Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Oral disease in adults treated with hemodialysis: prevalence, predictors, and association with mortality and adverse cardiovascular events: the rationale and design of the ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study, a prospective, multinational, longitudinal, observational, cohort study</title><author><name sortKey="Strippoli, Giovanni Fm" sort="Strippoli, Giovanni Fm" uniqKey="Strippoli G" first="Giovanni Fm" last="Strippoli">Giovanni Fm Strippoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Suetonia C" sort="Palmer, Suetonia C" uniqKey="Palmer S" first="Suetonia C" last="Palmer">Suetonia C. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">University of Otago Christchurch, Addington, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruospo, Marinella" sort="Ruospo, Marinella" uniqKey="Ruospo M" first="Marinella" last="Ruospo">Marinella Ruospo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Natale, Patrizia" sort="Natale, Patrizia" uniqKey="Natale P" first="Patrizia" last="Natale">Patrizia Natale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saglimbene, Valeria" sort="Saglimbene, Valeria" uniqKey="Saglimbene V" first="Valeria" last="Saglimbene">Valeria Saglimbene</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jonathan C" sort="Craig, Jonathan C" uniqKey="Craig J" first="Jonathan C" last="Craig">Jonathan C. Craig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pellegrini, Fabio" sort="Pellegrini, Fabio" uniqKey="Pellegrini F" first="Fabio" last="Pellegrini">Fabio Pellegrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruzzi, Massimo" sort="Petruzzi, Massimo" uniqKey="Petruzzi M" first="Massimo" last="Petruzzi">Massimo Petruzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Dental clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Benedittis, Michele" sort="De Benedittis, Michele" uniqKey="De Benedittis M" first="Michele" last="De Benedittis">Michele De Benedittis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Dental clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Pauline" sort="Ford, Pauline" uniqKey="Ford P" first="Pauline" last="Ford">Pauline Ford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, David W" sort="Johnson, David W" uniqKey="Johnson D" first="David W" last="Johnson">David W. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celia, Eduardo" sort="Celia, Eduardo" uniqKey="Celia E" first="Eduardo" last="Celia">Eduardo Celia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Diaverum Medical Office, Capital Federal, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfman, Ruben" sort="Gelfman, Ruben" uniqKey="Gelfman R" first="Ruben" last="Gelfman">Ruben Gelfman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Diaverum Medical Office, Capital Federal, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leal, Miguel R" sort="Leal, Miguel R" uniqKey="Leal M" first="Miguel R" last="Leal">Miguel R. Leal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Diaverum Medical Office, Sintra, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torok, Marietta" sort="Torok, Marietta" uniqKey="Torok M" first="Marietta" last="Torok">Marietta Torok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">Diaverum Medical Office, Budapest, Hungary</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroumza, Paul" sort="Stroumza, Paul" uniqKey="Stroumza P" first="Paul" last="Stroumza">Paul Stroumza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Diaverum Medical Office, Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bednarek Skublewska, Anna" sort="Bednarek Skublewska, Anna" uniqKey="Bednarek Skublewska A" first="Anna" last="Bednarek-Skublewska">Anna Bednarek-Skublewska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I14">Diaverum Medical Office, Poland; and Department of Nephrology, Medical University School of Lublin, Lublin, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dulawa, Jan" sort="Dulawa, Jan" uniqKey="Dulawa J" first="Jan" last="Dulawa">Jan Dulawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I15">Diaverum Medical Office, Poland and Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frantzen, Luc" sort="Frantzen, Luc" uniqKey="Frantzen L" first="Luc" last="Frantzen">Luc Frantzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Diaverum Medical Office, Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, Juan Nin" sort="Ferrari, Juan Nin" uniqKey="Ferrari J" first="Juan Nin" last="Ferrari">Juan Nin Ferrari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I16">Diaverum Medical Office, Montevideo, Uruguay</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Castillo, Domingo" sort="Del Castillo, Domingo" uniqKey="Del Castillo D" first="Domingo" last="Del Castillo">Domingo Del Castillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I17">Diaverum Medical Office, Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegbrant, Jorgen" sort="Hegbrant, Jorgen" uniqKey="Hegbrant J" first="Jorgen" last="Hegbrant">Jorgen Hegbrant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollheim, Charlotta" sort="Wollheim, Charlotta" uniqKey="Wollheim C" first="Charlotta" last="Wollheim">Charlotta Wollheim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gargano, Letitzia" sort="Gargano, Letitzia" uniqKey="Gargano L" first="Letitzia" last="Gargano">Letitzia Gargano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23597063</idno><idno type="pmc">3685555</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3685555</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3685555</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1471-2369-14-90</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001604</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001604</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Oral disease in adults treated with hemodialysis: prevalence, predictors, and association with mortality and adverse cardiovascular events: the rationale and design of the ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study, a prospective, multinational, longitudinal, observational, cohort study</title><author><name sortKey="Strippoli, Giovanni Fm" sort="Strippoli, Giovanni Fm" uniqKey="Strippoli G" first="Giovanni Fm" last="Strippoli">Giovanni Fm Strippoli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Suetonia C" sort="Palmer, Suetonia C" uniqKey="Palmer S" first="Suetonia C" last="Palmer">Suetonia C. Palmer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">University of Otago Christchurch, Addington, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruospo, Marinella" sort="Ruospo, Marinella" uniqKey="Ruospo M" first="Marinella" last="Ruospo">Marinella Ruospo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Natale, Patrizia" sort="Natale, Patrizia" uniqKey="Natale P" first="Patrizia" last="Natale">Patrizia Natale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saglimbene, Valeria" sort="Saglimbene, Valeria" uniqKey="Saglimbene V" first="Valeria" last="Saglimbene">Valeria Saglimbene</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jonathan C" sort="Craig, Jonathan C" uniqKey="Craig J" first="Jonathan C" last="Craig">Jonathan C. Craig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pellegrini, Fabio" sort="Pellegrini, Fabio" uniqKey="Pellegrini F" first="Fabio" last="Pellegrini">Fabio Pellegrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petruzzi, Massimo" sort="Petruzzi, Massimo" uniqKey="Petruzzi M" first="Massimo" last="Petruzzi">Massimo Petruzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Dental clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Benedittis, Michele" sort="De Benedittis, Michele" uniqKey="De Benedittis M" first="Michele" last="De Benedittis">Michele De Benedittis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Dental clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Pauline" sort="Ford, Pauline" uniqKey="Ford P" first="Pauline" last="Ford">Pauline Ford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, David W" sort="Johnson, David W" uniqKey="Johnson D" first="David W" last="Johnson">David W. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celia, Eduardo" sort="Celia, Eduardo" uniqKey="Celia E" first="Eduardo" last="Celia">Eduardo Celia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Diaverum Medical Office, Capital Federal, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfman, Ruben" sort="Gelfman, Ruben" uniqKey="Gelfman R" first="Ruben" last="Gelfman">Ruben Gelfman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I13">Diaverum Medical Office, Capital Federal, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leal, Miguel R" sort="Leal, Miguel R" uniqKey="Leal M" first="Miguel R" last="Leal">Miguel R. Leal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Diaverum Medical Office, Sintra, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torok, Marietta" sort="Torok, Marietta" uniqKey="Torok M" first="Marietta" last="Torok">Marietta Torok</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">Diaverum Medical Office, Budapest, Hungary</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroumza, Paul" sort="Stroumza, Paul" uniqKey="Stroumza P" first="Paul" last="Stroumza">Paul Stroumza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Diaverum Medical Office, Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bednarek Skublewska, Anna" sort="Bednarek Skublewska, Anna" uniqKey="Bednarek Skublewska A" first="Anna" last="Bednarek-Skublewska">Anna Bednarek-Skublewska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I14">Diaverum Medical Office, Poland; and Department of Nephrology, Medical University School of Lublin, Lublin, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dulawa, Jan" sort="Dulawa, Jan" uniqKey="Dulawa J" first="Jan" last="Dulawa">Jan Dulawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I15">Diaverum Medical Office, Poland and Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frantzen, Luc" sort="Frantzen, Luc" uniqKey="Frantzen L" first="Luc" last="Frantzen">Luc Frantzen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Diaverum Medical Office, Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, Juan Nin" sort="Ferrari, Juan Nin" uniqKey="Ferrari J" first="Juan Nin" last="Ferrari">Juan Nin Ferrari</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I16">Diaverum Medical Office, Montevideo, Uruguay</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Castillo, Domingo" sort="Del Castillo, Domingo" uniqKey="Del Castillo D" first="Domingo" last="Del Castillo">Domingo Del Castillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I17">Diaverum Medical Office, Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegbrant, Jorgen" sort="Hegbrant, Jorgen" uniqKey="Hegbrant J" first="Jorgen" last="Hegbrant">Jorgen Hegbrant</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollheim, Charlotta" sort="Wollheim, Charlotta" uniqKey="Wollheim C" first="Charlotta" last="Wollheim">Charlotta Wollheim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gargano, Letitzia" sort="Gargano, Letitzia" uniqKey="Gargano L" first="Letitzia" last="Gargano">Letitzia Gargano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Nephrology</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2369</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>People with end-stage kidney disease treated with dialysis experience high rates of premature death that are at least 30-fold that of the general population, and have markedly impaired quality of life. Despite this, interventions that lower risk factors for mortality (including antiplatelet agents, epoetins, lipid lowering, vitamin D compounds, or dialysis dose) have not been shown to improve clinical outcomes for this population. Although mortality outcomes may be improving overall, additional modifiable determinants of health in people treated with dialysis need to be identified and evaluated.</p><p>Oral disease is highly prevalent in the general population and represents a potential and preventable cause of poor health in dialysis patients. Oral disease may be increased in patients treated with dialysis due to their lower uptake of public dental services, as well as increased malnutrition and inflammation, although available exploratory data are limited by small sample sizes and few studies evaluating links between oral health and clinical outcomes for this group, including mortality and cardiovascular disease. Recent data suggest periodontitis may be associated with mortality in dialysis patients and well-designed, larger studies are now required.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods/design</title><p>The ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study is a multinational, prospective (minimum follow-up 12 months) study. Participants comprise consecutive adults treated with long-term in-center hemodialysis. Between July 2010 and February 2012, we recruited 4500 dialysis patients from randomly selected outpatient dialysis clinics in Europe within a collaborative network of dialysis clinics administered by a dialysis provider, Diaverum, in Europe (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain) and South America (Argentina). At baseline, dental surgeons with training in periodontology systematically assessed the prevalence and characteristics of oral disease (dental, periodontal, mucosal, and salivary) in all participants. Oral hygiene habits and thirst were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. Data for hospitalizations and mortality (total and cause-specific) according to baseline oral health status will be collected once a year until 2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This large study will estimate the prevalence, characteristics and correlations of oral disease and clinical outcomes (mortality and hospitalization) in adults treated with dialysis. We will further evaluate any association between periodontitis and risk of premature death in dialysis patients that has been suggested by existing research. The results from this study should provide powerful new data to guide strategies for future interventional studies for preventative and curative oral disease strategies in adults who have end-stage kidney disease.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wildman, Rp" uniqKey="Wildman R">RP Wildman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, D" uniqKey="Gu D">D Gu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kusek, Jw" uniqKey="Kusek J">JW Kusek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spruill, M" uniqKey="Spruill M">M Spruill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, K" uniqKey="Reynolds K">K Reynolds</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, D" uniqKey="Liu D">D Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamm, Ll" uniqKey="Hamm L">LL Hamm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whelton, Pk" uniqKey="Whelton P">PK Whelton</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, J" uniqKey="He J">J He</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coresh, J" uniqKey="Coresh J">J Coresh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byrd Holt, D" uniqKey="Byrd Holt D">D Byrd-Holt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Astor, Bc" uniqKey="Astor B">BC Astor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Briggs, Jp" uniqKey="Briggs J">JP Briggs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eggers, Pw" uniqKey="Eggers P">PW Eggers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lacher, Da" uniqKey="Lacher D">DA Lacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hostetter, Th" uniqKey="Hostetter T">TH Hostetter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, Np" uniqKey="Singh N">NP Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ingle, Gk" uniqKey="Ingle G">GK Ingle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saini, Vk" uniqKey="Saini V">VK Saini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jami, A" uniqKey="Jami A">A Jami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beniwal, P" uniqKey="Beniwal P">P Beniwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lal, M" uniqKey="Lal M">M Lal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meena, Gs" uniqKey="Meena G">GS Meena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Evans, Rw" uniqKey="Evans R">RW Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manninen, Dl" uniqKey="Manninen D">DL Manninen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garrison, Lp" uniqKey="Garrison L">LP Garrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hart, Lg" uniqKey="Hart L">LG Hart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blagg, Cr" uniqKey="Blagg C">CR Blagg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutman, Ra" uniqKey="Gutman R">RA Gutman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hull, Ar" uniqKey="Hull A">AR Hull</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lowrie, Eg" uniqKey="Lowrie E">EG Lowrie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murtagh, Fe" uniqKey="Murtagh F">FE Murtagh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Higginson, Ij" uniqKey="Higginson I">IJ Higginson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Go, As" uniqKey="Go A">AS Go</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chertow, Gm" uniqKey="Chertow G">GM Chertow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, D" uniqKey="Fan D">D Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcculloch, Ce" uniqKey="Mcculloch C">CE McCulloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Cy" uniqKey="Hsu C">CY Hsu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hemmelgarn, Br" uniqKey="Hemmelgarn B">BR Hemmelgarn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manns, Bj" uniqKey="Manns B">BJ Manns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, A" uniqKey="Lloyd A">A Lloyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, Mt" uniqKey="James M">MT James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klarenbach, S" uniqKey="Klarenbach S">S Klarenbach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Rr" uniqKey="Quinn R">RR Quinn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiebe, N" uniqKey="Wiebe N">N Wiebe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tonelli, M" uniqKey="Tonelli M">M Tonelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Sc" uniqKey="Palmer S">SC Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Micco, L" uniqKey="Di Micco L">L Di Micco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Razavian, M" uniqKey="Razavian M">M Razavian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jc" uniqKey="Craig J">JC Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perkovic, V" uniqKey="Perkovic V">V Perkovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pellegrini, F" uniqKey="Pellegrini F">F Pellegrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Copetti, M" uniqKey="Copetti M">M Copetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graziano, G" uniqKey="Graziano G">G Graziano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tognoni, G" uniqKey="Tognoni G">G Tognoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jardine, M" uniqKey="Jardine M">M Jardine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eknoyan, G" uniqKey="Eknoyan G">G Eknoyan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Gj" uniqKey="Beck G">GJ Beck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Ak" uniqKey="Cheung A">AK Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daugirdas, Jt" uniqKey="Daugirdas J">JT Daugirdas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greene, T" uniqKey="Greene T">T Greene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kusek, Jw" uniqKey="Kusek J">JW Kusek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allon, M" uniqKey="Allon M">M Allon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, J" uniqKey="Bailey J">J Bailey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delmez, Ja" uniqKey="Delmez J">JA Delmez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Depner, Ta" uniqKey="Depner T">TA Depner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Ba" uniqKey="Cooper B">BA Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Branley, P" uniqKey="Branley P">P Branley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bulfone, L" uniqKey="Bulfone L">L Bulfone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Jf" uniqKey="Collins J">JF Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jc" uniqKey="Craig J">JC Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fraenkel, Mb" uniqKey="Fraenkel M">MB Fraenkel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, A" uniqKey="Harris A">A Harris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dw" uniqKey="Johnson D">DW Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kesselhut, J" uniqKey="Kesselhut J">J Kesselhut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jj" uniqKey="Li J">JJ Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Sc" uniqKey="Palmer S">SC Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgregor, Do" uniqKey="Mcgregor D">DO McGregor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaskill, P" uniqKey="Macaskill P">P Macaskill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jc" uniqKey="Craig J">JC Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elder, Gj" uniqKey="Elder G">GJ Elder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strippoli, Gf" uniqKey="Strippoli G">GF Strippoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Sc" uniqKey="Palmer S">SC Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navaneethan, Sd" uniqKey="Navaneethan S">SD Navaneethan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Jc" uniqKey="Craig J">JC Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dw" uniqKey="Johnson D">DW Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tonelli, M" uniqKey="Tonelli M">M Tonelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, Ax" uniqKey="Garg A">AX Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pellegrini, F" uniqKey="Pellegrini F">F Pellegrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravani, P" uniqKey="Ravani P">P Ravani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jardine, M" uniqKey="Jardine M">M Jardine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perkovic, V" uniqKey="Perkovic V">V Perkovic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vecchio, M" uniqKey="Vecchio M">M Vecchio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navaneethan, Sd" uniqKey="Navaneethan S">SD Navaneethan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dw" uniqKey="Johnson D">DW Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucisano, G" uniqKey="Lucisano G">G Lucisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graziano, G" uniqKey="Graziano G">G Graziano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Querques, M" uniqKey="Querques M">M Querques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saglimbene, V" uniqKey="Saglimbene V">V Saglimbene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruospo, M" uniqKey="Ruospo M">M Ruospo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonifati, C" uniqKey="Bonifati C">C Bonifati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jannini, Ea" uniqKey="Jannini E">EA Jannini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ancarani, E" uniqKey="Ancarani E">E Ancarani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biondi, B" uniqKey="Biondi B">B Biondi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolletta, A" uniqKey="Bolletta A">A Bolletta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cestra, D" uniqKey="Cestra D">D Cestra</name></author><author><name sortKey="De, Be" uniqKey="De B">BE De</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nirchi, Ma" uniqKey="Nirchi M">MA Nirchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nucera, G" uniqKey="Nucera G">G Nucera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orlandi, N" uniqKey="Orlandi N">N Orlandi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Persichetti, S" uniqKey="Persichetti S">S Persichetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scaccia, F" uniqKey="Scaccia F">F Scaccia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baines, Ls" uniqKey="Baines L">LS Baines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Jt" uniqKey="Joseph J">JT Joseph</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jindal, Rm" uniqKey="Jindal R">RM Jindal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blumenfield, M" uniqKey="Blumenfield M">M Blumenfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levy, Nb" uniqKey="Levy N">NB Levy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spinowitz, B" uniqKey="Spinowitz B">B Spinowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charytan, C" uniqKey="Charytan C">C Charytan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beasley, Cm" uniqKey="Beasley C">CM Beasley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubey, Ak" uniqKey="Dubey A">AK Dubey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Rj" uniqKey="Solomon R">RJ Solomon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Todd, R" uniqKey="Todd R">R Todd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodman, A" uniqKey="Goodman A">A Goodman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergstrom, Rf" uniqKey="Bergstrom R">RF Bergstrom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duarte, Ps" uniqKey="Duarte P">PS Duarte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyazaki, Mc" uniqKey="Miyazaki M">MC Miyazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blay, Sl" uniqKey="Blay S">SL Blay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sesso, R" uniqKey="Sesso R">R Sesso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koo, Jr" uniqKey="Koo J">JR Koo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, Jy" uniqKey="Yoon J">JY Yoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joo, Mh" uniqKey="Joo M">MH Joo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hs" uniqKey="Lee H">HS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Je" uniqKey="Oh J">JE Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sg" uniqKey="Kim S">SG Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Jw" uniqKey="Seo J">JW Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yk" uniqKey="Lee Y">YK Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hj" uniqKey="Kim H">HJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noh, Jw" uniqKey="Noh J">JW Noh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lii, Yc" uniqKey="Lii Y">YC Lii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsay, Sl" uniqKey="Tsay S">SL Tsay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Tj" uniqKey="Wang T">TJ Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Pe" uniqKey="Petersen P">PE Petersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourgeois, D" uniqKey="Bourgeois D">D Bourgeois</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, H" uniqKey="Ogawa H">H Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Estupinan Day, S" uniqKey="Estupinan Day S">S Estupinan-Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ndiaye, C" uniqKey="Ndiaye C">C Ndiaye</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dye, Ba" uniqKey="Dye B">BA Dye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, S" uniqKey="Tan S">S Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, V" uniqKey="Smith V">V Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Bg" uniqKey="Lewis B">BG Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Lk" uniqKey="Barker L">LK Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tohornton Evans, G" uniqKey="Tohornton Evans G">G Tohornton-Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griffin, So" uniqKey="Griffin S">SO Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Lk" uniqKey="Barker L">LK Barker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffin, Pm" uniqKey="Griffin P">PM Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cleveland, Jl" uniqKey="Cleveland J">JL Cleveland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kohn, W" uniqKey="Kohn W">W Kohn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grubbs, V" uniqKey="Grubbs V">V Grubbs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plantinga, Lc" uniqKey="Plantinga L">LC Plantinga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuot, Ds" uniqKey="Tuot D">DS Tuot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powe, Nr" uniqKey="Powe N">NR Powe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lockhart, Pb" uniqKey="Lockhart P">PB Lockhart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolger, Af" uniqKey="Bolger A">AF Bolger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papapanou, Pn" uniqKey="Papapanou P">PN Papapanou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osinbowale, O" uniqKey="Osinbowale O">O Osinbowale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trevisan, M" uniqKey="Trevisan M">M Trevisan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levison, Me" uniqKey="Levison M">ME Levison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taubert, Ka" uniqKey="Taubert K">KA Taubert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newburger, Jw" uniqKey="Newburger J">JW Newburger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gornik, Hl" uniqKey="Gornik H">HL Gornik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gewitz, Mh" uniqKey="Gewitz M">MH Gewitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lp" uniqKey="Chen L">LP Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiang, Ck" uniqKey="Chiang C">CK Chiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Ys" uniqKey="Peng Y">YS Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Sp" uniqKey="Hsu S">SP Hsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Cy" uniqKey="Lin C">CY Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, Cf" uniqKey="Lai C">CF Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, Ky" uniqKey="Hung K">KY Hung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kshirsagar, Av" uniqKey="Kshirsagar A">AV Kshirsagar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Rg" uniqKey="Craig R">RG Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, Kl" uniqKey="Moss K">KL Moss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Jd" uniqKey="Beck J">JD Beck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Offenbacher, S" uniqKey="Offenbacher S">S Offenbacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotanko, P" uniqKey="Kotanko P">P Kotanko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klemmer, Pj" uniqKey="Klemmer P">PJ Klemmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshino, M" uniqKey="Yoshino M">M Yoshino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levin, Nw" uniqKey="Levin N">NW Levin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, Jk" uniqKey="Yip J">JK Yip</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beck, Jd" uniqKey="Beck J">JD Beck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slade, G" uniqKey="Slade G">G Slade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Offenbacher, S" uniqKey="Offenbacher S">S Offenbacher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fouque, D" uniqKey="Fouque D">D Fouque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalantar Zadeh, K" uniqKey="Kalantar Zadeh K">K Kalantar-Zadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kopple, J" uniqKey="Kopple J">J Kopple</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, N" uniqKey="Cano N">N Cano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chauveau, P" uniqKey="Chauveau P">P Chauveau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuppari, L" uniqKey="Cuppari L">L Cuppari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franch, H" uniqKey="Franch H">H Franch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guarnieri, G" uniqKey="Guarnieri G">G Guarnieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikizler, Ta" uniqKey="Ikizler T">TA Ikizler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaysen, G" uniqKey="Kaysen G">G Kaysen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moynihan, P" uniqKey="Moynihan P">P Moynihan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Pe" uniqKey="Petersen P">PE Petersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pecoits Filho, R" uniqKey="Pecoits Filho R">R Pecoits-Filho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindholm, B" uniqKey="Lindholm B">B Lindholm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stenvinkel, P" uniqKey="Stenvinkel P">P Stenvinkel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruospo, M" uniqKey="Ruospo M">M Ruospo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Sc" uniqKey="Palmer S">SC Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vecchio, M" uniqKey="Vecchio M">M Vecchio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gargano, L" uniqKey="Gargano L">L Gargano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petruzzi, M" uniqKey="Petruzzi M">M Petruzzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Benedictis, M" uniqKey="De Benedictis M">M De Benedictis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strippoli, G" uniqKey="Strippoli G">G Strippoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Shammari, Kf" uniqKey="Al Shammari K">KF Al-Shammari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Ansari, Jm" uniqKey="Al Ansari J">JM Al-Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Khabbaz, Ak" uniqKey="Al Khabbaz A">AK Al-Khabbaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dashti, A" uniqKey="Dashti A">A Dashti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honkala, Ej" uniqKey="Honkala E">EJ Honkala</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bots, Cp" uniqKey="Bots C">CP Bots</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brand, Hs" uniqKey="Brand H">HS Brand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veerman, Ec" uniqKey="Veerman E">EC Veerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valentijn Benz, M" uniqKey="Valentijn Benz M">M Valentijn-Benz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Amerongen, Bm" uniqKey="Van Amerongen B">BM Van Amerongen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valentijn, Rm" uniqKey="Valentijn R">RM Valentijn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Pf" uniqKey="Vos P">PF Vos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bijlsma, Ja" uniqKey="Bijlsma J">JA Bijlsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bezemer, Pd" uniqKey="Bezemer P">PD Bezemer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Wee, Pm" uniqKey="Ter Wee P">PM Ter Wee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Nephrol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Nephrol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Nephrology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2369</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23597063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3685555</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1471-2369-14-90</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2369-14-90</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Study Protocol</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oral disease in adults treated with hemodialysis: prevalence, predictors, and association with mortality and adverse cardiovascular events: the rationale and design of the ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study, a prospective, multinational, longitudinal, observational, cohort study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Strippoli</surname><given-names>Giovanni FM</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>strippoli@negrisud.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>Suetonia C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><email>suetonia.palmer@otago.ac.nz</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Ruospo</surname><given-names>Marinella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>rs01@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Natale</surname><given-names>Patrizia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>patrizia.natale@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Saglimbene</surname><given-names>Valeria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>rs02@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>Jonathan C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>jonathan.craig@sydney.edu.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Pellegrini</surname><given-names>Fabio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref><email>f.pellegrini@operapadrepio.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Petruzzi</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><email>rs03@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>De Benedittis</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref><email>rs04@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A10"><name><surname>Ford</surname><given-names>Pauline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref><email>rs05@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A11"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>David W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref><email>David_Johnson@health.qld.gov.au</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A12"><name><surname>Celia</surname><given-names>Eduardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I13">13</xref><email>rs09@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A13"><name><surname>Gelfman</surname><given-names>Ruben</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I13">13</xref><email>rs10@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A14"><name><surname>Leal</surname><given-names>Miguel R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I12">12</xref><email>rs08@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A15"><name><surname>Torok</surname><given-names>Marietta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref><email>rs07@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A16"><name><surname>Stroumza</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref><email>paul.stroumza@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A17"><name><surname>Bednarek-Skublewska</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I14">14</xref><email>rs11@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A18"><name><surname>Dulawa</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I15">15</xref><email>rs12@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A19"><name><surname>Frantzen</surname><given-names>Luc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref><email>rs06@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A20"><name><surname>Ferrari</surname><given-names>Juan Nin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I16">16</xref><email>rs13@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A21"><name><surname>del Castillo</surname><given-names>Domingo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I17">17</xref><email>rs14@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A22"><name><surname>Hegbrant</surname><given-names>Jorgen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>rs15@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A23"><name><surname>Wollheim</surname><given-names>Charlotta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>rs16@diaverum.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A24"><name><surname>Gargano</surname><given-names>Letitzia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>letitzia.gargano@diaverum.com</email></contrib><on-behalf-of>on behalf of the ORAL-D Investigators<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="d33e223"></xref></on-behalf-of></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>University of Otago Christchurch, Addington, New Zealand</aff><aff id="I6"><label>6</label>Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy</aff><aff id="I7"><label>7</label>Dental clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy</aff><aff id="I8"><label>8</label>The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="I9"><label>9</label>Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="I10"><label>10</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Lyon, France</aff><aff id="I11"><label>11</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Budapest, Hungary</aff><aff id="I12"><label>12</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Sintra, Portugal</aff><aff id="I13"><label>13</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Capital Federal, Argentina</aff><aff id="I14"><label>14</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Poland; and Department of Nephrology, Medical University School of Lublin, Lublin, Poland</aff><aff id="I15"><label>15</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Poland and Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland</aff><aff id="I16"><label>16</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Montevideo, Uruguay</aff><aff id="I17"><label>17</label>Diaverum Medical Office, Madrid, Spain</aff><author-notes><corresp id="d33e223">on behalf of the ORAL-D Investigators</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Strippoli et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Strippoli et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/14/90"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>People with end-stage kidney disease treated with dialysis experience high rates of premature death that are at least 30-fold that of the general population, and have markedly impaired quality of life. Despite this, interventions that lower risk factors for mortality (including antiplatelet agents, epoetins, lipid lowering, vitamin D compounds, or dialysis dose) have not been shown to improve clinical outcomes for this population. Although mortality outcomes may be improving overall, additional modifiable determinants of health in people treated with dialysis need to be identified and evaluated.</p><p>Oral disease is highly prevalent in the general population and represents a potential and preventable cause of poor health in dialysis patients. Oral disease may be increased in patients treated with dialysis due to their lower uptake of public dental services, as well as increased malnutrition and inflammation, although available exploratory data are limited by small sample sizes and few studies evaluating links between oral health and clinical outcomes for this group, including mortality and cardiovascular disease. Recent data suggest periodontitis may be associated with mortality in dialysis patients and well-designed, larger studies are now required.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods/design</title><p>The ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study is a multinational, prospective (minimum follow-up 12 months) study. Participants comprise consecutive adults treated with long-term in-center hemodialysis. Between July 2010 and February 2012, we recruited 4500 dialysis patients from randomly selected outpatient dialysis clinics in Europe within a collaborative network of dialysis clinics administered by a dialysis provider, Diaverum, in Europe (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain) and South America (Argentina). At baseline, dental surgeons with training in periodontology systematically assessed the prevalence and characteristics of oral disease (dental, periodontal, mucosal, and salivary) in all participants. Oral hygiene habits and thirst were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. Data for hospitalizations and mortality (total and cause-specific) according to baseline oral health status will be collected once a year until 2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>This large study will estimate the prevalence, characteristics and correlations of oral disease and clinical outcomes (mortality and hospitalization) in adults treated with dialysis. We will further evaluate any association between periodontitis and risk of premature death in dialysis patients that has been suggested by existing research. The results from this study should provide powerful new data to guide strategies for future interventional studies for preventative and curative oral disease strategies in adults who have end-stage kidney disease.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>Oral disease</kwd><kwd>Periodontitis</kwd><kwd>Mortality</kwd><kwd>Prevalence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (clinically-relevant structural kidney changes or urinary abnormalities, with or without reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate [below 60 ml/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>]) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] is increasing globally, due in part to international epidemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Approximately 10% to 15% of the global adult population is affected by chronic kidney disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. In addition to an increasing prevalence, chronic kidney disease is associated with markedly impaired quality of life, sexual dysfunction, unemployment, depression, and premature mortality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Moderate kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate below 44 ml/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and/or heavy proteinuria) is associated with a 2- to 3- fold increase in all-cause mortality compared with the general population and for dialysis patients the risk is much higher [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. Despite poorer clinical outcomes, pharmacologic and dialysis-related interventions (including anti-platelet agents, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>] dialysis dose, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] early dialysis initiation, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] vitamin D compounds, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>] erythropoietins [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>], phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>] or antidepressant medication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]) generally do not improve clinical outcomes or quality of life, particularly for those with end-stage kidney disease treated with dialysis. Exploration of additional and modifiable determinants of health in populations with chronic kidney disease would help prioritize the evaluation of novel intervention strategies to improve clinical outcomes.</p><p>Oral disease represents a potential and preventable cause of impaired health in people with chronic kidney disease. Oral disease, including dental decay and periodontitis, affects nearly all adults in the global population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>] and is amongst one of the most costly diseases to treat for many health systems [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. Chronic disease is particularly linked to poorer oral health and greater unmet dental need, including untreated dental disease, self-reported poor oral health, and tooth loss [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]. In addition, individuals who have chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) are much less likely than the general population to attend publicly available dental care, even when controlling for age, gender, race or ethnicity, language barriers, medical insurance and income [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]. Periodontal disease is associated with cardiovascular disease in the general population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>] and emerging data suggest a link between periodontitis and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease treated with dialysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. Oral disease is associated with inflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>] and malnutrition (including the protein-energy wasting syndrome) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>], which affect people who have chronic kidney disease disproportionately, and are considered linked risk factors for accelerated cardiovascular disease in this clinical setting (known as malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis [MIA] syndrome) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. The relative contributions of socioeconomic disadvantage, malnutrition and inflammation to the prevalence and outcomes of oral disease in people who have kidney disease require analysis in a large longitudinal study, ahead of potential interventional trials.</p><p>Existing data for the prevalence and severity of oral disease in chronic kidney disease patients are confined to a few studies that have small sample sizes and marked differences in the estimates of oral disease between studies that are not readily explained by study-level clinical or demographic characteristics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. The ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study has been designed to survey the prevalence, severity, correlates, and outcomes of oral disease in a large consecutive population of adults with end-stage kidney disease treated with hemodialysis to assist the prioritization of future interventional research for oral disease in this population. Robust data linking oral health to relevant clinical outcomes may additionally identify the need for specific interventional trials in dialysis patients.</p><p>The ORAL-D study was specifically designed to explore the following questions:</p><p>1. Is the prevalence of oral disease higher in adults treated with hemodialysis and does the pattern of oral disease indicate/correlate with lower use of preventative dental services?</p><p>2. What are the important correlates of oral disease in hemodialysis patients including sociodemographic and clinical factors?</p><p>3. What is the prevalence of thirst and dysgeusia symptoms in adults treated with hemodialysis?</p><p>4. What are the characteristics and correlates of preventative oral habits including teeth brushing, attendance at dental care, flossing, and use of mouth wash?</p><p>5. Is there a relationship between biochemical and clinical performance measures used to evaluate quality of dialysis care and the prevalence and severity of oral disease?</p><p>6. What is the association between oral disease (dental, periodontal, salivary, or mucosal) and hospitalization or premature mortality in hemodialysis patients?</p><sec><title>Hypothesis</title><p>In the largest cohort study of oral disease in dialysis patients to date (the ORAL Diseases in Hemodialysis [ORAL-D] study), we will test the hypothesis that oral disease is frequently experienced by patients with end-stage kidney disease treated with hemodialysis and increases risk of total and cause-specific hospitalization and mortality when controlling for potentially confounding factors. We have evaluated oral hygiene habits and thirst in this population and whether biochemical and clinical performance measures of dialysis care are associated with increased risks of all forms of oral disease.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Methods/design</title><p>We received ethics approval for the ORAL Diseases in Hemodialysis (ORAL-D) study from the following responsible local Human Research Ethics Committees: Comitè de Protection des Personnes Sud-Medierranèe II (France), Komisja Bioetyczna, Slaskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego W Katowicach (Poland), CE da Diaverum Portugal (Portugal), Comite Etico de Investigacion Clinica (CEIC) de la Fundaction Puygvert and Agencia Valenciana de Salud, Departament de Salut Valencia (Spain), and Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem, Szent-Gyorgyi albert klinikai kozpont, and Regionalis human orvosbiologiai kutatasetikai bizottsaga (Hungary). Ethics approval was not required for this type of study in Italy or Argentina. All participants provided written and informed consent prior to study initiation and patient enrolment. The study is being performed in accordance with the 2000 Edinburgh, Scotland Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, applicable ICH guidelines and Guidelines on Research Practice.</p><sec><title>Study design</title><p>This is a multinational, prospective (minimum 12 months’ follow-up) study, in which approximately 4500 patients with end-stage kidney disease treated with outpatient in-center hemodialysis within a collaborative network of dialysis clinics administered by a dialysis provider (Diaverum) were enrolled between July 2010 and February 2012. The clinics included in this study were from dialysis communities with heterogeneity in social and economic circumstances and for which local investigators had committed to providing good-quality data during study follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Patient population</title><p>The study is multinational and open to all outpatient Diaverum haemodialysis treatment centers in selected countries in Europe (France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain) and South America (Argentina).</p><p>Eligible patients have met the following inclusion criteria:</p><p>1. End-stage kidney disease</p><p>2. Currently on long-term hemodialysis for any duration</p><p>3. Aged 18 years or over</p><p>4. Treating team agreeable to patient’s involvement in the study</p><p>5. Able to provide written and informed consent</p></sec><sec><title>Study procedures</title><p>Patients had met the inclusion criteria and all provided informed consent. Processes to identify and screen all potential recruits were established within each center in consultation with the ORAL-D study Steering Committee. Patient consent forms were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee before the beginning the study. A sample consent form and patient information sheet was provided to participating sites. Participating sites filed a copy of the approved consent form and information sheet for their center with the coordinating study office. The patient had an initial consultation with study personnel to discuss study participation, which included a preliminary eligibility check. The patient was also given an information sheet for the study. If consent was provided by the patient, a copy of the signed consent form and information sheet was given to the participant. The participant gave written and informed consent before enrollment or completion of any study-specific procedures. The ORAL-D study Steering Committee monitored the medical literature and any other relevant information that might have impacted on the ongoing conduct of the study.</p><p>The study commenced on the day of enrollment. At enrollment, all participants underwent: 1) collection of demographic and clinical data including dialysis-related care; 2) completion of self-administered questionnaires on oral hygiene and thirst; and 3) comprehensive and systematic oral examination, including assessment of dental, periodontal, mucosal, and salivary characteristics (including pH and flow).</p><sec><title>Demographic and clinical data</title><p>The collection of demographic, clinical/laboratory and dialysis-related data were performed by the local treating physician on standardized case report forms within one month of enrollment. Relevant data were obtained from clinical databases linked to the patient via a standardized identification code. Standardized data variables included age, gender, race, country of residence, educational, marital and occupational status, alcohol intake, smoking history, physical activity, housing, distance from dialysis unit, menopausal status, body mass index, protein catabolic rate, family income, financial stress, food intake, cause of kidney disease, diabetic status and other comorbid conditions, medication prescription, and serum parameters including hemoglobin, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, calcium, ferritin, albumin, cholesterol, and dialysis parameters. We included specific collection of data for medications to treat depression and anxiety that may have dry mouth as a side-effect as well as oral anticoagulants to evaluate their association with oral bleeding.</p></sec><sec><title>Self-administered questionnaires</title><p>At baseline, all participants completed self-administered questionnaires to evaluate oral hygiene habits, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>] and thirst [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Oral hygiene habit data included questions about visits for dental care, brushing, mouth wash use, and dental floss practices, and duration of oral hygiene each day (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). The dialysis thirst inventory was used to ask patients about thirst as a clinical symptom including at night, the effect of social life on thirst, and thirst in relation to dialysis (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Self-administered questionnaire on oral habits.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2369-14-90-1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Self-administered dialysis thirst inventory questionnaire.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2369-14-90-2"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Oral examination</title><p>All patients were examined at baseline by a qualified dental surgeon with training in periodontology in each country who had been centrally trained on the protocol and methods used for the study. The standardized oral examination included analysis of dental, periodontal, mucosal and salivary health. The oral examination occurred in the dialysis unit on the day of dialysis. We performed the dental and periodontal examination before dialysis treatment started (to minimize excessive bleeding due to heparin administration). We collected saliva before and after dialysis therapy and participants completed all questionnaires during dialysis. We performed oral visits in a specifically set up room at the dialysis clinical with an appropriate chair and mobile light source, or in the dialysis room using a light-emitting diode (LED) headlamp, based on patient preference. We used a standard sterile oral examination kit containing a dental examination mirror, ball-tip periodontal probe (calibrated in millimeters), tweezers, masks, bib, tissue wipes, cotton rolls and a biodegradable tray.</p><p>1. Dental examination</p><p>The DMFT index quantifies dental caries, fillings, and tooth loss. In this study, the DMFT index was calculated centrally for 32 teeth in the adult dentition including the four wisdom teeth or third molars. The dentist also recorded the total number of teeth (maximum 32) and the presence or absence of enamel hypoplasia and dental attrition or erosion. If dental attrition or erosion was present, the dentist indicated the likely cause. The dentist also recorded the presence of any denture (partial or total).</p><p>2. Periodontal examination</p><p>The standardized periodontal examination included the Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), the Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) score and the Bleeding on Probing (BOP) indices (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>).</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Standardized periodontal evaluation at baseline.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1471-2369-14-90-3"></graphic></fig><p>The Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD) was the distance between the free gingival margin and the apical extent of the periodontal pocket. The tip of the periodontal probe was placed with light pressure (10 to 20 grams) into the gingival sulcus, which is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding tissue. The first marking visible above the pocket indicated the measurement of the pocket depth. Three PPD measurements for each of the vestibular and lingual aspects of the tooth were recorded. A healthy pocket depth is approximately 3 mm without bleeding on probing. Depths greater than 3 mm are associated with “attachment loss” of the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone, characteristic of periodontitis. The PPD score was calculated as a mean value expressed in millimeters and determined as the total PPD divided by the number of sites examined.</p><p>The same periodontal probe was used to measure the distance between the cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) and the free gingival margin (GM). Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) was calculated as the sum of these distances, according to the standard formula CAL = PPD + (GM – CEJ). The CAL score for each patient was calculated as the sum of the mean PPD (sum of all values divided by the number of sites examined (6 per tooth)) and the mean (GM-CEJ) (sum of all values divided by the number of sites examined (2 per tooth)).</p><p>The Bleeding On Probing (BOP) index evaluated the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal sulci of all teeth recommended by the World Health Organization based on the tendency to bleed after a standard stimulus and indicating periodontal inflammation. The four surfaces of each tooth were tested to provide a maximum total of 128 sites. A final index was obtained centrally and expressed as a percentage of sites positive for bleeding on probing. The BOP index was performed before the patient had received heparin administration for dialysis treatment.</p><p>3. Mucosal examination</p><p>The dental surgeon asked the participant about symptoms of oral pain, burning and dysgeusia (altered sense of taste). For pain and burning symptoms the patient indicated the severity of symptoms on a Visual Analog Scale reporting a value from 1 to 10. The dental surgeon also evaluated the presence of ulceration, white or red mucosal lesions, neoformation, petechial-ecchymosis, thrush, herpes, geographical tongue, scrotal tongue, uremic breath, previous surgery, and other lesions, indicating the oral location, when present. Drug-related gingival overgrowth (hypertrophy) was assessed as present or absent.</p><p>4. Salivary indices</p><p>The participant was then asked not to eat, drink, or smoke for an hour before the salivary analyses were performed. To estimate the salivary flow rate, the patient chewed on a standard weight (1 gram) of paraffin wax for 60 seconds and swallow the formed saliva. Then, while chewing the paraffin intensively, the saliva was spat into plastic sterile calibrated containers (5 centimeters in diameter and provided with a plastic cap) during the following 5 minutes. The stimulated salivary flow rate was expressed in milliliters per minute and measured before (pre-dialysis) and after dialysis (post-dialysis). The saliva was then used to measure the salivary buffering capacity using the CRT buffer system and salivary pH was determined using the Merck Universal indicator system (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Clinical follow-up and data collection</title><p>During follow-up, patients continued to receive usual standardized care according to dialysis center protocols at the entire discretion of the treating clinical team.</p><p>Data for total and cause-specific hospitalization and mortality will be obtained through data linkages to a centralized database within the Diaverum network. In this database, every change in patient status in the clinics is updated by the managing clinician on a monthly basis, including change of survival status or from present in clinic or hospitalized, with causes for death and hospitalization and days of hospital stay.</p><p>A cardiovascular-related death or hospitalization includes death or hospitalization attributed to acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis, atherosclerotic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia cardiac arrest, valvular heart disease, pulmonary edema, congestive cardiac failure, cerebrovascular accident including intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic brain damage including anoxic encephalopathy, or mesenteric infarction or ischemia of bowel. An infection-related death includes septicemia due to internal vascular access, central nervous system infection (brain abscess, meningitis, encephalitis), septicemia due to peripheral vascular disease or gangrene, or other cause, cardiac infection (endocarditis), pulmonary infection (pneumonia or influenza), abdominal infection (peritonitis, perforated bowel, diverticular disease, gallbladder), or genito-urinary infection (urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, renal abscess).</p></sec><sec><title>Outcomes</title><p>The primary outcome for the study is total (all-cause) mortality associated with different types of oral disease (such as edentulism, DMFT score, or periodontitis). Secondary outcomes include death attributable to cardiovascular causes and death due to infection. Additional secondary outcomes include total and cause-specific hospitalization (cardiovascular or infection), and prevalence and characteristics of oral diseases (edentulism, DMFT score, periodontitis, oral pain, dysgeusia, precancerous and cancerous lesions, salivary flow rates and saliva buffering capacity). Prevalence of oral hygiene habits, thirst, and dysgeusia will also be included in secondary analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Rationale for the number of participants</title><p>The sample size for this study is 4700 participants. Assuming that the prevalence of the exposure (i.e. periodontitis) is about 40% and that 1-year mortality in the exposed group is 15%, an overall sample of 4700 individuals (2820 with periodontitis and 1880 without) is sufficient to detect a relative reduction of at least 20% in 1-year mortality (i.e. absolute risk difference of 3%; odds ratio equal to 0.77) with a power of 80%, where correlation between exposure and other adjustment covariates = 0.10 and type I error = 0.05.</p><p>The large number of participants have also been recruited so that relatively rare conditions such as precancerous lesions of the mouth/tongue (estimated likely prevalence 1% to 3% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]) can be evaluated. Recruitment has been competitive within the dialysis network to ensure that at least 4700 valid analyses with complete datasets and visits are available.</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Analysis will conform to a predefined statistical analysis plan agreed between the steering committee and study statisticians before analysis is commenced. Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics will be calculated and expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median (25<sup>th</sup> to 75<sup>th</sup> percentile) for continuous variables and number (proportion) for categorical variables. Prevalence and characteristics of oral disease (dental, periodontal, mucosal, and salivary) will be calculated as number (proportion) affected for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) or median (25<sup>th</sup> to 75<sup>th</sup> percentile) for continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression models will be built to investigate the influence of patient demographic and clinical characteristics on risks of oral disease. We will include as potential variables in analysis: age, sex, ethnicity, country or residence, educational status, living situation, occupation status, smoking, BMI, self-reported appetite, income, financial strain, comorbidity score, diabetes, existing cardiovascular disease, depression score, blood pressure, protein catabolic rate, hemoglobin, albumin, phosphorus, cholesterol, ferritin, parathyroid hormone, and duration on dialysis.</p><p>We will use Cox proportional hazard models for analysis of mortality and hospitalization outcomes. We will check for confounders, interactions and multicollinearity among independent variables. The final models will be adjusted for all confounders and baseline covariables judged to have clinical importance. The significance level will be set at 0.05. All analyses will be performed using macro routines written in SAS Language (Release 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC; 2002–2003; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sas.com/">http://www.sas.com/</ext-link>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Chronic kidney disease is an important and increasing global public health problem that is associated with marked loss of quality of life and increased premature cardiovascular disease and mortality. End-stage kidney disease, the most severe form of kidney disease, is associated with profoundly reduced survival and a heavy symptom burden, although existing interventions to improve clinical outcomes in this population are generally lacking. Oral disease may represent an important cause of impaired quality of life and worse clinical outcomes in dialysis patients. However, on the basis of current evidence, data for the characteristics of oral health and preventative oral hygiene habits in dialysis population are sparse. Additional large-scale studies of oral health in this population would assist the prioritization of future research including appropriate interventional trials. The ORAL-D study is the first large and comprehensive survey of oral disease in adults treated with long-term hemodialysis. We will evaluate the prevalence, severity and correlates of oral disease and evaluate the relationship between oral disease and clinical outcomes (hospitalization and mortality) in this population.</p></sec><sec><title>Abbreviations</title><p>BOP: Bleeding on Probing; CAL: Clinical Attachment Loss; CRT: Caries Risk Test; CEJ: Cementum-Enamel Junction; DMFT index: Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth index; ICH guidelines: International Conference of Harmonisation guidelines; GM: Gingival Margin; ORAL-D study: The ORAL Diseases in hemodialysis study; PPD: Periodontal Probing Depth.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. SP receives an unrestricted fellowship from the Consorzio Mario Negri Sud from Amgen Dompé and is a L’Oreal For Women in Science Australia and New Zealand 2012 Fellow.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>GFMS; Principal Investigator; the conception, design of the study, oversight of study conduct; SP; participated in design of the study, drafting of statistical analysis plan and initial drafting of manuscript; MR; participation in design of the study, oversight and conduct of all practical aspects of the study, critical review of the manuscript; PN; data collection and entry, critical review of the manuscript; VS, statistical analysis; JC, participation in design of the study, critical review of the manuscript; FP; statistical expertise; MP, MDB; participation in design of the study, oversight and conduct of all practical aspects of the study, critical review of the manuscript; PF, DJ; participation in design of the study, critical review of the manuscript; PS, LF, MT, MRL, EC, RG, AB-S, JD, JNF, DDC, JH, CW; participation in design of the study, oversight and conduct of practical aspects of the study, critical review of the manuscript. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ information</title><p><bold>Giovanni F.M. Strippoli</bold>, MD, MPH, MM, PhD, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy; Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy;</p><p><bold>Suetonia C. Palmer</bold>, MBChB, PhD; University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand</p><p><bold>Marinella Ruospo</bold>, MSc; Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</p><p><bold>Patrizia Natale</bold>, MSc; Diaverum Scientific Office, Lund, Sweden</p><p><bold>Valeria Saglimbene</bold>, MSc; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Italy</p><p><bold>Jonathan C. Craig</bold>, MBChB, PhD; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia</p><p><bold>Fabio Pellegrini</bold>, MSc; Consorzio Mario Negri Sud; “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy</p><p><bold>Massimo Petruzzi,</bold> Dental clinic, University of Bari<bold>,</bold> Italy</p><p><bold>Michele De Benedittis,</bold> Dental clinic, University of Bari, Italy</p><p><bold>Pauline J. Ford</bold>, BDSc (Hons), BDentSt, PhD, GCHEd, The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia</p><p><bold>David W. Johnson</bold>, MBBS (Hons), PhD, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia</p><p><bold>Paul Stroumza</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, France</p><p><bold>Luc Frantzen</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, France</p><p><bold>Marietta Törok</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Hungary</p><p><bold>Miguel R Leal</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Portugal</p><p><bold>Eduardo Celia</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Argentina</p><p><bold>Ruben Gelfman</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Argentina</p><p><bold>Anna Bednarek-Skublewska</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Poland; and Department of Nephrology, Medical University School of Lublin, Poland</p><p><bold>Jan Dulawa</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Poland and Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Poland</p><p><bold>Juan Nin Ferrari</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Uruguay</p><p><bold>Domingo Del Castillo</bold>, MD, Diaverum Medical Office, Spain</p><p><bold>Jörgen Hegbrant</bold>, MD, PhD, Diaverum Medical Office, Sweden</p><p><bold>Charlotta Wollheim</bold>, MSc, Diaverum Medical Office, Sweden</p><p>Participating centers, facilitators, steering and organizing committee members</p><p><bold>Italy:</bold> N Dambrosio, G Paparella, M Sambati, C Donatelli, F Pedone, VA Cagnazzo, R Antinoro, F Torsello, C Saturno, G Giannoccaro, S Maldera, E Boccia, M Mantuano, R Di Toro Mammarella, M Meconizzi, PF Steri, C Riccardi, A Flammini, L Moscardelli, M Murgo, N San Filippo, S Pagano, G Marino, G Montalto, S Cantarella, B Salamone, G Randazzo, D Rallo, A Maniscalco, M Fici, A Lupo, P Pellegrino, R Fichera, A D’Angelo, N Falsitta, L Gargano, P Natale</p><p><bold>Poland:</bold> E. Bocheńska-Nowacka, A. Jaroszyński, J. Drabik, M. Birecka, D. Daniewska, M. Drobisz, K. Doskocz, G. Wyrwicz</p><p><bold>Portugal</bold>: L Inchaustegui, C Outerelo, D Sousa Mendes, A Mendes, J Lopes, J Barbas, C Madeira, A Fortes, R Vizinho, A Cortesão, E Almeida, M Santos</p><p><bold>France</bold>: C Boriceanu, S Frantzen-Trendel</p><p><bold>Hungary:</bold> K Albert, I Csaszar, E Kiss, D Kosa, A Orosz, J Redl, L Kovacs, E Varga, M Szabo, K Magyar, G Kriza, E Zajko, A Bereczki, J Csikos, A Kuti, A Mike, K Steiner, E Nemeth, K Tolnai, A Toth, J Vinczene, Sz Szummer, E Tanyi, R Toth, M Szilvia, K Nagy, Ö Bajusz, I Pinke, G Decsi, L Gyergyoi, Zs Jobba, Zs Zalai, Á Zsedenyi, G Kiss, M Pinter, M Kereszturi</p><p><bold>Spain</bold>: A. Bernat, B. De la Torre, A. Lopez, J. Martín , G. Cuesta, R.M. Rodriguez, F. Ros, M. Garcia, E. Orero, E. Ros.</p><p><bold>Argentina:</bold> S Raña, M Serrano, S Claros, M Arias, L Petracci, M Arana, P De Rosa, A Gutierrez, M Simon, V Vergara, M Tosi, M Cernadas, I Vilamajó, D Gravac, M Paulón, L Penayo, G Carrizo, M Ghiani, G Perez, O Da Cruz, D Galarce, M Gravielle, E Vescovo, R Paparone, C Mato Mira, E Mojico, O Hermida, D Florio, M Yucoswky, W Labonia, D Rubio, G Di Napoli, A Fernandez, H Altman, J Rodriguez, S Serrano, G Valle, M Lobos, V Acosta, G Corpacci, M Jofre, L Gianoni, G Chiesura, M Capdevila, J Montenegro, J Bequi, J Dayer, A Gómez, C Calderón, E Abrego, C Cechín, J García, J Corral, M Natiello, A Coronel, M Muñiz, V Muñiz, A Bonelli, F Sanchez, S Maestre, S Olivera, M Camargo, V Avalos, E Geandet, M Canteli, A Escobar, E Sena, S Tirado, A Peñalba, G Neme, M Cisneros, R Oliszewski, V Nascar, M Daud, S Mansilla, A Paredes Álvarez, L Gamín, M Arijón, M Coombes, M Zapata</p><p>Doctors of Dental Surgery.</p><p>M Petruzzi (Dental clinic, University of Bari, Italy), M De Benedittis (Dental clinic, University of Bari) J Szkutnik (Department of Functional Masticatory Disorders Medical University of Lublin); J Sieczkarek (Chair and Department of Periodontology Medical University of Lublin); M Garcia Gallart (independent dentist), C Mendieta (Periodontology Professor, University of Barcelona); A Capelo (Department of Estomatology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa); A Caetano, K MacGregor, S Silva Pinheiro, L Martins, D Leitão, C Izidoro (independent dentists); G Bava (Buenos Aires); A Bora (Caleta Olivia); H Gorena (Córdoba); T Calderón (Mendoza); R Dupuy, N Alonso (Tucumán); V Siciliano (Comodoro Rivadavia).</p></sec><sec><title>Pre-publication history</title><p>The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:</p><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/14/90/prepub">http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/14/90/prepub</ext-link></p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Funding was received from Diaverum AB for the conduct of this study. Part funding was received from LCO, Le Cliniche Odontoiatriche. The funding body had no role in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data; in writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. GS, MR, PN, PS, LF, MT, ML, EC, RG, AB, JD, J N-F, DC, JH, CW and LG are employees of Diaverum AB.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>National Kidney Foundation</collab><article-title>K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2002</year><volume>39</volume><issue>2 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S1</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11904577</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wildman</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name><name><surname>Gu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kusek</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Spruill</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Reynolds</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamm</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name><name><surname>Whelton</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Prevalence of decreased kidney function in Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2005</year><volume>68</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>2837</fpage><lpage>2845</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00757.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16316361</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Coresh</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Byrd-Holt</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Astor</surname><given-names>BC</given-names></name><name><surname>Briggs</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Eggers</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Lacher</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hostetter</surname><given-names>TH</given-names></name><article-title>Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000</article-title><source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>180</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15563563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>NP</given-names></name><name><surname>Ingle</surname><given-names>GK</given-names></name><name><surname>Saini</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><name><surname>Jami</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Beniwal</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Lal</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Meena</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name><article-title>Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria and associated risk factors in North India using Cockcroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation: an observational, cross-sectional study</article-title><source>BMC Nephrol</source><year>2009</year><volume>17</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>4</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19220921</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Manninen</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></name><name><surname>Garrison</surname><given-names>LP</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Hart</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><name><surname>Blagg</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Gutman</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hull</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Lowrie</surname><given-names>EG</given-names></name><article-title>The quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease</article-title><source>New Engl J Med</source><year>1985</year><volume>312</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>553</fpage><lpage>559</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198502283120905</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3918267</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Murtagh</surname><given-names>FE</given-names></name><name><surname>Higginson</surname><given-names>IJ</given-names></name><collab>ddington-Hall J</collab><article-title>The prevalence of symptoms in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review</article-title><source>Adv Chronic Kidney Dis</source><year>2007</year><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.ackd.2006.10.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17200048</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Go</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Chertow</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>McCulloch</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>CY</given-names></name><article-title>Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2004</year><volume>351</volume><issue>13</issue><fpage>1296</fpage><lpage>1305</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa041031</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15385656</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hemmelgarn</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><name><surname>Manns</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Lloyd</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Klarenbach</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Quinn</surname><given-names>RR</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiebe</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tonelli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2010</year><volume>303</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>423</fpage><lpage>429</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2010.39</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20124537</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Di Micco</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Razavian</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Perkovic</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Pellegrini</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Copetti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Graziano</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Tognoni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Jardine</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Effects of antiplatelet therapy on mortality and cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes in persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2012</year><volume>156</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>459</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22431677</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Eknoyan</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>GJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Daugirdas</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Greene</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kusek</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Allon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bailey</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Delmez</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Depner</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2002</year><volume>347</volume><issue>25</issue><fpage>2010</fpage><lpage>2019</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa021583</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12490682</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Branley</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Bulfone</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Collins</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Fraenkel</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name><name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name><name><surname>Kesselhut</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>363</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>619</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1000552</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20581422</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>McGregor</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></name><name><surname>Macaskill</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Elder</surname><given-names>GJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Strippoli</surname><given-names>GF</given-names></name><article-title>Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>147</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>840</fpage><lpage>853</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18087055</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Navaneethan</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name><name><surname>Tonelli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Garg</surname><given-names>AX</given-names></name><name><surname>Pellegrini</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Ravani</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Jardine</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Perkovic</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Meta-analysis: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>153</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-153-1-201007060-00252</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20439566</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vecchio</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Navaneethan</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name><name><surname>Lucisano</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Graziano</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Querques</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Saglimbene</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruospo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonifati</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jannini</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Treatment options for sexual dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials</article-title><source>Clin J Am Soc Nephrol</source><year>2010</year><volume>5</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>985</fpage><lpage>995</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2215/CJN.09081209</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20498250</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ancarani</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Biondi</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Bolletta</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cestra</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>De</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name><name><surname>Nirchi</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Nucera</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Orlandi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Persichetti</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Scaccia</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Major depression complicating hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure: A multicenter, double-blind, controlled clinical trial of S- adenosyl-L-methionine versus placebo</article-title><source>Curr Ther Res Clin Exp</source><year>1993</year><volume>54</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>680</fpage><lpage>686</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0011-393X(05)80698-8</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Baines</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><name><surname>Joseph</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Jindal</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><article-title>Prospective randomized study of individual and group psychotherapy versus controls in recipients of renal transplants</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2004</year><volume>65</volume><fpage>1937</fpage><lpage>1942</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00594.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15086937</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blumenfield</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Levy</surname><given-names>NB</given-names></name><name><surname>Spinowitz</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Charytan</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Beasley</surname><given-names>CM</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Dubey</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Todd</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Goodman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergstrom</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><article-title>Fluoxetine in depressed patients on dialysis</article-title><source>Int J Psychiatry Med</source><year>1997</year><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2190/WQ33-M54T-XN7L-V8MX</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9565715</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Duarte</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyazaki</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Blay</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Sesso</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Cognitive-behavioral group therapy is an effective treatment for major depression in hemodialysis patients</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2009</year><volume>76</volume><fpage>414</fpage><lpage>421</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ki.2009.156</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19455196</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Koo</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><name><surname>Joo</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>YK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Noh</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Treatment of depression and effect of antidepression treatment on nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis patients</article-title><source>Am J Med Sci</source><year>2005</year><volume>329</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00000441-200501000-00001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15654172</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lii</surname><given-names>YC</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsay</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name><article-title>Group intervention to improve quality of life in haemodialysis patients</article-title><source>J Clin Nurs</source><year>2007</year><volume>16</volume><issue>11c</issue><fpage>268</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01963.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17931320</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>Bourgeois</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogawa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Estupinan-Day</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Ndiaye</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health</article-title><source>Bull World Health Organ</source><year>2005</year><volume>83</volume><fpage>661</fpage><lpage>669</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16211157</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Dye</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name><name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></name><name><surname>Tohornton-Evans</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. National Center for Health Statistics</article-title><source>Vital Health Stat</source><year>2007</year><volume>11</volume><issue>248</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>92</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>SO</given-names></name><name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></name><name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Cleveland</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Kohn</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><article-title>Oral health needs among adults in the United States with chronic diseases</article-title><source>J Am Dent Assoc</source><year>2009</year><volume>140</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1266</fpage><lpage>1274</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19797557</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Grubbs</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Plantinga</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Tuot</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Powe</surname><given-names>NR</given-names></name><article-title>Chronic kidney disease and use of dental services in a United States public healthcare system: a retrospective cohort study</article-title><source>BMC Nephrol</source><year>2012</year><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>16</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2369-13-16</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22471751</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lockhart</surname><given-names>PB</given-names></name><name><surname>Bolger</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><name><surname>Papapanou</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><name><surname>Osinbowale</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Trevisan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Levison</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Taubert</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Newburger</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Gornik</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Gewitz</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: Does the evidence support an independent association?</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2012</year><volume>125</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>2520</fpage><lpage>2544</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31825719f3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22514251</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name><name><surname>Chiang</surname><given-names>CK</given-names></name><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>SP</given-names></name><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>CY</given-names></name><name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>CF</given-names></name><name><surname>Hung</surname><given-names>KY</given-names></name><article-title>Relationship between periodontal disease and mortality in patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis</article-title><source>Am J Kidney Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>57</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>276</fpage><lpage>282</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.09.016</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21177012</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kshirsagar</surname><given-names>AV</given-names></name><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Moss</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></name><name><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Offenbacher</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kotanko</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Klemmer</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoshino</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>NW</given-names></name><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Periodontal disease adversely affects the survival of patients with end-stage renal disease</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2009</year><volume>75</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>746</fpage><lpage>751</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ki.2008.660</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19165177</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Slade</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Offenbacher</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Oral disease, cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammation</article-title><source>Periodontol</source><year>2000</year><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2230111.x</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Fouque</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalantar-Zadeh</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Kopple</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Chauveau</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Cuppari</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Franch</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Guarnieri</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ikizler</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaysen</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2007</year><volume>73</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>391</fpage><lpage>398</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18094682</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Moynihan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><article-title>Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases</article-title><source>Public Health Nutr</source><year>2004</year><volume>7</volume><issue>1A</issue><fpage>201</fpage><lpage>226</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14972061</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pecoits-Filho</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lindholm</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Stenvinkel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><article-title>The malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome - the heart of the matter</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>2002</year><volume>17</volume><issue>Suppl 11</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ndt/17.suppl_11.28</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12386254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ruospo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Vecchio</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gargano</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Petruzzi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>De Benedictis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Strippoli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><article-title>Oral disease in people with chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis of prevalence and association with clinical outcomes</article-title><source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source><year>2012</year><volume>27</volume><issue>Suppl 2</issue><fpage>ii1</fpage><lpage>ii549</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ndt/gfs185</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22629563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Al-Shammari</surname><given-names>KF</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Ansari</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Khabbaz</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Dashti</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Honkala</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><article-title>Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults</article-title><source>Med Princ Pract</source><year>2007</year><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000096134</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17159358</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bots</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><name><surname>Brand</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></name><name><surname>Veerman</surname><given-names>EC</given-names></name><name><surname>Valentijn-Benz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Amerongen</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>Valentijn</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Bijlsma</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bezemer</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name><name><surname>Ter Wee</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis is associated with dry mouth and thirst</article-title><source>Kidney Int</source><year>2004</year><volume>66</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1662</fpage><lpage>1668</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00933.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15458464</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001604 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001604 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |