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<title xml:lang="en">Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vile, Denis" sort="Vile, Denis" uniqKey="Vile D" first="Denis" last="Vile">Denis Vile</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF2">Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garnier, Eric" sort="Garnier, Eric" uniqKey="Garnier E" first="Éric" last="Garnier">Éric Garnier</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shipley, Bill" sort="Shipley, Bill" uniqKey="Shipley B" first="Bill" last="Shipley">Bill Shipley</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF2">Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laurent, Gerard" sort="Laurent, Gerard" uniqKey="Laurent G" first="Gérard" last="Laurent">Gérard Laurent</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Navas, Marie Laure" sort="Navas, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Navas M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Navas">Marie-Laure Navas</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF4">ENSA Montpellier, Département “Sciences pour la Protection des Plantes et Ecologie”, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roumet, Catherine" sort="Roumet, Catherine" uniqKey="Roumet C" first="Catherine" last="Roumet">Catherine Roumet</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF3">Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53 X, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Diaz, Sandra" sort="Diaz, Sandra" uniqKey="Diaz S" first="Sandra" last="Díaz">Sandra Díaz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF5">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET—UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hodgson, John G" sort="Hodgson, John G" uniqKey="Hodgson J" first="John G." last="Hodgson">John G. Hodgson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF6">Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lloret, Francisco" sort="Lloret, Francisco" uniqKey="Lloret F" first="Francisco" last="Lloret">Francisco Lloret</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF7">Centre Recerca Ecológica Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, E-08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Midgley, Guy F" sort="Midgley, Guy F" uniqKey="Midgley G" first="Guy F." last="Midgley">Guy F. Midgley</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF8">Kirstenbosch Research Centre, National Botanical Institute, P/Bag X7 Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poorter, Hendrik" sort="Poorter, Hendrik" uniqKey="Poorter H" first="Hendrik" last="Poorter">Hendrik Poorter</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF9">Plant Ecophysiology, University of Utrecht, POB 800-84, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rutherford, Mike C" sort="Rutherford, Mike C" uniqKey="Rutherford M" first="Mike C." last="Rutherford">Mike C. Rutherford</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF8">Kirstenbosch Research Centre, National Botanical Institute, P/Bag X7 Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, Peter J" sort="Wilson, Peter J" uniqKey="Wilson P" first="Peter J." last="Wilson">Peter J. Wilson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF6">Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wright, Ian J" sort="Wright, Ian J" uniqKey="Wright I" first="Ian J." last="Wright">Ian J. Wright</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF10">Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vile, Denis" sort="Vile, Denis" uniqKey="Vile D" first="Denis" last="Vile">Denis Vile</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF2">Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garnier, Eric" sort="Garnier, Eric" uniqKey="Garnier E" first="Éric" last="Garnier">Éric Garnier</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shipley, Bill" sort="Shipley, Bill" uniqKey="Shipley B" first="Bill" last="Shipley">Bill Shipley</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF2">Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laurent, Gerard" sort="Laurent, Gerard" uniqKey="Laurent G" first="Gérard" last="Laurent">Gérard Laurent</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Navas, Marie Laure" sort="Navas, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Navas M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Navas">Marie-Laure Navas</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF4">ENSA Montpellier, Département “Sciences pour la Protection des Plantes et Ecologie”, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roumet, Catherine" sort="Roumet, Catherine" uniqKey="Roumet C" first="Catherine" last="Roumet">Catherine Roumet</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF3">Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53 X, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Diaz, Sandra" sort="Diaz, Sandra" uniqKey="Diaz S" first="Sandra" last="Díaz">Sandra Díaz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF5">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET—UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hodgson, John G" sort="Hodgson, John G" uniqKey="Hodgson J" first="John G." last="Hodgson">John G. Hodgson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF6">Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lloret, Francisco" sort="Lloret, Francisco" uniqKey="Lloret F" first="Francisco" last="Lloret">Francisco Lloret</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF7">Centre Recerca Ecológica Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, E-08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Midgley, Guy F" sort="Midgley, Guy F" uniqKey="Midgley G" first="Guy F." last="Midgley">Guy F. Midgley</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF8">Kirstenbosch Research Centre, National Botanical Institute, P/Bag X7 Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poorter, Hendrik" sort="Poorter, Hendrik" uniqKey="Poorter H" first="Hendrik" last="Poorter">Hendrik Poorter</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF9">Plant Ecophysiology, University of Utrecht, POB 800-84, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rutherford, Mike C" sort="Rutherford, Mike C" uniqKey="Rutherford M" first="Mike C." last="Rutherford">Mike C. Rutherford</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF8">Kirstenbosch Research Centre, National Botanical Institute, P/Bag X7 Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, Peter J" sort="Wilson, Peter J" uniqKey="Wilson P" first="Peter J." last="Wilson">Peter J. Wilson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF6">Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wright, Ian J" sort="Wright, Ian J" uniqKey="Wright I" first="Ian J." last="Wright">Ian J. Wright</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="AFF10">Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Annals of Botany</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0305-7364</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1095-8290</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2005">2005</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<italic>Background and Aims</italic>
Leaf thickness plays an important role in leaf and plant functioning, and relates to a species' strategy of resource acquisition and use. As such, it has been widely used for screening purposes in crop science and community ecology. However, since its measurement is not straightforward, a number of estimates have been proposed. Here, the validity of the (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
product is tested to estimate leaf thickness, where
<italic>SLA</italic>
is the specific leaf area (leaf area/dry mass) and
<italic>LDMC</italic>
is the leaf dry matter content (leaf dry mass/fresh mass).
<italic>SLA</italic>
and
<italic>LDMC</italic>
are two leaf traits that are both more easily measurable and often reported in the literature.</p>
<p>
<italic>Methods</italic>
The relationship between leaf thickness (
<italic>LT</italic>
) and (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
was tested in two analyses of covariance using 11 datasets (three original and eight published) for a total number of 1039 data points, corresponding to a wide range of growth forms growing in contrasted environments in four continents.</p>
<p>
<italic>Key Results and Conclusions</italic>
The overall slope and intercept of the relationship were not significantly different from one and zero, respectively, and the residual standard error was 0·11. Only two of the eight datasets displayed a significant difference in the intercepts, and the only significant difference among the most represented growth forms was for trees.
<italic>LT</italic>
can therefore be estimated by (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
, allowing leaf thickness to be derived from easily and widely measured leaf traits.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ann Bot</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ann. Bot</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">annbot</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">annbot</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annals of Botany</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0305-7364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1095-8290</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16159941</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4247101</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">mci264</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aob/mci264</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>VILE</surname>
<given-names>DENIS</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>GARNIER</surname>
<given-names>ÉRIC</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>SHIPLEY</surname>
<given-names>BILL</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LAURENT</surname>
<given-names>GÉRARD</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>NAVAS</surname>
<given-names>MARIE-LAURE</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>ROUMET</surname>
<given-names>CATHERINE</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LAVOREL</surname>
<given-names>SANDRA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>DÍAZ</surname>
<given-names>SANDRA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>HODGSON</surname>
<given-names>JOHN G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LLORET</surname>
<given-names>FRANCISCO</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>MIDGLEY</surname>
<given-names>GUY F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>POORTER</surname>
<given-names>HENDRIK</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>RUTHERFORD</surname>
<given-names>MIKE C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>WILSON</surname>
<given-names>PETER J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>WRIGHT</surname>
<given-names>IAN J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="AFF1">
<label>1</label>
Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</aff>
<aff id="AFF2">
<label>2</label>
Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1</aff>
<aff id="AFF3">
<label>3</label>
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53 X, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France</aff>
<aff id="AFF4">
<label>4</label>
ENSA Montpellier, Département “Sciences pour la Protection des Plantes et Ecologie”, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France</aff>
<aff id="AFF5">
<label>5</label>
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET—UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina</aff>
<aff id="AFF6">
<label>6</label>
Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK</aff>
<aff id="AFF7">
<label>7</label>
Centre Recerca Ecológica Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, E-08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain</aff>
<aff id="AFF8">
<label>8</label>
Kirstenbosch Research Centre, National Botanical Institute, P/Bag X7 Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa</aff>
<aff id="AFF9">
<label>9</label>
Plant Ecophysiology, University of Utrecht, POB 800-84, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands,</aff>
<aff id="AFF10">
<label>10</label>
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="COR1">
<label>*</label>
For correspondence. E-mail
<email>denis.vile@cefe.cnrs.fr</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>11</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>96</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1129</fpage>
<lpage>1136</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>29</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2005</year>
</date>
<date date-type="received">
<day>25</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2005</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>6</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2005</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>
<italic>Background and Aims</italic>
Leaf thickness plays an important role in leaf and plant functioning, and relates to a species' strategy of resource acquisition and use. As such, it has been widely used for screening purposes in crop science and community ecology. However, since its measurement is not straightforward, a number of estimates have been proposed. Here, the validity of the (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
product is tested to estimate leaf thickness, where
<italic>SLA</italic>
is the specific leaf area (leaf area/dry mass) and
<italic>LDMC</italic>
is the leaf dry matter content (leaf dry mass/fresh mass).
<italic>SLA</italic>
and
<italic>LDMC</italic>
are two leaf traits that are both more easily measurable and often reported in the literature.</p>
<p>
<italic>Methods</italic>
The relationship between leaf thickness (
<italic>LT</italic>
) and (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
was tested in two analyses of covariance using 11 datasets (three original and eight published) for a total number of 1039 data points, corresponding to a wide range of growth forms growing in contrasted environments in four continents.</p>
<p>
<italic>Key Results and Conclusions</italic>
The overall slope and intercept of the relationship were not significantly different from one and zero, respectively, and the residual standard error was 0·11. Only two of the eight datasets displayed a significant difference in the intercepts, and the only significant difference among the most represented growth forms was for trees.
<italic>LT</italic>
can therefore be estimated by (
<italic>SLA</italic>
×
<italic>LDMC</italic>
)
<sup>−1</sup>
, allowing leaf thickness to be derived from easily and widely measured leaf traits.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="KWD">
<kwd>Leaf thickness</kwd>
<kwd>specific leaf area</kwd>
<kwd>leaf dry matter content</kwd>
<kwd>leaf density</kwd>
<kwd>interspecific variation</kwd>
<kwd>global comparative analysis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>hwp-legacy-fpage</meta-name>
<meta-value>1129</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>cover-date</meta-name>
<meta-value>November 2005</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>hwp-legacy-dochead</meta-name>
<meta-value>Original Article</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>

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