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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</title><author><name sortKey="Lim, Stephen S" sort="Lim, Stephen S" uniqKey="Lim S" first="Stephen S" last="Lim">Stephen S. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Theo" sort="Vos, Theo" uniqKey="Vos T" first="Theo" last="Vos">Theo Vos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaxman, Abraham D" sort="Flaxman, Abraham D" uniqKey="Flaxman A" first="Abraham D" last="Flaxman">Abraham D. Flaxman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danaei, Goodarz" sort="Danaei, Goodarz" uniqKey="Danaei G" first="Goodarz" last="Danaei">Goodarz Danaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shibuya, Kenji" sort="Shibuya, Kenji" uniqKey="Shibuya K" first="Kenji" last="Shibuya">Kenji Shibuya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adair Rohani, Heather" sort="Adair Rohani, Heather" uniqKey="Adair Rohani H" first="Heather" last="Adair-Rohani">Heather Adair-Rohani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amann, Markus" sort="Amann, Markus" uniqKey="Amann M" first="Markus" last="Amann">Markus Amann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, H Ross" sort="Anderson, H Ross" uniqKey="Anderson H" first="H Ross" last="Anderson">H Ross Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Kathryn G" sort="Andrews, Kathryn G" uniqKey="Andrews K" first="Kathryn G" last="Andrews">Kathryn G. Andrews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aryee, Martin" sort="Aryee, Martin" uniqKey="Aryee M" first="Martin" last="Aryee">Martin Aryee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Charles" sort="Atkinson, Charles" uniqKey="Atkinson C" first="Charles" last="Atkinson">Charles Atkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacchus, Loraine J" sort="Bacchus, Loraine J" uniqKey="Bacchus L" first="Loraine J" last="Bacchus">Loraine J. Bacchus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahalim, Adil N" sort="Bahalim, Adil N" uniqKey="Bahalim A" first="Adil N" last="Bahalim">Adil N. Bahalim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balakrishnan, Kalpana" sort="Balakrishnan, Kalpana" uniqKey="Balakrishnan K" first="Kalpana" last="Balakrishnan">Kalpana Balakrishnan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balmes, John" sort="Balmes, John" uniqKey="Balmes J" first="John" last="Balmes">John Balmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker Collo, Suzanne" sort="Barker Collo, Suzanne" uniqKey="Barker Collo S" first="Suzanne" last="Barker-Collo">Suzanne Barker-Collo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baxter, Amanda" sort="Baxter, Amanda" uniqKey="Baxter A" first="Amanda" last="Baxter">Amanda Baxter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, Michelle L" sort="Bell, Michelle L" uniqKey="Bell M" first="Michelle L" last="Bell">Michelle L. Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blore, Jed D" sort="Blore, Jed D" uniqKey="Blore J" first="Jed D" last="Blore">Jed D. Blore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blyth, Fiona" sort="Blyth, Fiona" uniqKey="Blyth F" first="Fiona" last="Blyth">Fiona Blyth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonner, Carissa" sort="Bonner, Carissa" uniqKey="Bonner C" first="Carissa" last="Bonner">Carissa Bonner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borges, Guilherme" sort="Borges, Guilherme" uniqKey="Borges G" first="Guilherme" last="Borges">Guilherme Borges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourne, Rupert" sort="Bourne, Rupert" uniqKey="Bourne R" first="Rupert" last="Bourne">Rupert Bourne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, Michel" sort="Boussinesq, Michel" uniqKey="Boussinesq M" first="Michel" last="Boussinesq">Michel Boussinesq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brauer, Michael" sort="Brauer, Michael" uniqKey="Brauer M" first="Michael" last="Brauer">Michael Brauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Peter" sort="Brooks, Peter" uniqKey="Brooks P" first="Peter" last="Brooks">Peter Brooks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruce, Nigel G" sort="Bruce, Nigel G" uniqKey="Bruce N" first="Nigel G" last="Bruce">Nigel G. Bruce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, Bert" sort="Brunekreef, Bert" uniqKey="Brunekreef B" first="Bert" last="Brunekreef">Bert Brunekreef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan Hancock, Claire" sort="Bryan Hancock, Claire" uniqKey="Bryan Hancock C" first="Claire" last="Bryan-Hancock">Claire Bryan-Hancock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucello, Chiara" sort="Bucello, Chiara" uniqKey="Bucello C" first="Chiara" last="Bucello">Chiara Bucello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchbinder, Rachelle" sort="Buchbinder, Rachelle" uniqKey="Buchbinder R" first="Rachelle" last="Buchbinder">Rachelle Buchbinder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, Fiona" sort="Bull, Fiona" uniqKey="Bull F" first="Fiona" last="Bull">Fiona Bull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Richard T" sort="Burnett, Richard T" uniqKey="Burnett R" first="Richard T" last="Burnett">Richard T. Burnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byers, Tim E" sort="Byers, Tim E" uniqKey="Byers T" first="Tim E" last="Byers">Tim E. Byers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calabria, Bianca" sort="Calabria, Bianca" uniqKey="Calabria B" first="Bianca" last="Calabria">Bianca Calabria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carapetis, Jonathan" sort="Carapetis, Jonathan" uniqKey="Carapetis J" first="Jonathan" last="Carapetis">Jonathan Carapetis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carnahan, Emily" sort="Carnahan, Emily" uniqKey="Carnahan E" first="Emily" last="Carnahan">Emily Carnahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chafe, Zoe" sort="Chafe, Zoe" uniqKey="Chafe Z" first="Zoe" last="Chafe">Zoe Chafe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charlson, Fiona" sort="Charlson, Fiona" uniqKey="Charlson F" first="Fiona" last="Charlson">Fiona Charlson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Honglei" sort="Chen, Honglei" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Honglei" last="Chen">Honglei Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jian Shen" sort="Chen, Jian Shen" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jian Shen" last="Chen">Jian Shen Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Andrew Tai Ann" sort="Cheng, Andrew Tai Ann" uniqKey="Cheng A" first="Andrew Tai-Ann" last="Cheng">Andrew Tai-Ann Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Child, Jennifer Christine" sort="Child, Jennifer Christine" uniqKey="Child J" first="Jennifer Christine" last="Child">Jennifer Christine Child</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Aaron" sort="Cohen, Aaron" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Aaron" last="Cohen">Aaron Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colson, K Ellicott" sort="Colson, K Ellicott" uniqKey="Colson K" first="K Ellicott" last="Colson">K Ellicott Colson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cowie, Benjamin C" sort="Cowie, Benjamin C" uniqKey="Cowie B" first="Benjamin C" last="Cowie">Benjamin C. Cowie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darby, Sarah" sort="Darby, Sarah" uniqKey="Darby S" first="Sarah" last="Darby">Sarah Darby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darling, Susan" sort="Darling, Susan" uniqKey="Darling S" first="Susan" last="Darling">Susan Darling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Adrian" sort="Davis, Adrian" uniqKey="Davis A" first="Adrian" last="Davis">Adrian Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dentener, Frank" sort="Dentener, Frank" uniqKey="Dentener F" first="Frank" last="Dentener">Frank Dentener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Des Jarlais, Don C" sort="Des Jarlais, Don C" uniqKey="Des Jarlais D" first="Don C" last="Des Jarlais">Don C. Des Jarlais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devries, Karen" sort="Devries, Karen" uniqKey="Devries K" first="Karen" last="Devries">Karen Devries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dherani, Mukesh" sort="Dherani, Mukesh" uniqKey="Dherani M" first="Mukesh" last="Dherani">Mukesh Dherani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Eric L" sort="Ding, Eric L" uniqKey="Ding E" first="Eric L" last="Ding">Eric L. Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorsey, E Ray" sort="Dorsey, E Ray" uniqKey="Dorsey E" first="E Ray" last="Dorsey">E Ray Dorsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Driscoll, Tim" sort="Driscoll, Tim" uniqKey="Driscoll T" first="Tim" last="Driscoll">Tim Driscoll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edmond, Karen" sort="Edmond, Karen" uniqKey="Edmond K" first="Karen" last="Edmond">Karen Edmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Suad Eltahir" sort="Ali, Suad Eltahir" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Suad Eltahir" last="Ali">Suad Eltahir Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engell, Rebecca E" sort="Engell, Rebecca E" uniqKey="Engell R" first="Rebecca E" last="Engell">Rebecca E. Engell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Patricia J" sort="Erwin, Patricia J" uniqKey="Erwin P" first="Patricia J" last="Erwin">Patricia J. Erwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fahimi, Saman" sort="Fahimi, Saman" uniqKey="Fahimi S" first="Saman" last="Fahimi">Saman Fahimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falder, Gail" sort="Falder, Gail" uniqKey="Falder G" first="Gail" last="Falder">Gail Falder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farzadfar, Farshad" sort="Farzadfar, Farshad" uniqKey="Farzadfar F" first="Farshad" last="Farzadfar">Farshad Farzadfar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, Alize" sort="Ferrari, Alize" uniqKey="Ferrari A" first="Alize" last="Ferrari">Alize Ferrari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finucane, Mariel M" sort="Finucane, Mariel M" uniqKey="Finucane M" first="Mariel M" last="Finucane">Mariel M. Finucane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaxman, Seth" sort="Flaxman, Seth" uniqKey="Flaxman S" first="Seth" last="Flaxman">Seth Flaxman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fowkes, Francis Gerry R" sort="Fowkes, Francis Gerry R" uniqKey="Fowkes F" first="Francis Gerry R" last="Fowkes">Francis Gerry R. Fowkes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Greg" sort="Freedman, Greg" uniqKey="Freedman G" first="Greg" last="Freedman">Greg Freedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Michael K" sort="Freeman, Michael K" uniqKey="Freeman M" first="Michael K" last="Freeman">Michael K. Freeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gakidou, Emmanuela" sort="Gakidou, Emmanuela" uniqKey="Gakidou E" first="Emmanuela" last="Gakidou">Emmanuela Gakidou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, Santu" sort="Ghosh, Santu" uniqKey="Ghosh S" first="Santu" last="Ghosh">Santu Ghosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannucci, Edward" sort="Giovannucci, Edward" uniqKey="Giovannucci E" first="Edward" last="Giovannucci">Edward Giovannucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gmel, Gerhard" sort="Gmel, Gerhard" uniqKey="Gmel G" first="Gerhard" last="Gmel">Gerhard Gmel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Kathryn" sort="Graham, Kathryn" uniqKey="Graham K" first="Kathryn" last="Graham">Kathryn Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grainger, Rebecca" sort="Grainger, Rebecca" uniqKey="Grainger R" first="Rebecca" last="Grainger">Rebecca Grainger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Bridget" sort="Grant, Bridget" uniqKey="Grant B" first="Bridget" last="Grant">Bridget Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunnell, David" sort="Gunnell, David" uniqKey="Gunnell D" first="David" last="Gunnell">David Gunnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Hialy R" sort="Gutierrez, Hialy R" uniqKey="Gutierrez H" first="Hialy R" last="Gutierrez">Hialy R. Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Wayne" sort="Hall, Wayne" uniqKey="Hall W" first="Wayne" last="Hall">Wayne Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoek, Hans W" sort="Hoek, Hans W" uniqKey="Hoek H" first="Hans W" last="Hoek">Hans W. Hoek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogan, Anthony" sort="Hogan, Anthony" uniqKey="Hogan A" first="Anthony" last="Hogan">Anthony Hogan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosgood, H Dean" sort="Hosgood, H Dean" uniqKey="Hosgood H" first="H Dean" last="Hosgood">H Dean Hosgood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Damian" sort="Hoy, Damian" uniqKey="Hoy D" first="Damian" last="Hoy">Damian Hoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Howard" sort="Hu, Howard" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Howard" last="Hu">Howard Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbell, Bryan J" sort="Hubbell, Bryan J" uniqKey="Hubbell B" first="Bryan J" last="Hubbell">Bryan J. Hubbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchings, Sally J" sort="Hutchings, Sally J" uniqKey="Hutchings S" first="Sally J" last="Hutchings">Sally J. Hutchings</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ibeanusi, Sydney E" sort="Ibeanusi, Sydney E" uniqKey="Ibeanusi S" first="Sydney E" last="Ibeanusi">Sydney E. Ibeanusi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacklyn, Gemma L" sort="Jacklyn, Gemma L" uniqKey="Jacklyn G" first="Gemma L" last="Jacklyn">Gemma L. Jacklyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" sort="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" uniqKey="Jasrasaria R" first="Rashmi" last="Jasrasaria">Rashmi Jasrasaria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Jost B" sort="Jonas, Jost B" uniqKey="Jonas J" first="Jost B" last="Jonas">Jost B. Jonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kan, Haidong" sort="Kan, Haidong" uniqKey="Kan H" first="Haidong" last="Kan">Haidong Kan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanis, John A" sort="Kanis, John A" uniqKey="Kanis J" first="John A" last="Kanis">John A. Kanis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kassebaum, Nicholas" sort="Kassebaum, Nicholas" uniqKey="Kassebaum N" first="Nicholas" last="Kassebaum">Nicholas Kassebaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khang, Young Ho" sort="Khang, Young Ho" uniqKey="Khang Y" first="Young-Ho" last="Khang">Young-Ho Khang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khatibzadeh, Shahab" sort="Khatibzadeh, Shahab" uniqKey="Khatibzadeh S" first="Shahab" last="Khatibzadeh">Shahab Khatibzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khoo, Jon Paul" sort="Khoo, Jon Paul" uniqKey="Khoo J" first="Jon-Paul" last="Khoo">Jon-Paul Khoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kok, Cindy" sort="Kok, Cindy" uniqKey="Kok C" first="Cindy" last="Kok">Cindy Kok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laden, Francine" sort="Laden, Francine" uniqKey="Laden F" first="Francine" last="Laden">Francine Laden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lalloo, Ratilal" sort="Lalloo, Ratilal" uniqKey="Lalloo R" first="Ratilal" last="Lalloo">Ratilal Lalloo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lan, Qing" sort="Lan, Qing" uniqKey="Lan Q" first="Qing" last="Lan">Qing Lan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lathlean, Tim" sort="Lathlean, Tim" uniqKey="Lathlean T" first="Tim" last="Lathlean">Tim Lathlean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leasher, Janet L" sort="Leasher, Janet L" uniqKey="Leasher J" first="Janet L" last="Leasher">Janet L. Leasher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leigh, James" sort="Leigh, James" uniqKey="Leigh J" first="James" last="Leigh">James Leigh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yang" sort="Li, Yang" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yang" last="Li">Yang Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, John Kent" sort="Lin, John Kent" uniqKey="Lin J" first="John Kent" last="Lin">John Kent Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipshultz, Steven E" sort="Lipshultz, Steven E" uniqKey="Lipshultz S" first="Steven E" last="Lipshultz">Steven E. Lipshultz</name></author><author><name sortKey="London, Stephanie" sort="London, Stephanie" uniqKey="London S" first="Stephanie" last="London">Stephanie London</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, Rafael" sort="Lozano, Rafael" uniqKey="Lozano R" first="Rafael" last="Lozano">Rafael Lozano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yuan" sort="Lu, Yuan" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yuan" last="Lu">Yuan Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mak, Joelle" sort="Mak, Joelle" uniqKey="Mak J" first="Joelle" last="Mak">Joelle Mak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malekzadeh, Reza" sort="Malekzadeh, Reza" uniqKey="Malekzadeh R" first="Reza" last="Malekzadeh">Reza Malekzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallinger, Leslie" sort="Mallinger, Leslie" uniqKey="Mallinger L" first="Leslie" last="Mallinger">Leslie Mallinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcenes, Wagner" sort="Marcenes, Wagner" uniqKey="Marcenes W" first="Wagner" last="Marcenes">Wagner Marcenes</name></author><author><name sortKey="March, Lyn" sort="March, Lyn" uniqKey="March L" first="Lyn" last="March">Lyn March</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Robin" sort="Marks, Robin" uniqKey="Marks R" first="Robin" last="Marks">Robin Marks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Randall" sort="Martin, Randall" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Randall" last="Martin">Randall Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgale, Paul" sort="Mcgale, Paul" uniqKey="Mcgale P" first="Paul" last="Mcgale">Paul Mcgale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, John" sort="Mcgrath, John" uniqKey="Mcgrath J" first="John" last="Mcgrath">John Mcgrath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Sumi" sort="Mehta, Sumi" uniqKey="Mehta S" first="Sumi" last="Mehta">Sumi Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mensah, George A" sort="Mensah, George A" uniqKey="Mensah G" first="George A" last="Mensah">George A. Mensah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merriman, Tony R" sort="Merriman, Tony R" uniqKey="Merriman T" first="Tony R" last="Merriman">Tony R. Merriman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Micha, Renata" sort="Micha, Renata" uniqKey="Micha R" first="Renata" last="Micha">Renata Micha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michaud, Catherine" sort="Michaud, Catherine" uniqKey="Michaud C" first="Catherine" last="Michaud">Catherine Michaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Vinod" sort="Mishra, Vinod" uniqKey="Mishra V" first="Vinod" last="Mishra">Vinod Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanafiah, Khayriyyah Mohd" sort="Hanafiah, Khayriyyah Mohd" uniqKey="Hanafiah K" first="Khayriyyah Mohd" last="Hanafiah">Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mokdad, Ali A" sort="Mokdad, Ali A" uniqKey="Mokdad A" first="Ali A" last="Mokdad">Ali A. Mokdad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morawska, Lidia" sort="Morawska, Lidia" uniqKey="Morawska L" first="Lidia" last="Morawska">Lidia Morawska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mozaff Arian, Dariush" sort="Mozaff Arian, Dariush" uniqKey="Mozaff Arian D" first="Dariush" last="Mozaff Arian">Dariush Mozaff Arian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Tasha" sort="Murphy, Tasha" uniqKey="Murphy T" first="Tasha" last="Murphy">Tasha Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naghavi, Mohsen" sort="Naghavi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Naghavi M" first="Mohsen" last="Naghavi">Mohsen Naghavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neal, Bruce" sort="Neal, Bruce" uniqKey="Neal B" first="Bruce" last="Neal">Bruce Neal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Paul K" sort="Nelson, Paul K" uniqKey="Nelson P" first="Paul K" last="Nelson">Paul K. Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nolla, Joan Miquel" sort="Nolla, Joan Miquel" uniqKey="Nolla J" first="Joan Miquel" last="Nolla">Joan Miquel Nolla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, Rosana" sort="Norman, Rosana" uniqKey="Norman R" first="Rosana" last="Norman">Rosana Norman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olives, Casey" sort="Olives, Casey" uniqKey="Olives C" first="Casey" last="Olives">Casey Olives</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omer, Saad B" sort="Omer, Saad B" uniqKey="Omer S" first="Saad B" last="Omer">Saad B. Omer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orchard, Jessica" sort="Orchard, Jessica" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="Jessica" last="Orchard">Jessica Orchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osborne, Richard" sort="Osborne, Richard" uniqKey="Osborne R" first="Richard" last="Osborne">Richard Osborne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostro, Bart" sort="Ostro, Bart" uniqKey="Ostro B" first="Bart" last="Ostro">Bart Ostro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Andrew" sort="Page, Andrew" uniqKey="Page A" first="Andrew" last="Page">Andrew Page</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, Kiran D" sort="Pandey, Kiran D" uniqKey="Pandey K" first="Kiran D" last="Pandey">Kiran D. Pandey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parry, Charles D H" sort="Parry, Charles D H" uniqKey="Parry C" first="Charles D H" last="Parry">Charles D H. Parry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passmore, Erin" sort="Passmore, Erin" uniqKey="Passmore E" first="Erin" last="Passmore">Erin Passmore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayadeep" sort="Patra, Jayadeep" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayadeep" last="Patra">Jayadeep Patra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, Neil" sort="Pearce, Neil" uniqKey="Pearce N" first="Neil" last="Pearce">Neil Pearce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pelizzari, Pamela M" sort="Pelizzari, Pamela M" uniqKey="Pelizzari P" first="Pamela M" last="Pelizzari">Pamela M. Pelizzari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petzold, Max" sort="Petzold, Max" uniqKey="Petzold M" first="Max" last="Petzold">Max Petzold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Michael R" sort="Phillips, Michael R" uniqKey="Phillips M" first="Michael R" last="Phillips">Michael R. Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pope, Dan" sort="Pope, Dan" uniqKey="Pope D" first="Dan" last="Pope">Dan Pope</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pope Iii, C Arden" sort="Pope Iii, C Arden" uniqKey="Pope Iii C" first="C Arden" last="Pope Iii">C Arden Pope Iii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powles, John" sort="Powles, John" uniqKey="Powles J" first="John" last="Powles">John Powles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Mayuree" sort="Rao, Mayuree" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Mayuree" last="Rao">Mayuree Rao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Razavi, Homie" sort="Razavi, Homie" uniqKey="Razavi H" first="Homie" last="Razavi">Homie Razavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehfuess, Eva A" sort="Rehfuess, Eva A" uniqKey="Rehfuess E" first="Eva A" last="Rehfuess">Eva A. Rehfuess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehm, Jurgen T" sort="Rehm, Jurgen T" uniqKey="Rehm J" first="Jürgen T" last="Rehm">Jürgen T. Rehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritz, Beate" sort="Ritz, Beate" uniqKey="Ritz B" first="Beate" last="Ritz">Beate Ritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivara, Frederick P" sort="Rivara, Frederick P" uniqKey="Rivara F" first="Frederick P" last="Rivara">Frederick P. Rivara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Thomas" sort="Roberts, Thomas" uniqKey="Roberts T" first="Thomas" last="Roberts">Thomas Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, Carolyn" sort="Robinson, Carolyn" uniqKey="Robinson C" first="Carolyn" last="Robinson">Carolyn Robinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Portales, Jose A" sort="Rodriguez Portales, Jose A" uniqKey="Rodriguez Portales J" first="Jose A" last="Rodriguez-Portales">Jose A. Rodriguez-Portales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romieu, Isabelle" sort="Romieu, Isabelle" uniqKey="Romieu I" first="Isabelle" last="Romieu">Isabelle Romieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Room, Robin" sort="Room, Robin" uniqKey="Room R" first="Robin" last="Room">Robin Room</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenfeld, Lisa C" sort="Rosenfeld, Lisa C" uniqKey="Rosenfeld L" first="Lisa C" last="Rosenfeld">Lisa C. Rosenfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Ananya" sort="Roy, Ananya" uniqKey="Roy A" first="Ananya" last="Roy">Ananya Roy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rushton, Lesley" sort="Rushton, Lesley" uniqKey="Rushton L" first="Lesley" last="Rushton">Lesley Rushton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Joshua A" sort="Salomon, Joshua A" uniqKey="Salomon J" first="Joshua A" last="Salomon">Joshua A. Salomon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Uchechukwu" sort="Sampson, Uchechukwu" uniqKey="Sampson U" first="Uchechukwu" last="Sampson">Uchechukwu Sampson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Riera, Lidia" sort="Sanchez Riera, Lidia" uniqKey="Sanchez Riera L" first="Lidia" last="Sanchez-Riera">Lidia Sanchez-Riera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanman, Ella" sort="Sanman, Ella" uniqKey="Sanman E" first="Ella" last="Sanman">Ella Sanman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sapkota, Amir" sort="Sapkota, Amir" uniqKey="Sapkota A" first="Amir" last="Sapkota">Amir Sapkota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seedat, Soraya" sort="Seedat, Soraya" uniqKey="Seedat S" first="Soraya" last="Seedat">Soraya Seedat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Peilin" sort="Shi, Peilin" uniqKey="Shi P" first="Peilin" last="Shi">Peilin Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shield, Kevin" sort="Shield, Kevin" uniqKey="Shield K" first="Kevin" last="Shield">Kevin Shield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shivakoti, Rupak" sort="Shivakoti, Rupak" uniqKey="Shivakoti R" first="Rupak" last="Shivakoti">Rupak Shivakoti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Gitanjali M" sort="Singh, Gitanjali M" uniqKey="Singh G" first="Gitanjali M" last="Singh">Gitanjali M. Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sleet, David A" sort="Sleet, David A" uniqKey="Sleet D" first="David A" last="Sleet">David A. Sleet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Emma" sort="Smith, Emma" uniqKey="Smith E" first="Emma" last="Smith">Emma Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Kirk R" sort="Smith, Kirk R" uniqKey="Smith K" first="Kirk R" last="Smith">Kirk R. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stapelberg, Nicolas J C" sort="Stapelberg, Nicolas J C" uniqKey="Stapelberg N" first="Nicolas J C" last="Stapelberg">Nicolas J C. Stapelberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steenland, Kyle" sort="Steenland, Kyle" uniqKey="Steenland K" first="Kyle" last="Steenland">Kyle Steenland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockl, Heidi" sort="Stockl, Heidi" uniqKey="Stockl H" first="Heidi" last="Stöckl">Heidi Stöckl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stovner, Lars Jacob" sort="Stovner, Lars Jacob" uniqKey="Stovner L" first="Lars Jacob" last="Stovner">Lars Jacob Stovner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Straif, Kurt" sort="Straif, Kurt" uniqKey="Straif K" first="Kurt" last="Straif">Kurt Straif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Straney, Lahn" sort="Straney, Lahn" uniqKey="Straney L" first="Lahn" last="Straney">Lahn Straney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thurston, George D" sort="Thurston, George D" uniqKey="Thurston G" first="George D" last="Thurston">George D. Thurston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, Jimmy H" sort="Tran, Jimmy H" uniqKey="Tran J" first="Jimmy H" last="Tran">Jimmy H. Tran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dingenen, Rita" sort="Van Dingenen, Rita" uniqKey="Van Dingenen R" first="Rita" last="Van Dingenen">Rita Van Dingenen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" sort="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar A" first="Aaron" last="Van Donkelaar">Aaron Van Donkelaar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veerman, J Lennert" sort="Veerman, J Lennert" uniqKey="Veerman J" first="J Lennert" last="Veerman">J Lennert Veerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vijayakumar, Lakshmi" sort="Vijayakumar, Lakshmi" uniqKey="Vijayakumar L" first="Lakshmi" last="Vijayakumar">Lakshmi Vijayakumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weintraub, Robert" sort="Weintraub, Robert" uniqKey="Weintraub R" first="Robert" last="Weintraub">Robert Weintraub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weissman, Myrna M" sort="Weissman, Myrna M" uniqKey="Weissman M" first="Myrna M" last="Weissman">Myrna M. Weissman</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Richard A" sort="White, Richard A" uniqKey="White R" first="Richard A" last="White">Richard A. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whiteford, Harvey" sort="Whiteford, Harvey" uniqKey="Whiteford H" first="Harvey" last="Whiteford">Harvey Whiteford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiersma, Steven T" sort="Wiersma, Steven T" uniqKey="Wiersma S" first="Steven T" last="Wiersma">Steven T. Wiersma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, James D" sort="Wilkinson, James D" uniqKey="Wilkinson J" first="James D" last="Wilkinson">James D. Wilkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Hywel C" sort="Williams, Hywel C" uniqKey="Williams H" first="Hywel C" last="Williams">Hywel C. Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Warwick" sort="Williams, Warwick" uniqKey="Williams W" first="Warwick" last="Williams">Warwick Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Nicholas" sort="Wilson, Nicholas" uniqKey="Wilson N" first="Nicholas" last="Wilson">Nicholas Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woolf, Anthony D" sort="Woolf, Anthony D" uniqKey="Woolf A" first="Anthony D" last="Woolf">Anthony D. Woolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, Paul" sort="Yip, Paul" uniqKey="Yip P" first="Paul" last="Yip">Paul Yip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zielinski, Jan M" sort="Zielinski, Jan M" uniqKey="Zielinski J" first="Jan M" last="Zielinski">Jan M. Zielinski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez, Alan D" sort="Lopez, Alan D" uniqKey="Lopez A" first="Alan D" last="Lopez">Alan D. Lopez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Christopher J L" sort="Murray, Christopher J L" uniqKey="Murray C" first="Christopher J L" last="Murray">Christopher J L. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzati, Majid" sort="Ezzati, Majid" uniqKey="Ezzati M" first="Majid" last="Ezzati">Majid Ezzati</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23245609</idno><idno type="pmc">4156511</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4156511</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4156511</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001F32</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001F32</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</title><author><name sortKey="Lim, Stephen S" sort="Lim, Stephen S" uniqKey="Lim S" first="Stephen S" last="Lim">Stephen S. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Theo" sort="Vos, Theo" uniqKey="Vos T" first="Theo" last="Vos">Theo Vos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaxman, Abraham D" sort="Flaxman, Abraham D" uniqKey="Flaxman A" first="Abraham D" last="Flaxman">Abraham D. Flaxman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danaei, Goodarz" sort="Danaei, Goodarz" uniqKey="Danaei G" first="Goodarz" last="Danaei">Goodarz Danaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shibuya, Kenji" sort="Shibuya, Kenji" uniqKey="Shibuya K" first="Kenji" last="Shibuya">Kenji Shibuya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adair Rohani, Heather" sort="Adair Rohani, Heather" uniqKey="Adair Rohani H" first="Heather" last="Adair-Rohani">Heather Adair-Rohani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amann, Markus" sort="Amann, Markus" uniqKey="Amann M" first="Markus" last="Amann">Markus Amann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, H Ross" sort="Anderson, H Ross" uniqKey="Anderson H" first="H Ross" last="Anderson">H Ross Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Kathryn G" sort="Andrews, Kathryn G" uniqKey="Andrews K" first="Kathryn G" last="Andrews">Kathryn G. Andrews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aryee, Martin" sort="Aryee, Martin" uniqKey="Aryee M" first="Martin" last="Aryee">Martin Aryee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Charles" sort="Atkinson, Charles" uniqKey="Atkinson C" first="Charles" last="Atkinson">Charles Atkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacchus, Loraine J" sort="Bacchus, Loraine J" uniqKey="Bacchus L" first="Loraine J" last="Bacchus">Loraine J. Bacchus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahalim, Adil N" sort="Bahalim, Adil N" uniqKey="Bahalim A" first="Adil N" last="Bahalim">Adil N. Bahalim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balakrishnan, Kalpana" sort="Balakrishnan, Kalpana" uniqKey="Balakrishnan K" first="Kalpana" last="Balakrishnan">Kalpana Balakrishnan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balmes, John" sort="Balmes, John" uniqKey="Balmes J" first="John" last="Balmes">John Balmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker Collo, Suzanne" sort="Barker Collo, Suzanne" uniqKey="Barker Collo S" first="Suzanne" last="Barker-Collo">Suzanne Barker-Collo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baxter, Amanda" sort="Baxter, Amanda" uniqKey="Baxter A" first="Amanda" last="Baxter">Amanda Baxter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, Michelle L" sort="Bell, Michelle L" uniqKey="Bell M" first="Michelle L" last="Bell">Michelle L. Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blore, Jed D" sort="Blore, Jed D" uniqKey="Blore J" first="Jed D" last="Blore">Jed D. Blore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blyth, Fiona" sort="Blyth, Fiona" uniqKey="Blyth F" first="Fiona" last="Blyth">Fiona Blyth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonner, Carissa" sort="Bonner, Carissa" uniqKey="Bonner C" first="Carissa" last="Bonner">Carissa Bonner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borges, Guilherme" sort="Borges, Guilherme" uniqKey="Borges G" first="Guilherme" last="Borges">Guilherme Borges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourne, Rupert" sort="Bourne, Rupert" uniqKey="Bourne R" first="Rupert" last="Bourne">Rupert Bourne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, Michel" sort="Boussinesq, Michel" uniqKey="Boussinesq M" first="Michel" last="Boussinesq">Michel Boussinesq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brauer, Michael" sort="Brauer, Michael" uniqKey="Brauer M" first="Michael" last="Brauer">Michael Brauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Peter" sort="Brooks, Peter" uniqKey="Brooks P" first="Peter" last="Brooks">Peter Brooks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruce, Nigel G" sort="Bruce, Nigel G" uniqKey="Bruce N" first="Nigel G" last="Bruce">Nigel G. Bruce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, Bert" sort="Brunekreef, Bert" uniqKey="Brunekreef B" first="Bert" last="Brunekreef">Bert Brunekreef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan Hancock, Claire" sort="Bryan Hancock, Claire" uniqKey="Bryan Hancock C" first="Claire" last="Bryan-Hancock">Claire Bryan-Hancock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucello, Chiara" sort="Bucello, Chiara" uniqKey="Bucello C" first="Chiara" last="Bucello">Chiara Bucello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchbinder, Rachelle" sort="Buchbinder, Rachelle" uniqKey="Buchbinder R" first="Rachelle" last="Buchbinder">Rachelle Buchbinder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bull, Fiona" sort="Bull, Fiona" uniqKey="Bull F" first="Fiona" last="Bull">Fiona Bull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Richard T" sort="Burnett, Richard T" uniqKey="Burnett R" first="Richard T" last="Burnett">Richard T. Burnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byers, Tim E" sort="Byers, Tim E" uniqKey="Byers T" first="Tim E" last="Byers">Tim E. Byers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calabria, Bianca" sort="Calabria, Bianca" uniqKey="Calabria B" first="Bianca" last="Calabria">Bianca Calabria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carapetis, Jonathan" sort="Carapetis, Jonathan" uniqKey="Carapetis J" first="Jonathan" last="Carapetis">Jonathan Carapetis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carnahan, Emily" sort="Carnahan, Emily" uniqKey="Carnahan E" first="Emily" last="Carnahan">Emily Carnahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chafe, Zoe" sort="Chafe, Zoe" uniqKey="Chafe Z" first="Zoe" last="Chafe">Zoe Chafe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charlson, Fiona" sort="Charlson, Fiona" uniqKey="Charlson F" first="Fiona" last="Charlson">Fiona Charlson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Honglei" sort="Chen, Honglei" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Honglei" last="Chen">Honglei Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jian Shen" sort="Chen, Jian Shen" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jian Shen" last="Chen">Jian Shen Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Andrew Tai Ann" sort="Cheng, Andrew Tai Ann" uniqKey="Cheng A" first="Andrew Tai-Ann" last="Cheng">Andrew Tai-Ann Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Child, Jennifer Christine" sort="Child, Jennifer Christine" uniqKey="Child J" first="Jennifer Christine" last="Child">Jennifer Christine Child</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Aaron" sort="Cohen, Aaron" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Aaron" last="Cohen">Aaron Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colson, K Ellicott" sort="Colson, K Ellicott" uniqKey="Colson K" first="K Ellicott" last="Colson">K Ellicott Colson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cowie, Benjamin C" sort="Cowie, Benjamin C" uniqKey="Cowie B" first="Benjamin C" last="Cowie">Benjamin C. Cowie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darby, Sarah" sort="Darby, Sarah" uniqKey="Darby S" first="Sarah" last="Darby">Sarah Darby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darling, Susan" sort="Darling, Susan" uniqKey="Darling S" first="Susan" last="Darling">Susan Darling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Adrian" sort="Davis, Adrian" uniqKey="Davis A" first="Adrian" last="Davis">Adrian Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dentener, Frank" sort="Dentener, Frank" uniqKey="Dentener F" first="Frank" last="Dentener">Frank Dentener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Des Jarlais, Don C" sort="Des Jarlais, Don C" uniqKey="Des Jarlais D" first="Don C" last="Des Jarlais">Don C. Des Jarlais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devries, Karen" sort="Devries, Karen" uniqKey="Devries K" first="Karen" last="Devries">Karen Devries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dherani, Mukesh" sort="Dherani, Mukesh" uniqKey="Dherani M" first="Mukesh" last="Dherani">Mukesh Dherani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Eric L" sort="Ding, Eric L" uniqKey="Ding E" first="Eric L" last="Ding">Eric L. Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorsey, E Ray" sort="Dorsey, E Ray" uniqKey="Dorsey E" first="E Ray" last="Dorsey">E Ray Dorsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Driscoll, Tim" sort="Driscoll, Tim" uniqKey="Driscoll T" first="Tim" last="Driscoll">Tim Driscoll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edmond, Karen" sort="Edmond, Karen" uniqKey="Edmond K" first="Karen" last="Edmond">Karen Edmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Suad Eltahir" sort="Ali, Suad Eltahir" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Suad Eltahir" last="Ali">Suad Eltahir Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engell, Rebecca E" sort="Engell, Rebecca E" uniqKey="Engell R" first="Rebecca E" last="Engell">Rebecca E. Engell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Patricia J" sort="Erwin, Patricia J" uniqKey="Erwin P" first="Patricia J" last="Erwin">Patricia J. Erwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fahimi, Saman" sort="Fahimi, Saman" uniqKey="Fahimi S" first="Saman" last="Fahimi">Saman Fahimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falder, Gail" sort="Falder, Gail" uniqKey="Falder G" first="Gail" last="Falder">Gail Falder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farzadfar, Farshad" sort="Farzadfar, Farshad" uniqKey="Farzadfar F" first="Farshad" last="Farzadfar">Farshad Farzadfar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, Alize" sort="Ferrari, Alize" uniqKey="Ferrari A" first="Alize" last="Ferrari">Alize Ferrari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finucane, Mariel M" sort="Finucane, Mariel M" uniqKey="Finucane M" first="Mariel M" last="Finucane">Mariel M. Finucane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaxman, Seth" sort="Flaxman, Seth" uniqKey="Flaxman S" first="Seth" last="Flaxman">Seth Flaxman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fowkes, Francis Gerry R" sort="Fowkes, Francis Gerry R" uniqKey="Fowkes F" first="Francis Gerry R" last="Fowkes">Francis Gerry R. Fowkes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Greg" sort="Freedman, Greg" uniqKey="Freedman G" first="Greg" last="Freedman">Greg Freedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Michael K" sort="Freeman, Michael K" uniqKey="Freeman M" first="Michael K" last="Freeman">Michael K. Freeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gakidou, Emmanuela" sort="Gakidou, Emmanuela" uniqKey="Gakidou E" first="Emmanuela" last="Gakidou">Emmanuela Gakidou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, Santu" sort="Ghosh, Santu" uniqKey="Ghosh S" first="Santu" last="Ghosh">Santu Ghosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannucci, Edward" sort="Giovannucci, Edward" uniqKey="Giovannucci E" first="Edward" last="Giovannucci">Edward Giovannucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gmel, Gerhard" sort="Gmel, Gerhard" uniqKey="Gmel G" first="Gerhard" last="Gmel">Gerhard Gmel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Kathryn" sort="Graham, Kathryn" uniqKey="Graham K" first="Kathryn" last="Graham">Kathryn Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grainger, Rebecca" sort="Grainger, Rebecca" uniqKey="Grainger R" first="Rebecca" last="Grainger">Rebecca Grainger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Bridget" sort="Grant, Bridget" uniqKey="Grant B" first="Bridget" last="Grant">Bridget Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunnell, David" sort="Gunnell, David" uniqKey="Gunnell D" first="David" last="Gunnell">David Gunnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Hialy R" sort="Gutierrez, Hialy R" uniqKey="Gutierrez H" first="Hialy R" last="Gutierrez">Hialy R. Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, Wayne" sort="Hall, Wayne" uniqKey="Hall W" first="Wayne" last="Hall">Wayne Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoek, Hans W" sort="Hoek, Hans W" uniqKey="Hoek H" first="Hans W" last="Hoek">Hans W. Hoek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogan, Anthony" sort="Hogan, Anthony" uniqKey="Hogan A" first="Anthony" last="Hogan">Anthony Hogan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosgood, H Dean" sort="Hosgood, H Dean" uniqKey="Hosgood H" first="H Dean" last="Hosgood">H Dean Hosgood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoy, Damian" sort="Hoy, Damian" uniqKey="Hoy D" first="Damian" last="Hoy">Damian Hoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Howard" sort="Hu, Howard" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Howard" last="Hu">Howard Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbell, Bryan J" sort="Hubbell, Bryan J" uniqKey="Hubbell B" first="Bryan J" last="Hubbell">Bryan J. Hubbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchings, Sally J" sort="Hutchings, Sally J" uniqKey="Hutchings S" first="Sally J" last="Hutchings">Sally J. Hutchings</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ibeanusi, Sydney E" sort="Ibeanusi, Sydney E" uniqKey="Ibeanusi S" first="Sydney E" last="Ibeanusi">Sydney E. Ibeanusi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacklyn, Gemma L" sort="Jacklyn, Gemma L" uniqKey="Jacklyn G" first="Gemma L" last="Jacklyn">Gemma L. Jacklyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" sort="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" uniqKey="Jasrasaria R" first="Rashmi" last="Jasrasaria">Rashmi Jasrasaria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jonas, Jost B" sort="Jonas, Jost B" uniqKey="Jonas J" first="Jost B" last="Jonas">Jost B. Jonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kan, Haidong" sort="Kan, Haidong" uniqKey="Kan H" first="Haidong" last="Kan">Haidong Kan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanis, John A" sort="Kanis, John A" uniqKey="Kanis J" first="John A" last="Kanis">John A. Kanis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kassebaum, Nicholas" sort="Kassebaum, Nicholas" uniqKey="Kassebaum N" first="Nicholas" last="Kassebaum">Nicholas Kassebaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khang, Young Ho" sort="Khang, Young Ho" uniqKey="Khang Y" first="Young-Ho" last="Khang">Young-Ho Khang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khatibzadeh, Shahab" sort="Khatibzadeh, Shahab" uniqKey="Khatibzadeh S" first="Shahab" last="Khatibzadeh">Shahab Khatibzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khoo, Jon Paul" sort="Khoo, Jon Paul" uniqKey="Khoo J" first="Jon-Paul" last="Khoo">Jon-Paul Khoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kok, Cindy" sort="Kok, Cindy" uniqKey="Kok C" first="Cindy" last="Kok">Cindy Kok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laden, Francine" sort="Laden, Francine" uniqKey="Laden F" first="Francine" last="Laden">Francine Laden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lalloo, Ratilal" sort="Lalloo, Ratilal" uniqKey="Lalloo R" first="Ratilal" last="Lalloo">Ratilal Lalloo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lan, Qing" sort="Lan, Qing" uniqKey="Lan Q" first="Qing" last="Lan">Qing Lan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lathlean, Tim" sort="Lathlean, Tim" uniqKey="Lathlean T" first="Tim" last="Lathlean">Tim Lathlean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leasher, Janet L" sort="Leasher, Janet L" uniqKey="Leasher J" first="Janet L" last="Leasher">Janet L. Leasher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leigh, James" sort="Leigh, James" uniqKey="Leigh J" first="James" last="Leigh">James Leigh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yang" sort="Li, Yang" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yang" last="Li">Yang Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, John Kent" sort="Lin, John Kent" uniqKey="Lin J" first="John Kent" last="Lin">John Kent Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipshultz, Steven E" sort="Lipshultz, Steven E" uniqKey="Lipshultz S" first="Steven E" last="Lipshultz">Steven E. Lipshultz</name></author><author><name sortKey="London, Stephanie" sort="London, Stephanie" uniqKey="London S" first="Stephanie" last="London">Stephanie London</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, Rafael" sort="Lozano, Rafael" uniqKey="Lozano R" first="Rafael" last="Lozano">Rafael Lozano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Yuan" sort="Lu, Yuan" uniqKey="Lu Y" first="Yuan" last="Lu">Yuan Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mak, Joelle" sort="Mak, Joelle" uniqKey="Mak J" first="Joelle" last="Mak">Joelle Mak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malekzadeh, Reza" sort="Malekzadeh, Reza" uniqKey="Malekzadeh R" first="Reza" last="Malekzadeh">Reza Malekzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallinger, Leslie" sort="Mallinger, Leslie" uniqKey="Mallinger L" first="Leslie" last="Mallinger">Leslie Mallinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcenes, Wagner" sort="Marcenes, Wagner" uniqKey="Marcenes W" first="Wagner" last="Marcenes">Wagner Marcenes</name></author><author><name sortKey="March, Lyn" sort="March, Lyn" uniqKey="March L" first="Lyn" last="March">Lyn March</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Robin" sort="Marks, Robin" uniqKey="Marks R" first="Robin" last="Marks">Robin Marks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Randall" sort="Martin, Randall" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Randall" last="Martin">Randall Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgale, Paul" sort="Mcgale, Paul" uniqKey="Mcgale P" first="Paul" last="Mcgale">Paul Mcgale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, John" sort="Mcgrath, John" uniqKey="Mcgrath J" first="John" last="Mcgrath">John Mcgrath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Sumi" sort="Mehta, Sumi" uniqKey="Mehta S" first="Sumi" last="Mehta">Sumi Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mensah, George A" sort="Mensah, George A" uniqKey="Mensah G" first="George A" last="Mensah">George A. Mensah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merriman, Tony R" sort="Merriman, Tony R" uniqKey="Merriman T" first="Tony R" last="Merriman">Tony R. Merriman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Micha, Renata" sort="Micha, Renata" uniqKey="Micha R" first="Renata" last="Micha">Renata Micha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michaud, Catherine" sort="Michaud, Catherine" uniqKey="Michaud C" first="Catherine" last="Michaud">Catherine Michaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Vinod" sort="Mishra, Vinod" uniqKey="Mishra V" first="Vinod" last="Mishra">Vinod Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanafiah, Khayriyyah Mohd" sort="Hanafiah, Khayriyyah Mohd" uniqKey="Hanafiah K" first="Khayriyyah Mohd" last="Hanafiah">Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mokdad, Ali A" sort="Mokdad, Ali A" uniqKey="Mokdad A" first="Ali A" last="Mokdad">Ali A. Mokdad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morawska, Lidia" sort="Morawska, Lidia" uniqKey="Morawska L" first="Lidia" last="Morawska">Lidia Morawska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mozaff Arian, Dariush" sort="Mozaff Arian, Dariush" uniqKey="Mozaff Arian D" first="Dariush" last="Mozaff Arian">Dariush Mozaff Arian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Tasha" sort="Murphy, Tasha" uniqKey="Murphy T" first="Tasha" last="Murphy">Tasha Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naghavi, Mohsen" sort="Naghavi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Naghavi M" first="Mohsen" last="Naghavi">Mohsen Naghavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neal, Bruce" sort="Neal, Bruce" uniqKey="Neal B" first="Bruce" last="Neal">Bruce Neal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Paul K" sort="Nelson, Paul K" uniqKey="Nelson P" first="Paul K" last="Nelson">Paul K. Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nolla, Joan Miquel" sort="Nolla, Joan Miquel" uniqKey="Nolla J" first="Joan Miquel" last="Nolla">Joan Miquel Nolla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, Rosana" sort="Norman, Rosana" uniqKey="Norman R" first="Rosana" last="Norman">Rosana Norman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olives, Casey" sort="Olives, Casey" uniqKey="Olives C" first="Casey" last="Olives">Casey Olives</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omer, Saad B" sort="Omer, Saad B" uniqKey="Omer S" first="Saad B" last="Omer">Saad B. Omer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orchard, Jessica" sort="Orchard, Jessica" uniqKey="Orchard J" first="Jessica" last="Orchard">Jessica Orchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osborne, Richard" sort="Osborne, Richard" uniqKey="Osborne R" first="Richard" last="Osborne">Richard Osborne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostro, Bart" sort="Ostro, Bart" uniqKey="Ostro B" first="Bart" last="Ostro">Bart Ostro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Andrew" sort="Page, Andrew" uniqKey="Page A" first="Andrew" last="Page">Andrew Page</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, Kiran D" sort="Pandey, Kiran D" uniqKey="Pandey K" first="Kiran D" last="Pandey">Kiran D. Pandey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parry, Charles D H" sort="Parry, Charles D H" uniqKey="Parry C" first="Charles D H" last="Parry">Charles D H. Parry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passmore, Erin" sort="Passmore, Erin" uniqKey="Passmore E" first="Erin" last="Passmore">Erin Passmore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayadeep" sort="Patra, Jayadeep" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayadeep" last="Patra">Jayadeep Patra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearce, Neil" sort="Pearce, Neil" uniqKey="Pearce N" first="Neil" last="Pearce">Neil Pearce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pelizzari, Pamela M" sort="Pelizzari, Pamela M" uniqKey="Pelizzari P" first="Pamela M" last="Pelizzari">Pamela M. Pelizzari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petzold, Max" sort="Petzold, Max" uniqKey="Petzold M" first="Max" last="Petzold">Max Petzold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Michael R" sort="Phillips, Michael R" uniqKey="Phillips M" first="Michael R" last="Phillips">Michael R. Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pope, Dan" sort="Pope, Dan" uniqKey="Pope D" first="Dan" last="Pope">Dan Pope</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pope Iii, C Arden" sort="Pope Iii, C Arden" uniqKey="Pope Iii C" first="C Arden" last="Pope Iii">C Arden Pope Iii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powles, John" sort="Powles, John" uniqKey="Powles J" first="John" last="Powles">John Powles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Mayuree" sort="Rao, Mayuree" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Mayuree" last="Rao">Mayuree Rao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Razavi, Homie" sort="Razavi, Homie" uniqKey="Razavi H" first="Homie" last="Razavi">Homie Razavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehfuess, Eva A" sort="Rehfuess, Eva A" uniqKey="Rehfuess E" first="Eva A" last="Rehfuess">Eva A. Rehfuess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehm, Jurgen T" sort="Rehm, Jurgen T" uniqKey="Rehm J" first="Jürgen T" last="Rehm">Jürgen T. Rehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritz, Beate" sort="Ritz, Beate" uniqKey="Ritz B" first="Beate" last="Ritz">Beate Ritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivara, Frederick P" sort="Rivara, Frederick P" uniqKey="Rivara F" first="Frederick P" last="Rivara">Frederick P. Rivara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Thomas" sort="Roberts, Thomas" uniqKey="Roberts T" first="Thomas" last="Roberts">Thomas Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, Carolyn" sort="Robinson, Carolyn" uniqKey="Robinson C" first="Carolyn" last="Robinson">Carolyn Robinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Portales, Jose A" sort="Rodriguez Portales, Jose A" uniqKey="Rodriguez Portales J" first="Jose A" last="Rodriguez-Portales">Jose A. Rodriguez-Portales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romieu, Isabelle" sort="Romieu, Isabelle" uniqKey="Romieu I" first="Isabelle" last="Romieu">Isabelle Romieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Room, Robin" sort="Room, Robin" uniqKey="Room R" first="Robin" last="Room">Robin Room</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenfeld, Lisa C" sort="Rosenfeld, Lisa C" uniqKey="Rosenfeld L" first="Lisa C" last="Rosenfeld">Lisa C. Rosenfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Ananya" sort="Roy, Ananya" uniqKey="Roy A" first="Ananya" last="Roy">Ananya Roy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rushton, Lesley" sort="Rushton, Lesley" uniqKey="Rushton L" first="Lesley" last="Rushton">Lesley Rushton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Joshua A" sort="Salomon, Joshua A" uniqKey="Salomon J" first="Joshua A" last="Salomon">Joshua A. Salomon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Uchechukwu" sort="Sampson, Uchechukwu" uniqKey="Sampson U" first="Uchechukwu" last="Sampson">Uchechukwu Sampson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Riera, Lidia" sort="Sanchez Riera, Lidia" uniqKey="Sanchez Riera L" first="Lidia" last="Sanchez-Riera">Lidia Sanchez-Riera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanman, Ella" sort="Sanman, Ella" uniqKey="Sanman E" first="Ella" last="Sanman">Ella Sanman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sapkota, Amir" sort="Sapkota, Amir" uniqKey="Sapkota A" first="Amir" last="Sapkota">Amir Sapkota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seedat, Soraya" sort="Seedat, Soraya" uniqKey="Seedat S" first="Soraya" last="Seedat">Soraya Seedat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Peilin" sort="Shi, Peilin" uniqKey="Shi P" first="Peilin" last="Shi">Peilin Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shield, Kevin" sort="Shield, Kevin" uniqKey="Shield K" first="Kevin" last="Shield">Kevin Shield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shivakoti, Rupak" sort="Shivakoti, Rupak" uniqKey="Shivakoti R" first="Rupak" last="Shivakoti">Rupak Shivakoti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Gitanjali M" sort="Singh, Gitanjali M" uniqKey="Singh G" first="Gitanjali M" last="Singh">Gitanjali M. Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sleet, David A" sort="Sleet, David A" uniqKey="Sleet D" first="David A" last="Sleet">David A. Sleet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Emma" sort="Smith, Emma" uniqKey="Smith E" first="Emma" last="Smith">Emma Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Kirk R" sort="Smith, Kirk R" uniqKey="Smith K" first="Kirk R" last="Smith">Kirk R. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stapelberg, Nicolas J C" sort="Stapelberg, Nicolas J C" uniqKey="Stapelberg N" first="Nicolas J C" last="Stapelberg">Nicolas J C. Stapelberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steenland, Kyle" sort="Steenland, Kyle" uniqKey="Steenland K" first="Kyle" last="Steenland">Kyle Steenland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockl, Heidi" sort="Stockl, Heidi" uniqKey="Stockl H" first="Heidi" last="Stöckl">Heidi Stöckl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stovner, Lars Jacob" sort="Stovner, Lars Jacob" uniqKey="Stovner L" first="Lars Jacob" last="Stovner">Lars Jacob Stovner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Straif, Kurt" sort="Straif, Kurt" uniqKey="Straif K" first="Kurt" last="Straif">Kurt Straif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Straney, Lahn" sort="Straney, Lahn" uniqKey="Straney L" first="Lahn" last="Straney">Lahn Straney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thurston, George D" sort="Thurston, George D" uniqKey="Thurston G" first="George D" last="Thurston">George D. Thurston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, Jimmy H" sort="Tran, Jimmy H" uniqKey="Tran J" first="Jimmy H" last="Tran">Jimmy H. Tran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dingenen, Rita" sort="Van Dingenen, Rita" uniqKey="Van Dingenen R" first="Rita" last="Van Dingenen">Rita Van Dingenen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" sort="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar A" first="Aaron" last="Van Donkelaar">Aaron Van Donkelaar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veerman, J Lennert" sort="Veerman, J Lennert" uniqKey="Veerman J" first="J Lennert" last="Veerman">J Lennert Veerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vijayakumar, Lakshmi" sort="Vijayakumar, Lakshmi" uniqKey="Vijayakumar L" first="Lakshmi" last="Vijayakumar">Lakshmi Vijayakumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weintraub, Robert" sort="Weintraub, Robert" uniqKey="Weintraub R" first="Robert" last="Weintraub">Robert Weintraub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weissman, Myrna M" sort="Weissman, Myrna M" uniqKey="Weissman M" first="Myrna M" last="Weissman">Myrna M. Weissman</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, Richard A" sort="White, Richard A" uniqKey="White R" first="Richard A" last="White">Richard A. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whiteford, Harvey" sort="Whiteford, Harvey" uniqKey="Whiteford H" first="Harvey" last="Whiteford">Harvey Whiteford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiersma, Steven T" sort="Wiersma, Steven T" uniqKey="Wiersma S" first="Steven T" last="Wiersma">Steven T. Wiersma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, James D" sort="Wilkinson, James D" uniqKey="Wilkinson J" first="James D" last="Wilkinson">James D. Wilkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Hywel C" sort="Williams, Hywel C" uniqKey="Williams H" first="Hywel C" last="Williams">Hywel C. Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Warwick" sort="Williams, Warwick" uniqKey="Williams W" first="Warwick" last="Williams">Warwick Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Nicholas" sort="Wilson, Nicholas" uniqKey="Wilson N" first="Nicholas" last="Wilson">Nicholas Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woolf, Anthony D" sort="Woolf, Anthony D" uniqKey="Woolf A" first="Anthony D" last="Woolf">Anthony D. Woolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, Paul" sort="Yip, Paul" uniqKey="Yip P" first="Paul" last="Yip">Paul Yip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zielinski, Jan M" sort="Zielinski, Jan M" uniqKey="Zielinski J" first="Jan M" last="Zielinski">Jan M. Zielinski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez, Alan D" sort="Lopez, Alan D" uniqKey="Lopez A" first="Alan D" last="Lopez">Alan D. Lopez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Christopher J L" sort="Murray, Christopher J L" uniqKey="Murray C" first="Christopher J L" last="Murray">Christopher J L. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzati, Majid" sort="Ezzati, Majid" uniqKey="Ezzati M" first="Majid" last="Ezzati">Majid Ezzati</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Lancet</title><idno type="ISSN">0140-6736</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-547X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P3">Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P4">We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010. We estimated exposure distributions for each year, region, sex, and age group, and relative risks per unit of exposure by systematically reviewing and synthesising published and unpublished data. We used these estimates, together with estimates of cause-specific deaths and DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, to calculate the burden attributable to each risk factor exposure compared with the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure. We incorporated uncertainty in disease burden, relative risks, and exposures into our estimates of attributable burden.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Findings</title><p id="P5">In 2010, the three leading risk factors for global disease burden were high blood pressure (7·0% [95% uncertainty interval 6·2–7·7] of global DALYs), tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·3% [5·5–7·0]), and alcohol use (5·5% [5·0–5·9]). In 1990, the leading risks were childhood underweight (7·9% [6·8–9·4]), household air pollution from solid fuels (HAP; 7·0% [5·6–8·3]), and tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·1% [5·4–6·8]). Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity collectively accounted for 10·0% (95% UI 9·2–10·8) of global DALYs in 2010, with the most prominent dietary risks being diets low in fruits and those high in sodium. Several risks that primarily affect childhood communicable diseases, including unimproved water and sanitation and childhood micronutrient deficiencies, fell in rank between 1990 and 2010, with unimproved water we and sanitation accounting for 0·9% (0·4–1·6) of global DALYs in 2010. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa childhood underweight, HAP, and non-exclusive and discontinued breastfeeding were the leading risks in 2010, while HAP was the leading risk in south Asia. The leading risk factor in Eastern Europe, most of Latin America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 was alcohol use; in most of Asia, North Africa and Middle East, and central Europe it was high blood pressure. Despite declines, tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke remained the leading risk in high-income north America and western Europe. High body-mass index has increased globally and it is the leading risk in Australasia and southern Latin America, and also ranks high in other high-income regions, North Africa and Middle East, and Oceania.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Interpretation</title><p id="P6">Worldwide, the contribution of different risk factors to disease burden has changed substantially, with a shift away from risks for communicable diseases in children towards those for non-communicable diseases in adults. These changes are related to the ageing population, decreased mortality among children younger than 5 years, changes in cause-of-death composition, and changes in risk factor exposures. New evidence has led to changes in the magnitude of key risks including unimproved water and sanitation, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies, and ambient particulate matter pollution. The extent to which the epidemiological shift has occurred and what the leading risks currently are varies greatly across regions. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risks are still those associated with poverty and those that affect children.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Funding</title><p id="P7">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">2985213R</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">5470</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Lancet</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Lancet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Lancet</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0140-6736</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1474-547X</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23245609</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4156511</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS589916</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>Stephen S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>Theo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flaxman</surname><given-names>Abraham D</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Danaei</surname><given-names>Goodarz</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shibuya</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adair-Rohani</surname><given-names>Heather</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amann</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osborne</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ostro</surname><given-names>Bart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Page</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pandey</surname><given-names>Kiran D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parry</surname><given-names>Charles D H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Passmore</surname><given-names>Erin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patra</surname><given-names>Jayadeep</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pearce</surname><given-names>Neil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pelizzari</surname><given-names>Pamela M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petzold</surname><given-names>Max</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>Michael R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pope</surname><given-names>Dan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pope III</surname><given-names>C Arden</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Powles</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>Mayuree</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Razavi</surname><given-names>Homie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rehfuess</surname><given-names>Eva A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rehm</surname><given-names>Jürgen T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ritz</surname><given-names>Beate</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rivara</surname><given-names>Frederick P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Robinson</surname><given-names>Carolyn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodriguez-Portales</surname><given-names>Jose A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Romieu</surname><given-names>Isabelle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Room</surname><given-names>Robin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenfeld</surname><given-names>Lisa C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roy</surname><given-names>Ananya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rushton</surname><given-names>Lesley</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salomon</surname><given-names>Joshua A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sampson</surname><given-names>Uchechukwu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanchez-Riera</surname><given-names>Lidia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanman</surname><given-names>Ella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sapkota</surname><given-names>Amir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seedat</surname><given-names>Soraya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>Peilin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shield</surname><given-names>Kevin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shivakoti</surname><given-names>Rupak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Gitanjali M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sleet</surname><given-names>David A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Emma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Kirk R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stapelberg</surname><given-names>Nicolas J C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steenland</surname><given-names>Kyle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stöckl</surname><given-names>Heidi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stovner</surname><given-names>Lars Jacob</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Straif</surname><given-names>Kurt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Straney</surname><given-names>Lahn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thurston</surname><given-names>George D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tran</surname><given-names>Jimmy H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Dingenen</surname><given-names>Rita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Donkelaar</surname><given-names>Aaron</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Veerman</surname><given-names>J Lennert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vijayakumar</surname><given-names>Lakshmi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weintraub</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weissman</surname><given-names>Myrna M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>Richard A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whiteford</surname><given-names>Harvey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wiersma</surname><given-names>Steven T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilkinson</surname><given-names>James D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>Hywel C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>Warwick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>Nicholas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woolf</surname><given-names>Anthony D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zielinski</surname><given-names>Jan M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>Alan D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>Christopher J L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>Majid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">†</xref></contrib><aff id="A1">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (S S Lim PhD, A D Flaxman PhD, K G Andrews MPH, C Atkinson BS, E Carnahan BA, K E Colson BA, R E Engell BA, G Freedman BA, M K Freeman BA, E Gakidou PhD, R Jasrasaria BA, Prof R Lozano MD, L Mallinger MPH, A A Mokdad MD, T Murphy PhD, M Naghavi PhD, T Roberts BA, L C Rosenfeld MPH, E Sanman BS, L Straney PhD, Prof C J L Murray MD), Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (N Kassebaum MD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (C Olives PhD, Prof F P Rivara MD); Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (A Baxter MPH, J-P Khoo MBBS, A Ferrari BPsySc, Prof H Whiteford MBBS), School of Population Health (Prof T Vos PhD, F Charlson MPH, A Page PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, J D Blore PhD, R Norman PhD), Brain Institute (Prof J McGrath MD), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof W Hall PhD, J L Veerman PhD); Department of Biostatistics (M M Finucane PhD), Department of Epidemiology (S Khatibzadeh MD, P Shi PhD), School of Public Health (G Danaei MD, E L Ding ScD, Prof E Giovannucci MD, F Laden ScD, J K Lin AB, Y Lu MS, R Micha PhD, D Mozaff arian MD, M Rao BA, Prof J A Salomon PhD, G M Singh PhD, R A White MA), Medical School (D Mozaff arian), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health Policy (Prof K Shibuya MD), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Prof N Kawakami MD); School of Public Health (Prof J Balmes MD), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (H Adair-Rohani MPH, Z Chafe MPH, Prof K R Smith PhD, J H Tran MA); International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria (M Amann PhD); St George's, University of London, London, UK (Prof H R Anderson MD); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K Mohd Hanafi ah MSPH), School of Medicine (M Aryee PhD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA (E R Dorsey MD, R Shivakoti BA); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (L J Bacchus PhD, J C Child MSc, K Devries PhD, K Edmond PhD, G Falder MSc, J Mak MSc, Prof N Pearce PhD, H Stockl PhD); Independent Consultant, Geneva, Switzerland (A N Bahalim MEng); Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India (Prof K Balakrishnan PhD, S Ghosh MS); University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (S Barker-Collo PhD); Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof M L Bell PhD); School of Public Health (J Leigh MBBS, T Driscoll PhD), Department of Rheumatology, Northern Clinical School (E Smith PhD), Institute of Bone and Joint Research (J S Chen PhD, Prof L March MD, L Sanchez-Riera MD, N Wilson PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F Blyth PhD, C Bonner MPH, S Darling MPH, G L Jacklyn MPH, J Orchard MPH, E Passmore MPH); National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof G Borges ScD); National Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof G Borges); Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK (Prof R Bourne MD); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Martinique, France (M Boussinesq MD); University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Prof M Brauer ScD); Department of Pediatrics (R Weintraub MBBS), Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics (Prof L Degenhardt PhD), School of Population Health (Prof R Room PhD), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof P Brooks MD, Prof R Marks MBBS); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (Prof N G Bruce MBBS, M Dherani PhD, D Pope PhD); Insititute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands (Prof B Brunekreef PhD); Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (C Bryan-Hancock BPsych, T Lathlean MA); National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (B Calabria BPsyc, Prof L Degenhardt, P K Nelson MHSc), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C Bucello BPsyc); Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, Australia (Prof R Buchbinder MBBS); Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Buchbinder, D Hoy PhD); Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research (Prof J Carapetis MBBS), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof F Bull PhD); Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R T Burnett PhD, J M Zielinski PhD); Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA (Prof T E Byers MD); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (H Chen PhD, S London MD); Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Prof A T-A Cheng MD); Health Eff ects Institute, Boston, MA, USA (A Cohen MPH); Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B C Cowie MBBS); Clinical Trial Services Unit (P McGale PhD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Prof S Darby PhD); MRC Hearing and Communication Group, Manchester, UK (Prof A Davis PhD); European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium (F Dentener PhD, R Van Dingenen PhD); Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA (D C Des Jarlais PhD); Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan (S Eltahir Ali Mcs); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA (P J Erwin MLS); Institute of Public Health (J Powles MBBS), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (S Fahimi MD); Digestive Disease Research Center (Prof R Malekzadeh MD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (F Farzadfar MD); Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (S Flaxman BA); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (Prof F G R Fowkes FRCPE); Addiction Info Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland (Prof G Gmel PhD); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada (K Graham PhD, Prof J T Rehm PhD, K Shield MHSc); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (R Grainger PhD, T R Merriman PhD); Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (Q Lan PhD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Grainger, B Grant PhD); University of Bristol, Bristol, UK (Prof D Gunnell DSc); College of Physicians and Surgeons (Prof M M Weissman PhD), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA (H R Gutierrez BS, Prof M M Weissman); Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands (Prof H W Hoek MD); Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia (A Hogan PhD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, NY, USA (H D Hosgood III PhD); Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof H Hu MD); US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA (B J Hubbell PhD); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof M Ezzati PhD, S J Hutchings BSc, L Rushton PhD); University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria (S E Ibeanusi MBBS); Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Prof J B Jonas MD); Fudan University, Shanghai, China (H Kan MD); University of Sheffi eld, Sheffi eld, UK (Prof J A Kanis MD); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Prof Y-H Khang MD); Spinal Cord Injury Network, Glebe, New Zealand (C Kok PhD); School of Dentistry and Oral Health (Prof R Lalloo PhD), Population and Social Health Research Program (Prof R Lalloo), Griffi th University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (N J C Stapelberg MBBS); Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA (J L Leasher OD); Critical Care and Trauma Division (Y Li MBBS), The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof B Neal PhD); Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA (Prof S E Lipshultz MD, Prof J D Wilkinson MD); Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (Prof W Marcenes PhD); Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Prof R Martin PhD, A van Donkelaar PhD); Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Washington, DC, USA (S Mehta PhD); Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Prof G A Mensah MD); Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece (R Micha); China Medical Board, Boston, MA, USA (C Michaud MD); United Nations Population Division, New York City, NY, USA (V Mishra PhD); Queensland Univeristy of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof L Morawska PhD); Rheumatology Department (Prof J M Nolla MD), Institut d’Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain (L Sanchez-Riera); School of Public Health (S B Omer MBBS, K Steenland PhD), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA (S B Omer); Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R Osborne PhD); California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA (B Ostro PhD); The World Bank, Washington DC, USA (K D Pandey PhD); South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (Prof C D H Parry PhD); St Michael Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J Patra PhD); Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Baltimore, MD, USA (P M Pelizzari MPH); Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Prof M Petzold PhD); Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Prof M R Phillips MD); Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (Prof C A Pope III PhD); Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, USA (H Razavi PhD); Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany (E A Rehfuess PhD); University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof B Ritz MD); University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (C Robinson BS); P Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Prof J A Rodriguez-Portales MD); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (I Romieu MD, K Straif MD); Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Centre, Fitzroy, SA, Australia (Prof R Room); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA (A Roy ScD); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA (Prof U Sampson MD); School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA (A Sapkota PhD); Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (Prof S Seedat PhD); National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (D A Sleet PhD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Baltimore, MD, USA (S T Wiersma MD); Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Prof L J Stovner PhD); New York University, New York City, NY, USA (Prof G D Thurston ScD); Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, India (Prof L Vijayakumar MBBS); Royal Children’s Hospital and Critical Care and Neurosciences Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R Weintraub); University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK (Prof H C Williams PhD); National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia (W Williams PhD); Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK (Prof A D Woolf MBBS); and Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>‡</label>Correspondence to: Dr Stephen S Lim, Institute for, Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 Fifth Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, USA, <email>stevelim@uw.edu</email></corresp><fn id="FN1"><label>*</label><p id="P1">Author listed alphabetically</p></fn><fn id="FN2"><label>†</label><p id="P2">Joint senior authors</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>31</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>05</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>380</volume><issue>9859</issue><fpage>2224</fpage><lpage>2260</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8</pmc-comment>
<abstract><title>Summary</title><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P3">Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P4">We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010. We estimated exposure distributions for each year, region, sex, and age group, and relative risks per unit of exposure by systematically reviewing and synthesising published and unpublished data. We used these estimates, together with estimates of cause-specific deaths and DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, to calculate the burden attributable to each risk factor exposure compared with the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure. We incorporated uncertainty in disease burden, relative risks, and exposures into our estimates of attributable burden.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Findings</title><p id="P5">In 2010, the three leading risk factors for global disease burden were high blood pressure (7·0% [95% uncertainty interval 6·2–7·7] of global DALYs), tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·3% [5·5–7·0]), and alcohol use (5·5% [5·0–5·9]). In 1990, the leading risks were childhood underweight (7·9% [6·8–9·4]), household air pollution from solid fuels (HAP; 7·0% [5·6–8·3]), and tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke (6·1% [5·4–6·8]). Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity collectively accounted for 10·0% (95% UI 9·2–10·8) of global DALYs in 2010, with the most prominent dietary risks being diets low in fruits and those high in sodium. Several risks that primarily affect childhood communicable diseases, including unimproved water and sanitation and childhood micronutrient deficiencies, fell in rank between 1990 and 2010, with unimproved water we and sanitation accounting for 0·9% (0·4–1·6) of global DALYs in 2010. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa childhood underweight, HAP, and non-exclusive and discontinued breastfeeding were the leading risks in 2010, while HAP was the leading risk in south Asia. The leading risk factor in Eastern Europe, most of Latin America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 was alcohol use; in most of Asia, North Africa and Middle East, and central Europe it was high blood pressure. Despite declines, tobacco smoking including second-hand smoke remained the leading risk in high-income north America and western Europe. High body-mass index has increased globally and it is the leading risk in Australasia and southern Latin America, and also ranks high in other high-income regions, North Africa and Middle East, and Oceania.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Interpretation</title><p id="P6">Worldwide, the contribution of different risk factors to disease burden has changed substantially, with a shift away from risks for communicable diseases in children towards those for non-communicable diseases in adults. These changes are related to the ageing population, decreased mortality among children younger than 5 years, changes in cause-of-death composition, and changes in risk factor exposures. New evidence has led to changes in the magnitude of key risks including unimproved water and sanitation, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies, and ambient particulate matter pollution. The extent to which the epidemiological shift has occurred and what the leading risks currently are varies greatly across regions. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risks are still those associated with poverty and those that affect children.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Funding</title><p id="P7">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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