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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals</title><author><name sortKey="Charrassin, J B" sort="Charrassin, J B" uniqKey="Charrassin J" first="J.-B." last="Charrassin">J.-B. Charrassin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hindell, M" sort="Hindell, M" uniqKey="Hindell M" first="M." last="Hindell">M. Hindell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 252-05, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rintoul, S R" sort="Rintoul, S R" uniqKey="Rintoul S" first="S. R." last="Rintoul">S. R. Rintoul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roquet, F" sort="Roquet, F" uniqKey="Roquet F" first="F." last="Roquet">F. Roquet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sokolov, S" sort="Sokolov, S" uniqKey="Sokolov S" first="S." last="Sokolov">S. Sokolov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biuw, M" sort="Biuw, M" uniqKey="Biuw M" first="M." last="Biuw">M. Biuw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, D" sort="Costa, D" uniqKey="Costa D" first="D." last="Costa">D. Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Center for Ocean Health, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boehme, L" sort="Boehme, L" uniqKey="Boehme L" first="L." last="Boehme">L. Boehme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovell, P" sort="Lovell, P" uniqKey="Lovell P" first="P." last="Lovell">P. Lovell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, R" sort="Coleman, R" uniqKey="Coleman R" first="R." last="Coleman">R. Coleman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Center for Marine Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timmermann, R" sort="Timmermann, R" uniqKey="Timmermann R" first="R." last="Timmermann">R. Timmermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meijers, A" sort="Meijers, A" uniqKey="Meijers A" first="A." last="Meijers">A. Meijers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Center for Marine Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, M" sort="Meredith, M" uniqKey="Meredith M" first="M." last="Meredith">M. Meredith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y H" sort="Park, Y H" uniqKey="Park Y" first="Y.-H." last="Park">Y.-H. Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailleul, F" sort="Bailleul, F" uniqKey="Bailleul F" first="F." last="Bailleul">F. Bailleul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel, M" sort="Goebel, M" uniqKey="Goebel M" first="M." last="Goebel">M. Goebel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tremblay, Y" sort="Tremblay, Y" uniqKey="Tremblay Y" first="Y." last="Tremblay">Y. Tremblay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Center for Ocean Health, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bost, C A" sort="Bost, C A" uniqKey="Bost C" first="C.-A." last="Bost">C.-A. Bost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, C R" sort="Mcmahon, C R" uniqKey="Mcmahon C" first="C. R." last="Mcmahon">C. R. Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, I C" sort="Field, I C" uniqKey="Field I" first="I. C." last="Field">I. C. Field</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedak, M A" sort="Fedak, M A" uniqKey="Fedak M" first="M. A." last="Fedak">M. A. Fedak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guinet, C" sort="Guinet, C" uniqKey="Guinet C" first="C." last="Guinet">C. Guinet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18695241</idno><idno type="pmc">2575336</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575336</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2575336</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0800790105</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B17</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals</title><author><name sortKey="Charrassin, J B" sort="Charrassin, J B" uniqKey="Charrassin J" first="J.-B." last="Charrassin">J.-B. Charrassin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hindell, M" sort="Hindell, M" uniqKey="Hindell M" first="M." last="Hindell">M. Hindell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 252-05, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rintoul, S R" sort="Rintoul, S R" uniqKey="Rintoul S" first="S. R." last="Rintoul">S. R. Rintoul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roquet, F" sort="Roquet, F" uniqKey="Roquet F" first="F." last="Roquet">F. Roquet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sokolov, S" sort="Sokolov, S" uniqKey="Sokolov S" first="S." last="Sokolov">S. Sokolov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biuw, M" sort="Biuw, M" uniqKey="Biuw M" first="M." last="Biuw">M. Biuw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, D" sort="Costa, D" uniqKey="Costa D" first="D." last="Costa">D. Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Center for Ocean Health, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boehme, L" sort="Boehme, L" uniqKey="Boehme L" first="L." last="Boehme">L. Boehme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovell, P" sort="Lovell, P" uniqKey="Lovell P" first="P." last="Lovell">P. Lovell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, R" sort="Coleman, R" uniqKey="Coleman R" first="R." last="Coleman">R. Coleman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Center for Marine Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Timmermann, R" sort="Timmermann, R" uniqKey="Timmermann R" first="R." last="Timmermann">R. Timmermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meijers, A" sort="Meijers, A" uniqKey="Meijers A" first="A." last="Meijers">A. Meijers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Center for Marine Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, M" sort="Meredith, M" uniqKey="Meredith M" first="M." last="Meredith">M. Meredith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y H" sort="Park, Y H" uniqKey="Park Y" first="Y.-H." last="Park">Y.-H. Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailleul, F" sort="Bailleul, F" uniqKey="Bailleul F" first="F." last="Bailleul">F. Bailleul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel, M" sort="Goebel, M" uniqKey="Goebel M" first="M." last="Goebel">M. Goebel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tremblay, Y" sort="Tremblay, Y" uniqKey="Tremblay Y" first="Y." last="Tremblay">Y. Tremblay</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Center for Ocean Health, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bost, C A" sort="Bost, C A" uniqKey="Bost C" first="C.-A." last="Bost">C.-A. Bost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, C R" sort="Mcmahon, C R" uniqKey="Mcmahon C" first="C. R." last="Mcmahon">C. R. Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Field, I C" sort="Field, I C" uniqKey="Field I" first="I. C." last="Field">I. C. Field</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff11">School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fedak, M A" sort="Fedak, M A" uniqKey="Fedak M" first="M. A." last="Fedak">M. A. Fedak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guinet, C" sort="Guinet, C" uniqKey="Guinet C" first="C." last="Guinet">C. Guinet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Polar regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, with the potential for significant feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, and the ocean carbon cycle. However, the difficulty in obtaining <italic>in situ</italic> data means that our ability to detect and interpret change is very limited, especially in the Southern Ocean, where the ocean beneath the sea ice remains almost entirely unobserved and the rate of sea-ice formation is poorly known. Here, we show that southern elephant seals (<italic>Mirounga leonina</italic>) equipped with oceanographic sensors can measure ocean structure and water mass changes in regions and seasons rarely observed with traditional oceanographic platforms. In particular, seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea-ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60°S and sea-ice formation rates to be inferred from changes in upper ocean salinity. Sea-ice production rates peaked in early winter (April–May) during the rapid northward expansion of the pack ice and declined by a factor of 2 to 3 between May and August, in agreement with a three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea-ice model. By measuring the high-latitude ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a “blind spot” in our sampling coverage, enabling the establishment of a truly global ocean-observing system.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18695241</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2575336</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4180</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0800790105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Charrassin</surname><given-names>J.-B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hindell</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rintoul</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roquet</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Biuw</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boehme</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lovell</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coleman</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Timmermann</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meijers</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meredith</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Y.-H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bailleul</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goebel</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tremblay</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bost</surname><given-names>C.-A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMahon</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Field</surname><given-names>I. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fedak</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guinet</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>c</sup>Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 252-05, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>d</sup>Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>g</sup>NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>f</sup>Center for Ocean Health, Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>h</sup>Center for Marine Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>i</sup>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>j</sup>British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>k</sup>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>l</sup>Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>m</sup>School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0909, Australia; and</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>e</sup>Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>b</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>jbc@mnhn.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Hugh Ducklow, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, and accepted by the Editorial Board June 3, 2008</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: J.-B.C., M.H., S.R.R., F.R., M.B., D.C., L.B., R.C., M.M., Y.-H.P., C.-A.B., M.A.F., and C.G. designed research; J.-B.C., M.H., M.B., F.B., M.G., Y.T., C.R.M., I.C.F., M.A.F., and C.G. performed research; P.L. and M.A.F. developed hardware and analytical tools; J.-B.C., S.R.R., F.R., S.S., L.B., R.C., R.T., and A.M. analyzed data; and J.-B.C., M.H., S.R.R., and R.C. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>19</day><month>8</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>8</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>11</day><month>8</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
epub date downloaded from Highwire. </pmc-comment>
<volume>105</volume><issue>33</issue><fpage>11634</fpage><lpage>11639</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>1</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zpq03308011634.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Polar regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, with the potential for significant feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, and the ocean carbon cycle. However, the difficulty in obtaining <italic>in situ</italic> data means that our ability to detect and interpret change is very limited, especially in the Southern Ocean, where the ocean beneath the sea ice remains almost entirely unobserved and the rate of sea-ice formation is poorly known. Here, we show that southern elephant seals (<italic>Mirounga leonina</italic>) equipped with oceanographic sensors can measure ocean structure and water mass changes in regions and seasons rarely observed with traditional oceanographic platforms. In particular, seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea-ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60°S and sea-ice formation rates to be inferred from changes in upper ocean salinity. Sea-ice production rates peaked in early winter (April–May) during the rapid northward expansion of the pack ice and declined by a factor of 2 to 3 between May and August, in agreement with a three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea-ice model. By measuring the high-latitude ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a “blind spot” in our sampling coverage, enabling the establishment of a truly global ocean-observing system.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Antarctic Circumpolar Current</kwd><kwd>instrumentation</kwd><kwd>marine predators</kwd><kwd>ocean observation</kwd><kwd>sea-ice modeling</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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