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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes</title><author><name sortKey="Galluzzi, L" sort="Galluzzi, L" uniqKey="Galluzzi L" first="L" last="Galluzzi">L. Galluzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aaronson, Sa" sort="Aaronson, Sa" uniqKey="Aaronson S" first="Sa" last="Aaronson">Sa Aaronson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrams, J" sort="Abrams, J" uniqKey="Abrams J" first="J" last="Abrams">J. Abrams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alnemri, Es" sort="Alnemri, Es" uniqKey="Alnemri E" first="Es" last="Alnemri">Es Alnemri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5587, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Dw" sort="Andrews, Dw" uniqKey="Andrews D" first="Dw" last="Andrews">Dw Andrews</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, L8N 3Z5 Hamilton, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baehrecke, Eh" sort="Baehrecke, Eh" uniqKey="Baehrecke E" first="Eh" last="Baehrecke">Eh Baehrecke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bazan, Ng" sort="Bazan, Ng" uniqKey="Bazan N" first="Ng" last="Bazan">Ng Bazan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blagosklonny, Mv" sort="Blagosklonny, Mv" uniqKey="Blagosklonny M" first="Mv" last="Blagosklonny">Mv Blagosklonny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blomgren, K" sort="Blomgren, K" uniqKey="Blomgren K" first="K" last="Blomgren">K. Blomgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Department of Pediatric Oncology, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borner, C" sort="Borner, C" uniqKey="Borner C" first="C" last="Borner">C. Borner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bredesen, De" sort="Bredesen, De" uniqKey="Bredesen D" first="De" last="Bredesen">De Bredesen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, C" sort="Brenner, C" uniqKey="Brenner C" first="C" last="Brenner">C. Brenner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">University of Versailles/St Quentin, 78035 Versailles, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">CNRS, UMR8159, 78035 Versailles, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castedo, M" sort="Castedo, M" uniqKey="Castedo M" first="M" last="Castedo">M. Castedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cidlowski, Ja" sort="Cidlowski, Ja" uniqKey="Cidlowski J" first="Ja" last="Cidlowski">Ja Cidlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Duhram, NC 27709, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciechanover, A" sort="Ciechanover, A" uniqKey="Ciechanover A" first="A" last="Ciechanover">A. Ciechanover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Vascular and Tumor Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Gm" sort="Cohen, Gm" uniqKey="Cohen G" first="Gm" last="Cohen">Gm Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Laurenzi, V" sort="De Laurenzi, V" uniqKey="De Laurenzi V" first="V" last="De Laurenzi">V. De Laurenzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università ‘G. d’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Maria, R" sort="De Maria, R" uniqKey="De Maria R" first="R" last="De Maria">R. De Maria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95030 Catania, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deshmukh, M" sort="Deshmukh, M" uniqKey="Deshmukh M" first="M" last="Deshmukh">M. Deshmukh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dynlacht, Bd" sort="Dynlacht, Bd" uniqKey="Dynlacht B" first="Bd" last="Dynlacht">Bd Dynlacht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Deiry, Ws" sort="El Deiry, Ws" uniqKey="El Deiry W" first="Ws" last="El-Deiry">Ws El-Deiry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flavell, Ra" sort="Flavell, Ra" uniqKey="Flavell R" first="Ra" last="Flavell">Ra Flavell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulda, S" sort="Fulda, S" uniqKey="Fulda S" first="S" last="Fulda">S. Fulda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">University Children’s Hospital, 89075 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garrido, C" sort="Garrido, C" uniqKey="Garrido C" first="C" last="Garrido">C. Garrido</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">INSERM, UMR866, 21049 Dijon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, 21049 Dijon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golstein, P" sort="Golstein, P" uniqKey="Golstein P" first="P" last="Golstein">P. Golstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">INSERM, U631, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">CNRS, UMR6102, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gougeon, M L" sort="Gougeon, M L" uniqKey="Gougeon M" first="M-L" last="Gougeon">M-L Gougeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Dr" sort="Green, Dr" uniqKey="Green D" first="Dr" last="Green">Dr Green</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children′s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gronemeyer, H" sort="Gronemeyer, H" uniqKey="Gronemeyer H" first="H" last="Gronemeyer">H. Gronemeyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Cancer Biology – Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">INSERM, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajn Czky, G" sort="Hajn Czky, G" uniqKey="Hajn Czky G" first="G" last="Hajn Czky">G. Hajn Czky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardwick, Jm" sort="Hardwick, Jm" uniqKey="Hardwick J" first="Jm" last="Hardwick">Jm Hardwick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hengartner, Mo" sort="Hengartner, Mo" uniqKey="Hengartner M" first="Mo" last="Hengartner">Mo Hengartner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ichijo, H" sort="Ichijo, H" uniqKey="Ichijo H" first="H" last="Ichijo">H. Ichijo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Ttel, M" sort="J Ttel, M" uniqKey="J Ttel M" first="M" last="J Ttel">M. J Ttel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Danish Cancer Society, Department of Apoptosis, Institute of Cancer Biology, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kepp, O" sort="Kepp, O" uniqKey="Kepp O" first="O" last="Kepp">O. Kepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimchi, A" sort="Kimchi, A" uniqKey="Kimchi A" first="A" last="Kimchi">A. Kimchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klionsky, Dj" sort="Klionsky, Dj" uniqKey="Klionsky D" first="Dj" last="Klionsky">Dj Klionsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Ra" sort="Knight, Ra" uniqKey="Knight R" first="Ra" last="Knight">Ra Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kornbluth, S" sort="Kornbluth, S" uniqKey="Kornbluth S" first="S" last="Kornbluth">S. Kornbluth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" sort="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S" last="Kumar">S. Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, B" sort="Levine, B" uniqKey="Levine B" first="B" last="Levine">B. Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipton, Sa" sort="Lipton, Sa" uniqKey="Lipton S" first="Sa" last="Lipton">Sa Lipton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Univerisity of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lugli, E" sort="Lugli, E" uniqKey="Lugli E" first="E" last="Lugli">E. Lugli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madeo, F" sort="Madeo, F" uniqKey="Madeo F" first="F" last="Madeo">F. Madeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malorni, W" sort="Malorni, W" uniqKey="Malorni W" first="W" last="Malorni">W. Malorni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marine, J Cw" sort="Marine, J Cw" uniqKey="Marine J" first="J-Cw" last="Marine">J-Cw Marine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Sj" sort="Martin, Sj" uniqKey="Martin S" first="Sj" last="Martin">Sj Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medema, Jp" sort="Medema, Jp" uniqKey="Medema J" first="Jp" last="Medema">Jp Medema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">University of Amsterdam, 1012 ZA Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehlen, P" sort="Mehlen, P" uniqKey="Mehlen P" first="P" last="Mehlen">P. Mehlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Centre Léon Berard, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">CNRS, UMR5238, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melino, G" sort="Melino, G" uniqKey="Melino G" first="G" last="Melino">G. Melino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moll, Um" sort="Moll, Um" uniqKey="Moll U" first="Um" last="Moll">Um Moll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Department of Molecular Oncology, Goöttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morselli, E" sort="Morselli, E" uniqKey="Morselli E" first="E" last="Morselli">E. Morselli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagata, S" sort="Nagata, S" uniqKey="Nagata S" first="S" last="Nagata">S. Nagata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Dw" sort="Nicholson, Dw" uniqKey="Nicholson D" first="Dw" last="Nicholson">Dw Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicotera, P" sort="Nicotera, P" uniqKey="Nicotera P" first="P" last="Nicotera">P. Nicotera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nu Ez, G" sort="Nu Ez, G" uniqKey="Nu Ez G" first="G" last="Nu Ez">G. Nu Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oren, M" sort="Oren, M" uniqKey="Oren M" first="M" last="Oren">M. Oren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penninger, J" sort="Penninger, J" uniqKey="Penninger J" first="J" last="Penninger">J. Penninger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, 1030 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pervaiz, S" sort="Pervaiz, S" uniqKey="Pervaiz S" first="S" last="Pervaiz">S. Pervaiz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169547 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peter, Me" sort="Peter, Me" uniqKey="Peter M" first="Me" last="Peter">Me Peter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piacentini, M" sort="Piacentini, M" uniqKey="Piacentini M" first="M" last="Piacentini">M. Piacentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani’, 00149 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prehn, Jhm" sort="Prehn, Jhm" uniqKey="Prehn J" first="Jhm" last="Prehn">Jhm Prehn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puthalakath, H" sort="Puthalakath, H" uniqKey="Puthalakath H" first="H" last="Puthalakath">H. Puthalakath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabinovich, Ga" sort="Rabinovich, Ga" uniqKey="Rabinovich G" first="Ga" last="Rabinovich">Ga Rabinovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME- CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzuto, R" sort="Rizzuto, R" uniqKey="Rizzuto R" first="R" last="Rizzuto">R. Rizzuto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, Cmp" sort="Rodrigues, Cmp" uniqKey="Rodrigues C" first="Cmp" last="Rodrigues">Cmp Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, Dc" sort="Rubinsztein, Dc" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="Dc" last="Rubinsztein">Dc Rubinsztein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudel, T" sort="Rudel, T" uniqKey="Rudel T" first="T" last="Rudel">T. Rudel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scorrano, L" sort="Scorrano, L" uniqKey="Scorrano L" first="L" last="Scorrano">L. Scorrano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, H U" sort="Simon, H U" uniqKey="Simon H" first="H-U" last="Simon">H-U Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steller, H" sort="Steller, H" uniqKey="Steller H" first="H" last="Steller">H. Steller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschopp, J" sort="Tschopp, J" uniqKey="Tschopp J" first="J" last="Tschopp">J. Tschopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsujimoto, Y" sort="Tsujimoto, Y" uniqKey="Tsujimoto Y" first="Y" last="Tsujimoto">Y. Tsujimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka 565-0871, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenabeele, P" sort="Vandenabeele, P" uniqKey="Vandenabeele P" first="P" last="Vandenabeele">P. Vandenabeele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitale, I" sort="Vitale, I" uniqKey="Vitale I" first="I" last="Vitale">I. Vitale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vousden, Kh" sort="Vousden, Kh" uniqKey="Vousden K" first="Kh" last="Vousden">Kh Vousden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Youle, Rj" sort="Youle, Rj" uniqKey="Youle R" first="Rj" last="Youle">Rj Youle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, J" sort="Yuan, J" uniqKey="Yuan J" first="J" last="Yuan">J. Yuan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhivotovsky, B" sort="Zhivotovsky, B" uniqKey="Zhivotovsky B" first="B" last="Zhivotovsky">B. Zhivotovsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, SE- 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kroemer, G" sort="Kroemer, G" uniqKey="Kroemer G" first="G" last="Kroemer">G. Kroemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19373242</idno><idno type="pmc">2757140</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757140</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2757140</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/cdd.2009.44</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001488</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001488</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes</title><author><name sortKey="Galluzzi, L" sort="Galluzzi, L" uniqKey="Galluzzi L" first="L" last="Galluzzi">L. Galluzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aaronson, Sa" sort="Aaronson, Sa" uniqKey="Aaronson S" first="Sa" last="Aaronson">Sa Aaronson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrams, J" sort="Abrams, J" uniqKey="Abrams J" first="J" last="Abrams">J. Abrams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alnemri, Es" sort="Alnemri, Es" uniqKey="Alnemri E" first="Es" last="Alnemri">Es Alnemri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5587, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Dw" sort="Andrews, Dw" uniqKey="Andrews D" first="Dw" last="Andrews">Dw Andrews</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, L8N 3Z5 Hamilton, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baehrecke, Eh" sort="Baehrecke, Eh" uniqKey="Baehrecke E" first="Eh" last="Baehrecke">Eh Baehrecke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bazan, Ng" sort="Bazan, Ng" uniqKey="Bazan N" first="Ng" last="Bazan">Ng Bazan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blagosklonny, Mv" sort="Blagosklonny, Mv" uniqKey="Blagosklonny M" first="Mv" last="Blagosklonny">Mv Blagosklonny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blomgren, K" sort="Blomgren, K" uniqKey="Blomgren K" first="K" last="Blomgren">K. Blomgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Department of Pediatric Oncology, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borner, C" sort="Borner, C" uniqKey="Borner C" first="C" last="Borner">C. Borner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bredesen, De" sort="Bredesen, De" uniqKey="Bredesen D" first="De" last="Bredesen">De Bredesen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, C" sort="Brenner, C" uniqKey="Brenner C" first="C" last="Brenner">C. Brenner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">University of Versailles/St Quentin, 78035 Versailles, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">CNRS, UMR8159, 78035 Versailles, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castedo, M" sort="Castedo, M" uniqKey="Castedo M" first="M" last="Castedo">M. Castedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cidlowski, Ja" sort="Cidlowski, Ja" uniqKey="Cidlowski J" first="Ja" last="Cidlowski">Ja Cidlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Duhram, NC 27709, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciechanover, A" sort="Ciechanover, A" uniqKey="Ciechanover A" first="A" last="Ciechanover">A. Ciechanover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Vascular and Tumor Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Gm" sort="Cohen, Gm" uniqKey="Cohen G" first="Gm" last="Cohen">Gm Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Laurenzi, V" sort="De Laurenzi, V" uniqKey="De Laurenzi V" first="V" last="De Laurenzi">V. De Laurenzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università ‘G. d’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Maria, R" sort="De Maria, R" uniqKey="De Maria R" first="R" last="De Maria">R. De Maria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95030 Catania, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deshmukh, M" sort="Deshmukh, M" uniqKey="Deshmukh M" first="M" last="Deshmukh">M. Deshmukh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dynlacht, Bd" sort="Dynlacht, Bd" uniqKey="Dynlacht B" first="Bd" last="Dynlacht">Bd Dynlacht</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Deiry, Ws" sort="El Deiry, Ws" uniqKey="El Deiry W" first="Ws" last="El-Deiry">Ws El-Deiry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flavell, Ra" sort="Flavell, Ra" uniqKey="Flavell R" first="Ra" last="Flavell">Ra Flavell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulda, S" sort="Fulda, S" uniqKey="Fulda S" first="S" last="Fulda">S. Fulda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">University Children’s Hospital, 89075 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garrido, C" sort="Garrido, C" uniqKey="Garrido C" first="C" last="Garrido">C. Garrido</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">INSERM, UMR866, 21049 Dijon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, 21049 Dijon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golstein, P" sort="Golstein, P" uniqKey="Golstein P" first="P" last="Golstein">P. Golstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">INSERM, U631, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">CNRS, UMR6102, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gougeon, M L" sort="Gougeon, M L" uniqKey="Gougeon M" first="M-L" last="Gougeon">M-L Gougeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Dr" sort="Green, Dr" uniqKey="Green D" first="Dr" last="Green">Dr Green</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children′s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gronemeyer, H" sort="Gronemeyer, H" uniqKey="Gronemeyer H" first="H" last="Gronemeyer">H. Gronemeyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">Department of Cancer Biology – Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">INSERM, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajn Czky, G" sort="Hajn Czky, G" uniqKey="Hajn Czky G" first="G" last="Hajn Czky">G. Hajn Czky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardwick, Jm" sort="Hardwick, Jm" uniqKey="Hardwick J" first="Jm" last="Hardwick">Jm Hardwick</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hengartner, Mo" sort="Hengartner, Mo" uniqKey="Hengartner M" first="Mo" last="Hengartner">Mo Hengartner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ichijo, H" sort="Ichijo, H" uniqKey="Ichijo H" first="H" last="Ichijo">H. Ichijo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Ttel, M" sort="J Ttel, M" uniqKey="J Ttel M" first="M" last="J Ttel">M. J Ttel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Danish Cancer Society, Department of Apoptosis, Institute of Cancer Biology, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kepp, O" sort="Kepp, O" uniqKey="Kepp O" first="O" last="Kepp">O. Kepp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimchi, A" sort="Kimchi, A" uniqKey="Kimchi A" first="A" last="Kimchi">A. Kimchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klionsky, Dj" sort="Klionsky, Dj" uniqKey="Klionsky D" first="Dj" last="Klionsky">Dj Klionsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knight, Ra" sort="Knight, Ra" uniqKey="Knight R" first="Ra" last="Knight">Ra Knight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kornbluth, S" sort="Kornbluth, S" uniqKey="Kornbluth S" first="S" last="Kornbluth">S. Kornbluth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A48">Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" sort="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S" last="Kumar">S. Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A49">Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, B" sort="Levine, B" uniqKey="Levine B" first="B" last="Levine">B. Levine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A50">Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipton, Sa" sort="Lipton, Sa" uniqKey="Lipton S" first="Sa" last="Lipton">Sa Lipton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A51">Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A52">The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A53">The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A54">Univerisity of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lugli, E" sort="Lugli, E" uniqKey="Lugli E" first="E" last="Lugli">E. Lugli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A55">Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madeo, F" sort="Madeo, F" uniqKey="Madeo F" first="F" last="Madeo">F. Madeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A56">Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malorni, W" sort="Malorni, W" uniqKey="Malorni W" first="W" last="Malorni">W. Malorni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A57">Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marine, J Cw" sort="Marine, J Cw" uniqKey="Marine J" first="J-Cw" last="Marine">J-Cw Marine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A58">Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Sj" sort="Martin, Sj" uniqKey="Martin S" first="Sj" last="Martin">Sj Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A60">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medema, Jp" sort="Medema, Jp" uniqKey="Medema J" first="Jp" last="Medema">Jp Medema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A61">Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A62">University of Amsterdam, 1012 ZA Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehlen, P" sort="Mehlen, P" uniqKey="Mehlen P" first="P" last="Mehlen">P. Mehlen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A63">Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Centre Léon Berard, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A64">CNRS, UMR5238, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A65">Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melino, G" sort="Melino, G" uniqKey="Melino G" first="G" last="Melino">G. Melino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A66">Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moll, Um" sort="Moll, Um" uniqKey="Moll U" first="Um" last="Moll">Um Moll</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A67">Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A68">Department of Molecular Oncology, Goöttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A69">Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morselli, E" sort="Morselli, E" uniqKey="Morselli E" first="E" last="Morselli">E. Morselli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagata, S" sort="Nagata, S" uniqKey="Nagata S" first="S" last="Nagata">S. Nagata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A70">Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Dw" sort="Nicholson, Dw" uniqKey="Nicholson D" first="Dw" last="Nicholson">Dw Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A71">Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicotera, P" sort="Nicotera, P" uniqKey="Nicotera P" first="P" last="Nicotera">P. Nicotera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nu Ez, G" sort="Nu Ez, G" uniqKey="Nu Ez G" first="G" last="Nu Ez">G. Nu Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A72">University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oren, M" sort="Oren, M" uniqKey="Oren M" first="M" last="Oren">M. Oren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A73">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penninger, J" sort="Penninger, J" uniqKey="Penninger J" first="J" last="Penninger">J. Penninger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A74">Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, 1030 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pervaiz, S" sort="Pervaiz, S" uniqKey="Pervaiz S" first="S" last="Pervaiz">S. Pervaiz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A75">Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A76">Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A77">Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169547 Singapore</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peter, Me" sort="Peter, Me" uniqKey="Peter M" first="Me" last="Peter">Me Peter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A78">Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piacentini, M" sort="Piacentini, M" uniqKey="Piacentini M" first="M" last="Piacentini">M. Piacentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A79">Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani’, 00149 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A80">Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prehn, Jhm" sort="Prehn, Jhm" uniqKey="Prehn J" first="Jhm" last="Prehn">Jhm Prehn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A81">Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puthalakath, H" sort="Puthalakath, H" uniqKey="Puthalakath H" first="H" last="Puthalakath">H. Puthalakath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A82">Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabinovich, Ga" sort="Rabinovich, Ga" uniqKey="Rabinovich G" first="Ga" last="Rabinovich">Ga Rabinovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A83">Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME- CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzuto, R" sort="Rizzuto, R" uniqKey="Rizzuto R" first="R" last="Rizzuto">R. Rizzuto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A84">Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, Cmp" sort="Rodrigues, Cmp" uniqKey="Rodrigues C" first="Cmp" last="Rodrigues">Cmp Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A85">iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, Dc" sort="Rubinsztein, Dc" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="Dc" last="Rubinsztein">Dc Rubinsztein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A86">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudel, T" sort="Rudel, T" uniqKey="Rudel T" first="T" last="Rudel">T. Rudel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A87">Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scorrano, L" sort="Scorrano, L" uniqKey="Scorrano L" first="L" last="Scorrano">L. Scorrano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A88">Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A89">Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, H U" sort="Simon, H U" uniqKey="Simon H" first="H-U" last="Simon">H-U Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A90">Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steller, H" sort="Steller, H" uniqKey="Steller H" first="H" last="Steller">H. Steller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A91">Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschopp, J" sort="Tschopp, J" uniqKey="Tschopp J" first="J" last="Tschopp">J. Tschopp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A92">Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsujimoto, Y" sort="Tsujimoto, Y" uniqKey="Tsujimoto Y" first="Y" last="Tsujimoto">Y. Tsujimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A93">Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka 565-0871, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenabeele, P" sort="Vandenabeele, P" uniqKey="Vandenabeele P" first="P" last="Vandenabeele">P. Vandenabeele</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A59">Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A94">Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vitale, I" sort="Vitale, I" uniqKey="Vitale I" first="I" last="Vitale">I. Vitale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vousden, Kh" sort="Vousden, Kh" uniqKey="Vousden K" first="Kh" last="Vousden">Kh Vousden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A95">The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Youle, Rj" sort="Youle, Rj" uniqKey="Youle R" first="Rj" last="Youle">Rj Youle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A96">Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, J" sort="Yuan, J" uniqKey="Yuan J" first="J" last="Yuan">J. Yuan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A97">Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhivotovsky, B" sort="Zhivotovsky, B" uniqKey="Zhivotovsky B" first="B" last="Zhivotovsky">B. Zhivotovsky</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A98">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, SE- 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kroemer, G" sort="Kroemer, G" uniqKey="Kroemer G" first="G" last="Kroemer">G. Kroemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cell death and differentiation</title><idno type="ISSN">1350-9047</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-5403</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
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rid="A96">96</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A97">97</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhivotovsky</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A98">98</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kroemer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Université Paris Sud-XI, F-94805 Villejuif, France</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5587, USA</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, L8N 3Z5 Hamilton, Canada</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>Department of Pediatric Oncology, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>University of Versailles/St Quentin, 78035 Versailles, France</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>CNRS, UMR8159, 78035 Versailles, France</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Duhram, NC 27709, USA</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>Vascular and Tumor Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università ‘G. d’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95030 Catania, Italy</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250, USA</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA</aff><aff id="A26"><label>26</label>Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA</aff><aff id="A27"><label>27</label>Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</aff><aff id="A28"><label>28</label>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA</aff><aff id="A29"><label>29</label>University Children’s Hospital, 89075 Ulm, Germany</aff><aff id="A30"><label>30</label>INSERM, UMR866, 21049 Dijon, France</aff><aff id="A31"><label>31</label>Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Burgundy, 21049 Dijon, France</aff><aff id="A32"><label>32</label>INSERM, U631, 13288 Marseille, France</aff><aff id="A33"><label>33</label>CNRS, UMR6102, 13288 Marseille, France</aff><aff id="A34"><label>34</label>Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France</aff><aff id="A35"><label>35</label>Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, 75015 Paris, France</aff><aff id="A36"><label>36</label>Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children′s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</aff><aff id="A37"><label>37</label>Department of Cancer Biology – Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France</aff><aff id="A38"><label>38</label>CNRS, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France</aff><aff id="A39"><label>39</label>INSERM, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France;</aff><aff id="A40"><label>40</label>Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA</aff><aff id="A41"><label>41</label>Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA</aff><aff id="A42"><label>42</label>Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A43"><label>43</label>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan</aff><aff id="A44"><label>44</label>Danish Cancer Society, Department of Apoptosis, Institute of Cancer Biology, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="A45"><label>45</label>Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</aff><aff id="A46"><label>46</label>Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</aff><aff id="A47"><label>47</label>Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK</aff><aff id="A48"><label>48</label>Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA</aff><aff id="A49"><label>49</label>Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</aff><aff id="A50"><label>50</label>Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA</aff><aff id="A51"><label>51</label>Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</aff><aff id="A52"><label>52</label>The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</aff><aff id="A53"><label>53</label>The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</aff><aff id="A54"><label>54</label>Univerisity of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</aff><aff id="A55"><label>55</label>Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</aff><aff id="A56"><label>56</label>Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria</aff><aff id="A57"><label>57</label>Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A58"><label>58</label>Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</aff><aff id="A59"><label>59</label>Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</aff><aff id="A60"><label>60</label>Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland</aff><aff id="A61"><label>61</label>Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A62"><label>62</label>University of Amsterdam, 1012 ZA Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A63"><label>63</label>Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Centre Léon Berard, 69008 Lyon, France</aff><aff id="A64"><label>64</label>CNRS, UMR5238, 69008 Lyon, France</aff><aff id="A65"><label>65</label>Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France</aff><aff id="A66"><label>66</label>Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A67"><label>67</label>Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA</aff><aff id="A68"><label>68</label>Department of Molecular Oncology, Goöttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A69"><label>69</label>Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany</aff><aff id="A70"><label>70</label>Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</aff><aff id="A71"><label>71</label>Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA</aff><aff id="A72"><label>72</label>University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA</aff><aff id="A73"><label>73</label>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel</aff><aff id="A74"><label>74</label>Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, 1030 Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="A75"><label>75</label>Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore</aff><aff id="A76"><label>76</label>Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore</aff><aff id="A77"><label>77</label>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169547 Singapore</aff><aff id="A78"><label>78</label>Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA</aff><aff id="A79"><label>79</label>Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani’, 00149 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A80"><label>80</label>Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="A81"><label>81</label>Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland</aff><aff id="A82"><label>82</label>Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, 3086 Victoria, Australia</aff><aff id="A83"><label>83</label>Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME- CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina</aff><aff id="A84"><label>84</label>Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy</aff><aff id="A85"><label>85</label>iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal</aff><aff id="A86"><label>86</label>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK</aff><aff id="A87"><label>87</label>Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany</aff><aff id="A88"><label>88</label>Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A89"><label>89</label>Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy</aff><aff id="A90"><label>90</label>Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A91"><label>91</label>Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA</aff><aff id="A92"><label>92</label>Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland</aff><aff id="A93"><label>93</label>Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka 565-0871, Japan</aff><aff id="A94"><label>94</label>Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium</aff><aff id="A95"><label>95</label>The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK</aff><aff id="A96"><label>96</label>Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA</aff><aff id="A97"><label>97</label>Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA</aff><aff id="A98"><label>98</label>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, SE- 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: G Kroemer, INSERM, U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, PR1, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Tel: +33-1-4211-6046; Fax: +33-1-4211-6047; E-mail: <email>kroemer@orange.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>1</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>4</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1093</fpage><lpage>1107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p id="P1">Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>caspases</kwd><kwd>cytofluorometry</kwd><kwd>immunofluorescence</kwd><kwd>microscopy</kwd><kwd>mitotic catastrophe</kwd><kwd>necrosis</kwd></kwd-group><contract-num rid="CA1">R01 CA109618-05</contract-num><contract-sponsor id="CA1">National Cancer Institute : NCI</contract-sponsor></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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