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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system</title><author><name sortKey="Vonk, Freek J" sort="Vonk, Freek J" uniqKey="Vonk F" first="Freek J." last="Vonk">Freek J. Vonk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casewell, Nicholas R" sort="Casewell, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Casewell N" first="Nicholas R." last="Casewell">Nicholas R. Casewell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, Christiaan V" sort="Henkel, Christiaan V" uniqKey="Henkel C" first="Christiaan V." last="Henkel">Christiaan V. Henkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heimberg, Alysha M" sort="Heimberg, Alysha M" uniqKey="Heimberg A" first="Alysha M." last="Heimberg">Alysha M. Heimberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Hans J" sort="Jansen, Hans J" uniqKey="Jansen H" first="Hans J." last="Jansen">Hans J. Jansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccleary, Ryan J R" sort="Mccleary, Ryan J R" uniqKey="Mccleary R" first="Ryan J. R." last="Mccleary">Ryan J. R. Mccleary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country> 117543;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkkamp, Harald M E" sort="Kerkkamp, Harald M E" uniqKey="Kerkkamp H" first="Harald M. E." last="Kerkkamp">Harald M. E. Kerkkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Rutger A" sort="Vos, Rutger A" uniqKey="Vos R" first="Rutger A." last="Vos">Rutger A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro, Isabel" sort="Guerreiro, Isabel" uniqKey="Guerreiro I" first="Isabel" last="Guerreiro">Isabel Guerreiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Genetics and Evolution,<institution>University of Geneva</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva 4,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvete, Juan J" sort="Calvete, Juan J" uniqKey="Calvete J" first="Juan J." last="Calvete">Juan J. Calvete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wuster, Wolfgang" sort="Wuster, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Wuster W" first="Wolfgang" last="Wüster">Wolfgang Wüster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woods, Anthony E" sort="Woods, Anthony E" uniqKey="Woods A" first="Anthony E." last="Woods">Anthony E. Woods</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,<institution>University of South Australia</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5000,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Logan, Jessica M" sort="Logan, Jessica M" uniqKey="Logan J" first="Jessica M." last="Logan">Jessica M. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,<institution>University of South Australia</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5000,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Robert A" sort="Harrison, Robert A" uniqKey="Harrison R" first="Robert A." last="Harrison">Robert A. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castoe, Todd A" sort="Castoe, Todd A" uniqKey="Castoe T" first="Todd A." last="Castoe">Todd A. Castoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Texas</institution>, Arlington,<addr-line>TX</addr-line> 76010;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Koning, A P Jason" sort="De Koning, A P Jason" uniqKey="De Koning A" first="A. P. Jason" last="De Koning">A. P. Jason De Koning</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine,<institution>University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N 4N1;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollock, David D" sort="Pollock, David D" uniqKey="Pollock D" first="David D." last="Pollock">David D. Pollock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yandell, Mark" sort="Yandell, Mark" uniqKey="Yandell M" first="Mark" last="Yandell">Mark Yandell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Human Genetics,<institution>University of Utah School of Medicine</institution>, Salt Lake City,<addr-line>UT</addr-line>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calderon, Diego" sort="Calderon, Diego" uniqKey="Calderon D" first="Diego" last="Calderon">Diego Calderon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Human Genetics,<institution>University of Utah School of Medicine</institution>, Salt Lake City,<addr-line>UT</addr-line>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renjifo, Camila" sort="Renjifo, Camila" uniqKey="Renjifo C" first="Camila" last="Renjifo">Camila Renjifo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Currier, Rachel B" sort="Currier, Rachel B" uniqKey="Currier R" first="Rachel B." last="Currier">Rachel B. Currier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salgado, David" sort="Salgado, David" uniqKey="Salgado D" first="David" last="Salgado">David Salgado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Aix-Marseille Université</institution>, Inserm, GMGF UMR_S910, 13385 Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pla, Davinia" sort="Pla, Davinia" uniqKey="Pla D" first="Davinia" last="Pla">Davinia Pla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz, Libia" sort="Sanz, Libia" uniqKey="Sanz L" first="Libia" last="Sanz">Libia Sanz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyder, Asad S" sort="Hyder, Asad S" uniqKey="Hyder A" first="Asad S." last="Hyder">Asad S. Hyder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Jose M C" sort="Ribeiro, Jose M C" uniqKey="Ribeiro J" first="José M. C." last="Ribeiro">José M. C. Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff16">Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>, Rockville,<addr-line>MD</addr-line> 20892</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arntzen, Jan W" sort="Arntzen, Jan W" uniqKey="Arntzen J" first="Jan W." last="Arntzen">Jan W. Arntzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Thillart, Guido E E J M" sort="Van Den Thillart, Guido E E J M" uniqKey="Van Den Thillart G" first="Guido E. E. J. M." last="Van Den Thillart">Guido E. E. J. M. Van Den Thillart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boetzer, Marten" sort="Boetzer, Marten" uniqKey="Boetzer M" first="Marten" last="Boetzer">Marten Boetzer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>BaseClear B.V.</institution>, 2333 CC, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirovano, Walter" sort="Pirovano, Walter" uniqKey="Pirovano W" first="Walter" last="Pirovano">Walter Pirovano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>BaseClear B.V.</institution>, 2333 CC, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dirks, Ron P" sort="Dirks, Ron P" uniqKey="Dirks R" first="Ron P." last="Dirks">Ron P. Dirks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spaink, Herman P" sort="Spaink, Herman P" uniqKey="Spaink H" first="Herman P." last="Spaink">Herman P. Spaink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duboule, Denis" sort="Duboule, Denis" uniqKey="Duboule D" first="Denis" last="Duboule">Denis Duboule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Genetics and Evolution,<institution>University of Geneva</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva 4,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcglinn, Edwina" sort="Mcglinn, Edwina" uniqKey="Mcglinn E" first="Edwina" last="Mcglinn">Edwina Mcglinn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kini, R Manjunatha" sort="Kini, R Manjunatha" uniqKey="Kini R" first="R. Manjunatha" last="Kini">R. Manjunatha Kini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country> 117543;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Michael K" sort="Richardson, Michael K" uniqKey="Richardson M" first="Michael K." last="Richardson">Michael K. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24297900</idno><idno type="pmc">3870661</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870661</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3870661</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1314702110</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B89</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B89</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system</title><author><name sortKey="Vonk, Freek J" sort="Vonk, Freek J" uniqKey="Vonk F" first="Freek J." last="Vonk">Freek J. Vonk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casewell, Nicholas R" sort="Casewell, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Casewell N" first="Nicholas R." last="Casewell">Nicholas R. Casewell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, Christiaan V" sort="Henkel, Christiaan V" uniqKey="Henkel C" first="Christiaan V." last="Henkel">Christiaan V. Henkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heimberg, Alysha M" sort="Heimberg, Alysha M" uniqKey="Heimberg A" first="Alysha M." last="Heimberg">Alysha M. Heimberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Hans J" sort="Jansen, Hans J" uniqKey="Jansen H" first="Hans J." last="Jansen">Hans J. Jansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccleary, Ryan J R" sort="Mccleary, Ryan J R" uniqKey="Mccleary R" first="Ryan J. R." last="Mccleary">Ryan J. R. Mccleary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country> 117543;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerkkamp, Harald M E" sort="Kerkkamp, Harald M E" uniqKey="Kerkkamp H" first="Harald M. E." last="Kerkkamp">Harald M. E. Kerkkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Rutger A" sort="Vos, Rutger A" uniqKey="Vos R" first="Rutger A." last="Vos">Rutger A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerreiro, Isabel" sort="Guerreiro, Isabel" uniqKey="Guerreiro I" first="Isabel" last="Guerreiro">Isabel Guerreiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Genetics and Evolution,<institution>University of Geneva</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva 4,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvete, Juan J" sort="Calvete, Juan J" uniqKey="Calvete J" first="Juan J." last="Calvete">Juan J. Calvete</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wuster, Wolfgang" sort="Wuster, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Wuster W" first="Wolfgang" last="Wüster">Wolfgang Wüster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woods, Anthony E" sort="Woods, Anthony E" uniqKey="Woods A" first="Anthony E." last="Woods">Anthony E. Woods</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,<institution>University of South Australia</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5000,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Logan, Jessica M" sort="Logan, Jessica M" uniqKey="Logan J" first="Jessica M." last="Logan">Jessica M. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,<institution>University of South Australia</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5000,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Robert A" sort="Harrison, Robert A" uniqKey="Harrison R" first="Robert A." last="Harrison">Robert A. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castoe, Todd A" sort="Castoe, Todd A" uniqKey="Castoe T" first="Todd A." last="Castoe">Todd A. Castoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Biology,<institution>University of Texas</institution>, Arlington,<addr-line>TX</addr-line> 76010;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Koning, A P Jason" sort="De Koning, A P Jason" uniqKey="De Koning A" first="A. P. Jason" last="De Koning">A. P. Jason De Koning</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine,<institution>University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N 4N1;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollock, David D" sort="Pollock, David D" uniqKey="Pollock D" first="David D." last="Pollock">David D. Pollock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yandell, Mark" sort="Yandell, Mark" uniqKey="Yandell M" first="Mark" last="Yandell">Mark Yandell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Human Genetics,<institution>University of Utah School of Medicine</institution>, Salt Lake City,<addr-line>UT</addr-line>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calderon, Diego" sort="Calderon, Diego" uniqKey="Calderon D" first="Diego" last="Calderon">Diego Calderon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Human Genetics,<institution>University of Utah School of Medicine</institution>, Salt Lake City,<addr-line>UT</addr-line>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renjifo, Camila" sort="Renjifo, Camila" uniqKey="Renjifo C" first="Camila" last="Renjifo">Camila Renjifo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Currier, Rachel B" sort="Currier, Rachel B" uniqKey="Currier R" first="Rachel B." last="Currier">Rachel B. Currier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salgado, David" sort="Salgado, David" uniqKey="Salgado D" first="David" last="Salgado">David Salgado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Aix-Marseille Université</institution>, Inserm, GMGF UMR_S910, 13385 Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pla, Davinia" sort="Pla, Davinia" uniqKey="Pla D" first="Davinia" last="Pla">Davinia Pla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz, Libia" sort="Sanz, Libia" uniqKey="Sanz L" first="Libia" last="Sanz">Libia Sanz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyder, Asad S" sort="Hyder, Asad S" uniqKey="Hyder A" first="Asad S." last="Hyder">Asad S. Hyder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Jose M C" sort="Ribeiro, Jose M C" uniqKey="Ribeiro J" first="José M. C." last="Ribeiro">José M. C. Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff16">Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>, Rockville,<addr-line>MD</addr-line> 20892</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arntzen, Jan W" sort="Arntzen, Jan W" uniqKey="Arntzen J" first="Jan W." last="Arntzen">Jan W. Arntzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Thillart, Guido E E J M" sort="Van Den Thillart, Guido E E J M" uniqKey="Van Den Thillart G" first="Guido E. E. J. M." last="Van Den Thillart">Guido E. E. J. M. Van Den Thillart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boetzer, Marten" sort="Boetzer, Marten" uniqKey="Boetzer M" first="Marten" last="Boetzer">Marten Boetzer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>BaseClear B.V.</institution>, 2333 CC, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirovano, Walter" sort="Pirovano, Walter" uniqKey="Pirovano W" first="Walter" last="Pirovano">Walter Pirovano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>BaseClear B.V.</institution>, 2333 CC, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dirks, Ron P" sort="Dirks, Ron P" uniqKey="Dirks R" first="Ron P." last="Dirks">Ron P. Dirks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spaink, Herman P" sort="Spaink, Herman P" uniqKey="Spaink H" first="Herman P." last="Spaink">Herman P. Spaink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duboule, Denis" sort="Duboule, Denis" uniqKey="Duboule D" first="Denis" last="Duboule">Denis Duboule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Genetics and Evolution,<institution>University of Geneva</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva 4,<country>Switzerland</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcglinn, Edwina" sort="Mcglinn, Edwina" uniqKey="Mcglinn E" first="Edwina" last="Mcglinn">Edwina Mcglinn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kini, R Manjunatha" sort="Kini, R Manjunatha" uniqKey="Kini R" first="R. Manjunatha" last="Kini">R. Manjunatha Kini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country> 117543;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Michael K" sort="Richardson, Michael K" uniqKey="Richardson M" first="Michael K." last="Richardson">Michael K. Richardson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Snake venoms are toxic protein cocktails used for prey capture. To investigate the evolution of these complex biological weapon systems, we sequenced the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra, and assessed the composition of venom gland expressed genes, small RNAs, and secreted venom proteins. We show that regulatory components of the venom secretory system may have evolved from a pancreatic origin and that venom toxin genes were co-opted by distinct genomic mechanisms. After co-option, toxin genes important for prey capture have massively expanded by gene duplication and evolved under positive selection, resulting in protein neofunctionalization. This diverse and dramatic venom-related genomic response seemingly occurs in response to a coevolutionary arms race between venomous snakes and their prey.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24297900</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3870661</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201314702</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1314702110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolution</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>From the Cover</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">King cobra genome and snake venom evolution</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vonk</surname><given-names>Freek J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Casewell</surname><given-names>Nicholas R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henkel</surname><given-names>Christiaan V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heimberg</surname><given-names>Alysha M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jansen</surname><given-names>Hans J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCleary</surname><given-names>Ryan J. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kerkkamp</surname><given-names>Harald M. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>Rutger A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guerreiro</surname><given-names>Isabel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Calvete</surname><given-names>Juan J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wüster</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woods</surname><given-names>Anthony E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Logan</surname><given-names>Jessica M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname><given-names>Robert A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castoe</surname><given-names>Todd A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Koning</surname><given-names>A. P. Jason</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pollock</surname><given-names>David D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yandell</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Calderon</surname><given-names>Diego</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Renjifo</surname><given-names>Camila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Currier</surname><given-names>Rachel B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salgado</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pla</surname><given-names>Davinia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanz</surname><given-names>Libia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hyder</surname><given-names>Asad S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>José M. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arntzen</surname><given-names>Jan W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van den Thillart</surname><given-names>Guido E. E. J. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boetzer</surname><given-names>Marten</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pirovano</surname><given-names>Walter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dirks</surname><given-names>Ron P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spaink</surname><given-names>Herman P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duboule</surname><given-names>Denis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McGlinn</surname><given-names>Edwina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kini</surname><given-names>R. Manjunatha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>Michael K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>, 2333 CR, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Institute of Biology Leiden,<institution>Leiden University</institution>, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences,<institution>Bangor University</institution>, Bangor LL57 2UW,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit,<institution>Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</institution>, Liverpool L3 5QA,<country>United Kingdom</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup><institution>ZF-Screens</institution> B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute,<institution>Monash University</institution>, Clayton, 3800,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Department of Biological Sciences,<institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country> 117543;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Department of Genetics and Evolution,<institution>University of Geneva</institution>, CH-1211 Geneva 4,<country>Switzerland</country>;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia,<institution>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain)</institution>, 11 46010 Valencia,<country>Spain</country>;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,<institution>University of South Australia</institution>, Adelaide, SA 5000,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,<institution>University of Colorado School of Medicine</institution>, Aurora,<addr-line>CO</addr-line> 80045;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Department of Biology,<institution>University of Texas</institution>, Arlington,<addr-line>TX</addr-line> 76010;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine,<institution>University of Calgary and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N 4N1;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup>Department of Human Genetics,<institution>University of Utah School of Medicine</institution>, Salt Lake City,<addr-line>UT</addr-line>;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>o</sup><institution>Aix-Marseille Université</institution>, Inserm, GMGF UMR_S910, 13385 Marseille,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>p</sup>Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,<institution>National Institutes of Health</institution>, Rockville,<addr-line>MD</addr-line> 20892; and</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>q</sup><institution>BaseClear B.V.</institution>, 2333 CC, Leiden,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>2</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>M.K.Richardson@biology.leidenuniv.nl</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved October 22, 2013 (received for review August 2, 2013)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: F.J.V., N.R.C., and M.K.R. designed research; F.J.V. acquired samples for sequencing and estimated genome size; H.J.J., and R.P.D. prepared sequencing libraries; M.B., and W.P. developed assembly software; C.V.H. assembled the genome; H.J.J., M.Y., D.C., and H.P.S. annotated the genome; J.M.C.R. assembled and annotated RNA-seq libraries; F.J.V., N.R.C., H.M.E.K., and A.S.H. analyzed RNA-seq libraries; A.M.H., D.S., and E.M. annotated and analyzed small RNA libraries; H.M.E.K., I.G., H.P.S., and D.D. annotated and analyzed Hox genes; F.J.V., N.R.C., C.V.H., R.J.R.M., H.M.E.K., A.S.H., R.P.D., R.M.K., and M.K.R. annotated venom toxin genes and performed synteny analyses; N.R.C., R.A.V., and W.W. analyzed gene family evolution; A.M.H. performed miRNA in situ hybridization; A.E.W., and J.M.L. performed lectin in situ hybridization; N.R.C., R.J.R.M., J.J.C., R.A.H., C.R., R.B.C., D.P., L.S., and R.M.K. analyzed the venom proteome; T.A.C., A.P.J.d.K., and D.D.P. contributed Burmese python genome data and assisted with comparative analyses; H.J.J., J.W.A., G.E.E.J.M.v.d.T., R.P.D., H.P.S., and M.K.R. organized sequencing platforms and facilities; F.J.V., N.R.C., W.W., and M.K.R. wrote the paper.</p></fn><fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1"><p><sup>1</sup>F.J.V. and N.R.C. contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>110</volume><issue>51</issue><fpage>20651</fpage><lpage>20656</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201314702.pdf"></self-uri><related-article id="d35e615" related-article-type="companion" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1073/pnas.1314475110"></related-article><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Snake venoms are toxic protein cocktails used for prey capture. To investigate the evolution of these complex biological weapon systems, we sequenced the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra, and assessed the composition of venom gland expressed genes, small RNAs, and secreted venom proteins. We show that regulatory components of the venom secretory system may have evolved from a pancreatic origin and that venom toxin genes were co-opted by distinct genomic mechanisms. After co-option, toxin genes important for prey capture have massively expanded by gene duplication and evolved under positive selection, resulting in protein neofunctionalization. This diverse and dramatic venom-related genomic response seemingly occurs in response to a coevolutionary arms race between venomous snakes and their prey.</p></abstract><abstract><p>Snakes are limbless predators, and many species use venom to help overpower relatively large, agile prey. Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several multilocus gene families that function synergistically to cause incapacitation. To examine venom evolution, we sequenced and interrogated the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra (<italic>Ophiophagus hannah</italic>), and compared it, together with our unique transcriptome, microRNA, and proteome datasets from this species, with data from other vertebrates. In contrast to the platypus, the only other venomous vertebrate with a sequenced genome, we find that snake toxin genes evolve through several distinct co-option mechanisms and exhibit surprisingly variable levels of gene duplication and directional selection that correlate with their functional importance in prey capture. The enigmatic accessory venom gland shows a very different pattern of toxin gene expression from the main venom gland and seems to have recruited toxin-like lectin genes repeatedly for new nontoxic functions. In addition, tissue-specific microRNA analyses suggested the co-option of core genetic regulatory components of the venom secretory system from a pancreatic origin. Although the king cobra is limbless, we recovered coding sequences for all <italic>Hox</italic> genes involved in amniote limb development, with the exception of <italic>Hoxd12</italic>. Our results provide a unique view of the origin and evolution of snake venom and reveal multiple genome-level adaptive responses to natural selection in this complex biological weapon system. More generally, they provide insight into mechanisms of protein evolution under strong selection.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>genomics</kwd><kwd>phylogenetics</kwd><kwd>serpentes</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="6"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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