frame of 48 weeks. A reduction in BMD would precede the event of a fracture, and therefore longer term follow-up may be required.</p><p>Previous studies have demonstrated bone loss being greater during the first year of treatment with TDF-containing regimens compared with abacavir-containing regimens <xref rid="R5 R26 R27 R28" ref-type="bibr">[5,26–28]</xref>. To support these findings, evidence of greater bone turnover has been reported in TDF regimens <xref rid="R16 R27 R29" ref-type="bibr">[16,27,29]</xref>. Cumulative exposure to TDF has also been shown to predict increased risk of osteoporotic fracture <xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>. Our finding that TDF was associated with lower BMD outcomes over 48 weeks support these previous data. Mechanisms for drug-induced bone loss are not fully elucidated but likely are multifactorial. One explanation for the affect of TDF on bone is via bone remodelling by renal mechanisms with a resultant loss of phosphorus <xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>. Other cART implicated with greater bone loss are protease inhibitors <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref> and thymidine analogues <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>; however, both these studies were conducted on very small cohorts.</p><p>Fewer studies have looked at rates of actual bone fracture among people with HIV. Between the years 2000 and 2008, 4% of HIV-positive patients in the United States HIV Outpatient Study experienced bone fractures; a significantly higher rate than that estimated in the general US population <xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>. Another study reported the relative risk of fracture to be 2.87 per 100 persons in a HIV population compared with 1.77 in non-HIV persons in a study on more than 8000 HIV-infected patients and 2 million non-HIV-infected patients <xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>. A meta-analysis of 26 randomized clinical trials including 4640 HIV-positive participants reported a fracture rate of 0.4/100 person-years <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>, and in a multivariate analysis of their antiretroviral naive participants they reported an increase in fracture associated with smoking and glucocorticoids use, but not exposure to ART <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. In this Second Line sub-study, only two participants (1%) experienced a bone fracture over the 48 weeks of follow-up (one participant in the LPV/r+2-3N(t)RTIs arm and one in the LPV/r+RAL arm). This lower proportion of fractures could be explained by the relatively short duration of the study and smaller number compared with the previous reported cohorts. Longer term follow-up of the Second Line study will provide greater clarification of clinical bone disease in this cohort.</p><p>The measurement of BMD is not routine in middle to low-income settings due to high cost. Therefore the data available on the incidence and prevalence of clinical bone disease in HIV in these populations is very limited. The Second Line bone sub-study was conducted largely in Asian [51%] (India, Thailand and Malaysia) and African [43%] (South Africa) populations. There has only been one previous cross-sectional study of BMD in HIV-infected participants in India that demonstrated cART and low BMI were associated with a lower BMD <xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref>. One other study conducted bi-annual DXA scans in a cohort of 500 sero-negative participants in Peru, Thailand, San Francisco and South Africa and Brazil treated with TDF/FTC and reported BMD loss at the hip and spine with a TDF-containing regimen and 1% population with fractures over 72 weeks <xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. Overall, the data reported in this sub-study cohort are consistent with the limited data previously presented in similar populations. In addition, the data in these middle-income HIV populations are similar to that reported in developed countries. What is novel is that the incidence of newly acquired bone disease over a 48-week period has never previously been reported. In this Second Line cohort the incidence of up to 9% of newly identified cases of osteopenia and osteoporosis over such a short period is a concern among a relatively young population.</p><p>In this unique HIV population, osteopenia and osteoporosis were common. The loss of BMD was less in participants treated with raltegravir and greater in those exposed to tenofovir throughout the study. These data confirm that bone disease is a significant comorbidity in the ongoing long-term management of HIV in middle-income countries.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Thank you to the participants of the Second Line bone sub-study.</p><p><italic>Second Line bone sub-study sub-committee contributions:</italic> A.M. designed the concept and analysis plan. She also oversaw the conduct of the study, including all data acquisition. A.M. drafted the article. C.M. performed all statistical analyses, reviewed the analysis plan and article. P.M. conceived the study, designed the concept and reviewed the analysis plan and article. J.H. designed the concept and reviewed the analysis plan and article. S.E. conceived the study, designed the concept and reviewed the analysis plan and article. W.B. was member of the Protocol Steering Committee, which developed and oversaw the protocol, reviewed all data and analyses, and reviewed the article. P.P. was member of the Protocol Steering Committee, which developed and oversaw the protocol, reviewed all data and analyses, and reviewed the article. S.F. was a member of the Protocol Steering Committee, which developed and oversaw the protocol, reviewed all data and analyses, and reviewed the article. D.C. was a member of the Protocol Steering Committee, which developed and oversaw the protocol, reviewed all data and analyses, and reviewed the article. M.B. conceived the study, designed the concept and reviewed the analysis plan and article. M.B. also oversaw conduct of the study, including all data acquisition.</p><p><italic>Second Line bone sub-study investigators:</italic> Dr Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Dr Sharne Foulkes, Prof Robin Wood, Dr Ploenchan Chetchotisakd, Prof Praphan Phanuphak, Dr Lerato Mohapi, Dr Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Dr Oscar Messina.</p><p><italic>Second Line study team:</italic> D.C., S.E., M.B., A.H., N.E., H.H., M.A., S.H., N.B.-J., C.M., J.A., A.R., R.R., S.K., K.P., M.L., C.A., M.V., S.P, HIV Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Hospital for Applied Medical Research.</p><p><italic>Funding:</italic> This work was supported by The Kirby Institute, which is funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the position of the Australian Government. The Kirby Institute is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales.</p><p>Funding for the Second Line study was provided by The Kirby Institute, Merck & Co. Inc, Abbott Laboratories, NHMRC and amfAR.</p><sec><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>A.M., C.M., W.B., S.F. and P.P. declare there are no conflicts of interest. M.B. was paid to prepare and present educational materials for Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag and Merck Sharpe and Dohme. J.H.'s institution has received funding for investigator initiated research, service on advisory boards, lectures and conference sponsorship from Janssen-Cilag, Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharpe and Dohme and ViiV Healthcare. S.E. has received research funding from Abbott, Gilead, Pfizer, Merck Sharpe and Dohme and ViiV Healthcare. D.C. has received AbbVie and Merck Sharpe and Dohme grants, consultant and speaker fees. P.M. has received support in honoraria, research grants, lecture sponsorships and advisory boards from Abbott, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Gilead, Glaxo-Smith Kline, Janssen-Cilag, and ViiV Healthcare.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="corresp"><p>Correspondence to Allison Martin, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9385 0900; fax: +61 2 9385 0910; e-mail: <email>secondline@kirby.unsw.edu.au</email></p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="R1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daar</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>KY</given-names></name><name><surname>Powderly</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Long- term complications of HIV and antiretroviral therapy</article-title>. <source><italic>Clin Care Opt</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>18</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tien</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Association of regional body composition with bone mineral density in HIV-infected and uninfected women: women's interagency HIV study</article-title>. <source><italic>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <volume>61</volume>:<fpage>469</fpage>–<lpage>476</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22895436</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>TT</given-names></name><name><surname>Qaqish</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2006</year>; <volume>20</volume>:<fpage>2165</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17086056</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duvivier</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolta</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Assoumou</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ghosn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rozenberg</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Greater decrease in bone mineral density with protease inhibitor regimens compared with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-1 infected naive patients</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>27</volume>:<fpage>817</fpage>–<lpage>824</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19363330</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McComsey</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Daar</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Tierney</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jahed</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>Tebas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: Aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202</article-title>. <source><italic>J Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2011</year>; <volume>203</volume>:<fpage>1791</fpage>–<lpage>1801</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21606537</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Vonderen</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Lips</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>van Agtmael</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hassink</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><name><surname>Brinkman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Geerlings</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>First line zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir leads to greater bone loss compared to nevirapine/lopinavir/ritonavir</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>23</volume>:<fpage>1367</fpage>–<lpage>1376</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19424051</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>TT</given-names></name><name><surname>McComsey</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Qaqish</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Bernstein</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>da Silva</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen</article-title>. <source><italic>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>51</volume>:<fpage>554</fpage>–<lpage>561</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19512937</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Obel</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Nielsen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Pedersen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerstoft</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bone mineral density changes in protease inhibitor-sparing vs. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from a randomized trial</article-title>. <source><italic>HIV Med</italic></source><year>2010</year>; <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>157</fpage>–<lpage>165</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20722752</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gallant</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Staszewski</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pozniak</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>DeJesus</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Suleiman</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients</article-title>. <source><italic>JAMA</italic></source><year>2004</year>; <volume>292</volume>:<fpage>191</fpage>–<lpage>201</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15249568</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grund</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Gibert</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoy</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Isaksson</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlay</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Continuous antiretroviral therapy decreases bone mineral density</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>23</volume>:<fpage>1519</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19531929</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Kendall</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Tassiopoulos</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Hochberg</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Fractures afterantiretroviral initiation: an analysis of the ACTG longitudinal linked randomized trial (ALLRT) study</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <volume>26</volume>:<fpage>2175</fpage>–<lpage>2184</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22951635</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bloch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Improved low bone mineral density and bone turnover markers with switch from tenofovir to raltegravir in virologically suppressed HIV-1+ adults at 48 weeks: the TROP study</article-title>. <source><italic>Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington</italic></source><year>2012</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curran</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Saumoy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>del Rio</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Crespo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Larrousse</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Body composition changes after switching from protease inhibitors to raltegravir: SPIRAL-LIP substudy</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <volume>26</volume>:<fpage>475</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22112606</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>SECOND-LINE study group</collab><article-title>Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus raltegravir for treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with virological failure of a standard first-line ART regimen (SECOND-LINE): a randomised, open-label, noninferiority study</article-title>. <source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2013</year>; <volume>381</volume>:<fpage>2091</fpage>–<lpage>2099</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23769235</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="confproc"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wohl</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Hyslop</surname><given-names>WB</given-names></name><name><surname>Blevins</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Ragan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of raltegravir (RAL) combined with tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) on body shape, bone density and lipids in HIV+ african-americans initiating therapy: metabolic outcomes of the UNC-REAL study</article-title>. <conf-name>XIX International AIDS Conferencexs</conf-name><conf-loc>Washington, DC</conf-loc><year>2012</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haskelberg</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoy</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ebeling</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Changes in bone turnover and bone loss in HIV-infected patients changing treatment to tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine</article-title>. <source><italic>PloS one</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>e38377</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22719882</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tebas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Powderly</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name><name><surname>Claxton</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Marin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tantisiriwat</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Teitelbaum</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2000</year>; <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>F63</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10770534</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Eisman</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Osteopenia in HIV-infected men: association with asymptomatic lactic acidemia and lower weight preantiretroviral therapy</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2001</year>; <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>703</fpage>–<lpage>709</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11371684</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nolan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Upton</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>McKinnon</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>John</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Adler</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Stable or increasing bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients treated with nelfinavir or indinavir</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2001</year>; <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>1275</fpage>–<lpage>1280</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11426072</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tomažič</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ul</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Volčanšek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Gorenšek</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeifer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Karner</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Prevalence and risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis in an HIV-infected male population</article-title>. <source><italic>Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift</italic></source><year>2007</year>; <volume>119</volume>:<fpage>639</fpage>–<lpage>646</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18043884</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cazanave</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Dupon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lavignolle-Aurillac</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Barthe</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawson-Ayayi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehsen</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Reduced bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and associated factors</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2008</year>; <volume>22</volume>:<fpage>395</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18195566</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bruera</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Luna</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>David</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergoglio</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Zamudio</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients is independent of antiretroviral therapy</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2003</year>; <volume>17</volume>:<fpage>1917</fpage>–<lpage>1923</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12960824</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dolan</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Carpenter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Grinspoon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effects of weight, body composition, and testosterone on bone mineral density in HIV-infected women</article-title>. <source><italic>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</italic></source><year>2007</year>; <volume>45</volume>:<fpage>161</fpage>–<lpage>167</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17527091</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mallon</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV and bone mineral density</article-title>. <source><italic>Curr Opin Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2010</year>; <volume>23</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20010102</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bolland</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Grey</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Gamble</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><name><surname>Reid</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Low body weight mediates the relationship between HIV infection and low bone mineral density: a meta-analysis</article-title>. <source><italic>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</italic></source><year>2007</year>; <volume>92</volume>:<fpage>4522</fpage>–<lpage>4528</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17925333</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bloch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine: a randomized, 96-week trial</article-title>. <source><italic>Clin Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>49</volume>:<fpage>1591</fpage>–<lpage>1601</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19842973</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stellbrink</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Orkin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Arribas</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Compston</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerstoft</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Wijngaerden</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparison of changes in bone density and turnover with abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study</article-title>. <source><italic>Clin Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2010</year>; <volume>51</volume>:<fpage>963</fpage>–<lpage>972</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20828304</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jacobson</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Spiegelman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Knox</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>IB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evolution and predictors of change in total bone mineral density over time in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living study</article-title>. <source><italic>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</italic></source><year>2008</year>; <volume>49</volume>:<fpage>298</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18845956</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Calmy</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Fux</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Norris</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Vallier</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Delhumeau</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Samaras</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Low bone mineral density, renal dysfunction, and fracture risk in HIV infection: a cross-sectional study</article-title>. <source><italic>J Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2009</year>; <volume>200</volume>:<fpage>1746</fpage>–<lpage>1754</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19874178</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bedimo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Maalouf</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Drechsler</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Tebas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Osteoporotic fracture risk associated with cumulative exposure to tenofovir and other antiretroviral agents</article-title>. <source><italic>AIDS</italic></source><year>2012</year>; <volume>26</volume>:<fpage>825</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22301411</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fux</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Rauch</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Simcock</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bucher</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirschel</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Opravil</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Short communication Tenofovir use is associated with an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study</article-title>. <source><italic>Antivir=Ther</italic></source><year>2008</year>; <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1077</fpage>–<lpage>1082</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19195333</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Dao</surname><given-names>CN</given-names></name><name><surname>Buchacz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Brooks</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Increased rates of bone fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000–2006</article-title>. <source><italic>Clin Infect Dis</italic></source><year>2011</year>; <volume>52</volume>:<fpage>1061</fpage>–<lpage>1068</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21398272</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Triant</surname><given-names>VA</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>TT</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Grinspoon</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large US healthcare system</article-title>. <source><italic>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</italic></source><year>2008</year>; <volume>93</volume>:<fpage>3499</fpage>–<lpage>3504</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18593764</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>TV</given-names></name><name><surname>Asha</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Seshadri</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Rupali</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>OC</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Hypovitaminosis D and bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men from India, with or without antiretroviral therapy</article-title>. <source><italic>Endocrine Pract</italic></source><year>2010</year>; <volume>16</volume>:<fpage>547</fpage>–<lpage>553</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mulligan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Glidden</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Gonzales</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramirez-Cardich</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>AY</given-names></name><name><surname>Namwongprom</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of emtricitabine/tenofovir on bone mineral density in seronegative men from 4 continents: DEXA results of the global iPrEx study</article-title>. <source><italic>18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 2011.</italic></source><year>2011</year></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">r/LPV+ 2-3N(t)RTI (<italic>n</italic> = 102)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">r/LPV + RAL (<italic>n</italic> = 108)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (<italic>n</italic> = 210)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6 (34.2–44.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9 (32.6–44.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8 (32.9–44.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex, male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (53.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (41.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (47.6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Ethnicity</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caucasian</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Asian</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (52.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (50.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 (51.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hispanic</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> African</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (43.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (43.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">91 (43.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.5))</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">BMI</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <18.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (17.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (12.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (14.8)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18.5 to <20</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (47.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (54.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (51.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 to <30</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (25.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (22.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (23.8)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 to <35</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (6.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (7.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (7.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥35</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV RNA log (copies/ml)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3 (3.8–4.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1 (3.4–4.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1 (3.5–4.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes (cells/μl)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">185 (80–296)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">218 (117–315)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">202 (104–307)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatitis C antibody (positive)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (4.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hip/waist ratio</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (1.1–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (1.1–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (1.1–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.9–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (1.0–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (1.0–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> TDF prior to study</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (1.0–1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.9–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (1.0–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No TDF prior to study</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.9–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (1.0–1.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (1.0–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar spine T score</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.7 (−1.5–0.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.7 (−1.4–0.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.7 (−1.5–0.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar spine Z score</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.6 (−1.3–0.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.5 (−1.4–0.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.5 (−1.4–0.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximal femur BMD (g/cm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.9–1.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.9–1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.9–1.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximal femur T score</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.3 (−0.8–0.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.3 (−1.0–0.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.3 (−0.9–0.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximal femur Z score</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2 (−0.6–0.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1 (−0.8–0.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1 (−0.7–0.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximal femur osteopenia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (19.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (20.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (19.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximal femur osteoporosis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar spine osteopenia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (36.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (26.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (31.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lumbar spine osteoporosis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (5.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.0)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Smoking</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Current</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (21.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (13.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (17.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Recently (within 12 months)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Past</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (15.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (14.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (15.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Never</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (61.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (70.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">139 (66.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Alcohol consumption</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0–2 drinks per day</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (95.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (96.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201 (95.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥2 drinks per day</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (4.3)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Days of exercise</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Brisk walk past 7days</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 (3.0–7.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0 (5.0–7.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0 (3.0–7.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate activity past 7 days</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 (1.0–6.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 (0.0–5.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 (0.0–5.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vigorous activity past 7 days</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.0–3.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.0–2.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.0–2.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">History of diabetes (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family history of diabetes (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (19.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (23.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (21.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">History nontraumatic fractures (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parental history of hip fracture (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cART duration</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 (1.8–5.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7 (2.1–6.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4 (2.0–6.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">On TDF (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (19.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (14.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (17.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">On d4T (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (49.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (47.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">101 (48.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">On ZDV (yes)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (31.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (37.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (34.3)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Data are median (IQR) or n (%). BMD, bone mineral density; cART, combined antiretroviral therapy; d4T, stavudine; N(t)RTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; r/LPV, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; RAL, raltegravir; TDF, tenofovir; ZDV, zidovudine.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Low bone mineral density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New cases at week 48 <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Odds ratio (95% CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Low proximal femur BMD (Z score < −2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">LPV/r + 2–3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47 (0.04, 5.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5507</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Low lumbar spine BMD (Z score <−2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LPV/r + 2-3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (3.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 (0.7, 10.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1442</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (8.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Proximal femur osteopenia (T score between −1 and −2.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LPV/r + 2-3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (7.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4, 3.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8619</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (7.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Lumbar spine osteopenia (T score between −1 and −2.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LPV/r + 2-3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (8.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3, 2.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6487</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (7.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Proximal femur osteoporosis (T score <–2.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LPV/r + 2-3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (3.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.03, 4.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4259</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Lumbar spine osteoporosis (T scoe <–2.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LPV/r + 2-3N(t)RTI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (5.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2, 3.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7215</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TF2-1"><p><sup>a</sup>Adjusted for baseline imbalances in sex, BMI and smoking; BMD, bone mineral density; N(t)RTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; r/LPV, ritonavir boosted lopinavir; RAL, raltegravir.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Baseline predictors of percentage change in bone mineral density over 48 weeks included in the multivariate regression model.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk Factor (<italic>n</italic> = 201)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Proximal femur</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Lumbar spine</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">% Change in BMD (SE)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr> t</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall <italic>P</italic>-value</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">% Change in BMD (SE)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pr> t</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall <italic>P</italic>-value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="10" rowspan="1">Randomization arm</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + 2-3N(t)RTI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF3-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> r/LPV + RAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.74 (1.21)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−3.1, 1.6)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.58 (1.18)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−2.9, 1.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 (0.04)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.1, 0.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (0.04)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.1, 0.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF3-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.82)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−1.0, 2.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.82 (0.75)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−2.3, 0.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" rowspan="1">Race</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caucasian<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF3-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Asian</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.67 (1.82)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−5.3, 1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.13 (1.85)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−6.8, 0.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hispanic</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.71 (3.01)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−6.7, 5.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.09 (3.05)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−1.9, 10.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> African heritage</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (1.83)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−4.5, 2.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.65 (1.85)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−6.3, 1.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50 (0.13)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.3, 0.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17 (0.07)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.0, 0.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" rowspan="1">Smoking</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Currently<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF3-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Recently</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.06 (2.61)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−8.2, 2.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (2.59)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−4.1, 6.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Past</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.71 (3.01)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−4.7, −0.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.90 (1.10)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−4.1, 0.3)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Never</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.92 (1.83)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−3.8, −0.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.68 (0.90)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−2.5, 1.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration TDF prior to study (years)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Not included in multivariate as univariate >0.1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 (0.74)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−1.1, 1.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration TDF on study (years)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.58 (0.38)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−2.3, −0.8)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.65 (0.38)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−2.4, −0.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes (cells/μl)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00 (0.00)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.0, 0.)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Not included in multivariate as univariate >0.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="10" rowspan="1">CD4<sup>+</sup> nadir (cells/μl)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Not included in multivariate as univariate >0.1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.39 (1.46)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−7.6, −1.5)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50–99</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.77 (1.47)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−7.7, −1.9)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0014</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 100–199</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.00 (1.46)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−6.5, −0.7)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 200–299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.53 (1.57)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−6.6, −0.4)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF3-1"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0230</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total body fat (kg)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.18 (0.07)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.3, 0.03)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.10 (0.07)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.2, 0.04)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total lean mass (kg)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (0.06)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.1, 0.2)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Not included in multivariate as univariate >0.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vigorous physical activity (days)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.42 (0.16)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−0.7, −0.1)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1">Not included in multivariate as univariate >0.1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TF3-1"><p><sup>a</sup>Reference group; % Change in BMD (SE): probability (standard error) co-efficient; r/LPV: ritonavir boosted lopinavir; N(t)RTI: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; RAL: raltegravir; TDF: tenofovir.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc>
