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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes</title><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M. Thomas P." last="Gilbert">M. Thomas P. Gilbert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drautz, Daniela I" sort="Drautz, Daniela I" uniqKey="Drautz D" first="Daniela I." last="Drautz">Daniela I. Drautz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesk, Arthur M" sort="Lesk, Arthur M" uniqKey="Lesk A" first="Arthur M." last="Lesk">Arthur M. Lesk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Simon Y W" sort="Ho, Simon Y W" uniqKey="Ho S" first="Simon Y. W." last="Ho">Simon Y. W. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Ji" sort="Qi, Ji" uniqKey="Qi J" first="Ji" last="Qi">Ji Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ratan, Aakrosh" sort="Ratan, Aakrosh" uniqKey="Ratan A" first="Aakrosh" last="Ratan">Aakrosh Ratan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Chih Hao" sort="Hsu, Chih Hao" uniqKey="Hsu C" first="Chih-Hao" last="Hsu">Chih-Hao Hsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dalen, Love" sort="Dalen, Love" uniqKey="Dalen L" first="Love" last="Dalén">Love Dalén</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Sinesio Delgado 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gotherstrom, Anders" sort="Gotherstrom, Anders" uniqKey="Gotherstrom A" first="Anders" last="Götherström">Anders Götherström</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomsho, Lynn P" sort="Tomsho, Lynn P" uniqKey="Tomsho L" first="Lynn P." last="Tomsho">Lynn P. Tomsho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rendulic, Snjezana" sort="Rendulic, Snjezana" uniqKey="Rendulic S" first="Snjezana" last="Rendulic">Snjezana Rendulic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Packard, Michael" sort="Packard, Michael" uniqKey="Packard M" first="Michael" last="Packard">Michael Packard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campos, Paula F" sort="Campos, Paula F" uniqKey="Campos P" first="Paula F." last="Campos">Paula F. Campos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuznetsova, Tatyana V" sort="Kuznetsova, Tatyana V" uniqKey="Kuznetsova T" first="Tatyana V." last="Kuznetsova">Tatyana V. Kuznetsova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shidlovskiy, Fyodor" sort="Shidlovskiy, Fyodor" uniqKey="Shidlovskiy F" first="Fyodor" last="Shidlovskiy">Fyodor Shidlovskiy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">The Ice Age Museum, All-Russia Exhibition Centre, Pavilion 71, Moscow 129223, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacumin, Paola" sort="Iacumin, Paola" uniqKey="Iacumin P" first="Paola" last="Iacumin">Paola Iacumin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/A, 43100 Parma, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buigues, Bernard" sort="Buigues, Bernard" uniqKey="Buigues B" first="Bernard" last="Buigues">Bernard Buigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">2 Avenue de la Pelouse, F-94160 St. Mandé, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ericson, Per G P" sort="Ericson, Per G P" uniqKey="Ericson P" first="Per G. P." last="Ericson">Per G. P. Ericson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Germonpre, Mietje" sort="Germonpre, Mietje" uniqKey="Germonpre M" first="Mietje" last="Germonpré">Mietje Germonpré</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Palaeontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kosintsev, Pavel" sort="Kosintsev, Pavel" uniqKey="Kosintsev P" first="Pavel" last="Kosintsev">Pavel Kosintsev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 202 8th of March Street, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nikolaev, Vladimir" sort="Nikolaev, Vladimir" uniqKey="Nikolaev V" first="Vladimir" last="Nikolaev">Vladimir Nikolaev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Department of Glaciology, 29 Staromonetny per., Moscow 109017, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nowak Kemp, Malgosia" sort="Nowak Kemp, Malgosia" uniqKey="Nowak Kemp M" first="Malgosia" last="Nowak-Kemp">Malgosia Nowak-Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, James R" sort="Knight, James R" uniqKey="Knight J" first="James R." last="Knight">James R. Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irzyk, Gerard P" sort="Irzyk, Gerard P" uniqKey="Irzyk G" first="Gerard P." last="Irzyk">Gerard P. Irzyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perbost, Clotilde S" sort="Perbost, Clotilde S" uniqKey="Perbost C" first="Clotilde S." last="Perbost">Clotilde S. Perbost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fredrikson, Karin M" sort="Fredrikson, Karin M" uniqKey="Fredrikson K" first="Karin M." last="Fredrikson">Karin M. Fredrikson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harkins, Timothy T" sort="Harkins, Timothy T" uniqKey="Harkins T" first="Timothy T." last="Harkins">Timothy T. Harkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheridan, Sharon" sort="Sheridan, Sharon" uniqKey="Sheridan S" first="Sharon" last="Sheridan">Sharon Sheridan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Webb" sort="Miller, Webb" uniqKey="Miller W" first="Webb" last="Miller">Webb Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuster, Stephan C" sort="Schuster, Stephan C" uniqKey="Schuster S" first="Stephan C." last="Schuster">Stephan C. Schuster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18541911</idno><idno type="pmc">2423413</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2423413</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2423413</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0802315105</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B15</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B15</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes</title><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M. Thomas P." last="Gilbert">M. Thomas P. Gilbert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drautz, Daniela I" sort="Drautz, Daniela I" uniqKey="Drautz D" first="Daniela I." last="Drautz">Daniela I. Drautz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesk, Arthur M" sort="Lesk, Arthur M" uniqKey="Lesk A" first="Arthur M." last="Lesk">Arthur M. Lesk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Simon Y W" sort="Ho, Simon Y W" uniqKey="Ho S" first="Simon Y. W." last="Ho">Simon Y. W. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Ji" sort="Qi, Ji" uniqKey="Qi J" first="Ji" last="Qi">Ji Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ratan, Aakrosh" sort="Ratan, Aakrosh" uniqKey="Ratan A" first="Aakrosh" last="Ratan">Aakrosh Ratan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Chih Hao" sort="Hsu, Chih Hao" uniqKey="Hsu C" first="Chih-Hao" last="Hsu">Chih-Hao Hsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dalen, Love" sort="Dalen, Love" uniqKey="Dalen L" first="Love" last="Dalén">Love Dalén</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Sinesio Delgado 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gotherstrom, Anders" sort="Gotherstrom, Anders" uniqKey="Gotherstrom A" first="Anders" last="Götherström">Anders Götherström</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomsho, Lynn P" sort="Tomsho, Lynn P" uniqKey="Tomsho L" first="Lynn P." last="Tomsho">Lynn P. Tomsho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rendulic, Snjezana" sort="Rendulic, Snjezana" uniqKey="Rendulic S" first="Snjezana" last="Rendulic">Snjezana Rendulic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Packard, Michael" sort="Packard, Michael" uniqKey="Packard M" first="Michael" last="Packard">Michael Packard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campos, Paula F" sort="Campos, Paula F" uniqKey="Campos P" first="Paula F." last="Campos">Paula F. Campos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuznetsova, Tatyana V" sort="Kuznetsova, Tatyana V" uniqKey="Kuznetsova T" first="Tatyana V." last="Kuznetsova">Tatyana V. Kuznetsova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shidlovskiy, Fyodor" sort="Shidlovskiy, Fyodor" uniqKey="Shidlovskiy F" first="Fyodor" last="Shidlovskiy">Fyodor Shidlovskiy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">The Ice Age Museum, All-Russia Exhibition Centre, Pavilion 71, Moscow 129223, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iacumin, Paola" sort="Iacumin, Paola" uniqKey="Iacumin P" first="Paola" last="Iacumin">Paola Iacumin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/A, 43100 Parma, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buigues, Bernard" sort="Buigues, Bernard" uniqKey="Buigues B" first="Bernard" last="Buigues">Bernard Buigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">2 Avenue de la Pelouse, F-94160 St. Mandé, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ericson, Per G P" sort="Ericson, Per G P" uniqKey="Ericson P" first="Per G. P." last="Ericson">Per G. P. Ericson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Germonpre, Mietje" sort="Germonpre, Mietje" uniqKey="Germonpre M" first="Mietje" last="Germonpré">Mietje Germonpré</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Palaeontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kosintsev, Pavel" sort="Kosintsev, Pavel" uniqKey="Kosintsev P" first="Pavel" last="Kosintsev">Pavel Kosintsev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 202 8th of March Street, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nikolaev, Vladimir" sort="Nikolaev, Vladimir" uniqKey="Nikolaev V" first="Vladimir" last="Nikolaev">Vladimir Nikolaev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Department of Glaciology, 29 Staromonetny per., Moscow 109017, Russia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nowak Kemp, Malgosia" sort="Nowak Kemp, Malgosia" uniqKey="Nowak Kemp M" first="Malgosia" last="Nowak-Kemp">Malgosia Nowak-Kemp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, James R" sort="Knight, James R" uniqKey="Knight J" first="James R." last="Knight">James R. Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irzyk, Gerard P" sort="Irzyk, Gerard P" uniqKey="Irzyk G" first="Gerard P." last="Irzyk">Gerard P. Irzyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perbost, Clotilde S" sort="Perbost, Clotilde S" uniqKey="Perbost C" first="Clotilde S." last="Perbost">Clotilde S. Perbost</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff17">454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fredrikson, Karin M" sort="Fredrikson, Karin M" uniqKey="Fredrikson K" first="Karin M." last="Fredrikson">Karin M. Fredrikson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harkins, Timothy T" sort="Harkins, Timothy T" uniqKey="Harkins T" first="Timothy T." last="Harkins">Timothy T. Harkins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheridan, Sharon" sort="Sheridan, Sharon" uniqKey="Sheridan S" first="Sharon" last="Sheridan">Sharon Sheridan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Webb" sort="Miller, Webb" uniqKey="Miller W" first="Webb" last="Miller">Webb Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuster, Stephan C" sort="Schuster, Stephan C" uniqKey="Schuster S" first="Stephan C." last="Schuster">Stephan C. Schuster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We report five new complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of Siberian woolly mammoth (<italic>Mammuthus primigenius</italic>), sequenced with up to 73-fold coverage from DNA extracted from hair shaft material. Three of the sequences present the first complete mtDNA genomes of mammoth clade II. Analysis of these and 13 recently published mtDNA genomes demonstrates the existence of two apparently sympatric mtDNA clades that exhibit high interclade divergence. The analytical power afforded by the analysis of the complete mtDNA genomes reveals a surprisingly ancient coalescence age of the two clades, ≈1–2 million years, depending on the calibration technique. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the temporal distribution of the <sup>14</sup>C ages of these and previously identified members of the two mammoth clades suggests that clade II went extinct before clade I. Modeling of protein structures failed to indicate any important functional difference between genomes belonging to the two clades, suggesting that the loss of clade II more likely is due to genetic drift than a selective sweep.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18541911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2423413</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3613</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0802315105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Evolution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>M. Thomas P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Drautz</surname><given-names>Daniela I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lesk</surname><given-names>Arthur M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Simon Y. W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>Ji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ratan</surname><given-names>Aakrosh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Chih-Hao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sher</surname><given-names>Andrei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dalén</surname><given-names>Love</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Götherström</surname><given-names>Anders</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tomsho</surname><given-names>Lynn P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rendulic</surname><given-names>Snjezana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Packard</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>Paula F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shidlovskiy</surname><given-names>Fyodor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>i</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tikhonov</surname><given-names>Alexei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Willerslev</surname><given-names>Eske</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iacumin</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buigues</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ericson</surname><given-names>Per G. P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Germonpré</surname><given-names>Mietje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kosintsev</surname><given-names>Pavel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>o</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>p</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nowak-Kemp</surname><given-names>Malgosia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>q</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knight</surname><given-names>James R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Irzyk</surname><given-names>Gerard P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perbost</surname><given-names>Clotilde S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>r</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fredrikson</surname><given-names>Karin M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>s</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harkins</surname><given-names>Timothy T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>s</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sheridan</surname><given-names>Sharon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>s</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>Webb</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schuster</surname><given-names>Stephan C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>c</sup>Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Building, University Park, PA 16802;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>d</sup>Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>e</sup>Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>f</sup>Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Sinesio Delgado 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>g</sup>Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>h</sup>Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>i</sup>The Ice Age Museum, All-Russia Exhibition Centre, Pavilion 71, Moscow 129223, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>j</sup>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>k</sup>Department of Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/A, 43100 Parma, Italy;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>l</sup>2 Avenue de la Pelouse, F-94160 St. Mandé, France;</aff><aff id="aff12"><sup>m</sup>Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;</aff><aff id="aff13"><sup>n</sup>Department of Palaeontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;</aff><aff id="aff14"><sup>o</sup>Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 202 8th of March Street, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff15"><sup>p</sup>Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Department of Glaciology, 29 Staromonetny per., Moscow 109017, Russia;</aff><aff id="aff16"><sup>q</sup>Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff17"><sup>r</sup>454 Life Sciences, 20 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06405; and</aff><aff id="aff18"><sup>s</sup>Roche Diagnostics Corporation, 9115 Hague Road, Indianapolis, IN 46250-0414</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>b</sup>To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: <email>mtpgilbert@gmail.com</email>, <email>webb@bx.psu.edu</email>, or <email>scs@bx.psu.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Francisco J. Ayala, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 17, 2008</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: M.T.P.G., W.M., and S.C.S. contributed equally to this work; M.T.P.G., A.S., W.M., and S.C.S. designed research; M.T.P.G., D.I.D., L.P.T., S.R., M.P., P.F.C., W.M., and S.C.S. performed research; A.S., T.V.K., F.S., A.T., E.W., P.I., B.B., P.G.P.E., M.G., P.K., V.N., M.N.-K., J.R.K., G.P.I., C.S.P., K.M.F., T.T.H., and S.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.T.P.G., D.I.D., A.M.L., S.Y.W.H., J.Q., A.R., C.-H.H., A.S., L.D., A.G., L.P.T., S.R., M.P., P.F.C., T.V.K., F.S., A.T., E.W., P.I., B.B., P.G.P.E., M.G., P.K., V.N., M.N.-K., W.M., and S.C.S. analyzed data; and M.T.P.G., A.M.L., S.Y.W.H., A.S., L.D., A.G., W.M., and S.C.S. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
epub date downloaded from Highwire. </pmc-comment>
<volume>105</volume><issue>24</issue><fpage>8327</fpage><lpage>8332</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2008</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zpq02408008327.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>We report five new complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes of Siberian woolly mammoth (<italic>Mammuthus primigenius</italic>), sequenced with up to 73-fold coverage from DNA extracted from hair shaft material. Three of the sequences present the first complete mtDNA genomes of mammoth clade II. Analysis of these and 13 recently published mtDNA genomes demonstrates the existence of two apparently sympatric mtDNA clades that exhibit high interclade divergence. The analytical power afforded by the analysis of the complete mtDNA genomes reveals a surprisingly ancient coalescence age of the two clades, ≈1–2 million years, depending on the calibration technique. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the temporal distribution of the <sup>14</sup>C ages of these and previously identified members of the two mammoth clades suggests that clade II went extinct before clade I. Modeling of protein structures failed to indicate any important functional difference between genomes belonging to the two clades, suggesting that the loss of clade II more likely is due to genetic drift than a selective sweep.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>mtDNA genome</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>ancient DNA</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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