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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis</title><author><name sortKey="Graus, Francesc" sort="Graus, Francesc" uniqKey="Graus F" first="Francesc" last="Graus">Francesc Graus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Titulaer, Maarten J" sort="Titulaer, Maarten J" uniqKey="Titulaer M" first="Maarten J" last="Titulaer">Maarten J. Titulaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balu, Ramani" sort="Balu, Ramani" uniqKey="Balu R" first="Ramani" last="Balu">Ramani Balu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benseler, Susanne" sort="Benseler, Susanne" uniqKey="Benseler S" first="Susanne" last="Benseler">Susanne Benseler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bien, Christian G" sort="Bien, Christian G" uniqKey="Bien C" first="Christian G" last="Bien">Christian G. Bien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cellucci, Tania" sort="Cellucci, Tania" uniqKey="Cellucci T" first="Tania" last="Cellucci">Tania Cellucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cortese, Irene" sort="Cortese, Irene" uniqKey="Cortese I" first="Irene" last="Cortese">Irene Cortese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dale, Russell C" sort="Dale, Russell C" uniqKey="Dale R" first="Russell C" last="Dale">Russell C. Dale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" sort="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" uniqKey="Gelfand J" first="Jeffrey M" last="Gelfand">Jeffrey M. Gelfand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geschwind, Michael" sort="Geschwind, Michael" uniqKey="Geschwind M" first="Michael" last="Geschwind">Michael Geschwind</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaser, Carol A" sort="Glaser, Carol A" uniqKey="Glaser C" first="Carol A" last="Glaser">Carol A. Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honnorat, Jerome" sort="Honnorat, Jerome" uniqKey="Honnorat J" first="Jerome" last="Honnorat">Jerome Honnorat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoftberger, Romana" sort="Hoftberger, Romana" uniqKey="Hoftberger R" first="Romana" last="Höftberger">Romana Höftberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iizuka, Takahiro" sort="Iizuka, Takahiro" uniqKey="Iizuka T" first="Takahiro" last="Iizuka">Takahiro Iizuka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irani, Sarosh R" sort="Irani, Sarosh R" uniqKey="Irani S" first="Sarosh R" last="Irani">Sarosh R. Irani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lancaster, Eric" sort="Lancaster, Eric" uniqKey="Lancaster E" first="Eric" last="Lancaster">Eric Lancaster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leypoldt, Frank" sort="Leypoldt, Frank" uniqKey="Leypoldt F" first="Frank" last="Leypoldt">Frank Leypoldt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pruss, Harald" sort="Pruss, Harald" uniqKey="Pruss H" first="Harald" last="Prüss">Harald Prüss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rae Grant, Alexander" sort="Rae Grant, Alexander" uniqKey="Rae Grant A" first="Alexander" last="Rae-Grant">Alexander Rae-Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reindl, Markus" sort="Reindl, Markus" uniqKey="Reindl M" first="Markus" last="Reindl">Markus Reindl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenfeld, Myrna R" sort="Rosenfeld, Myrna R" uniqKey="Rosenfeld M" first="Myrna R" last="Rosenfeld">Myrna R. Rosenfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rostasy, Kevin" sort="Rostasy, Kevin" uniqKey="Rostasy K" first="Kevin" last="Rostásy">Kevin Rostásy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saiz, Albert" sort="Saiz, Albert" uniqKey="Saiz A" first="Albert" last="Saiz">Albert Saiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesan, Arun" sort="Venkatesan, Arun" uniqKey="Venkatesan A" first="Arun" last="Venkatesan">Arun Venkatesan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Angela" sort="Vincent, Angela" uniqKey="Vincent A" first="Angela" last="Vincent">Angela Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wandinger, Klaus Peter" sort="Wandinger, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Wandinger K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Wandinger">Klaus-Peter Wandinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, Patrick" sort="Waters, Patrick" uniqKey="Waters P" first="Patrick" last="Waters">Patrick Waters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalmau, Josep" sort="Dalmau, Josep" uniqKey="Dalmau J" first="Josep" last="Dalmau">Josep Dalmau</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26906964</idno><idno type="pmc">5066574</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5066574</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5066574</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001E10</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001E10</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis</title><author><name sortKey="Graus, Francesc" sort="Graus, Francesc" uniqKey="Graus F" first="Francesc" last="Graus">Francesc Graus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Titulaer, Maarten J" sort="Titulaer, Maarten J" uniqKey="Titulaer M" first="Maarten J" last="Titulaer">Maarten J. Titulaer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balu, Ramani" sort="Balu, Ramani" uniqKey="Balu R" first="Ramani" last="Balu">Ramani Balu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benseler, Susanne" sort="Benseler, Susanne" uniqKey="Benseler S" first="Susanne" last="Benseler">Susanne Benseler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bien, Christian G" sort="Bien, Christian G" uniqKey="Bien C" first="Christian G" last="Bien">Christian G. Bien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cellucci, Tania" sort="Cellucci, Tania" uniqKey="Cellucci T" first="Tania" last="Cellucci">Tania Cellucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cortese, Irene" sort="Cortese, Irene" uniqKey="Cortese I" first="Irene" last="Cortese">Irene Cortese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dale, Russell C" sort="Dale, Russell C" uniqKey="Dale R" first="Russell C" last="Dale">Russell C. Dale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" sort="Gelfand, Jeffrey M" uniqKey="Gelfand J" first="Jeffrey M" last="Gelfand">Jeffrey M. Gelfand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geschwind, Michael" sort="Geschwind, Michael" uniqKey="Geschwind M" first="Michael" last="Geschwind">Michael Geschwind</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaser, Carol A" sort="Glaser, Carol A" uniqKey="Glaser C" first="Carol A" last="Glaser">Carol A. Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honnorat, Jerome" sort="Honnorat, Jerome" uniqKey="Honnorat J" first="Jerome" last="Honnorat">Jerome Honnorat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoftberger, Romana" sort="Hoftberger, Romana" uniqKey="Hoftberger R" first="Romana" last="Höftberger">Romana Höftberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iizuka, Takahiro" sort="Iizuka, Takahiro" uniqKey="Iizuka T" first="Takahiro" last="Iizuka">Takahiro Iizuka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irani, Sarosh R" sort="Irani, Sarosh R" uniqKey="Irani S" first="Sarosh R" last="Irani">Sarosh R. Irani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lancaster, Eric" sort="Lancaster, Eric" uniqKey="Lancaster E" first="Eric" last="Lancaster">Eric Lancaster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leypoldt, Frank" sort="Leypoldt, Frank" uniqKey="Leypoldt F" first="Frank" last="Leypoldt">Frank Leypoldt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pruss, Harald" sort="Pruss, Harald" uniqKey="Pruss H" first="Harald" last="Prüss">Harald Prüss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rae Grant, Alexander" sort="Rae Grant, Alexander" uniqKey="Rae Grant A" first="Alexander" last="Rae-Grant">Alexander Rae-Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reindl, Markus" sort="Reindl, Markus" uniqKey="Reindl M" first="Markus" last="Reindl">Markus Reindl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenfeld, Myrna R" sort="Rosenfeld, Myrna R" uniqKey="Rosenfeld M" first="Myrna R" last="Rosenfeld">Myrna R. Rosenfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rostasy, Kevin" sort="Rostasy, Kevin" uniqKey="Rostasy K" first="Kevin" last="Rostásy">Kevin Rostásy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saiz, Albert" sort="Saiz, Albert" uniqKey="Saiz A" first="Albert" last="Saiz">Albert Saiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesan, Arun" sort="Venkatesan, Arun" uniqKey="Venkatesan A" first="Arun" last="Venkatesan">Arun Venkatesan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Angela" sort="Vincent, Angela" uniqKey="Vincent A" first="Angela" last="Vincent">Angela Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wandinger, Klaus Peter" sort="Wandinger, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Wandinger K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Wandinger">Klaus-Peter Wandinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waters, Patrick" sort="Waters, Patrick" uniqKey="Waters P" first="Patrick" last="Waters">Patrick Waters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalmau, Josep" sort="Dalmau, Josep" uniqKey="Dalmau J" first="Josep" last="Dalmau">Josep Dalmau</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Lancet. Neurology</title><idno type="ISSN">1474-4422</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-4465</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis. Advances in autoimmune encephalitis research in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to these disorders. However, existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. We reviewed the literature and gathered the experience of a team of experts with the aims of developing a practical, syndrome-based diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis and providing guidelines to navigate through the differential diagnosis. Because autoantibody test results and response to therapy are not available at disease onset, we based the initial diagnostic approach on neurological assessment and conventional tests that are accessible to most clinicians. Through logical differential diagnosis, levels of evidence for autoimmune encephalitis (possible, probable, or definite) are achieved, which can lead to prompt immunotherapy.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">101139309</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">30413</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Lancet Neurol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Lancet Neurol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Lancet. Neurology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1474-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1474-4465</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26906964</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5066574</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS820429</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Graus</surname><given-names>Francesc</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Titulaer</surname><given-names>Maarten J</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balu</surname><given-names>Ramani</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benseler</surname><given-names>Susanne</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bien</surname><given-names>Christian G</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cellucci</surname><given-names>Tania</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cortese</surname><given-names>Irene</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dale</surname><given-names>Russell C</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gelfand</surname><given-names>Jeffrey M</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Geschwind</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glaser</surname><given-names>Carol A</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Honnorat</surname><given-names>Jerome</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Höftberger</surname><given-names>Romana</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iizuka</surname><given-names>Takahiro</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Irani</surname><given-names>Sarosh R</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lancaster</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leypoldt</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prüss</surname><given-names>Harald</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rae-Grant</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reindl</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>PhD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenfeld</surname><given-names>Myrna R</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rostásy</surname><given-names>Kevin</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saiz</surname><given-names>Albert</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Venkatesan</surname><given-names>Arun</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vincent</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>FRS</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wandinger</surname><given-names>Klaus-Peter</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waters</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dalmau</surname><given-names>Josep</given-names><prefix>Prof.</prefix></name><degrees>MD</degrees></contrib><aff id="A1">Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Prof F Graus MD, Prof M R Rosenfeld MD, A Saiz MD, Prof J Dalmau MD); Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (Prof F Graus, A Saiz); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M J Titulaer MD); Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (R Balu MD, E Lancaster MD, Prof J Dalmau); Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada (S Benseler MD); Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany (Prof C G Bien MD); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (T Cellucci MD); Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (I Cortese MD); Neuroimmunology Group, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof R C Dale MD); Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (J M Gelfand MD, M Geschwind MD); Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA (C A Glaser MD); French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon’s Neurosciences Research Center, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon, France (Prof J Honnorat MD); Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (R Höftberger MD); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (T Iizuka MD); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (S R Irani MD, Prof A Vincent FRS, P Waters PhD); Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany (F Leypoldt MD); Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H Prüss MD); German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H Prüss); Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA (A Rae-Grant MD); Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Prof M Reindl PhD); Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany (K Rostásy MD); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA (A Venkatesan MD); Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany (Prof K-P Wandinger MD); and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain (Prof J Dalmau)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Correspondence to: Prof Francesc Graus, Institut, d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer Hospital, Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, <email>fgraus@clinic.ub.es</email> or Prof Josep Dalmau, Institut, d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer Hospital, Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, <email>jdalmau@clinic.ub.es</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>7</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>391</fpage><lpage>404</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9</pmc-comment>
<abstract><p id="P1">Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis. Advances in autoimmune encephalitis research in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to these disorders. However, existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. We reviewed the literature and gathered the experience of a team of experts with the aims of developing a practical, syndrome-based diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis and providing guidelines to navigate through the differential diagnosis. Because autoantibody test results and response to therapy are not available at disease onset, we based the initial diagnostic approach on neurological assessment and conventional tests that are accessible to most clinicians. Through logical differential diagnosis, levels of evidence for autoimmune encephalitis (possible, probable, or definite) are achieved, which can lead to prompt immunotherapy.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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