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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys</title>
<author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0001"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Glantz, Meyer" sort="Glantz, Meyer" uniqKey="Glantz M" first="Meyer" last="Glantz">Meyer Glantz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0002"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans Acko, Sara" sort="Evans Acko, Sara" uniqKey="Evans Acko S" first="Sara" last="Evans-Lacko">Sara Evans-Lacko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0003"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sadikova, Ekaterina" sort="Sadikova, Ekaterina" uniqKey="Sadikova E" first="Ekaterina" last="Sadikova">Ekaterina Sadikova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy" sort="Sampson, Nancy" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy" last="Sampson">Nancy Sampson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thornicroft, Graham" sort="Thornicroft, Graham" uniqKey="Thornicroft G" first="Graham" last="Thornicroft">Graham Thornicroft</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0003"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar Axiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Axiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Axiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0005"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Amzawi, Ali" sort="Al Amzawi, Ali" uniqKey="Al Amzawi A" first="Ali" last="Al-Hamzawi">Ali Al-Hamzawi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0006"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0007"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helena Andrade, Laura" sort="Helena Andrade, Laura" uniqKey="Helena Andrade L" first="Laura" last="Helena Andrade">Laura Helena Andrade</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0008"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0009"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bunting, Brendan" sort="Bunting, Brendan" uniqKey="Bunting B" first="Brendan" last="Bunting">Brendan Bunting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0010"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bromet, Evelyn J" sort="Bromet, Evelyn J" uniqKey="Bromet E" first="Evelyn J." last="Bromet">Evelyn J. Bromet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0011"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miguel Caldas De Almeida, Jose" sort="Miguel Caldas De Almeida, Jose" uniqKey="Miguel Caldas De Almeida J" first="José" last="Miguel Caldas De Almeida">José Miguel Caldas De Almeida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0012"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0013"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florescu, Silvia" sort="Florescu, Silvia" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="Silvia" last="Florescu">Silvia Florescu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0014"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0015"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maria Haro, Josep" sort="Maria Haro, Josep" uniqKey="Maria Haro J" first="Josep" last="Maria Haro">Josep Maria Haro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0016"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Yueqin" sort="Huang, Yueqin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yueqin" last="Huang">Yueqin Huang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0017"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee" sort="Karam, Aimee" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee" last="Karam">Aimee Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0018"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Elie G" sort="Karam, Elie G" uniqKey="Karam E" first="Elie G." last="Karam">Elie G. Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0018"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0019"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiejna, Andrzej" sort="Kiejna, Andrzej" uniqKey="Kiejna A" first="Andrzej" last="Kiejna">Andrzej Kiejna</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0020"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0021"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Ierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Ierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lepine">Jean-Pierre Lepine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0022"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0023"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elena Medina Ora, Maria" sort="Elena Medina Ora, Maria" uniqKey="Elena Medina Ora M" first="Maria" last="Elena Medina-Mora">Maria Elena Medina-Mora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0024"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Yosikazu" sort="Nakamura, Yosikazu" uniqKey="Nakamura Y" first="Yosikazu" last="Nakamura">Yosikazu Nakamura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0025"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro Ateu, Fernando" sort="Navarro Ateu, Fernando" uniqKey="Navarro Ateu F" first="Fernando" last="Navarro-Mateu">Fernando Navarro-Mateu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0026"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Llen" sort="Pennell, Beth Llen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0027"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posada Illa, Jose" sort="Posada Illa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Illa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0028"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate" sort="Scott, Kate" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate" last="Scott">Kate Scott</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0029"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J." last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0030"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ten Have, Margreet" sort="Ten Have, Margreet" uniqKey="Ten Have M" first="Margreet" last="Ten Have">Margreet Ten Have</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0031"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Torres, Yolanda" sort="Torres, Yolanda" uniqKey="Torres Y" first="Yolanda" last="Torres">Yolanda Torres</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0032"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zarkov, Zahari" sort="Zarkov, Zahari" uniqKey="Zarkov Z" first="Zahari" last="Zarkov">Zahari Zarkov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0033"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatterji, Somnath" sort="Chatterji, Somnath" uniqKey="Chatterji S" first="Somnath" last="Chatterji">Somnath Chatterji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0034"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C." last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">28941090</idno>
<idno type="pmc">5608813</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608813</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:5608813</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1002/wps.20457</idno>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C39</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C39</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys</title>
<author><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0001"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Glantz, Meyer" sort="Glantz, Meyer" uniqKey="Glantz M" first="Meyer" last="Glantz">Meyer Glantz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0002"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans Acko, Sara" sort="Evans Acko, Sara" uniqKey="Evans Acko S" first="Sara" last="Evans-Lacko">Sara Evans-Lacko</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0003"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sadikova, Ekaterina" sort="Sadikova, Ekaterina" uniqKey="Sadikova E" first="Ekaterina" last="Sadikova">Ekaterina Sadikova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy" sort="Sampson, Nancy" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy" last="Sampson">Nancy Sampson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thornicroft, Graham" sort="Thornicroft, Graham" uniqKey="Thornicroft G" first="Graham" last="Thornicroft">Graham Thornicroft</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0003"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar Axiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Axiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Axiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0005"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Amzawi, Ali" sort="Al Amzawi, Ali" uniqKey="Al Amzawi A" first="Ali" last="Al-Hamzawi">Ali Al-Hamzawi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0006"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0007"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helena Andrade, Laura" sort="Helena Andrade, Laura" uniqKey="Helena Andrade L" first="Laura" last="Helena Andrade">Laura Helena Andrade</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0008"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0009"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bunting, Brendan" sort="Bunting, Brendan" uniqKey="Bunting B" first="Brendan" last="Bunting">Brendan Bunting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0010"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bromet, Evelyn J" sort="Bromet, Evelyn J" uniqKey="Bromet E" first="Evelyn J." last="Bromet">Evelyn J. Bromet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0011"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miguel Caldas De Almeida, Jose" sort="Miguel Caldas De Almeida, Jose" uniqKey="Miguel Caldas De Almeida J" first="José" last="Miguel Caldas De Almeida">José Miguel Caldas De Almeida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0012"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0013"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florescu, Silvia" sort="Florescu, Silvia" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="Silvia" last="Florescu">Silvia Florescu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0014"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0015"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maria Haro, Josep" sort="Maria Haro, Josep" uniqKey="Maria Haro J" first="Josep" last="Maria Haro">Josep Maria Haro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0016"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, Yueqin" sort="Huang, Yueqin" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yueqin" last="Huang">Yueqin Huang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0017"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee" sort="Karam, Aimee" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee" last="Karam">Aimee Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0018"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Elie G" sort="Karam, Elie G" uniqKey="Karam E" first="Elie G." last="Karam">Elie G. Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0018"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0019"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiejna, Andrzej" sort="Kiejna, Andrzej" uniqKey="Kiejna A" first="Andrzej" last="Kiejna">Andrzej Kiejna</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0020"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0021"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Ierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Ierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lepine">Jean-Pierre Lepine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0022"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0023"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elena Medina Ora, Maria" sort="Elena Medina Ora, Maria" uniqKey="Elena Medina Ora M" first="Maria" last="Elena Medina-Mora">Maria Elena Medina-Mora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0024"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Yosikazu" sort="Nakamura, Yosikazu" uniqKey="Nakamura Y" first="Yosikazu" last="Nakamura">Yosikazu Nakamura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0025"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro Ateu, Fernando" sort="Navarro Ateu, Fernando" uniqKey="Navarro Ateu F" first="Fernando" last="Navarro-Mateu">Fernando Navarro-Mateu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0026"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Llen" sort="Pennell, Beth Llen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0027"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posada Illa, Jose" sort="Posada Illa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Illa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0028"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate" sort="Scott, Kate" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate" last="Scott">Kate Scott</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0029"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J." last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0030"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ten Have, Margreet" sort="Ten Have, Margreet" uniqKey="Ten Have M" first="Margreet" last="Ten Have">Margreet Ten Have</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0031"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Torres, Yolanda" sort="Torres, Yolanda" uniqKey="Torres Y" first="Yolanda" last="Torres">Yolanda Torres</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0032"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zarkov, Zahari" sort="Zarkov, Zahari" uniqKey="Zarkov Z" first="Zahari" last="Zarkov">Zahari Zarkov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0033"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatterji, Somnath" sort="Chatterji, Somnath" uniqKey="Chatterji S" first="Somnath" last="Chatterji">Somnath Chatterji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0034"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C." last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">World Psychiatry</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1723-8617</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2051-5545</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Substance use is a major cause of disability globally. This has been recognized in the recent United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which treatment coverage for substance use disorders is identified as one of the indicators. There have been no estimates of this treatment coverage cross‐nationally, making it difficult to know what is the baseline for that SDG target. Here we report data from the World Health Organization (WHO)'s World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS), based on representative community household surveys in 26 countries. We assessed the 12‐month prevalence of substance use disorders (alcohol or drug abuse/dependence); the proportion of people with these disorders who were aware that they needed treatment and who wished to receive care; the proportion of those seeking care who received it; and the proportion of such treatment that met minimal standards for treatment quality (“minimally adequate treatment”). Among the 70,880 participants, 2.6% met 12‐month criteria for substance use disorders; the prevalence was higher in upper‐middle income (3.3%) than in high‐income (2.6%) and low/lower‐middle income (2.0%) countries. Overall, 39.1% of those with 12‐month substance use disorders recognized a treatment need; this recognition was more common in high‐income (43.1%) than in upper‐middle (35.6%) and low/lower‐middle income (31.5%) countries. Among those who recognized treatment need, 61.3% made at least one visit to a service provider, and 29.5% of the latter received minimally adequate treatment exposure (35.3% in high, 20.3% in upper‐middle, and 8.6% in low/lower‐middle income countries). Overall, only 7.1% of those with past‐year substance use disorders received minimally adequate treatment: 10.3% in high income, 4.3% in upper‐middle income and 1.0% in low/lower‐middle income countries. These data suggest that only a small minority of people with substance use disorders receive even minimally adequate treatment. At least three barriers are involved: awareness/perceived treatment need, accessing treatment once a need is recognized, and compliance (on the part of both provider and client) to obtain adequate treatment. Various factors are likely to be involved in each of these three barriers, all of which need to be addressed to improve treatment coverage of substance use disorders. These data provide a baseline for the global monitoring of progress of treatment coverage for these disorders as an indicator within the SDGs.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World Psychiatry</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">World Psychiatry</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)2051-5545</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">WPS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>World Psychiatry</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1723-8617</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2051-5545</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28941090</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5608813</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/wps.20457</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">WPS20457</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Research Report</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Reports</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="wps20457-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Degenhardt</surname>
<given-names>Louisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glantz</surname>
<given-names>Meyer</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans‐Lacko</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sadikova</surname>
<given-names>Ekaterina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sampson</surname>
<given-names>Nancy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thornicroft</surname>
<given-names>Graham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguilar‐Gaxiola</surname>
<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al‐Hamzawi</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Helena Andrade</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bruffaerts</surname>
<given-names>Ronny</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bunting</surname>
<given-names>Brendan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0010"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bromet</surname>
<given-names>Evelyn J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0011"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miguel Caldas de Almeida</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0012"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Girolamo</surname>
<given-names>Giovanni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0013"><sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Florescu</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0014"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gureje</surname>
<given-names>Oye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0015"><sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maria Haro</surname>
<given-names>Josep</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0016"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Yueqin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0017"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karam</surname>
<given-names>Aimee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0018"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karam</surname>
<given-names>Elie G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0018"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0019"><sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kiejna</surname>
<given-names>Andrzej</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0020"><sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Sing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0021"><sup>21</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lepine</surname>
<given-names>Jean‐Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0022"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0025" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levinson</surname>
<given-names>Daphna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0023"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0026" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elena Medina‐Mora</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0024"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0027" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakamura</surname>
<given-names>Yosikazu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0025"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0028" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarro‐Mateu</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0026"><sup>26</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0029" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pennell</surname>
<given-names>Beth‐Ellen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0027"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0030" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Posada‐Villa</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0028"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0031" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>Kate</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0029"><sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0032" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stein</surname>
<given-names>Dan J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0030"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0033" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ten Have</surname>
<given-names>Margreet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0031"><sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0034" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname>
<given-names>Yolanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0032"><sup>32</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0035" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zarkov</surname>
<given-names>Zahari</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0033"><sup>33</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0036" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatterji</surname>
<given-names>Somnath</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0034"><sup>34</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0037" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kessler</surname>
<given-names>Ronald C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="wps20457-aff-0004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0038" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">on behalf of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Surveys collaborators</collab>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="wps20457-note-0001"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="wps20457-cr-0039" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adamowski</surname>
<given-names>Tomasz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0040" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguilar‐Gaxiola</surname>
<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0041" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al‐Hamzawi</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0042" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al‐Kaisy</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0043" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso</surname>
<given-names>Jordi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0044" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Altwaijri</surname>
<given-names>Yasmin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0045" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andrade</surname>
<given-names>Laura Helena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0046" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Atwoli</surname>
<given-names>Lukoye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0047" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Auerbach</surname>
<given-names>Randy P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0048" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Axinn</surname>
<given-names>William G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0049" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benjet</surname>
<given-names>Corina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0050" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borges</surname>
<given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0051" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bromet</surname>
<given-names>Evelyn J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0052" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bruffaerts</surname>
<given-names>Ronny</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0053" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bunting</surname>
<given-names>Brendan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0054" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caldas de Almeida</surname>
<given-names>José Miguel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0055" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cardoso</surname>
<given-names>Graça</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0056" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chardoul</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0057" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatterji</surname>
<given-names>Somnath</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0058" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Filho</surname>
<given-names>Alexandre Chiavegatto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0059" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cia</surname>
<given-names>Alfredo H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0060" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cuijpers</surname>
<given-names>Pim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0061" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Degenhardt</surname>
<given-names>Louisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0062" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Girolamo</surname>
<given-names>Giovanni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0063" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Graaf</surname>
<given-names>Ron</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0064" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Jonge</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0065" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ebert</surname>
<given-names>David D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0066" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans‐Lacko</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0067" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fayyad</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0068" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Florescu</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0069" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galea</surname>
<given-names>Sandro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0070" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Germine</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0071" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ghimire</surname>
<given-names>Dirgha J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0072" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilman</surname>
<given-names>Stephen E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0073" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glantz</surname>
<given-names>Meyer D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0074" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gluzman</surname>
<given-names>Semyon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0075" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gureje</surname>
<given-names>Oye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0076" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haro</surname>
<given-names>Josep Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0077" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Meredith G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0078" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Yanling</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0079" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hinkov</surname>
<given-names>Hristo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0080" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Chi‐Yi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0081" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Yueqin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0082" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karam</surname>
<given-names>Aimee Nasser</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0083" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karam</surname>
<given-names>Elie G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0084" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kawakami</surname>
<given-names>Norito</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0085" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kessler</surname>
<given-names>Ronald C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0086" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kiejna</surname>
<given-names>Andrzej</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0087" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koenen</surname>
<given-names>Karestan C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0088" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kovess‐Masfety</surname>
<given-names>Viviane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0089" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>Carmen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0090" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Sing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0091" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lepine</surname>
<given-names>Jean‐Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0092" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levav</surname>
<given-names>Itzhak</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0093" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levinson</surname>
<given-names>Daphna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0094" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Zhaorui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0095" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martins</surname>
<given-names>Silvia S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0096" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McGrath</surname>
<given-names>John J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0097" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McLaughlin</surname>
<given-names>Katie A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0098" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Medina‐Mora</surname>
<given-names>Maria Elena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0099" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mneimneh</surname>
<given-names>Zeina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0100" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moskalewicz</surname>
<given-names>Jacek</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0101" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarro‐Mateu</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0102" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nock</surname>
<given-names>Matthew K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0103" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Neill</surname>
<given-names>Siobhan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0104" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ormel</surname>
<given-names>Johan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0105" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pennell</surname>
<given-names>Beth‐Ellen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0106" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piazza</surname>
<given-names>Marina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0107" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piotrowski</surname>
<given-names>Patryk</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0108" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Posada‐Villa</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0109" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruscio</surname>
<given-names>Ayelet M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0110" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>Kate M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0111" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slade</surname>
<given-names>Tim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0112" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smoller</surname>
<given-names>Jordan W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0113" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stagnaro</surname>
<given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0114" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stein</surname>
<given-names>Dan J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0115" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Street</surname>
<given-names>Amy E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0116" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tachimori</surname>
<given-names>Hisateru</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0117" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ten Have</surname>
<given-names>Margreet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0118" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thornicroft</surname>
<given-names>Graham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0119" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname>
<given-names>Yolanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0120" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vilagut</surname>
<given-names>Gemma</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0121" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Viana</surname>
<given-names>Maria Carmen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0122" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wells</surname>
<given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0123" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>David R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0124" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>Michelle A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0125" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wojtyniak</surname>
<given-names>Bogdan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="wps20457-cr-0126" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zaslavsky</surname>
<given-names>Alan M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="contrib" rid="wps20457-cr-0038"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0001"><label><sup>1</sup>
</label>
<institution>National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Sydney</named-content>
<country country="AU">Australia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0002"><label><sup>2</sup>
</label>
<institution>Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
<named-content content-type="country-part">MD</named-content>
<country country="US">USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0003"><label><sup>3</sup>
</label>
<institution>Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
<country country="GB">UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0004"><label><sup>4</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Health Care Policy</named-content>
<institution>Harvard Medical School</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
<named-content content-type="country-part">MA</named-content>
<country country="US">USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0005"><label><sup>5</sup>
</label>
<institution>Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Sacramento</named-content>
<named-content content-type="country-part">CA</named-content>
<country country="US">USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0006"><label><sup>6</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">College of Medicine</named-content>
<institution>Al‐Qadisiya University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Diwaniya Governorate</named-content>
<country country="IQ">Iraq</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0007"><label><sup>7</sup>
</label>
<institution>Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Pompeu Fabra University; and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0008"><label><sup>8</sup>
</label>
<institution>Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0009"><label><sup>9</sup>
</label>
<institution>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum ‐ Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Leuven</named-content>
<country country="BE">Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0010"><label><sup>10</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">School of Psychology</named-content>
<institution>Ulster University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Londonderry</named-content>
<country country="GB">UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0011"><label><sup>11</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine</named-content>
<institution>Stony Brook</institution>
<named-content content-type="country-part">NY</named-content>
<country country="US">USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0012"><label><sup>12</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Chronic Diseases Research Center and Department of Mental Health</named-content>
<institution>Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0013"><label><sup>13</sup>
</label>
<institution>IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Brescia</named-content>
<country country="IT">Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0014"><label><sup>14</sup>
</label>
<institution>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Bucharest</named-content>
<country country="RO">Romania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0015"><label><sup>15</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychiatry</named-content>
<institution>University College Hospital</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Ibadan</named-content>
<country country="NG">Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0016"><label><sup>16</sup>
</label>
<institution>Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0017"><label><sup>17</sup>
</label>
<institution>Institute of Mental Health, Peking University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
<country country="CN">China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0018"><label><sup>18</sup>
</label>
<institution>Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Beirut</named-content>
<country country="LB">Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0019"><label><sup>19</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine</named-content>
<institution>Balamand University Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St. George Hospital University Medical Center</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Beirut</named-content>
<country country="LB">Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0020"><label><sup>20</sup>
</label>
<institution>Wroclaw Medical University, University of Lower Silesia</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Wroclaw</named-content>
<country country="PL">Poland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0021"><label><sup>21</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychiatry</named-content>
<institution>Chinese University of Hong Kong</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Tai Po</named-content>
<country country="HK">Hong Kong</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0022"><label><sup>22</sup>
</label>
<institution>Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM UMR‐S 1144, Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes Universities</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Paris</named-content>
<country country="FR">France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0023"><label><sup>23</sup>
</label>
<institution>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health</institution>
<country country="IL">Israel</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0024"><label><sup>24</sup>
</label>
<institution>National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Mexico City</named-content>
<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0025"><label><sup>25</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Public Health</named-content>
<institution>Jichi Medical University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Shimotsuke</named-content>
<country country="JP">Japan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0026"><label><sup>26</sup>
</label>
<institution>Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
<country country="ES">Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0027"><label><sup>27</sup>
</label>
<institution>Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Ann Arbor</named-content>
<named-content content-type="country-part">MI</named-content>
<country country="US">USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0028"><label><sup>28</sup>
</label>
<institution>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Bogota</named-content>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0029"><label><sup>29</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychological Medicine</named-content>
<institution>University of Otago</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Dunedin</named-content>
<named-content content-type="country-part">Otago</named-content>
<country country="NZ">New Zealand</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0030"><label><sup>30</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health</named-content>
<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Cape Town</named-content>
<country country="ZA">South Africa</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0031"><label><sup>31</sup>
</label>
<institution>Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Utrecht</named-content>
<country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0032"><label><sup>32</sup>
</label>
<institution>Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Medellin</named-content>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0033"><label><sup>33</sup>
</label>
<institution>Directorate for Mental Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Sofia</named-content>
<country country="BG">Bulgaria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="wps20457-aff-0034"><label><sup>34</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Department of Information</named-content>
<institution>Evidence and Research, World Health Organization</institution>
<named-content content-type="city">Geneva</named-content>
<country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn id="wps20457-note-0001"><label>†</label>
<p>The collaborators of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys are listed in the Appendix</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/wps.v16.3</issue-id>
<fpage>299</fpage>
<lpage>307</lpage>
<permissions><pmc-comment> © 2017 World Psychiatric Association </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2017 World Psychiatric Association</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="file:WPS-16-299.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Substance use is a major cause of disability globally. This has been recognized in the recent United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which treatment coverage for substance use disorders is identified as one of the indicators. There have been no estimates of this treatment coverage cross‐nationally, making it difficult to know what is the baseline for that SDG target. Here we report data from the World Health Organization (WHO)'s World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS), based on representative community household surveys in 26 countries. We assessed the 12‐month prevalence of substance use disorders (alcohol or drug abuse/dependence); the proportion of people with these disorders who were aware that they needed treatment and who wished to receive care; the proportion of those seeking care who received it; and the proportion of such treatment that met minimal standards for treatment quality (“minimally adequate treatment”). Among the 70,880 participants, 2.6% met 12‐month criteria for substance use disorders; the prevalence was higher in upper‐middle income (3.3%) than in high‐income (2.6%) and low/lower‐middle income (2.0%) countries. Overall, 39.1% of those with 12‐month substance use disorders recognized a treatment need; this recognition was more common in high‐income (43.1%) than in upper‐middle (35.6%) and low/lower‐middle income (31.5%) countries. Among those who recognized treatment need, 61.3% made at least one visit to a service provider, and 29.5% of the latter received minimally adequate treatment exposure (35.3% in high, 20.3% in upper‐middle, and 8.6% in low/lower‐middle income countries). Overall, only 7.1% of those with past‐year substance use disorders received minimally adequate treatment: 10.3% in high income, 4.3% in upper‐middle income and 1.0% in low/lower‐middle income countries. These data suggest that only a small minority of people with substance use disorders receive even minimally adequate treatment. At least three barriers are involved: awareness/perceived treatment need, accessing treatment once a need is recognized, and compliance (on the part of both provider and client) to obtain adequate treatment. Various factors are likely to be involved in each of these three barriers, all of which need to be addressed to improve treatment coverage of substance use disorders. These data provide a baseline for the global monitoring of progress of treatment coverage for these disorders as an indicator within the SDGs.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0001">Substance use disorders</kwd>
<kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0002">alcohol</kwd>
<kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0003">drugs</kwd>
<kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0004">treatment coverage</kwd>
<kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0005">World Health Organization</kwd>
<kwd id="wps20457-kwd-0006">United Nations Sustainable Development Goals</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source>WHO's WMHS
</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>US National Institute of Mental Health
</funding-source>
<award-id>R01 MH070884
</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>MacArthur Foundation</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Pfizer Foundation</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>US Public Health Service
</funding-source>
<award-id>R13‐MH066849, R01‐MH069864 and R01 DA016558
</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Fogarty International Center
</funding-source>
<award-id>R03‐TW006481
</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Pan American Health Organization</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Eli Lilly and Company</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Ortho‐McNeil Pharmaceutical Inc.</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>GlaxoSmithKline</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Bristol‐Myers Squibb</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Shire</funding-source>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
</funding-source>
<award-id>1081984
</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group><funding-source>NHMRC Principal Research
</funding-source>
<award-id>1041472
</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count>
<table-count count="3"></table-count>
<page-count count="9"></page-count>
<word-count count="6840"></word-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name>
<meta-value>2.0</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta><meta-name>component-id</meta-name>
<meta-value>wps20457</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name>
<meta-value>October 2017</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
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