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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi</title><author><name sortKey="Duplessis, Sebastien" sort="Duplessis, Sebastien" uniqKey="Duplessis S" first="Sébastien" last="Duplessis">Sébastien Duplessis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yao Cheng" sort="Lin, Yao Cheng" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yao-Cheng" last="Lin">Yao-Cheng Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aerts, Andrea" sort="Aerts, Andrea" uniqKey="Aerts A" first="Andrea" last="Aerts">Andrea Aerts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tisserant, Emilie" sort="Tisserant, Emilie" uniqKey="Tisserant E" first="Emilie" last="Tisserant">Emilie Tisserant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" sort="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" uniqKey="Veneault Fourrey C" first="Claire" last="Veneault-Fourrey">Claire Veneault-Fourrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joly, David L" sort="Joly, David L" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David L." last="Joly">David L. Joly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hacquard, Stephane" sort="Hacquard, Stephane" uniqKey="Hacquard S" first="Stéphane" last="Hacquard">Stéphane Hacquard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amselem, Joelle" sort="Amselem, Joelle" uniqKey="Amselem J" first="Joëlle" last="Amselem">Joëlle Amselem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cantarel, Brandi L" sort="Cantarel, Brandi L" uniqKey="Cantarel B" first="Brandi L." last="Cantarel">Brandi L. Cantarel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiu, Readman" sort="Chiu, Readman" uniqKey="Chiu R" first="Readman" last="Chiu">Readman Chiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feau, Nicolas" sort="Feau, Nicolas" uniqKey="Feau N" first="Nicolas" last="Feau">Nicolas Feau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, Matthew" sort="Field, Matthew" uniqKey="Field M" first="Matthew" last="Field">Matthew Field</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frey, Pascal" sort="Frey, Pascal" uniqKey="Frey P" first="Pascal" last="Frey">Pascal Frey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelhaye, Eric" sort="Gelhaye, Eric" uniqKey="Gelhaye E" first="Eric" last="Gelhaye">Eric Gelhaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred G" sort="Grabherr, Manfred G" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred G." last="Grabherr">Manfred G. Grabherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohler, Annegret" sort="Kohler, Annegret" uniqKey="Kohler A" first="Annegret" last="Kohler">Annegret Kohler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kues, Ursula" sort="Kues, Ursula" uniqKey="Kues U" first="Ursula" last="Kües">Ursula Kües</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindquist, Erika A" sort="Lindquist, Erika A" uniqKey="Lindquist E" first="Erika A." last="Lindquist">Erika A. Lindquist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas, Susan M" sort="Lucas, Susan M" uniqKey="Lucas S" first="Susan M." last="Lucas">Susan M. Lucas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" sort="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" uniqKey="Pangilinan J" first="Jasmyn L." last="Pangilinan">Jasmyn L. Pangilinan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesneville, Hadi" sort="Quesneville, Hadi" uniqKey="Quesneville H" first="Hadi" last="Quesneville">Hadi Quesneville</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouhier, Nicolas" sort="Rouhier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rouhier N" first="Nicolas" last="Rouhier">Nicolas Rouhier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salamov, Asaf A" sort="Salamov, Asaf A" uniqKey="Salamov A" first="Asaf A." last="Salamov">Asaf A. Salamov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Selles, Benjamin" sort="Selles, Benjamin" uniqKey="Selles B" first="Benjamin" last="Selles">Benjamin Selles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanguay, Philippe" sort="Tanguay, Philippe" uniqKey="Tanguay P" first="Philippe" last="Tanguay">Philippe Tanguay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21536894</idno><idno type="pmc">3107277</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107277</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3107277</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1019315108</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B50</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B50</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi</title><author><name sortKey="Duplessis, Sebastien" sort="Duplessis, Sebastien" uniqKey="Duplessis S" first="Sébastien" last="Duplessis">Sébastien Duplessis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yao Cheng" sort="Lin, Yao Cheng" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yao-Cheng" last="Lin">Yao-Cheng Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aerts, Andrea" sort="Aerts, Andrea" uniqKey="Aerts A" first="Andrea" last="Aerts">Andrea Aerts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tisserant, Emilie" sort="Tisserant, Emilie" uniqKey="Tisserant E" first="Emilie" last="Tisserant">Emilie Tisserant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" sort="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" uniqKey="Veneault Fourrey C" first="Claire" last="Veneault-Fourrey">Claire Veneault-Fourrey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joly, David L" sort="Joly, David L" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David L." last="Joly">David L. Joly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hacquard, Stephane" sort="Hacquard, Stephane" uniqKey="Hacquard S" first="Stéphane" last="Hacquard">Stéphane Hacquard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amselem, Joelle" sort="Amselem, Joelle" uniqKey="Amselem J" first="Joëlle" last="Amselem">Joëlle Amselem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cantarel, Brandi L" sort="Cantarel, Brandi L" uniqKey="Cantarel B" first="Brandi L." last="Cantarel">Brandi L. Cantarel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiu, Readman" sort="Chiu, Readman" uniqKey="Chiu R" first="Readman" last="Chiu">Readman Chiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feau, Nicolas" sort="Feau, Nicolas" uniqKey="Feau N" first="Nicolas" last="Feau">Nicolas Feau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, Matthew" sort="Field, Matthew" uniqKey="Field M" first="Matthew" last="Field">Matthew Field</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frey, Pascal" sort="Frey, Pascal" uniqKey="Frey P" first="Pascal" last="Frey">Pascal Frey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelhaye, Eric" sort="Gelhaye, Eric" uniqKey="Gelhaye E" first="Eric" last="Gelhaye">Eric Gelhaye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred G" sort="Grabherr, Manfred G" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred G." last="Grabherr">Manfred G. Grabherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohler, Annegret" sort="Kohler, Annegret" uniqKey="Kohler A" first="Annegret" last="Kohler">Annegret Kohler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kues, Ursula" sort="Kues, Ursula" uniqKey="Kues U" first="Ursula" last="Kües">Ursula Kües</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindquist, Erika A" sort="Lindquist, Erika A" uniqKey="Lindquist E" first="Erika A." last="Lindquist">Erika A. Lindquist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas, Susan M" sort="Lucas, Susan M" uniqKey="Lucas S" first="Susan M." last="Lucas">Susan M. Lucas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" sort="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" uniqKey="Pangilinan J" first="Jasmyn L." last="Pangilinan">Jasmyn L. Pangilinan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesneville, Hadi" sort="Quesneville, Hadi" uniqKey="Quesneville H" first="Hadi" last="Quesneville">Hadi Quesneville</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouhier, Nicolas" sort="Rouhier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rouhier N" first="Nicolas" last="Rouhier">Nicolas Rouhier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salamov, Asaf A" sort="Salamov, Asaf A" uniqKey="Salamov A" first="Asaf A." last="Salamov">Asaf A. Salamov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Selles, Benjamin" sort="Selles, Benjamin" uniqKey="Selles B" first="Benjamin" last="Selles">Benjamin Selles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanguay, Philippe" sort="Tanguay, Philippe" uniqKey="Tanguay P" first="Philippe" last="Tanguay">Philippe Tanguay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of <italic>Melampsora larici</italic>-<italic>populina</italic>, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic>, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of <italic>M. larici-populina</italic> with the 17,773 predicted proteins of <italic>P. graminis</italic> f. sp <italic>tritici</italic>. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters <italic>in planta</italic> suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21536894</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3107277</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201019315</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1019315108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tanguay</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tuskan</surname><given-names>Gerald A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henrissat</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van de Peer</surname><given-names>Yves</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rouzé</surname><given-names>Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>Jeffrey G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dodds</surname><given-names>Peter N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schein</surname><given-names>Jacqueline E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>Shaobin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn6"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamelin</surname><given-names>Richard C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szabo</surname><given-names>Les J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Francis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>, Cambridge, MA 02142;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country> G1V 4C7;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>, Marseille,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup>Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108; and</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup>Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>, St. Paul, MN 55108</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: <email>duplessi@nancy.inra.fr</email>, <email>cuomo@broadinstitute.org</email>, <email>les.szabo@ars.usda.gov</email>, or <email>fmartin@nancy.inra.fr</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Paul Schulze-Lefert, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany, and approved March 31, 2011 (received for review January 5, 2011)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: S.D., C.A.C., G.A.T., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. designed research; S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., A.A., E.T., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., J.A., B.L.C., R.C., P.M.C., N.F., M.F., P.F., E.G., J.G., M.G.G., C.D.K., A.K., U.K., E.A.L., S.M.L., R.M., E. Mauceli, E. Morin, C.M., J.L.P., M.P., H.Q., N.R., S.S., A.A.S., J.S., B.S., H.S., P.T., B.H., J.G.E., P.N.D., J.E.S., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. performed research; R.P., Y.V.d.P., P.R., and S.Z. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., A.A., E.T., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., J.A., B.L.C., R.C., P.M.C., N.F., M.F., P.F., E.G., J.G., M.G.G., C.D.K., A.K., U.K., E.A.L., S.M.L., R.M., E. Mauceli, E. Morin, C.M., J.L.P., M.P., H.Q., N.R., S.S., A.A.S., J.S., B.S., H.S., P.T., B.H., J.G.E., P.N.D., J.E.S., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. analyzed data; and S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., N.F., P.F., A.K., U.K., C.M., N.R., P.T., B.H., P.N.D., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. wrote the paper.</p></fn><fn id="fn1" fn-type="equal"><p><sup>2</sup>S.D. and C.A.C. contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn id="fn2" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>3</sup>Present address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0.</p></fn><fn id="fn3" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>4</sup>Present address: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.</p></fn><fn id="fn4" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>5</sup>Present address: Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversity, Genes and Communities 1202, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 33612 Cestas, France.</p></fn><fn id="fn5" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>6</sup>Present address: Roche 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405.</p></fn><fn id="fn6" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>7</sup>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>31</day><month>5</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>5</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>2</day><month>5</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>108</volume><issue>22</issue><fpage>9166</fpage><lpage>9171</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201019315.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of <italic>Melampsora larici</italic>-<italic>populina</italic>, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic> f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic>, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of <italic>M. larici-populina</italic> with the 17,773 predicted proteins of <italic>P. graminis</italic> f. sp <italic>tritici</italic>. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters <italic>in planta</italic> suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>comparative genomics</kwd><kwd>plant pathogen</kwd><kwd>basidiomycete</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>rust disease</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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