Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior</title><author><name sortKey="Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil" sort="Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil" uniqKey="Bouzouggar A" first="Abdeljalil" last="Bouzouggar">Abdeljalil Bouzouggar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine, 10001 Rabat, Morocco;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Nick" sort="Barton, Nick" uniqKey="Barton N" first="Nick" last="Barton">Nick Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhaeren, Marian" sort="Vanhaeren, Marian" uniqKey="Vanhaeren M" first="Marian" last="Vanhaeren">Marian Vanhaeren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Ethnologie Préhistorique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7041 ArScAn, F-92023 Nanterre, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Errico, Francesco" sort="D Errico, Francesco" uniqKey="D Errico F" first="Francesco" last="D'Errico">Francesco D'Errico</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, PACEA, F-33405 Talence, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collcutt, Simon" sort="Collcutt, Simon" uniqKey="Collcutt S" first="Simon" last="Collcutt">Simon Collcutt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Oxford Archaeological Associates Ltd., Oxford OX4 1LH, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higham, Tom" sort="Higham, Tom" uniqKey="Higham T" first="Tom" last="Higham">Tom Higham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodge, Edward" sort="Hodge, Edward" uniqKey="Hodge E" first="Edward" last="Hodge">Edward Hodge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parfitt, Simon" sort="Parfitt, Simon" uniqKey="Parfitt S" first="Simon" last="Parfitt">Simon Parfitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, Edward" sort="Rhodes, Edward" uniqKey="Rhodes E" first="Edward" last="Rhodes">Edward Rhodes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Research Schools of Earth Sciences and of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwenninger, Jean Luc" sort="Schwenninger, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Schwenninger J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Schwenninger">Jean-Luc Schwenninger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Chris" sort="Stringer, Chris" uniqKey="Stringer C" first="Chris" last="Stringer">Chris Stringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Elaine" sort="Turner, Elaine" uniqKey="Turner E" first="Elaine" last="Turner">Elaine Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (RGZM), Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, 56567 Neuwied, Germany;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Steven" sort="Ward, Steven" uniqKey="Ward S" first="Steven" last="Ward">Steven Ward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff14">Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutmir, Abdelkrim" sort="Moutmir, Abdelkrim" uniqKey="Moutmir A" first="Abdelkrim" last="Moutmir">Abdelkrim Moutmir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratoire des Recherches d'Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques de la Gendarmerie Royale, 10001 Rabat, Morocco</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stambouli, Abdelhamid" sort="Stambouli, Abdelhamid" uniqKey="Stambouli A" first="Abdelhamid" last="Stambouli">Abdelhamid Stambouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratoire des Recherches d'Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques de la Gendarmerie Royale, 10001 Rabat, Morocco</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17548808</idno><idno type="pmc">1891266</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891266</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1891266</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0703877104</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C20</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C20</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior</title><author><name sortKey="Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil" sort="Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil" uniqKey="Bouzouggar A" first="Abdeljalil" last="Bouzouggar">Abdeljalil Bouzouggar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine, 10001 Rabat, Morocco;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barton, Nick" sort="Barton, Nick" uniqKey="Barton N" first="Nick" last="Barton">Nick Barton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhaeren, Marian" sort="Vanhaeren, Marian" uniqKey="Vanhaeren M" first="Marian" last="Vanhaeren">Marian Vanhaeren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Ethnologie Préhistorique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7041 ArScAn, F-92023 Nanterre, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Errico, Francesco" sort="D Errico, Francesco" uniqKey="D Errico F" first="Francesco" last="D'Errico">Francesco D'Errico</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, PACEA, F-33405 Talence, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collcutt, Simon" sort="Collcutt, Simon" uniqKey="Collcutt S" first="Simon" last="Collcutt">Simon Collcutt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Oxford Archaeological Associates Ltd., Oxford OX4 1LH, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higham, Tom" sort="Higham, Tom" uniqKey="Higham T" first="Tom" last="Higham">Tom Higham</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hodge, Edward" sort="Hodge, Edward" uniqKey="Hodge E" first="Edward" last="Hodge">Edward Hodge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parfitt, Simon" sort="Parfitt, Simon" uniqKey="Parfitt S" first="Simon" last="Parfitt">Simon Parfitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, Edward" sort="Rhodes, Edward" uniqKey="Rhodes E" first="Edward" last="Rhodes">Edward Rhodes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Research Schools of Earth Sciences and of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwenninger, Jean Luc" sort="Schwenninger, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Schwenninger J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Schwenninger">Jean-Luc Schwenninger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Chris" sort="Stringer, Chris" uniqKey="Stringer C" first="Chris" last="Stringer">Chris Stringer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Elaine" sort="Turner, Elaine" uniqKey="Turner E" first="Elaine" last="Turner">Elaine Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (RGZM), Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, 56567 Neuwied, Germany;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Steven" sort="Ward, Steven" uniqKey="Ward S" first="Steven" last="Ward">Steven Ward</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff14">Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutmir, Abdelkrim" sort="Moutmir, Abdelkrim" uniqKey="Moutmir A" first="Abdelkrim" last="Moutmir">Abdelkrim Moutmir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratoire des Recherches d'Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques de la Gendarmerie Royale, 10001 Rabat, Morocco</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stambouli, Abdelhamid" sort="Stambouli, Abdelhamid" uniqKey="Stambouli A" first="Abdelhamid" last="Stambouli">Abdelhamid Stambouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratoire des Recherches d'Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques de la Gendarmerie Royale, 10001 Rabat, Morocco</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The first appearance of explicitly symbolic objects in the archaeological record marks a fundamental stage in the emergence of modern social behavior in <italic>Homo</italic>. Ornaments such as shell beads represent some of the earliest objects of this kind. We report on examples of perforated <italic>Nassarius gibbosulus</italic> shell beads from Grotte des Pigeons (Taforalt, Morocco), North Africa. These marine shells come from archaeological levels dated by luminescence and uranium-series techniques to ≈82,000 years ago. They confirm evidence of similar ornaments from other less well dated sites in North Africa and adjacent areas of southwest Asia. The shells are of the same genus as shell beads from slightly younger levels at Blombos Cave in South Africa. Wear patterns on the shells imply that some of them were suspended, and, as at Blombos, they were covered in red ochre. These findings imply an early distribution of bead-making in Africa and southwest Asia at least 40 millennia before the appearance of similar cultural manifestations in Europe.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17548808</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1891266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6614</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0703877104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>From the Cover</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bouzouggar</surname><given-names>Abdeljalil</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barton</surname><given-names>Nick</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vanhaeren</surname><given-names>Marian</given-names></name><xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>d'Errico</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff"><sup>f</sup></xref><xref rid="aff6" ref-type="aff"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Collcutt</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref rid="aff7" ref-type="aff"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Higham</surname><given-names>Tom</given-names></name><xref rid="aff8" ref-type="aff"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hodge</surname><given-names>Edward</given-names></name><xref rid="aff9" ref-type="aff"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parfitt</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref rid="aff10" ref-type="aff"><sup>k</sup></xref><xref rid="aff11" ref-type="aff"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>Edward</given-names></name><xref rid="aff12" ref-type="aff"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwenninger</surname><given-names>Jean-Luc</given-names></name><xref rid="aff8" ref-type="aff"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stringer</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref rid="aff10" ref-type="aff"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>Elaine</given-names></name><xref rid="aff13" ref-type="aff"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>Steven</given-names></name><xref rid="aff14" ref-type="aff"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moutmir</surname><given-names>Abdelkrim</given-names></name><xref rid="aff15" ref-type="aff"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stambouli</surname><given-names>Abdelhamid</given-names></name><xref rid="aff15" ref-type="aff"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine, 10001 Rabat, Morocco;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PG, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>d</sup>Ethnologie Préhistorique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7041 ArScAn, F-92023 Nanterre, France;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>e</sup>Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>f</sup>Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, PACEA, F-33405 Talence, France;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>g</sup>Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>h</sup>Oxford Archaeological Associates Ltd., Oxford OX4 1LH, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>i</sup>Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>j</sup>School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>k</sup>Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>l</sup>Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>m</sup>Research Schools of Earth Sciences and of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>n</sup>Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz (RGZM), Forschungsbereich Altsteinzeit, 56567 Neuwied, Germany;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>o</sup>Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; and</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>p</sup>Laboratoire des Recherches d'Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques de la Gendarmerie Royale, 10001 Rabat, Morocco</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>c</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>nick.barton@arch.ox.ac.uk</email></corresp><fn fn-type="com"><p>Communicated by Erik Trinkaus, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, April 28, 2007</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: A.B., N.B., M.V., F.d., S.C., and C.S. designed research; A.B., N.B., M.V., F.d., S.C., T.H., E.H., S.P., E.R., J.-L.S., C.S., E.T., S.W., A.M., and A.S. performed research; A.B., N.B., M.V., F.d., S.C., T.H., E.H., S.P., E.R., J.-L.S., C.S., E.T., S.W., A.M., and A.S. analyzed data; and A.B., N.B., M.V., F.d., S.C., E.H., S.P., E.R., J.-L.S., C.S., E.T., and S.W. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>6</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>24</issue><fpage>9964</fpage><lpage>9969</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>3</month><year>2007</year></date></history><copyright-statement>© 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zpq02407009964.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The first appearance of explicitly symbolic objects in the archaeological record marks a fundamental stage in the emergence of modern social behavior in <italic>Homo</italic>. Ornaments such as shell beads represent some of the earliest objects of this kind. We report on examples of perforated <italic>Nassarius gibbosulus</italic> shell beads from Grotte des Pigeons (Taforalt, Morocco), North Africa. These marine shells come from archaeological levels dated by luminescence and uranium-series techniques to ≈82,000 years ago. They confirm evidence of similar ornaments from other less well dated sites in North Africa and adjacent areas of southwest Asia. The shells are of the same genus as shell beads from slightly younger levels at Blombos Cave in South Africa. Wear patterns on the shells imply that some of them were suspended, and, as at Blombos, they were covered in red ochre. These findings imply an early distribution of bead-making in Africa and southwest Asia at least 40 millennia before the appearance of similar cultural manifestations in Europe.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>anatomically modern humans</kwd><kwd><italic>Nassarius</italic> shells</kwd><kwd>modern behavior</kwd><kwd>Middle Palaeolithic</kwd><kwd>optically stimulated luminescence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001C20 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001C20 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |