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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer</title><author><name sortKey="Stephens, Philip J" sort="Stephens, Philip J" uniqKey="Stephens P" first="Philip J." last="Stephens">Philip J. Stephens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarpey, Patrick S" sort="Tarpey, Patrick S" uniqKey="Tarpey P" first="Patrick S." last="Tarpey">Patrick S. Tarpey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Helen" sort="Davies, Helen" uniqKey="Davies H" first="Helen" last="Davies">Helen Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loo, Peter Van" sort="Loo, Peter Van" uniqKey="Loo P" first="Peter Van" last="Loo">Peter Van Loo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenman, Chris" sort="Greenman, Chris" uniqKey="Greenman C" first="Chris" last="Greenman">Chris Greenman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedge, David C" sort="Wedge, David C" uniqKey="Wedge D" first="David C." last="Wedge">David C. Wedge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nik Zainal, Serena" sort="Nik Zainal, Serena" uniqKey="Nik Zainal S" first="Serena" last="Nik-Zainal">Serena Nik-Zainal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Sancha" sort="Martin, Sancha" uniqKey="Martin S" first="Sancha" last="Martin">Sancha Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varela, Ignacio" sort="Varela, Ignacio" uniqKey="Varela I" first="Ignacio" last="Varela">Ignacio Varela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bignell, Graham R" sort="Bignell, Graham R" uniqKey="Bignell G" first="Graham R." last="Bignell">Graham R. Bignell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yates, Lucy R" sort="Yates, Lucy R" uniqKey="Yates L" first="Lucy R." last="Yates">Lucy R. Yates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Clinical Oncology, Ground floor, Lambeth Wing, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papaemmanuil, Elli" sort="Papaemmanuil, Elli" uniqKey="Papaemmanuil E" first="Elli" last="Papaemmanuil">Elli Papaemmanuil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beare, David" sort="Beare, David" uniqKey="Beare D" first="David" last="Beare">David Beare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, Adam" sort="Butler, Adam" uniqKey="Butler A" first="Adam" last="Butler">Adam Butler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheverton, Angela" sort="Cheverton, Angela" uniqKey="Cheverton A" first="Angela" last="Cheverton">Angela Cheverton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamble, John" sort="Gamble, John" uniqKey="Gamble J" first="John" last="Gamble">John Gamble</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinton, Jonathan" sort="Hinton, Jonathan" uniqKey="Hinton J" first="Jonathan" last="Hinton">Jonathan Hinton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Mingming" sort="Jia, Mingming" uniqKey="Jia M" first="Mingming" last="Jia">Mingming Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagu" sort="Jayakumar, Alagu" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagu" last="Jayakumar">Alagu Jayakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, David" sort="Jones, David" uniqKey="Jones D" first="David" last="Jones">David Jones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latimer, Calli" sort="Latimer, Calli" uniqKey="Latimer C" first="Calli" last="Latimer">Calli Latimer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, King Wai" sort="Lau, King Wai" uniqKey="Lau K" first="King Wai" last="Lau">King Wai Lau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaren, Stuart" sort="Mclaren, Stuart" uniqKey="Mclaren S" first="Stuart" last="Mclaren">Stuart Mclaren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, David J" sort="Mcbride, David J" uniqKey="Mcbride D" first="David J." last="Mcbride">David J. Mcbride</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Andrew" sort="Menzies, Andrew" uniqKey="Menzies A" first="Andrew" last="Menzies">Andrew Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mudie, Laura" sort="Mudie, Laura" uniqKey="Mudie L" first="Laura" last="Mudie">Laura Mudie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raine, Keiran" sort="Raine, Keiran" uniqKey="Raine K" first="Keiran" last="Raine">Keiran Raine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rad, Roland" sort="Rad, Roland" uniqKey="Rad R" first="Roland" last="Rad">Roland Rad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Michael Spencer" sort="Chapman, Michael Spencer" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="Michael Spencer" last="Chapman">Michael Spencer Chapman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teague, Jon" sort="Teague, Jon" uniqKey="Teague J" first="Jon" last="Teague">Jon Teague</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Easton, Douglas" sort="Easton, Douglas" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas" last="Easton">Douglas Easton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langer D, Anita" sort="Langer D, Anita" uniqKey="Langer D A" first="Anita" last="Langer D">Anita Langer D</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" sort="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Ming Ta Michael" last="Lee">Ming Ta Michael Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Chen Yang" sort="Shen, Chen Yang" uniqKey="Shen C" first="Chen-Yang" last="Shen">Chen-Yang Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" sort="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" uniqKey="Tee B" first="Benita Tan Kiat" last="Tee">Benita Tan Kiat Tee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huimin, Bernice Wong" sort="Huimin, Bernice Wong" uniqKey="Huimin B" first="Bernice Wong" last="Huimin">Bernice Wong Huimin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broeks, Annegien" sort="Broeks, Annegien" uniqKey="Broeks A" first="Annegien" last="Broeks">Annegien Broeks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas, Ana Cristina" sort="Vargas, Ana Cristina" uniqKey="Vargas A" first="Ana Cristina" last="Vargas">Ana Cristina Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turashvili, Gulisa" sort="Turashvili, Gulisa" uniqKey="Turashvili G" first="Gulisa" last="Turashvili">Gulisa Turashvili</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martens, John" sort="Martens, John" uniqKey="Martens J" first="John" last="Martens">John Martens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fatima, Aquila" sort="Fatima, Aquila" uniqKey="Fatima A" first="Aquila" last="Fatima">Aquila Fatima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miron, Penelope" sort="Miron, Penelope" uniqKey="Miron P" first="Penelope" last="Miron">Penelope Miron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Suet Feung" sort="Chin, Suet Feung" uniqKey="Chin S" first="Suet-Feung" last="Chin">Suet-Feung Chin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Gilles" sort="Thomas, Gilles" uniqKey="Thomas G" first="Gilles" last="Thomas">Gilles Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyault, Sandrine" sort="Boyault, Sandrine" uniqKey="Boyault S" first="Sandrine" last="Boyault">Sandrine Boyault</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mariani, Odette" sort="Mariani, Odette" uniqKey="Mariani O" first="Odette" last="Mariani">Odette Mariani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakhani, Sunil R" sort="Lakhani, Sunil R" uniqKey="Lakhani S" first="Sunil R." last="Lakhani">Sunil R. Lakhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Vijver, Marc" sort="Van De Vijver, Marc" uniqKey="Van De Vijver M" first="Marc" last="Van De Vijver">Marc Van De Vijver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Veer, Laura" sort="Van Veer, Laura" uniqKey="Van Veer L" first="Laura" last="Van Veer">Laura Van Veer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foekens, John" sort="Foekens, John" uniqKey="Foekens J" first="John" last="Foekens">John Foekens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desmedt, Christine" sort="Desmedt, Christine" uniqKey="Desmedt C" first="Christine" last="Desmedt">Christine Desmedt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sotiriou, Christos" sort="Sotiriou, Christos" uniqKey="Sotiriou C" first="Christos" last="Sotiriou">Christos Sotiriou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutt, Andrew" sort="Tutt, Andrew" uniqKey="Tutt A" first="Andrew" last="Tutt">Andrew Tutt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis Filho, Jorge S" sort="Reis Filho, Jorge S" uniqKey="Reis Filho J" first="Jorge S." last="Reis-Filho">Jorge S. Reis-Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" sort="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" uniqKey="Aparicio S" first="Samuel A. J. R." last="Aparicio">Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne Vincent" sort="Salomon, Anne Vincent" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne Vincent" last="Salomon">Anne Vincent Salomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="B Rresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="B Rresen-Dale">Anne-Lise B Rresen-Dale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Andrea L" sort="Richardson, Andrea L" uniqKey="Richardson A" first="Andrea L." last="Richardson">Andrea L. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Futreal, P Andrew" sort="Futreal, P Andrew" uniqKey="Futreal P" first="P. Andrew" last="Futreal">P. Andrew Futreal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stratton, Michael R" sort="Stratton, Michael R" uniqKey="Stratton M" first="Michael R." last="Stratton">Michael R. Stratton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22722201</idno><idno type="pmc">3428862</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3428862</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature11017</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001D32</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001D32</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer</title><author><name sortKey="Stephens, Philip J" sort="Stephens, Philip J" uniqKey="Stephens P" first="Philip J." last="Stephens">Philip J. Stephens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarpey, Patrick S" sort="Tarpey, Patrick S" uniqKey="Tarpey P" first="Patrick S." last="Tarpey">Patrick S. Tarpey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, Helen" sort="Davies, Helen" uniqKey="Davies H" first="Helen" last="Davies">Helen Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loo, Peter Van" sort="Loo, Peter Van" uniqKey="Loo P" first="Peter Van" last="Loo">Peter Van Loo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenman, Chris" sort="Greenman, Chris" uniqKey="Greenman C" first="Chris" last="Greenman">Chris Greenman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedge, David C" sort="Wedge, David C" uniqKey="Wedge D" first="David C." last="Wedge">David C. Wedge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nik Zainal, Serena" sort="Nik Zainal, Serena" uniqKey="Nik Zainal S" first="Serena" last="Nik-Zainal">Serena Nik-Zainal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Sancha" sort="Martin, Sancha" uniqKey="Martin S" first="Sancha" last="Martin">Sancha Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varela, Ignacio" sort="Varela, Ignacio" uniqKey="Varela I" first="Ignacio" last="Varela">Ignacio Varela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bignell, Graham R" sort="Bignell, Graham R" uniqKey="Bignell G" first="Graham R." last="Bignell">Graham R. Bignell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yates, Lucy R" sort="Yates, Lucy R" uniqKey="Yates L" first="Lucy R." last="Yates">Lucy R. Yates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Clinical Oncology, Ground floor, Lambeth Wing, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papaemmanuil, Elli" sort="Papaemmanuil, Elli" uniqKey="Papaemmanuil E" first="Elli" last="Papaemmanuil">Elli Papaemmanuil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beare, David" sort="Beare, David" uniqKey="Beare D" first="David" last="Beare">David Beare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, Adam" sort="Butler, Adam" uniqKey="Butler A" first="Adam" last="Butler">Adam Butler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheverton, Angela" sort="Cheverton, Angela" uniqKey="Cheverton A" first="Angela" last="Cheverton">Angela Cheverton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamble, John" sort="Gamble, John" uniqKey="Gamble J" first="John" last="Gamble">John Gamble</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hinton, Jonathan" sort="Hinton, Jonathan" uniqKey="Hinton J" first="Jonathan" last="Hinton">Jonathan Hinton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Mingming" sort="Jia, Mingming" uniqKey="Jia M" first="Mingming" last="Jia">Mingming Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jayakumar, Alagu" sort="Jayakumar, Alagu" uniqKey="Jayakumar A" first="Alagu" last="Jayakumar">Alagu Jayakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, David" sort="Jones, David" uniqKey="Jones D" first="David" last="Jones">David Jones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Latimer, Calli" sort="Latimer, Calli" uniqKey="Latimer C" first="Calli" last="Latimer">Calli Latimer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, King Wai" sort="Lau, King Wai" uniqKey="Lau K" first="King Wai" last="Lau">King Wai Lau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaren, Stuart" sort="Mclaren, Stuart" uniqKey="Mclaren S" first="Stuart" last="Mclaren">Stuart Mclaren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, David J" sort="Mcbride, David J" uniqKey="Mcbride D" first="David J." last="Mcbride">David J. Mcbride</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Andrew" sort="Menzies, Andrew" uniqKey="Menzies A" first="Andrew" last="Menzies">Andrew Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mudie, Laura" sort="Mudie, Laura" uniqKey="Mudie L" first="Laura" last="Mudie">Laura Mudie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raine, Keiran" sort="Raine, Keiran" uniqKey="Raine K" first="Keiran" last="Raine">Keiran Raine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rad, Roland" sort="Rad, Roland" uniqKey="Rad R" first="Roland" last="Rad">Roland Rad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Michael Spencer" sort="Chapman, Michael Spencer" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="Michael Spencer" last="Chapman">Michael Spencer Chapman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teague, Jon" sort="Teague, Jon" uniqKey="Teague J" first="Jon" last="Teague">Jon Teague</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Easton, Douglas" sort="Easton, Douglas" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas" last="Easton">Douglas Easton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langer D, Anita" sort="Langer D, Anita" uniqKey="Langer D A" first="Anita" last="Langer D">Anita Langer D</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" sort="Lee, Ming Ta Michael" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Ming Ta Michael" last="Lee">Ming Ta Michael Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Chen Yang" sort="Shen, Chen Yang" uniqKey="Shen C" first="Chen-Yang" last="Shen">Chen-Yang Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" sort="Tee, Benita Tan Kiat" uniqKey="Tee B" first="Benita Tan Kiat" last="Tee">Benita Tan Kiat Tee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huimin, Bernice Wong" sort="Huimin, Bernice Wong" uniqKey="Huimin B" first="Bernice Wong" last="Huimin">Bernice Wong Huimin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broeks, Annegien" sort="Broeks, Annegien" uniqKey="Broeks A" first="Annegien" last="Broeks">Annegien Broeks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas, Ana Cristina" sort="Vargas, Ana Cristina" uniqKey="Vargas A" first="Ana Cristina" last="Vargas">Ana Cristina Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turashvili, Gulisa" sort="Turashvili, Gulisa" uniqKey="Turashvili G" first="Gulisa" last="Turashvili">Gulisa Turashvili</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martens, John" sort="Martens, John" uniqKey="Martens J" first="John" last="Martens">John Martens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fatima, Aquila" sort="Fatima, Aquila" uniqKey="Fatima A" first="Aquila" last="Fatima">Aquila Fatima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miron, Penelope" sort="Miron, Penelope" uniqKey="Miron P" first="Penelope" last="Miron">Penelope Miron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Suet Feung" sort="Chin, Suet Feung" uniqKey="Chin S" first="Suet-Feung" last="Chin">Suet-Feung Chin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Gilles" sort="Thomas, Gilles" uniqKey="Thomas G" first="Gilles" last="Thomas">Gilles Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyault, Sandrine" sort="Boyault, Sandrine" uniqKey="Boyault S" first="Sandrine" last="Boyault">Sandrine Boyault</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mariani, Odette" sort="Mariani, Odette" uniqKey="Mariani O" first="Odette" last="Mariani">Odette Mariani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakhani, Sunil R" sort="Lakhani, Sunil R" uniqKey="Lakhani S" first="Sunil R." last="Lakhani">Sunil R. Lakhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Vijver, Marc" sort="Van De Vijver, Marc" uniqKey="Van De Vijver M" first="Marc" last="Van De Vijver">Marc Van De Vijver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Veer, Laura" sort="Van Veer, Laura" uniqKey="Van Veer L" first="Laura" last="Van Veer">Laura Van Veer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foekens, John" sort="Foekens, John" uniqKey="Foekens J" first="John" last="Foekens">John Foekens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desmedt, Christine" sort="Desmedt, Christine" uniqKey="Desmedt C" first="Christine" last="Desmedt">Christine Desmedt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sotiriou, Christos" sort="Sotiriou, Christos" uniqKey="Sotiriou C" first="Christos" last="Sotiriou">Christos Sotiriou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutt, Andrew" sort="Tutt, Andrew" uniqKey="Tutt A" first="Andrew" last="Tutt">Andrew Tutt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caldas, Carlos" sort="Caldas, Carlos" uniqKey="Caldas C" first="Carlos" last="Caldas">Carlos Caldas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis Filho, Jorge S" sort="Reis Filho, Jorge S" uniqKey="Reis Filho J" first="Jorge S." last="Reis-Filho">Jorge S. Reis-Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" sort="Aparicio, Samuel A J R" uniqKey="Aparicio S" first="Samuel A. J. R." last="Aparicio">Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne Vincent" sort="Salomon, Anne Vincent" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne Vincent" last="Salomon">Anne Vincent Salomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="B Rresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="B Rresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="B Rresen-Dale">Anne-Lise B Rresen-Dale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Andrea L" sort="Richardson, Andrea L" uniqKey="Richardson A" first="Andrea L." last="Richardson">Andrea L. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Peter J" sort="Campbell, Peter J" uniqKey="Campbell P" first="Peter J." last="Campbell">Peter J. Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Futreal, P Andrew" sort="Futreal, P Andrew" uniqKey="Futreal P" first="P. Andrew" last="Futreal">P. Andrew Futreal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stratton, Michael R" sort="Stratton, Michael R" uniqKey="Stratton M" first="Michael R." last="Stratton">Michael R. Stratton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P3">All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup>, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including <italic>AKT2</italic>, <italic>ARID1B</italic>, <italic>CASP8</italic>, <italic>CDKN1B</italic>, <italic>MAP3K1</italic>, <italic>MAP3K13</italic>, <italic>NCOR1</italic>, <italic>SMARCD1</italic> and <italic>TBX3</italic>. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22722201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3428862</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature11017</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">UKMS49632</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>Philip J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tarpey</surname><given-names>Patrick S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davies</surname><given-names>Helen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loo</surname><given-names>Peter Van</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Greenman</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wedge</surname><given-names>David C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nik-Zainal</surname><given-names>Serena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Sancha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Varela</surname><given-names>Ignacio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bignell</surname><given-names>Graham R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yates</surname><given-names>Lucy R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Easton</surname><given-names>Douglas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Langerød</surname><given-names>Anita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>OSBREAC</surname><given-names></given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Ming Ta Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Chen-Yang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tee</surname><given-names>Benita Tan Kiat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib 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rid="A23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van de Vijver</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van ’t Veer</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Foekens</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Desmedt</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sotiriou</surname><given-names>Christos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tutt</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caldas</surname><given-names>Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A19">19</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reis-Filho</surname><given-names>Jorge S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aparicio</surname><given-names>Samuel A. J. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salomon</surname><given-names>Anne Vincent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A21">21</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Børresen-Dale</surname><given-names>Anne-Lise</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>Andrea L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A18">18</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A31">31</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A32">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Futreal</surname><given-names>P. Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stratton</surname><given-names>Michael R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 602, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Clinical Oncology, Ground floor, Lambeth Wing, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, O310 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, China</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Department Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center and Cancer Genomics Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shin Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Universite Lyon 1, INCa-Synergie, Centre Leon Berard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon CEDEX 08, France</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Breast Cancer Translational Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, Boulevard de Waterloo 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, O318 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK</aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="equal" id="FN1"><label>*</label><p id="P1">These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn id="FN2"><label>†</label><p id="P2">Lists of participants and their affiliations appear at the end of the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>8</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>486</volume><issue>7403</issue><fpage>400</fpage><lpage>404</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>©2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p id="P3">All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref></sup>, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including <italic>AKT2</italic>, <italic>ARID1B</italic>, <italic>CASP8</italic>, <italic>CDKN1B</italic>, <italic>MAP3K1</italic>, <italic>MAP3K13</italic>, <italic>NCOR1</italic>, <italic>SMARCD1</italic> and <italic>TBX3</italic>. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source><award-id>093867 || WT</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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