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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Flight–crash events in turbulence</title><author><name sortKey="Xu, Haitao" sort="Xu, Haitao" uniqKey="Xu H" first="Haitao" last="Xu">Haitao Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pumir, Alain" sort="Pumir, Alain" uniqKey="Pumir A" first="Alain" last="Pumir">Alain Pumir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Laboratoire de Physique,<institution>Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon 1 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, F-69007 Lyon,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falkovich, Gregory" sort="Falkovich, Gregory" uniqKey="Falkovich G" first="Gregory" last="Falkovich">Gregory Falkovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Physics of Complex Systems,<institution>The Weizmann Institute of Science</institution>, Rehovot 76100,<country>Israel</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute for Information Transmission Problems</institution>, Moscow 127994,<country>Russia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodenschatz, Eberhard" sort="Bodenschatz, Eberhard" uniqKey="Bodenschatz E" first="Eberhard" last="Bodenschatz">Eberhard Bodenschatz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,<institution>Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14853;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shats, Michael" sort="Shats, Michael" uniqKey="Shats M" first="Michael" last="Shats">Michael Shats</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Hua" sort="Xia, Hua" uniqKey="Xia H" first="Hua" last="Xia">Hua Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francois, Nicolas" sort="Francois, Nicolas" uniqKey="Francois N" first="Nicolas" last="Francois">Nicolas Francois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boffetta, Guido" sort="Boffetta, Guido" uniqKey="Boffetta G" first="Guido" last="Boffetta">Guido Boffetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,<institution>University of Torino</institution>, I-10125 Turin,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24794529</idno><idno type="pmc">4040622</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040622</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4040622</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1321682111</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B95</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B95</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Flight–crash events in turbulence</title><author><name sortKey="Xu, Haitao" sort="Xu, Haitao" uniqKey="Xu H" first="Haitao" last="Xu">Haitao Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pumir, Alain" sort="Pumir, Alain" uniqKey="Pumir A" first="Alain" last="Pumir">Alain Pumir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Laboratoire de Physique,<institution>Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon 1 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, F-69007 Lyon,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falkovich, Gregory" sort="Falkovich, Gregory" uniqKey="Falkovich G" first="Gregory" last="Falkovich">Gregory Falkovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Physics of Complex Systems,<institution>The Weizmann Institute of Science</institution>, Rehovot 76100,<country>Israel</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute for Information Transmission Problems</institution>, Moscow 127994,<country>Russia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodenschatz, Eberhard" sort="Bodenschatz, Eberhard" uniqKey="Bodenschatz E" first="Eberhard" last="Bodenschatz">Eberhard Bodenschatz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,<institution>Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14853;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shats, Michael" sort="Shats, Michael" uniqKey="Shats M" first="Michael" last="Shats">Michael Shats</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Hua" sort="Xia, Hua" uniqKey="Xia H" first="Hua" last="Xia">Hua Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francois, Nicolas" sort="Francois, Nicolas" uniqKey="Francois N" first="Nicolas" last="Francois">Nicolas Francois</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff8">Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boffetta, Guido" sort="Boffetta, Guido" uniqKey="Boffetta G" first="Guido" last="Boffetta">Guido Boffetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,<institution>University of Torino</institution>, I-10125 Turin,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Irreversibility is a fundamental aspect of the evolution of natural systems, and quantifying its manifestations is a challenge in any attempt to describe nonequilibrium systems. In the case of fluid turbulence, an emblematic example of a system very far from equilibrium, we show that the motion of a single fluid particle provides a clear manifestation of time irreversibility. Namely, we observe that fluid particles tend to lose kinetic energy faster than they gain it. This is best seen by the presence of rare “flight–crash” events, where fast moving particles suddenly decelerate into a region where fluid motion is slow. Remarkably, the statistical signature of these events establishes a quantitative relation between the degree of irreversibility and turbulence intensity.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24794529</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4040622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201321682</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1321682111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physics</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Flight–crash events in turbulence</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Flight–crash events in turbulence</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Haitao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pumir</surname><given-names>Alain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Falkovich</surname><given-names>Gregory</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bodenschatz</surname><given-names>Eberhard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shats</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xia</surname><given-names>Hua</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Francois</surname><given-names>Nicolas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boffetta</surname><given-names>Guido</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup><institution>International Collaboration for Turbulence Research</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup><institution>Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Laboratoire de Physique,<institution>Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon 1 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</institution>, F-69007 Lyon,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Physics of Complex Systems,<institution>The Weizmann Institute of Science</institution>, Rehovot 76100,<country>Israel</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup><institution>Institute for Information Transmission Problems</institution>, Moscow 127994,<country>Russia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, D-37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,<institution>Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca,<addr-line>NY</addr-line> 14853;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Research School of Physics and Engineering,<institution>The Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT 0200,<country>Australia</country>; and</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Department of Physics and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,<institution>University of Torino</institution>, I-10125 Turin,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>eberhard.bodenschatz@ds.mpg.de</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Harry L. Swinney, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved March 24, 2014 (received for review November 20, 2013)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: H. Xu, A.P., G.F., and E.B. designed research; H. Xu, A.P., G.F., E.B., M.S., H. Xia, N.F., and G.B. performed research; H. Xu, A.P., G.F., E.B., M.S., H. Xia, N.F., and G.B. analyzed data; and H. Xu, A.P., G.F., and E.B. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>27</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>111</volume><issue>21</issue><fpage>7558</fpage><lpage>7563</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201321682.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Irreversibility is a fundamental aspect of the evolution of natural systems, and quantifying its manifestations is a challenge in any attempt to describe nonequilibrium systems. In the case of fluid turbulence, an emblematic example of a system very far from equilibrium, we show that the motion of a single fluid particle provides a clear manifestation of time irreversibility. Namely, we observe that fluid particles tend to lose kinetic energy faster than they gain it. This is best seen by the presence of rare “flight–crash” events, where fast moving particles suddenly decelerate into a region where fluid motion is slow. Remarkably, the statistical signature of these events establishes a quantitative relation between the degree of irreversibility and turbulence intensity.</p></abstract><abstract><p>The statistical properties of turbulence differ in an essential way from those of systems in or near thermal equilibrium because of the flux of energy between vastly different scales at which energy is supplied and at which it is dissipated. We elucidate this difference by studying experimentally and numerically the fluctuations of the energy of a small fluid particle moving in a turbulent fluid. We demonstrate how the fundamental property of detailed balance is broken, so that the probabilities of forward and backward transitions are not equal for turbulence. In physical terms, we found that in a large set of flow configurations, fluid elements decelerate faster than accelerate, a feature known all too well from driving in dense traffic. The statistical signature of rare “flight–crash” events, associated with fast particle deceleration, provides a way to quantify irreversibility in a turbulent flow. Namely, we find that the third moment of the power fluctuations along a trajectory, nondimensionalized by the energy flux, displays a remarkable power law as a function of the Reynolds number, both in two and in three spatial dimensions. This establishes a relation between the irreversibility of the system and the range of active scales. We speculate that the breakdown of the detailed balance characterized here is a general feature of other systems very far from equilibrium, displaying a wide range of spatial scales.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>nonequilibrium systems</kwd><kwd>turbulent mixing</kwd><kwd>direct and inverse turbulent energy cascades</kwd><kwd>nonequilibrium statistical mechanics</kwd><kwd>Lagrangian description</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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